The Biharis (Bihari: बिहारी, بِہاری Bihārī) are an ethnic group originating from the present state of Bihar, Jharkhand and eastern Uttar Pradesh with a history going back three millennia. Biharis speak Bihari languages such as Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili, amongst other local dialects, as well as Hindi or Urdu.
Besides the state of Bihar, Biharis can be found throughout North India, West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra and also in the neighbouring countries of Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. A large number of Biharis traveled to various parts of the world in the 19th century to serve as indentured labour on sugarcane and rubber plantations in Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji, Mauritius and Natal-South Africa. During the partition of India in 1947, many Biharis of the Islamic faith migrated to East Bengal (later East Pakistan and subsequently Bangladesh).[5][6] Bihari people are also well represented in Pakistan's (formerly West Pakistan) Muhajir population as a result of the partition of India,[7] as well as the recent repatriation of some Bihari refugees from Bangladesh to Pakistan.[8]
Bihar, the state in India where majority of Bihari People live
The Magadha state
circa 600 BC, before it expanded
Mythological stories claim that Bihar was the place where King Satyavrata (सत्यव्रत) resided after the flood in his kingdom, with the help of Vishnu-Avatar Matsya.[9] A king of the Yadavs, nicknamed "Mahabali" ruled over this last in ancient times. He was impotent. His guru was Maharishi Dirghatamas. Mahabali had many wives and so Maharishi Dirghatamas with the permission of his king impregnated Mahabali's chief queen Sudeshna.[10] Queen Sudeshna bore five children or "Kshetrajas" (rulers of lands), one of them was King Anga, which is modern-day Bihar. From Anga sprang Anapana.[11]
According to the historian Asim Maitra, the history of Magadha from the earliest times to the dawn of the Buddhist age is not well known. The entire Vedic literature displays open hostility and disgust towards Magadha, because Magadha was a great stronghold of the pre-Aryans and refused to be absorbed in the stereotyped Brahmanical pattern.[12] Before the discovery of the ruins of Mohenjodaro and Harappa, the cyclopen walls on the hills of Rajagriha were an ancient archaeological remains in India.[12]
Bihar was called "Magadha" in ancient times. From Magadha arose two traditions, Jainism and Buddhism. The first Indian empire, the Maurya empire, originated from Magadha, with its capital at Patliputra (modern Patna) in 325 BC. The Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, is believed to be one of the greatest rulers in the history of India and the world. After seeing all the carnage that war causes he was placed on the path of Lord Buddha by his spiritual guide Manjushri.[13]
According to indologist A.L. Basham, the author of the book The Wonder that was India,
The age in which true history appeared in India was one of great intellectual and spiritual ferment. Mystics and sophists of all kinds roamed through the
Ganges Valley, all advocating some form of mental discipline and
asceticism as a means to
salvation; but the age of the
Buddha, when many of the best minds were abandoning their homes and professions for a life of
asceticism, was also a time of advance in commerce and politics. It produced not only philosophers and ascetics, but also merchant princes and men of action.
Bihar remained an important place of power, culture and education during the next one thousand years. The Gupta Empire, which again originated from Magadha in 240CE, is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and Indian philosophy. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization. The capital of Gupta empire was Pataliputra, present day Patna. The Vikramshila and Nalanda Universities were among the oldest and best centres of education in ancient India. Some writers believe the period between the 400 CE and 1000 CE saw gains by Hinduism at the expense of Buddhism.[15][16][17][18] Although the Hindu kings gave much grants to the Buddhist monks for building Brahmaviharas. A National Geographic edition[19] reads, "The essential tenants of Buddhism and Hinduism arose from similar ideas best described in the Upanishads, a set of Hindu treatises set down in India largely between the eighth and fourth centuries B.C."
The Buddhism of Magadha was finally swept away by the Islamic invasion under Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji, during which many of the viharas and the famed universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila were destroyed, and thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred in 12th century C.E.[20][21][22][23] The region saw a brief period of glory for six years (1540 -1546 CE) during the rule of Sher Shah Suri, who built the longest road of the Indian subcontinent, the Grand Trunk Road. The economic reforms carried out by Sher Shah, like the introduction of Rupee and Custom Duties, are still used in the Republic of India. He revived the city of Patna, where he built up his headquarter.[24][25] During 1557-1576, Akbar, the Mughal emperor, annexed Bihar and Bengal to his empire.[26] With the decline of the Mughals, Bihar passed under the control of the Nawabs of Bengal. Thus, the medieval period was mostly one of anonymous provincial existence.
The 10th and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna.
After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. From this point, Bihar remained a part the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a separate province. In 1935, certain portions of Bihar were reorganised into the separate province of Orissa.
Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur and his army, as well as countless other persons from Bihar, contributed to the India's First War of Independence (1857), also called the Sepoy Mutiny by some historians. Resurgence in the history of Bihar came during the struggle for India's independence. It was from Bihar that Mahatma Gandhi launched his pioneering civil-disobedience movement, Champaran Satyagraha. Raj Kumar Shukla drew the attention of Mahatma Gandhi to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. Champaran Satyagraha received the spontaneous support from many Biharis, including Sri Krishna Sinha, the first Chief Minister of Bihar, Rajendra Prasad, who became the first President of India and Anugrah Narayan Sinha who ultimately became the[27] first Deputy Chief Minister <expletive> Finance Minister of Bihar.
In North and Central Bihar, a peasant movement was an important side effect of the freedom movement. This movement aimed at overthrowing the feudal (zamindari) system instituted by Britishers. It was being led by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati and his followers Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Baba Nagarjun and others. Pandit Yamuna Karjee along with Rahul Sankritayan and a few others started publishing a Hindi weekly Hunkar from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became the mouthpiece of the peasant movement and the agrarian movement in Bihar and was instrumental in spreading the movement.
Bihar's contribution in the Indian freedom struggle has been immense with outstanding leaders like Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sri Krishna Sinha, Dr.Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Brajkishore Prasad, Mulana Mazharul Haque, Jayaprakash Narayan, Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha, Ram Dulari Sinha, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Basawon Singh, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Yogendra Shukla, Baikuntha Shukla, Sheel Bhadra Yajee, Pandit Yamuna Karjee and many others who worked for India's freedom relentlessly and helped in the upliftment of the underprivileged masses.[28]
The state of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in the year 2000.[29] 2005 Bihar assembly elections ended the 15 years of continuous RJD rule in the state, giving way to NDA led by Nitish Kumar. Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, like Maharashtra, Punjab and Assam.[30][31][32]
The food culture of Bihar is unique in some sense. It is because of the mixed influence of North Indian and Bengali cuisine. There is a custom of eating Boiled Rice based lunch and Roti based dinner and breakfast. The food culture is both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Most of the people eat non-vegetarian food but Hindus generally don't eat non-vegetarian food in every meal. Some groups like Baniyas don't eat non-vegetarian food. Also there is a custom among Hindus to avoid eating non-vegetarian food for one month time during the holy Hindu month of Shraavan or Sawan during which they visit holy shrine of Baidyanath Dham. Maize is third main staple food crop. The traditional cooking medium is mustard oil. There is also the custom of cooking Khichdi on Saturdays for Hindus and Fridays for Muslims among Biharis. The famous dish among Biharis is litti-chokha. Litti is made up of sattu (which is roasted chickpea flour) stuffed in dough. It is then boiled and very lightly fried since the boiling has done most of the cooking. Another method for it is roasting them in an oven (traditionally clay and more recently metal ones that can be heated on a stove). Chokha is prepared with different vegetables. It can be with mashed potatoes or mashed eggplants and also mashed tomatoes. The three can be combined as well and chokha in general is usually mixed with fried onions and spices.Bihar offers a large variety of sweet delicacies which, unlike those from Bengal, are mostly dry. These include Anarasa, Belgrami, Chena Murki, Motichoor ke Ladoo, Kala Jamun, Kesaria Peda, Khaja, Khurma, Khubi ki Lai, Laktho, Parwal ki Mithai, Pua & Mal Pua, Thekua, Murabba and Tilkut. Many of these originate in towns in the vicinity of Patna. Several other traditional salted snacks and savouries popular in Bihar are Chiwra, Dhuska, Litti, Makhana and Sattu. Khaja from Silaw, Nalanda is famous throughout the state. Matka kulfi with Faluda is also popular during summers.
There is a distinctive Bihari flavor to the non-vegetarian cuisine as well, although some of the names of the dishes may be the same as those found in other parts of North India. "Roll" is a typical Bihari non-vegetarian dish. It evolved among Bihari Muslims of Calcutta as a take-away version of paraanthe-kebab.These are popular and go by the generic name Roll Bicarb in and around Lexington Avenue (South) in New York City.
Islamic culture and food, with Bihari flavour are also part of Bihar's unique confluence of cultures. Famous food items include Seekh Kabab, Shammi Kabab, Khiri-gurda, Nargisi Kufte, Shabdeg, Yakhnee Biryanee, Mutton Biryani, Shaljum Gosht, Baqer Khani, Kuleecha, Naan Roti, Sawee ka Zarda, Qemamee Sawee, Gajar ka Halwa, Ande ka Zafrani Halwa, Khajla, Lachha( during Ramzan) etc.
People from Mithilanchal enjoy both veg as well as non-veg dishes and cuisine of Mithilanchal area is unique in its own way.Machchak Jhor is a special fish curry made in mustard paste and is a preparation from Mithila. Maus is generally mutton or chicken or squails (tittar/battair) in a spicy gravy and is generally enjoyed with malpuas.Kankorak Chokha is a Mashed preparation of Crab (Kankor) after roasting the crab.Dokak Jhor generally are Oysters stew cooked with Onion gravy.
Chitba (a flour and sugar pancake) and Pitthow, which is prepared basically from rice, are special foods of the Anga region. Tilba and (choora) of Katarni rice are also special preparations of Anga.
Kadhi bari is a popular favorite and consists of fried soft dumplings made of besan (gram flour) that are cooked in a spicy gravy of yoghurt and besan. This dish goes very well with plain rice. People also enjoy eating Chura or Chiwda (beaten rice) with yoghurt and sugar. Arikanchanak Tarkari is a preparation of Marinated sun dried Colocasia leaves, steamed and cooked in mustard gravy and is a famous maithil dish,Daail-Jhinguni (Fried Ribbed Gourd cooked with Lentil and cereals), Ramruch is a besan based dish unique to Mithila region,Goidila ( a sauce prepared from green peas & flavourings) and is generally had with rice or rotis.
The service style of the cuisine has little similarity with that of “Tabal d’ hote” ( Table of the Host) of French, yet different being all preparations served together in a platter and consumed at once . Since there is no course wise meal practice therefore there is no well defined Gastronomique practice too, and hence people give equal importance to all kind of preparations and take pleasure in enjoying each n every delicacies to the fullest. Unlike others Maithils enjoy both the quality and quantity of the food and this is the characteristics that differentiates the cuisine and people from others. The best manifestation of this seen in any Traditional Maithil wedding ( considered to be a very classical marriage ceremony ever in any culture.) Maithils always give immense priority to milk products in their food which could perfectly be measured with this old saying “ Aadi Ghee aur Ant Dahi, oyi Bhojan k Bhojan kahi” ( A meal is the Meal that starts with Ghee and ends with Yogurt).The meal practice in mithilanchal is as common as the normal food habit of people which is Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner.People also like enjoying some tit bits during evening with a cup of tea. The best breakfast time favorite is “Chura – Dahi” (beaten rice with a thick coating of creamy curd) the table condiments used is salt, green chillies and home made pickles, a spicy mixed vegetable item could also be served along with this item as a side dish. During summer the same Chura is consumed with best quality mango pulp, and the dish is called “Chura Aam” . “Poori – Aloo dum” is an another breakfast item that people like having along with a sweet dish “Jalebi” ( roundels of deep fried fermented flour batter dipped in sugar syrup). Apart from that there are several other items like Chini wala Roti, Chilha ( pan cake made out of flour batter), Suzi k halwa ( porridge prepared from semolina), etc. which is preferred for the breakfast.For evening snacks a range of Bhujas are consumed like Chura ka Bhuja ( beaten rice shallow fried with sliced onion, chopped green chillies and green peas), Makai ke Lawa ( Pop corns), Masalgar Murhi ( Rice pops mixed with chopped green chillies, Onion, coriander leaf, salt and few drops of mustard oil) etc. Maithils are also a big time sweet lovers. Varieties of Kheer and other sweet item is prepared as a dessert course.one of the famous among them is Makhanaak Kheer ( a sweet dish prepared with Lotus seed, Milk and Dry nuts). Malpua is another popular sweet item, which is much different from the malpua prepared in north India, both are prepared from the flour batter only but in north India after deep frying malpua is dipped in sugar syrup while in Mithilanchal the batter itself is sweetened and it is a dry preparation which could be stored for 2–3 days. There are also sweet preservatives made out of fruit pulps like Ammath ( layered mango pulp sundried and cut into small chunks), Kumhar ke murabba, Papita ke murabba, Dhatrikak murabba etc.The introduction about Mithila Cuisine would remain incomplete without a reference on Paan ( betel leaves). According to an old saying Paan, Maach and Makhan ( betel leaves, fish and lotus seed) is not found even in the paradise, so one should enjoy these things on earth only so not to regret later. A sweet betel leaf is flavoured with Sweet fennel, cardamom, clove, rose petals, sugar crystal etc.which is taken after completion of the meal in order to make it complete.
The traditional dress of Bihari people includes the dhoti-kurta or for men and saree for women.[33] Nevertheless, Western shirts and trousers are becoming popular among the urban population.[33] Jewellery such as rings for men and bangles for women are popular.[33]
Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, whilst the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages - Bajjikaa, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili or Angika. It has to be mentioned that out of these languages, Maithili has the richest literary, grammatical and cultural heritage. More than 12.7 million people speak Maithili. By the Constitution Ninety-second Amendment Act,2003 Maithili has been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. Bihari languages were once mistakenly thought to be dialects of Hindi. However that does not hold true as they have been more recently shown to be descendant of the language of the erstwhile Magadha kingdom - Magadhi Prakrit, along with Bengali, Assamese, and Oriya.
The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region regards Hindi as the generic name for their language.[34]
Despite of the large number of speakers of Bihari languages, they have not been constitutionally recognized in India. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar.[35] These languages was legally absorbed under the subordinate label of HINDI in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[36] The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region - Magahi, Bhojpuri and Maithili were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[37] Urdu became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar on 16 August 1989. Bihar also produced several eminent Urdu writers including Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Abdul Qavi Desnavi, Paigham Afaqui, Jabir Husain, Sohail Azimabadi, Hussain Ul Haque etc.
Bihar has produced a number of writers of Hindi, including Raja Radhika Raman Singh, Shiva Pujan Sahay, Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Ram Briksh Benipuri, Phanishwar Nath 'Renu', Gopal Singh "Nepali" and Baba Nagarjun. Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, the great writer and Buddhist scholar, was born in U.P. but spent his life in the land of Lord Buddha, i.e., Bihar.Hrishikesh Sulabh is the prominent writer of the new generation. He is short story writer, playwright and theatre critic. Arun Kamal and Aalok Dhanwa are the well-known poets. Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, who is among the greatest writers in Bengali, resided for some time in Bihar. The writer in English, Birbal Jha, who has created a revolution in English writing, training and teaching was born 1972 in the district Madhubani in Bihar.[38] Of late, the latest Indian writer in English, Upamanyu Chatterjee also hails from Patna in Bihar. Devaki Nandan Khatri, who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century on account of his novels such as Chandrakanta and Chandrakanta Santati, was born in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Vidyapati Thakur is the most renowned poet of Maithili (c. 14-15th century).
Hinduism is the majority religion of the Bihari people although a large Muslim and a negligible Christian minority exists among the ethnic group.[39]
Among the Hindus: Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, Kurmi, Yadav, Banias, and Kayastha castes are well represented.[40]
In India, Bihari Muslims are found in the Kishanganj, Katihar, Araria, Siwan, Purnia, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur and Champaran districts of Bihar.[41] The Bihari population living in Pakistan and Bangladesh is also predominantly Muslim as well.[42]
Christian Biharis are significant in the Ranchi, Singhbhum, and Santhal districts of the Indian state of Jharkhand.[43]
In 1947, at the time of Partition, many Muslim Biharis moved to what was then East Bengal adjacent to their Bihar province in eastern India. In 1971, when war broke out between West Pakistan and East Pakistan (or Bangladesh), the Biharis sided with the military of West Pakistan.[citation needed]
However, when East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh in December 1971, the Biharis were left behind as the Pakistani army and civilians evacuated and the Bihari population in Bangladesh found themselves unwelcomed in both countries. Pakistan feared a mass influx of Biharis could destabilize a fragile and culturally mixed population, and Bangladeshis scorned the Biharis for having supported and sided with the West during the war.
With little or no legal negotiation about offering the Biharis Pakistani citizenship or safe conduit back home to their native Bihar in India, the Biharis (called "stranded Pakistanis" by some Bangladeshi politicians) have remained stateless for 33 years. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has not addressed the plight of the Biharis. An estimated 600,000 Biharis live in 66 camps in 13 regions across Bangladesh, and an equal number have acquired Bangladeshi citizenship. In 1990, a small number of Biharis were allowed to immigrate to Pakistan.
Pakistan has reiterated that as the successor state of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), as well as having greater cultural and linguistic similarities with Bengalis, Bangladesh should accept the Biharis as full citizens. Pakistani politicians and government officials have refused to accept these nearly 300,000 stranded Pakistanis of Bihari origin due to inability to absorb such a large number of immigrants at the moment.
The majority of Biharis in Pakistan live in Karachi, where Orangi Town has the their highest concentration.[citation needed]In Bangladesh, while some of them have mixed with the rest of the population, others live in specific camps.[citation needed] Being without citizenship, most engage in odd jobs of various sorts but considerable crime and thefts have also been attributed to them.[citation needed]
Notable Biharis in Pakistan include former Karachi mayor Mustafa Kamal Khan, former Pakistan Ambassador to the US Hussain Haqqani, Minister of Youth Affairs Faisal Sabzwari, former cricketer Basit Ali, actor Adnan Siddiqui, comedian Shakeel Siddiqui, Television hostess Hira Salman, columnist Zahida Hina.
In May 2008, a Bangladeshi court ruled that Biharis who were either minors in 1971 or born after 1971 are Bangladeshi citizens and have the right to vote.[44][45] As a result of the ruling, an estimated 150,000 of the 300,000 Biharis living in Bangladesh are eligible for Bangladeshi citizenship.[45] Although the court ruling explicitly said that the Biharis are eligible to register to vote in the December 2008 elections, the Election Commission closed its rolls in August 2008 without enrolling them.[46]
A large number of people from Bihar travelled to various parts of the world in the 19th century to serve as indentured labour on sugarcane and rubber plantations in Mauritius and Natal-South Africa.
A majority of Indo-Mauritians are Bihari Mauritians.[4] Most of the Mauritian Prime Ministers were Indo-Mauritians of Bihari descent.[47]
Bihari sub-nationalism is a sentiment which unites people speaking Bihari languages.
According to social scientist Dr. Shaibal Gupta, the beating of students from Bihar in Mumbai in October 2008, has consolidated Bihari sub-nationalism.[48]
Bihar Movement was a movement initiated by students in the Indian state of Bihar in 1974 and led by the veteran Gandhian Socialist Jayaprakash Narayan against misrule of and corruption in the government. By 1975 it had attracted a mass following amongst all sections of the population in Bihar and in some other states. It is also called "total revolution". It led to giving up of surnames by many Biharis in 1970s.
Although racial differentiation in India is almost non-existent, they practice some form discrimination based on caste among themselves. During recent times, the people from Bihar have been the major victims of it, often resulting in violence directed against them, and even their social outcasting at times.
The uneven economic development in India has resulted in mass migration of Bihari workers, and middle class professionals, to seek work in more developed states of India like Maharashtra, the North East region, Delhi, western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. The free movement of Indians to settle and work anywhere inside the Indian Union has been guaranteed by the constitution of India.[49] Bihari settler communities living in other states have been subjected to a growing degree of xenophobia,[50][51] racial discrimination,[52][53] prejudice[54][55][56] and violence.[57] Biharis are often looked down upon[58] and their accent is ridiculed.[59] In 2000 and 2003, anti-Bihari violence led to the deaths of up to 200 people[57] and created 10,000 internal refugees. Again in 2008, anti-Bihari violence in Maharashtra, notably in Nashik, Mumbai, and Pune, created a record 40,000 to 60,000 internal refugees.[60][61][62]
After the October 2008 anti-Bihari attacks in Maharashtra, members of the Bharatiya Bhojpuri Sangh (BBS) vandalised the official residence of Tata Motors Jamshedpur plant head S.B. Borwankar, a Maharashtrian. Armed with lathis and hockey sticks, more than 100 BBS members trooped to Borwankar’s Nildih Road bungalow around 3.30 pm. Shouting anti-MNS slogans, they smashed windowpanes and broke flowerpots. BBS president Anand Bihari Dubey called the attack on Borwankar’s residence unfortunate, and said that he knew BBS members were angry after the attack in Maharashtra on Biharis, but did not expect a reaction. Fear of further violence gripped the 4,000-odd Maharashtrians settlers living in and around the city.[63][64]
- ^ Destination Bihar the land of Buddha
- ^ "The Muhajirs of Pakistan". One World South Asia. http://southasia.oneworld.net/opinioncomment/the-muhajirs-of-pakistan. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- ^ Joshua Project - Bihari Muslim of Bangladesh Ethnic People Profile
- ^ a b http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/mauritians-will-be-able-to-track-bihar-roots-more-easily_10019052.html
- ^ "Bangladesh: Stateless Biharis Grasp for a Resolution and Their Rights". Refugees International. http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/8245. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Stateless in Bangladesh and Pakistan". Stateless People in Bangladesh Inc.. http://www.statelesspeopleinbangladesh.net/home.php. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Pakistan under attack!". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000920/edit.htm#1. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
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- ^ P. 1543 Encyclopaedia of Hinduism By Nagendra Kumar Singh
- ^ Chakravarti, P. 99 The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages
- ^ Political History of Pre-Buddhist India By Asim Kumar Chatterjee
- ^ a b Maitra Asim, Magahi culture, Cosmo Publication, 1983, pp. 45
- ^ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien (chapter27)
- ^ Bashan A.L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 2004, pp. 46
- ^ Online BBC News Article: Religion & Ethics - Hinduism, BBC News, 2 January 2007
- ^ Pathak Prabhu Nath,Society and Culture in Early Bihar, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, pp. 134-140
- ^ Thakur U., Studies in Jainism and Buddhism in Mithila, pp. 150
- ^ Chaudhary R. K., Bihar the Home-land of Buddhism, Patna, 1956, pp. 87
- ^ January 2008, VOL. 213, #1
- ^ Gopal Ram, Rule Hindu Culture During and After Muslim, pp. 20, "Some invaders, like Bakhtiar Khilji, who did not know the value of books and art objects, destroyed them in large numbers and also the famous Nalanda ..."
- ^ The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)
- ^ Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, pp. 35, "The Buddhism of Magadha was finally swept away by the Muhammadan invasion under Bakhtiyar Khilji, In 1197 the capital, Bihar, was seized by a small party of two hundred horsemen, who rushed the postern gate, and sacked the town. The slaughter of the "shaven-headed Brahmans," as the Muslim chronicler calls the Buddhist monks, was so complete that when the victor searched for someone capable of explaining the contents of the monastic libraries, not a living man could be found who was able to do so. "It was discovered," it was said, "that the whole fort and city was a place of study." A similar fate befell the other Buddhist institutions, against which the combined intolerance and rapacity of the invaders was directed. The monasteries were sacked and the monks slain, many of the temples were ruthlessly destroyed or desecrated, and countless idols were broken and trodden under foot. Those monks who escaped the sword flied to Tibet, Nepal and southern India; and Buddhism as a popular religion in Bihar, its last abode in Northern India, was finally destroyed. Then forward Patna passed under Muhammadan rule."
- ^ Smith V. A., Early history of India
- ^ Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, pp. 36, "Sher Shah on his return from Bengal, in 1541, came to patna, then a small town dependent on Bihar, which was the seat of the local government. He was standing on the ban of the Ganges, when, after much reflection, he said to those who were standing by - 'If a fort were to be built in this place, the waters of the Ganges could never flow far from it, and Patna would become one of the great towns of this country. The fort was completed. Bihar for that time was deserted, and fell to ruin; while Patna became one of the largest cities of the province. In 1620 we find Portuguese merchants at Patna; and Tavernier's account shows that a little more than a century after its foundation it was the great entrepot of Northern India "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade..."
- ^ Elliot, History of India, Vol 4
- ^ Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, pp. 37
- ^ Indian Post. "First Bihar Deputy CM <expletive> Finance Minister; Dr. A N Sinha". official Website. http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
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- ^ Kumod Verma (2008-02-14). "Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2781266,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ WASBIR HUSSAIN. "30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html. Retrieved 2006-02-25.
- ^ Patnadaily. "40 Bihari Workers Killed by ULFA Activists in Assam". Patnadaily.com. http://www.patnadaily.com/news2007/jan/010507/biharis_killed_in_assam.html. Retrieved 2006-01-06. [dead link]
- ^ a b c "Bihari Clothing". Web India 123. http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/language.htm#O. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ Jain Dhanesh, Cardona George, The Indo-Aryan Languages, pp500, "..the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name either Hindi or Urdu as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region regards Hindi or Urdu as the generic name for their language."
- ^ History of Indian languages, "Bihari is actually the name of a group of three related languages—Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi—spoken mainly in northeastern India in Bihar. Despite its large number of speakers, Bihari is not a constitutionally recognized language of India. Even in Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters."
- ^ Verma, Mahandra K. "Language Endangerment and Indian languages: An exploration and a critique". Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=awadhi+and+magahi+languages&source=web&ots=CXhEbrAUH5&sig=e3GeSyfuGmTbRXtRK-vT100cFAQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA3,M1.
- ^ Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183
- ^ http://post.jagran.com/english-empowerment-project-in-bihar-1322575469}}
- ^ "Religion of Biharis". Web India 123. http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/people2.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "The People". Web India 123. http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/people.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Muslim Biharis". Web India 123. http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/people2.htm#musl. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Stateless in Bangladesh and Pakistan". Stateless People in Bangladesh Inc.. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20070208040637/http://www.statelesspeopleinbangladesh.net/home.php. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Christian Biharis". Web India 123. http://www.webindia123.com/bihar/people/people2.htm#chri. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ "Court rules that young Biharis are Bangladesh citizens". Reuters. May 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "Citizenship for Bihari refugees". BBC News. May 19, 2008.
- ^ "Bangladesh fails to register its Urdu-speaking citizens as voters". Indo-Asian News Service. Yahoo! News. August 16, 2008.
- ^ http://pinkpigeonpress.com/Across-the-Kalapani-is%20a-celebration-of-the-Bihari-diaspora.html
- ^ Ahmad Faizan, "Bihar violence: Raj the gainer", The times of India, Pune, October 27, 2008, pp. 6
- ^ Constitution of India-Part III, Article 19, Fundamental Rights, Government of India, 1950
- ^ ‘Outsiders’ must be welcomed, but Manipur is not alone in these isolationist excesses. In neighbouring Assam, six migrant workers have been killed in two attacks this year, and as many as 88 were killed, and 33 injured in 12 such incidents in 2007. Indeed, waves of xenophobic violence have swept across Assam repeatedly since 1979, variously targeting Bangladeshis, Bengalis, Biharis and Marwaris."
- ^ A clash of cultures, "..In the rest of India people tut-tuted this latest exhibition of the Sena's xenophobia ...the media led the charge holding opinion polls and debates.."
- ^ Vir Sanghvi, The Bhaiyya Effect, Hindustan Times, 27 Sep 2008 "The roots of Raj Thackeray's attack on the Bhaiyyas lie in India's economic transformation. Through a combination of poor planning and worse politics, Bihar and UP have been left out of the economic revolution. When people from those states travel outside to find work, those who have benefited from the recent prosperity treat them with the kind of snobbery and disdain with which the British treated Indians when we went to England to find employment in the 1950s. Then, we were seen as losers from a place that would never manage to prosper. But, of course, Indians ignored the racism and rose to the top of the economic pyramid."
- ^ CNN-IBN, State of neglect: Deluged Bihar falls off Govt map, Aug 28, 2008, "Does it hurt when Goa minister Ravi Naik said that people of Bihar are coming across and bringing poverty, when Raj Thackeray said that the people of Bihar must get out of Maharashtra? When racism and prejudice is directed against the people of Bihar, does it hurt and one feel that there is something that one must do for the state?"
- ^ AM, Calcutta Diary, Economic and Political Weekly, July 21, 2001 "..How come Bihar has such a negative image in the rest of the country? Fingers will be pointed at the obscurantism characterizing the state, but are things any better in Rajasthan? Bihar is supposed to be riven by caste dissensions; can it however hold a candle in this regard to Tamil Nadu? Feudalism and social oppression are hallmarks of Bihar's daily existence; what about Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Chhattisgarh though? According to some snooty people Biharis are by and large crude. Some others would prefer to say that the people of Bihar are rooted to the soil and hate to hide their natural instincts behind pretensions; they cannot be any cruder than those populating the backwaters of Punjab."
- ^ It's Bal Thakrey's turn now, says 'Ek Bihari Sau Beemari', Maharastra CM assures of action against him in reply | eWeekdays.com Shiv Sena Supremo Balasahab Thakrey has come hard once again on Biharis. Bal Thakrey, in his latest article in Samna has written that Bihari's are like dieses. He said that Ek Bihari,Sau Bimari. Do Bihari Ladai ki taiyari, Teen Bihari train hamari and paanch Bihari to sarkar hamaari. Earlier it was Raj Thakrey and his party Maharashtra Nav Nirman Sena who had launched an agitation against the North Indians. But this time it's Bal Thakrey who has asked Biharis and Bihari Politician to improve their behavior."
- ^ Biharis are an affliction, says Bal Thackeray" Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray, in an attempt to overtake his estranged nephew Raj Thackeray's campaign against people from north India, termed Biharis as an affliction, and said they were unwanted in all other parts of the country. The ageing leader warned that the so-called Bihari leaders, by accusing people of Mumbai of harbouring "anti-national sentiments, were attempting to again breathe fire into the anti-north Indian feelings in Maharashtra." They must realize this would only put their brethren here at the receiving end, he added."
- ^ a b 40 Bihari Workers Killed by ULFA - PatnaDaily News
- ^ India struggles to tame its heart of darkness "Biharis are often looked down upon in Delhi, and blamed for rising crime -- the city's chief minister Sheila Dikshit publicly wonders how to turn back the tide."
- ^ MAYANK RASU, Musings of a Bihari, The Hindu, "Biharis" have now usurped the place of "Sardarjis" as a favourite butt of jokes. It is not just the jokes; there are other ways of embarrassing them too. Making fun of the Bihari accent and projecting it as the most rustic one is one of them."
- ^ AMSU against influx of Biharis to Manipur "In the wake of the ongoing violence in Assam, the All Manipur Students' Union on Wednesday appealed to the state government to curb the influx of Biharis into the state."
- ^ 10,000 Hindi-speakers relocated in Assam amid separatist attacks. | Europe Intelligence Wire (November, 2003)
- ^ Print Article: Hundreds flee ethnic violence "Hundreds of Hindi speakers in India's north-eastern state of Assam have started fleeing ethnic violence which has claimed 29 lives in the past week, they and officials said yesterday.... With police reporting another six people killed by mobs and separatist rebels overnight, a sense of panic began to spread through members of the Hindi-speaking community, many of whom hail from the eastern state of Bihar."
- ^ Thaker, Jayesh (22 October 2008). "Hate campaign spills over - House of Tata official attacked". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081022/jsp/jharkhand/story_10002252.jsp.
- ^ Tata officer's bungalow ransacked in Jamshedpur
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