Mille Miglia

Mille Miglia road sign
Category	Endurance
Country or region	Italy
Inaugural season	1927
Folded	1957
Last Drivers' champion	Piero Taruffi
Last Constructors' champion	Ferrari 315 Sport
Official website	http://www.1000miglia.eu/

The Mille Miglia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmille ˈmiʎʎa], Thousand Miles) was an open-road endurance race which took place in Italy twenty-four times from 1927 to 1957 (thirteen before the war, eleven from 1947).

Like the older Targa Florio and later the Carrera Panamericana, the MM made Gran Turismo (Grand Touring) sports cars like Alfa Romeo, BMW, Ferrari, Maserati and Porsche famous.

Car numbering[link]

Unlike modern day rallying where cars are released at one minute intervals with the larger professional class cars going before the slower cars, in the Mille Miglia the smaller displacement slower cars started first. This made organisation simpler as marshalls did not have to be on duty for as long a period and it minimised the period that roads had to be closed. Since 1949 cars were assigned numbers according to their start time. For example, the 1955 Moss/Jenkinson car, #722, left Brescia at 7:22 a.m. (see below), while the first cars had started at 9 p.m. the previous day. In the early days of the race even winners needed 16 hours or more, so most competitors had to start before midnight and arrived after dusk - if at all.

Before the war[link]

Alfa Romeo 6C 2300B Mille Miglia Spider, 1938

The race was established by the young Contes Aymo Maggi and Franco Mazzotti, apparently in response to their home town of Brescia 'losing' the Italian Grand Prix to Monza. Together with a group of wealthy associates, they chose a race from Brescia to Rome and back, a figure-eight shaped course of roughly 1500 km - or a thousand Roman miles. Later races followed twelve other routes with varying total lengths.

The first race started on 26 March 1927 with seventy-seven starters^[1] - all Italian - of which fifty-one had reached the finishing post at Brescia by the end of the race.^[1] The first Mille Miglia covered 1,618 km, corresponding to just over 1,005 modern miles.^[1] Entry was strictly restricted to unmodified production cars, and the entrance fee was set at the nominal level of 1 lira.^[1] The winner, Giuseppe Morandi,^[1] completed the course in just under 21 hours 5 minutes, averaging nearly 78 km/h (48 mph) in his 2-litre OM;^[1] Brescia based OM swept the top three places.

Tazio Nuvolari won the 1930 Mille Miglia in an Alfa Romeo. Having started after his team-mate and rival Achille Varzi, Nuvolari was comfortably leading the race but was still behind Varzi (holder of provisional second position) on the road. In the dim half light of early dawn Nuvolari tailed Varzi with his headlights off, thereby not being visible in the latter's rear-view mirrors. He then overtook Varzi on the straight roads approaching the finish at Brescia, by pulling alongside and flicking his headlights on.

The Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B MM that won the 1938 Mille Miglia driven by Clemente Biondetti. Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum, Philadelphia,PA, USA

The event was usually dominated by local Italian drivers and marques, but three races were won by foreign cars, all of them German. In 1931, Rudolf Caracciola (famous in Grand Prix racing) and riding mechanic Wilhelm Sebastian won with their big supercharged Mercedes-Benz SSKL, averaging for the first time more than 100 km/h (63 mph)^[1] in a Mille Miglia. It was also the first of three wins for a foreign driver as Caracciola was German, despite his name. The win was a surprise as Caracciola had received very little support from the factory due to the economic crisis at that time. He did not have enough mechanics to man all necessary service points. After performing a pit stop, they had to hurry across Italy, cutting the triangle-shaped course short in order to arrive in time before the race car.

The race was briefly stopped by Italian leader Benito Mussolini after an accident in 1938 killed a number of spectators. When it resumed in 1940 during war time, it was dubbed the Grand Prix of Brescia, and held on a 100 km (62 mi) short course in the plains of Northern Italy that was lapped nine times.

This event saw the debut of the first Enzo Ferrari owned marque AAC (Auto Avio Costruzioni)(with the Tipo 815). Despite being populated (due to the circumstances even more than usual) mainly by Italian makers, it was the aerodynamically improved BMW 328 driven by Germans Huschke von Hanstein/Walter Bäumer that won the high-speed race at an all-time high average of 166 km/h (103 mph).

Post-war[link]

The Italians continued to dominate their race after the war, now again on a single big lap through Italy. Mercedes made another good effort in 1952 with the underpowered original Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Gullwing, scoring second with the German crew Karl Kling/Hans Klenk that later in the year would win the Carrera Panamericana. Caracciola, in a comeback attempt, was fourth. In May he crashed in a race at Bern/Switzerland.

Few other non-Italians managed podium finishes in the 1950s, among them Juan Manuel Fangio, Peter Collins and Wolfgang von Trips. From 1953 until 1957 the Mille Miglia was also a round of the World Sports Car championship. In 1955, Mercedes made another attempt at winning the MM, this time with careful preparation and a more powerful car, the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR which was based on the Formula One car (Mercedes-Benz W196), entirely different from their sports cars carrying name Mercedes-Benz 300 SL.

Both young German Hans Herrmann (who had a remarkable previous efforts with Porsche) and Briton Stirling Moss relied on the support of navigators while Juan Manuel Fangio (car #658) preferred to drive alone as usual as he considered road races dangerous since his co-pilot was killed in South America. Karl Kling also drove alone, in the fourth Mercedes, #701.

Similar to his teammates, Moss and his navigator, motor race journalist Denis Jenkinson, ran a total of six reconnaissance laps beforehand, enabling "Jenks" to make course notes (pace notes) on a scroll of paper 15 feet (460 cm) long that he read from and gave directions to Moss during the race by a coded system of hand signals. Although this undoubtedly helped them, Moss's innate ability was clearly the predominant factor. Indeed, it should be noted that Moss was competing against drivers with a large amount of local knowledge of the route, so the reconnaissance laps were considered an equaliser, rather than an advantage.

Car #704 with Hans Herrmann and Hermann Eger was said to be fastest in the early stages, though. Herrmann already had a remarkable race in 1954, when the gate on a railroad crossing were lowered in the last moment before the fast train to Rome passed. Driving a very low Porsche 550 Spyder, Herrmann decided it was too late for a brake attempt anyway, knocked on the back of the helmet of his navigator Herbert Linge to make him duck, and they barely passed below the gates and before the train, to the surprise of the spectators. Herrmann was less lucky in 1955 as he had to abandon the race after a brake failure. Kling crashed also.

After 10 h 07' 48", Moss/Jenkinson arrived in Brescia in their Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR with the now famous #722, setting the event record at an average of 157.650 km/h (97.96 mph) which was fastest ever on this 1,597 km (992 mi) variant of the course, not to be beaten in the remaining two years. Fangio arrived a few minutes later in the #658 car, but having started 24 min earlier, it actually took him about 30 minutes longer, having engine problems at Pescara, through Rome and by the time Fangio reached Florence, a fuel injection pipe had broken and he was running on 7 cylinders.^[2]

The end[link]

Memorial to victims of Mille Miglia where the fatal crash happened

The race was banned after two fatal crashes.

• The first crash was a crash of a 4.2-litre Ferrari in 1957 that took the lives of the Spanish driver Alfonso de Portago, his co-driver/navigator Edmund Nelson, and nine spectators, at the village of Guidizzolo.^[1] The car supposedly landed on top of Portago and Nelson cutting them in half. Five of the spectators killed were children, all of whom were standing along the race course. Portago desperately wanted to win this race and waited too long to make a tire change. The crash was caused by a worn tire. The manufacturer was blamed and sued for this, as was the Ferrari team.

• A second car crash in Brescia took the life of Joseph Göttgens. He was driving a Triumph TR3.

From 1958 to 1961, the event resumed as a rallying-like round trip at legal speeds with a few special stages driven at full speed, but this was discontinued also.

Since 1977, the name was revived as the Mille Miglia Storica, a parade for pre-1957 cars that takes several days, which also spawned the 2007 documentary film Mille Miglia - The Spirit of a Legend.

From 1927 to 1957, the race took the lives of a total of 56 people.^[3]

Mille Miglia winners[link]

Year	Drivers	Car
1957	Piero Taruffi	Ferrari 315 Sport
1956	Eugenio Castellotti	Ferrari 290 MM Spider Scaglietti
1955	Stirling Moss Denis Jenkinson	Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR
1954	Alberto Ascari	Lancia D24 Spider
1953	Giannino Marzotto Marco Crosara	Ferrari 340 MM Spider Vignale
1952	Giovanni Bracco Alfonso Rolfo	Ferrari 250 S Berlinetta Vignale
1951	Luigi Villoresi Pasquale Cassani	Ferrari 340 America Berlinetta Vignale
1950	Giannino Marzotto Marco Crosara	Ferrari 195 S Berlinetta Touring
1949	Clemente Biondetti Ettore Salani	Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta Touring
1948	Clemente Biondetti Giuseppe Navone	Ferrari 166 S Coupe Allemano
1947	Clemente Biondetti Emilio Romano	Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 B Berlinetta Touring
1941-46	no races held due to World War II
1940	Huschke von Hanstein Walter Baumer	BMW 328 Berlinetta Touring
1939	no race held
1938	Clemente Biondetti Aldo Stefani	Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Spider MM Touring
1937	Carlo Maria Pintacuda Paride Mambelli	Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A
1936	Antonio Brivio Carlo Ongaro	Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A
1935	Carlo Maria Pintacuda Alessandro Della Stufa	Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Tipo B
1934	Achille Varzi Amedeo Bignami	Alfa Romeo 8C 2600 Monza Spider Brianza
1933	Tazio Nuvolari Decimo Compagnoni	Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Spider Zagato
1932	Baconin Borzacchini Amedeo Bignami	Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Spider Touring
1931	Rudolf Caracciola Wilhelm Sebastian	Mercedes-Benz SSK
1930	Tazio Nuvolari Battista Guidotti	Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GS Spider Zagato
1929	Giuseppe Campari Giulio Ramponi	Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 SS Spider Zagato
1928	Giuseppe Campari Giulio Ramponi	Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 Sport Spider Zagato
1927	Ferdinando Minoia Giuseppe Morandi	OM 665 S

Name usage[link]

Owner of trademark logo of Mille Miglia is the Automobile Club Brescia.

Mille Miglia is also the name of Alitalia's frequent flyer program.

Mille Miglia is also the name of a jacket, named after the race, inspired by the 1920s racewear and designed by Massimo Osti for his CP Company clothing label. The garment features goggles built into the hood and originally had a small circular window in the sleeve enabling the wearer to see their watch. The jackets have been produced for a long period and are still popular with British football casuals.

As a sponsor and timekeeper of the Storica event, the event has lent its name and its trademark logo to Chopard for a series of sport watches. For promotions Chopard uses photographs from the event by photographer Giacomo Bretzel.

Mille Miglia Red is the name for a color used by Chevrolet on its Corvette models. The color was offered between 1972 and 1975.^[4]

In 1982 the Mille Miglia endurance race was revived as a road rally event.

Mille Miglia Storica results[link]

Bandini 750 sport siluro in Mille Miglia 2006

Marx/Donà with Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 Gran Sport in 2008 Mille Miglia.

Mika Häkkinen and Juan Manuel Fangio II in 2011 Mille Miglia.

• 1977 : Hepp / Bauer - Alfa Romeo RLSS - 1927
• 1982 : Bacchi / Montanari - O.S.C.A MT 4 - 1956
• 1984 : Palazzani / Campana - Stanguellini 1100 S - 1947
• 1986 : Schildbach / Netzer - Mercedes-Benz SSK - 1929
• 1987 : Nannini / Marin - Maserati 200 SI - 1957
• 1988 : Rollino / Gaslini - Fiat 1100 S MM - 1948
• 1989 : Valseriati / Favero - Mercedes-Benz 300 SL - 1955
• 1990 : Agnelli / Cavallari - Cisitalia 202 SC - 1950
• 1991 : Panizza / Pisanelli - Renault 750 Sport - 1954
• 1992 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 507 - 1957
• 1993 : Vesco / Bocelli - Cisitalia 202 SC - 1948
• 1994 : Canè / Galliani - Lancia Aurelia B 20 - 1957
• 1995 : Ferrari / Salza - Abarth 750 Zagato - 1957
• 1996 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM - 1937
• 1997 : Valseriati / Sabbadini - Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Pr - 1952
• 1998 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM - 1937
• 1999 : Canè / Auteri - Ferrari 340 MM - 1953
• 2000 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM - 1937
• 2001 : Sisti / Bernini - Healey Silverstone - 1950
• 2002 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 Touring - 1940
• 2003 : Sielecki / Hervas - Bugatti T 23 Brescia - 1923
• 2004 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM Coupè - 1939
• 2005 : Viaro / De Marco - Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 S - 1928
• 2006 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM Coupè - 1939
• 2007 : Viaro / Bergamaschi - Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 Super Sport - 1928
• 2008 : Luciano and Antonio Viaro - Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 Super Sport - 1928
• 2009 : Ferrari / Ferrari - Bugatti Type 37 -1927
• 2010 : Canè / Galliani - BMW 328 MM Coupè - 1939
• 2011 : Giordano Mozzi / Stefania Biacca - Aston Martin Le Mans -1933
• 2012 : Scalise Claudio / Claramunt Daniel - Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 Gran Sport "Testa Fissa" - 1933

See also[link]

• List of major automobile races in Italy

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mille Miglia

• http://www.1000miglia.eu/
• Mille Miglia Museum, Brescia