:''"Mountaintop" redirects here. This can also refer to the speech by Dr. Martin Luther King.''

In topography, a summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, a summit is a local maximum in elevation. The topographic terms "acme", "apex", "peak", and "zenith" are synonyms.

The term "summit" is generally only used for a mountain peak with some significant amount of topographic prominence (height above the lowest point en route to the nearest higher peak) or topographic isolation (distance from the nearest point of higher elevation); for example, a boulder next to the main summit of a mountain is not considered a summit. Summits near a higher peak, with some prominence or isolation, but not reaching a certain cutoff value for these quantities, are often considered ''subsummits'' (or ''subpeaks'') of the higher peak, and are considered as part of the same mountain. The UIAA definition is that a summit is independent if it has a prominence of 30 metres or more; it is a mountain if it has a prominence of at least 300 metres. This can be summarised as follows:

{|class="wikitable" border="1" |- !style="background:#99BADD"|Term !style="background:#99BADD;"|Prominence |- |Subpeak |< 30 m |- |Independent peak or summit |30 m or more |- |Mountain |300 m or more |}

A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top.

Summit may also refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route. In many parts of the western United States, the term refers to the highest point along a road, highway, or railroad. For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California is referred to as Donner Summit (not to be confused with Donner Pass, which is located just to the south.)

See also

Geoid

Hill

List of highest mountains

Maxima and minima

Mountain

Nadir (topography) (antonym)

Topography

Category:Cartography Category:Geodesy Category:Geology Category:Physical geography Category:Surveying Category:Topography Category:Mountains

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name	Ellie Goulding
background	solo_singer
birth name	Elena Jane Goulding
birth date	December 30, 1986
birth place	Hereford, Herefordshire, England
origin	London, England
genre	Indie pop, electropop, synthpop, folktronica
occupation	Singer-songwriter, guitarist, pianist, drummer
instrument	Vocals, guitar, drums, piano, clarinet, tambourine
years active	2007–present
label	Neon Gold, Polydor, Cherrytree, Interscope
associated acts	Starsmith, Diana Vickers, Gabriella Cilmi, Tinie Tempah, Erik Hassle, Lissie, Frankmusik, Lena Meyer-Landrut,Mumford & Sons
website	}}

Elena Jane "Ellie" Goulding (born December 30, 1986) is an English singer-songwriter. In 2010 she became only the second artist to both top the BBC's annual ''Sound of...'' poll, and win the Critics' Choice Award at the BRIT Awards in the same year, following Adele's win of both in 2008. After signing to Polydor Records in 2009, she released her first extended-play recording in 2009, ''An Introduction to Ellie Goulding'', and her debut studio album ''Lights'' followed in 2010. Her album went on to debut at number one on the UK Albums Chart and sold there over 380,000 copies by the end of 2010 and over 620,000 copies in total.

Her musical style has been compared to that of Kate Nash, Lykke Li, Tracey Thorn, and Björk.

Background

Ellie was born and brought up in Hereford, Herefordshire, the second of four children. She began playing the clarinet and writing songs at the age of nine, and at fourteen began learning guitar. She started songwriting at the age of fifteen and while in college she won a singing competition.

After commencing a drama course at the University of Kent, where she was exposed to electronic music, she developed her sound with the help of Frankmusik on the track "Wish I Stayed", and Starsmith, who went on to become her chief collaborator and primary producer of ''Lights''. After two years at Kent, she was advised to take a gap year to pursue singing, and moved to West London.

She is a keen runner, running six miles every day, and in 2010 admitted plans to run a marathon. In support of her second EP, ''Run Into the Light'', she invited a small number of fans through her Facebook pages, to run with her in seven different cities on her UK tour, and has announced that she will be doing the same across Europe and the United States. A website, EllieRuns.com, was launched in support. Goulding's keenness for exercise has given her what is considered to be an impressively athletic physique.

She is currently dating BBC Radio 1's DJ Greg James.

Music career

Early career

Signed to Polydor Records in September 2009, she made her debut single. "Under the Sheets", which was released digitally in the United Kingdom on 15 November 2009, peaking outside the top 40. In October 2009 she toured the UK supporting Little Boots, and appeared on ''Later... with Jools Holland'', performing "Under The Sheets" and "Guns and Horses". "Wish I Stayed" was available as a free download as the UK iTunes Store's 'Single of the Week' from 22–28 December 2009.

''Lights'' and ''Bright Lights''

Before the release of her debut studio album, Goulding won the BBC Sound of 2010 poll, which showcases the critics, broadcasters and music industry insiders' top choices for rising stars and artists for the coming year. She also won the Critics' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards, which prize made her the second artist to win both in the same year.

The album ''Lights'' was released in March 2010, reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart and number twelve on the Irish Albums Chart. Its singles, "Starry Eyed", "Guns and Horses", and "The Writer" peaked at numbers 4, 26, and 19 respectively. In August 2010, Ellie released a second extended play, ''Run Into the Light'', a remixed version of ''Lights''. The album was supported by Nike and was released through Polydor as a running soundtrack in an effort to get Goulding's music taken up by the national running subculture.

In November 2010, ''Lights'' was re-released as ''Bright Lights'', with six new tracks added. It was originally announced that the lead single from ''Bright Lights'' would be the new edit of the title track with a release scheduled for 1 November 2010. Yet this was scrapped to allow her cover of Elton John's "Your Song" to be released in conjunction with the John Lewis Christmas 2010 advertising campaign in the UK. The single became Goulding's highest-charting single to date, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song also charted in some European countries in early 2011.

Goulding toured in support of ''Lights'' and supported Passion Pit in March 2010 and John Mayer during his British tour in May 2010. During the summer she performed at a number of festivals. On 29 May she performed at the Dot to Dot Festival in Bristol. She performed a set on 25 June at the 40th annual Glastonbury Festival on the John Peel Stage. Her third EP was a live recording of part of her set at the iTunes Festival 2010. The whole set was later released as part of the iTunes version of ''Bright Lights''. She made her T in the Park debut on 11 July. She played on the Nissan Juke Arena at the 2010 V Festival in late August. In September she was part of the line-up at Bestival 2010 on the Isle of Wight. In support of the album in Europe she performed on the first day of Pukkelpop in Belgium, at the Open'er Festival in Poland and at Benicàssim in Spain. A track from ''Lights'', "Everytime You Go", was featured in the ''Vampire Diaries'' episode "Founder's Day", while "Your Biggest Mistake" appeared in an episode of ''The Inbetweeners''. She began a tour of the United States and Canada in February 2011 to coincide with the release of the American edition of ''Lights''. She will also play at Coachella.

In January 2011 it was announced that the title track from ''Lights'' would serve as the second single from ''Bright Lights''. In early 2011 she recorded an original song for the film ''Life in a Day''. Goulding was featured as number five artist on Rolling Stone Magazine's hotlist in February 2011. In February 2011 she returned to the BRIT Awards where she was nominated for the Best British Female Solo Artist and the Best British Breakthrough Act. Previously she had performed at the BRITs launch party where the nominations were announced. Goulding will headline the 2011 Wakestock Festival in Wales, performing on 8 July. In August she will again perform at the V Festival. Following the re-release of ''Lights'' and the American launch of the album, Goulding said she would soon begin work on a second studio album with an expected release in September 2011. Goulding made her American television debut on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live'' on 7 April 2011 performing "Starry Eyed". She appeared as the musical guest on the 700th episode of the ''Saturday Night Live'', broadcast 7 May 2011 and hosted by Tina Fey. She served as the only live performer at the wedding reception of Prince William and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011 singing her rendition of Your Song for the couple's first dance as well as her hits The Writer and Starry Eyed and several of William and Kate's personal favourites. She was introduced to Prince William by Tinie Tempah at a music festival during the summer of 2010. Ellie performed, for the second consecutive year, at Radio 1's Big Weekend on Saturday 14 May. On 28 July 2011, the American video version of Starry Eyed was released on Youtube. The video reached over 1 million views in just 3 days. The video features Ellie wearing blue contacts

Untitled second album

In March 2011, Goulding told UK showbiz website Digital Spy that she is recording a currently untitled follow-up to ''Lights''. When asked about the musical direction of the record, Ellie told the site:

The previous month, the site reported that she hopes to release the album at some point in 2011, saying, "I'm not going to go away for ages. It'll be out this year or the start of next."

Work with other artists

Goulding co-wrote "Love Me 'Cause You Want To" for Gabriella Cilmi's second album, ''Ten'', and three songs, "Remake Me + You", "Notice" and "Jumping Into Rivers," for Diana Vickers's debut album, ''Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree''. Her song "Not Following" was used by Lena Meyer-Landrut on her debut album ''My Cassette Player''. Goulding featured on the rapper Tinie Tempah's fifth official single "Wonderman" from his debut studio album Disc-Overy. Goulding is also featured on American rap duo Chiddy Bang's song "Under the Sheets" on their mixtape ''Airswell''. Frankmusik told Digital Spy he hoped to collaborate with Goulding on his upcoming album. The two previously worked together on Ellie's track ''Wish I Stayed''.

Discography

;Studio albums

2010: ''Lights'' / ''Bright Lights''

2011: TBA

;Extended plays

2009: ''An Introduction to Ellie Goulding''

2010: ''iTunes Festival: London 2010''

2010: ''Run Into the Light''

Awards and nominations

Year	Organization	Nominated Work	Award	Result
			Sound of 2010
2010 BRIT Awards	Critics' Choice
rowspan="2"	Best Female Artist
Best Breakthrough Artist
	Best UK & Ireland Act
2010 MP3 Music Awards	The BNC Award
	Best Female Artist
	Best Breakthrough Artist
rowspan="2"	Best Newcomer
Lights	Best Album
			British Female Solo Artist
British Breakthrough Act
rowspan="2"		Pandora Newcomer of the Year 2011

References

External links

Category:1986 births Category:Alumni of the University of Kent Category:BRIT Award winners Category:English electronic musicians Category:English female guitarists Category:English female singers Category:English pop guitarists Category:English pop pianists Category:English pop singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English vegetarians Category:English-language singers Category:Folktronica Category:Indie pop musicians Category:Living people Category:People from Hereford Category:Polydor Records artists Category:Synthpop musicians

bg:Ели Голдинг cs:Ellie Goulding da:Ellie Goulding de:Ellie Goulding es:Ellie Goulding fr:Ellie Goulding id:Ellie Goulding it:Ellie Goulding hu:Ellie Goulding nl:Ellie Goulding pcd:Ellie Goulding pl:Ellie Goulding pt:Ellie Goulding ro:Ellie Goulding ru:Голдинг, Элли fi:Ellie Goulding sv:Ellie Goulding tr:Ellie Goulding zh:愛莉格

name	Jon Schmidt
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	July 09, 1966
origin	Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
instrument	piano
genre	New Age, pop, Classical
occupation	Composer, performer, pianist
years active	1990–present
label	Aubergine Records, Shadow Mountain, JS Productions
associated acts	Steven Sharp Nelson, Peter Breinholt
website	www.jonschmidt.com
notable instruments	}}

Jon Schmidt (born 1966) is an American pianist currently residing in Salt Lake City, Utah. He describes his style as "New Age Classical." He was born to German immigrants who acquainted him with the works of such composers as Beethoven, Mozart, and Chopin. He began songwriting at age 11. To date, he has released eight albums and seven piano books containing transcriptions of original arrangements.

His work is often described as New Age music with pop elements of hook and melody. He is also noted for his treatment of harmony, counterpoint, and rhythm. His works were also featured on sample discs for the Iomega Hipzip Digital Audio Player with the pieces "Sacred Ground", "All of Me", and "Waterfall".

Schmidt's influences include Mannheim Steamroller, Billy Joel, and Beethoven.

Schmidt currently has more than 1.5 million hits on YouTube for his piano/cello arrangement of Taylor Swift's "Love Story" and Coldplay's "Viva La Vida", which is called "Love Story meets Viva La Vida".

Personal life

Schmidt is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. One of his CDs is a collection of hymns without words. Schmidt has also worked with Peter Breinholt in producing music for Especially for Youth.

Schmidt and his wife Michelle have five children.

Discography

"Bonus Tracks", 2009, JS Productions # Love Story meets Viva la Vida (Taylor Swift Remix) # Long Long Ago (Piano/Cello) # Jessica's Theme (from The Man from Snowy River) # Road Trip # 8:42 at Red Rock Canyon (Verbal Intro) # 8:42 at Red Rock Canyon # All of Me (Sut's Fav.) Live # Dumb Song Live # Peanuts Medley Live (Linus & Lucy, Track Meet - Vince Guaraldi Cover) # Death of Dumbledore # Thank You (For the Heroes) # The Fishing Stream # ROCKmaninoff (Prelude in C-sharp minor - Rachmaninoff)

Hymns Without Words, 2006, JS Productions # For the Beauty of the Earth # Renaissance Hymn (Let Zion in Her Beauty Rise / Saints Behold How Great Jehovah) # Baptism Hymn # A Poor Wayfaring Man of Grief # Our Savior's Love # Onward Christian Soldiers # Hymn of Nature (All Creatures of Our God and King) # Funeral Hymn (Jesus the Very Thought / Tribute) # That Easter Morn # O Savior, Thou Who Wearest a Crown # Behold the Wounds in Jesus' Hands

Winter Serenade, 2004, JS Productions # In The Bleak Midwinter # Pachelbel meets U2 # North Pole Express (Ding Dong Merrily On High) # Wexford Carol # Still, Still, Still # First Run # Winter Serenade (Sussex Carol) # Deep Winter (Prelude in B-flat minor) # Last Lullaby (Thomas' Song) # I Will

To The Summit, 2000, JS Productions # Prelude (My Little Girl) # Rush Hour on the Escalante # To the Summit # Night Song # Game Day (Highland Games) # Air on the "F" String # Our Song # I Do # Can't Help Falling in Love # Sacred Ground

Jon Schmidt Christmas, 1997, Shadow Mountain # Were you There? # Bring A Torch Jeanette Isabella # Christmas Medley # Stars Were Gleaming # I Saw Three Ships # Star Carol # It Came Upon A Midnight Clear # Christmas Morning # Süsser de Glocken # Christmas Hymn # Lo, How a Rose Ere Blooming # Behold and See # Gaelic Blessing # Silent Night

Day in the Sunset, 1994, Aubergine Records # By Moonlight # Soaring # Morning Light # Care Free # Going Home # Solace # Christopher's Song # Longing # Second Variation # Big Sky Sunset

Walk in the Woods, 1993, Aubergine Records # Good Times (Class Of '84) # Waterfall # Passages # Winter Wind # Walk In The Woods # Hymn of Spring # Bells of Freedom # Good Day # Tribute (Rose-Anne's Song) # Cherished Moments

August End, 1991, Aubergine Records # Heart of a Child # Homecoming # Nativity # First Love # Ridin' West # August End # Piece Of The Storm # All Of Me # Song Of The Ocean # Bedtime Story

Singles

Dumb song (live) - Jon Live in Concert in 2000

Three songs in 2003 ''Piano Portraits'' album by Jon Schmidt, Paul Cardall, David Tolk and Michael R. Hicks:

* 1. My Little Girl

* 7. The Fishing Stream

* 11. Morning Light

Two songs in 2006 ''Sacred Cello'' album by Steven Sharp Nelson:

* 3. Clair De Lune - composed by Claude Debussy

* 8. Rhapsody on the theme of Paganini - composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff, arranged by Jon Schmidt and Steven Sharp Nelson

One song in 2008 ''Tender Mercies'' album by Steven Sharp Nelson:

* 8. New World

References

External links

Official Site

Sunday Sundown Blog

KSL's Report on the Musical Identity Theft

Jon Schmidt on Imeem

[ All music profile]

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:American Latter Day Saints Category:New Age pianists Category:American pianists

nl:Jon Schmidt

Name	Eric Schmidt
Birth date	April 27, 1955
Birth place	Washington, D.C., United States
Residence	Atherton, California, U.S.
Occupation	Software engineer, businessman
Alma mater	Princeton University (BS)University of California, Berkeley (MS, PhD)
Salary	$557,466 compensation in 2006
Networth	US$ 6.3 billion (2011)
Title	Executive Chairman of Google
Website	}}

Eric Emerson Schmidt (born April 27, 1955) is an American software engineer, businessman and the current executive chairman of Google. From 2001 to 2011, he served as the chief executive of Google.

Additionally, Schmidt was a former member on the board of directors for Apple Inc. and sat on the boards of trustees for both Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton University.

Along with Mike Lesk, Schmidt co-authored the lex analysis software program for the Unix computer operating system.

Biography

Schmidt was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Arlington, Virginia, United States. After graduating from Yorktown High School, Schmidt attended Princeton University where he earned a B.S. in electrical engineering in 1976. At the University of California, Berkeley, he earned an MS in 1979 for designing and implementing a network linking the campus computer center, the CS and the EECS departments, and a PhD in 1982 in EECS with a dissertation about the problems of managing distributed software development and tools for solving these problems. He was joint author of ''lex'' (a lexical analyzer and an important tool for compiler construction). He taught at Stanford Graduate School of Business as a part time professor.

Schmidt and his wife Wendy lived in Atherton, California in 1999. In 2011, he was reported to be dating Lisa Shields, a communications executive for the Council on Foreign Relations, a New York-based foreign policy think tank..

He was on the list of ARTnews 200 top art collectors in 2008.

He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the Swiss 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland.

The Eric Schmidt Family Foundation

The Eric Schmidt Family Foundation addresses issues of sustainability and the responsible use of natural resources. Wendy and Eric Schmidt, working with Heart Howerton, a San Francisco architectural firm that specializes in large-scale land use, have inaugurated several projects on the island of Nantucket that seek to sustain the unique character of the island, and to minimize the impact of seasonal visitation on the island's core community. Wendy Schmidt offered the prize purse of the Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X CHALLENGE, a challenge award for efficient capturing of crude oil from seawater motivated by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

Career

Early career

Early in his career, Schmidt held a series of technical positions with IT companies, including Bell Labs, Zilog and Xerox’s famed Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).

From Sun to Google

Schmidt joined Sun Microsystems in 1983 as its first software manager. He rose to become director of software engineering, vice president and general manager of the software products division, vice president of the general systems group, and president of Sun Technology Enterprises.

During his time at Sun he was the butt of two notable April Fool's Day pranks. In the first his office was taken apart and rebuilt on a platform in the middle of a pond complete with working phone. The next year a working Volkswagen Bug was taken apart and re-assembled in his office.

In April 1997, he became CEO and chairman of the board of Novell. Schmidt left Novell after the acquisition of Cambridge Technology Partners.

Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin interviewed Schmidt. Impressed by him, they recruited Schmidt to run their company in 2001 under the guidance of venture capitalists John Doerr and Michael Moritz.

Google

Schmidt joined Google's board of directors as chairman in March 2001 and became the company's CEO in August 2001. At Google, Schmidt shared responsibility for Google's daily operations with founders Page and Brin. As indicated by page 29 of Google's 2004 S-1 Filing Schmidt, Page, and Brin ran Google as a triumvirate. Schmidt had legal responsibilities typically assigned to the CEO of a public company and focused on management of the vice presidents and the sales organization.

According to Google's website, Schmidt also focuses on "building the corporate infrastructure needed to maintain Google's rapid growth as a company and on ensuring that quality remains high while product development cycle times are kept to a minimum."

In 2007, ''PC World'' ranked Schmidt as the first on the list of the 50 most important people on the web, along with Google co-Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin.

In 2009, Schmidt was considered one of the "TopGun CEOs" by Brendan Wood International, an advisory agency.

On January 20, 2011, Google announced that Schmidt would step down as CEO of Google, but continue as the executive chairman of the company, and act as an adviser to co-founders Page and Brin. Page replaced Schmidt as CEO on April 4, 2011.

The 2011 book ''In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives'' by Steven Levy claims that in 2001, Schmidt requested that a political donation he made be removed from Google search results. The request was not fulfilled. Schmidt has denied this ever occurred.

Apple

Schmidt was elected to Apple's board of directors on August 28, 2006. On August 3, 2009, it was announced that Schmidt would resign from the board of directors at Apple due to conflicts of interest amid the growing competition between Google and Apple.

President Barack Obama

Schmidt "was a campaign advisor and major donor to Barack Obama, and when he announced he was leaving that perch, he planned to remain 'at the forefront of Google’s government relations team.' Obama has even considered him for Commerce Secretary." Schmidt was an informal advisor to the Obama presidential campaign and began campaigning the week of October 19, 2008, on behalf of the candidate. He had been mentioned as a possible candidate for the chief technology officer position which Obama created in his administration. After Obama won, Schmidt was a member of President Obama's transition advisory board. He proposed that the easiest way to solve all of the problems of the United States at once, at least in the domestic policy, is by a stimulus program that rewards renewable energy and, over time, attempts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy. He has since become a new member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology PCAST.

New America Foundation

The New America Foundation is a non-profit public policy institute and think tank, founded in 1999. Schmidt is the current chairman of the board of directors. He succeeded founding chairman James Fallows in 2008.

Innovation Endeavors

Founded in 2010 by Google Chairman Eric Schmidt and Dror Berman, Innovation Endeavors is an early stage venture fund focused on advancing the world by providing high-impact entrepreneurs with the capital, coaching and network to build game-changing ventures. Innovation Endeavors has invested in more than 30 companies around the world in various industries. The firm is based in Palo Alto, USA.

Compensation

Upon being hired at Google, Eric Schmidt was paid a salary of $250,000, and an annual performance bonus. He was granted 14,331,703 shares of class B common stock at 30 cents per share, and 426,892 shares of Series C preferred stock at purchase price of $2.34.

Schmidt and the Google founders agreed to a base salary of $1 in 2004 (which continued through 2010), with other compensation of $557,465 in 2006, $508,763 in 2008 and $243,661 in 2009. He did not receive any additional stock, or options in 2009 or 2010. Most of his compensation was for "personal security" and charters of private aircraft. Schmidt is one of the few people who became billionaires (in United States dollars) based on stock options received as an employee in a corporation of which he was neither the founder nor a relative of the founder. In its 2011 'World's Billionaires' list, Forbes ranked Schmidt as the 136th richest person in the world, with an estimated wealth of $7 billion. Google gave him $100 million in 2011 as a parting gift.

Views

During an interview which aired on December 3, 2009, on the CNBC documentary "Inside the Mind of Google", Schmidt was asked, "People are treating Google like their most trusted friend. Should they be?" His reply was: "I think judgment matters. If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place, but if you really need that kind of privacy, the reality is that search engines including Google do retain this information for some time, and it’s important, for example, that we are all subject in the United States to the Patriot Act. It is possible that, that information could be made available to the authorities." At the Techonomy conference on August 4, 2010, Schmidt expressed that technology is good, but he said that the only way to manage the challenges is "much greater transparency and no anonymity." Schmidt also stated that in an era of asymmetric threats, "true anonymity is too dangerous."

In August 2010, Schmidt clarified his company's views on network neutrality: "I want to be clear what we mean by Net neutrality: What we mean is if you have one data type like video, you don't discriminate against one person's video in favor of another. But it's okay to discriminate across different types, so you could prioritize voice over video, and there is general agreement with Verizon and Google on that issue."

See also

List of billionaires

70/20/10 Model — business model advocated by Schmidt

RechargeIT

References

External links

;Speeches

Eric Schmidt and Larry Page speaking at Stanford (May 1, 2002)

Eric Schmidt talks about innovation on Executive Talks, November 2006

Schmidt-ceo-of-google.html Eric Schmidt interview by iinnovate, March 2007

YouTube: Eric Schmidt at the Seoul Digital Forum. (2007.06.05)

Eric Schmidt speaks as part of NASA 50 years Lecture Series, January 17, 2008

Mobile World Congress 2010 Keynote: Eric Schmidt, CEO, Google(Feb 2010)

iTunes: Google making of a modern company.

;Articles

CNET: Google balances privacy, reach (July 14, 2005), which uses Eric Schmidt as an example of the personal information held by Google.

Princeton University Board of Trustees

Category:1955 births Category:American art collectors Category:American billionaires Category:American chief executives Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American electrical engineers Category:Apple Inc. employees Category:Businesspeople from Washington, D.C. Category:Chairmen of corporations Category:Directors of Google Category:Google employees Category:Living people Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Princeton University alumni Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni

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Name	Jeff Tweedy
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Jeffrey Scot Tweedy
birth date	August 25, 1967
birth place	Belleville, Illinois, United States
Genre	Alternative country, alternative rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, bass guitar
Years active	1984–present
Label	Giant/Rockville, Sire, Reprise, Nonesuch, Drag City
Associated acts	Wilco, Uncle Tupelo, Golden Smog, Loose Fur }}

Jeffrey Scot "Jeff" Tweedy (born August 25, 1967 in Belleville, Illinois, United States) is an American songwriter, musician and leader of the band Wilco. Tweedy joined rockabilly band The Plebes with high school friend Jay Farrar in the early 1980s, but Tweedy's musical interests caused one of Farrar's brothers to quit. The Plebes changed their name to The Primitives in 1984, and subsequently to Uncle Tupelo. Uncle Tupelo garnered enough support to earn a record deal and to tour nationally. After releasing four albums, the band broke up in 1994 because of conflicts between Tweedy and Farrar.

In 1994, Tweedy formed Wilco with John Stirratt, Max Johnston, and Ken Coomer. Wilco has released eight albums and found commercial success with their albums ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'', ''A Ghost Is Born'', ''Sky Blue Sky'' and ''Wilco (The Album)''. The band also released two collaboration albums with Billy Bragg and one with The Minus 5. Jeff Tweedy has been the recipient of two Grammy Awards, including Best Alternative Album for ''A Ghost Is Born''. Tweedy has also participated in a number of side groups including Golden Smog and Loose Fur, published a book of poems, and released a DVD of solo performances. He was originally influenced by punk and country music, but has later reflected more experimental themes in his music.

Tweedy has been afflicted with migraine headaches since childhood. Treatment for the migraines led to a dependency on painkillers, for which he underwent successful rehab in 2004. Tweedy also has been open about the fact that he suffers from clinical depression and panic attacks.

Early life

Jeff Tweedy was born in Belleville, Illinois on August 25, 1967 as the fourth child of Bob and Jo Ann Tweedy. Bob Tweedy worked at Alton & Southern Railroad in East St. Louis while Jo Ann was a kitchen designer. Jo Ann bought Tweedy his first guitar at age six, although he did not begin to play it seriously until he was eight. In 1981, when Tweedy was fourteen years old, he befriended Jay Farrar in an English class at Belleville Township High School West. All of the members of Farrar's family enjoyed playing music, causing Farrar to already have knowledge of the musical elements of rock and roll. By this time, Tweedy was a fan of The Ramones and country music while Farrar enjoyed The Sex Pistols.

Farrar was in a band called The Plebes with his brothers Wade and Dade, which Tweedy joined in order to qualify for a battle of the bands competition. Tweedy pushed The Plebes away from the rockabilly music that they had been playing, which caused Dade Farrar to leave the band. The band renamed themselves The Primitives in 1984, taking their name from a song by garage rock band The Groupies. Wade Farrar sang lead vocals and played harmonica, Jay Farrar played guitar, Tweedy played bass guitar, and Mike Heidorn played drums. In late 1986, the band decided to change their name to Uncle Tupelo, because a more popular British band was also using the name "The Primitives". The Primitives went on hiatus in 1986 after Wade Farrar left the band to finish his engineering degree at Southern Illinois University. While waiting for Wade to return from campus, Jay, Tweedy, and Heidorn formed Uncle Tupelo.

Uncle Tupelo (1987-1994)

At his parents' request, Jeff Tweedy enrolled at several universities, but dropped out of them so that he could concentrate on Uncle Tupelo. While moonlighting as a record store clerk at Euclid Records in St. Louis, Tweedy met Tony Margherita. After Margherita saw the band perform at an acoustic concert in 1988, he decided to become the band's manager. The band began playing regular shows at Cicero's basement bar in the Delmar Loop near Washington University with other bands playing in a similar style. Uncle Tupelo recorded a ten-track demo tape entitled ''Not Forever, Just For Now'' in 1989, attracting the attention of Giant/Rockville Records. The independent label signed the band, and Uncle Tupelo's first album, ''No Depression'', was released the next year. The title song, originally performed by the Carter Family, became strongly associated with the alternative country scene, and became the name of an influential alternative country periodical.

During times when Uncle Tupelo was not touring, Tweedy and Farrar played as Coffee Creek, a short-lived cover band with The Bottle Rockets' Brian Henneman and Mark Ortmann. Around this time, Tweedy began developing problems with alcohol abuse, leading to tensions between Tweedy and Farrar. While he never refused to play a gig, Tweedy was forced to sit out in place of Henneman at some performances. Tweedy quit drinking entirely after meeting future wife Sue Miller, although he replaced this habit with smoking marijuana. After releasing ''Still Feel Gone'', the band formed a friendship with Peter Buck of R.E.M., who produced their third album ''March 16–20, 1992'' for free. Uncle Tupelo left the Rockville label in favor of Sire Records (Warner) later in 1992 because Rockville refused to pay the band any royalties for their albums. After the signing, Max Johnston and John Stirratt joined the band as Mike Heidorn was replaced by Bill Belzer who was later replaced by Ken Coomer. The five-piece band recorded ''Anodyne'', which sold over 150,000 copies and debuted at number 18 on the ''Billboard'' Heatseekers chart, but was the last album Uncle Tupelo released.

Breakup

In January 1994, Farrar called Tony Margherita to tell him that the band was breaking up, saying that he was not having any fun in the band anymore and was not getting along with Tweedy. Tweedy was enraged that Farrar decided to break up the band without notifying him, and this led to a series of harsh verbal exchanges. Farrar and Tweedy agreed to a final Uncle Tupelo tour, but the concerts were marred by the two not participating in each other's songs. The band decided to play Tweedy's "The Long Cut" on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'', which further distanced Farrar and Tweedy. Farrar began to assemble a new band named Son Volt with Mike Heidorn, bassist Jim Boquist, and his brother Dave Boquist. At the same time, Jeff Tweedy formed Wilco with Stirratt, Johnston, and Coomer.

Wilco (1995–present)

Wilco was signed to Reprise Records (Warner) and began recording ''A.M.'' almost as soon as the band was formed. After recording, Tweedy was introduced to Jay Bennett, who then joined the band. Also during this time, Tweedy quit smoking marijuana after a particularly bad experience with some cannabis brownies. ''A.M.'' did not fare as well commercially in comparison to Son Volt's first album, only reaching number 27 on the Heatseekers chart while Son Volt's debut ''Trace'' hit the ''Billboard'' 200. Dan Murphy of Soul Asylum invited Tweedy to join him in a supergroup named Golden Smog with Gary Louris and Marc Perlman of the Jayhawks, Kraig Johnson of Run Westy Run, and Noah Levy of The Honeydogs. Under the pseudonym Scott Summit, Tweedy released ''Down by the Old Mainstream'' with Golden Smog in 1996.

Tweedy and Wilco began to explore new styles and broke from the style of previous recordings on the seminal sprawling double album ''Being There'' in 1996. Tweedy did not write music for many of the songs ahead of time, and welcomed unexpected sounds into the recording. Wilco recorded nineteen songs for the double-CD album, and wanted the label to release it with a retail price comparable to a single-CD release. ''Being There'' was a commercial success, selling 300,000 copies and peaking in the top half of the ''Billboard'' 200. Reprise records invested $100,000 in the single "Outta Mind (Outtasite)", but received little radio exposure. While on tour, Tweedy began to spend time reading books by William H. Gass, Henry Miller, and John Fante. As he read their books, Tweedy decided to place more of an emphasis on writing. Representatives in the A&R; department of Reprise wanted a radio single from ''Summerteeth'', and Wilco reluctantly agreed to a re-working of "Can't Stand It". The single was a top five hit on adult album alternative radio stations, but failed to cross over to a larger audience.

Before the release of ''Summerteeth'', the daughter of the late folk legend Woody Guthrie contacted folk rock singer Billy Bragg, who in turn contacted Tweedy about recording an album of unreleased Woody Guthrie songs. Tweedy was indifferent to the idea of working with Bragg, but Jay Bennett's enthusiasm about the idea convinced Tweedy to get the band involved in the project. As a result of Tweedy's feelings on the political nature of some of the lyrics, Bragg recorded mostly political songs while Wilco recorded more neutral songs. Almost all of the songs that appeared on ''Mermaid Avenue'' and ''Mermaid Avenue Vol. II'' were recorded over a six day period in December 1997. The first ''Mermaid Avenue'' album and a second Golden Smog album (''Weird Tales'') were released in 1998, ''Summerteeth'' was released in early 1999, and ''Mermaid Avenue Vol. II'' was released in 2000. Tweedy received his first Grammy nomination when ''Mermaid Avenue'' was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album in 1999.

''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot''

Jeff Tweedy was invited to play at Chicago's Noise Pop festival, and was told that he could collaborate with a musician of his choosing. Tweedy chose Jim O'Rourke based on his fascination with O'Rourke's ''Bad Timing'' album. O'Rourke offered to bring drummer Glenn Kotche to the festival, and the trio formed a side project named Loose Fur. The other band members of Wilco had written a number of songs for ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'', but Tweedy was unsatisfied with them because he believed that the songs did not sound like the ones he played with Loose Fur. Tweedy became such a fan of Kotche's playing style that he decided to dismiss Ken Coomer from the band in favor of Kotche. Tweedy had strong feelings about how songs should be sequenced, which clashed with Jay Bennett's focus on the songs themselves. Because Bennett was mixing the album, this led to a series of arguments about how the album should sound between songs. Tweedy asked O'Rourke to remix several songs on the album that had been mixed by Bennett, which caused tensions within the band to escalate. The album was completed in June 2001, and Tweedy was insistent that it was in its final form. Tweedy also fired Jay Bennett around this time, believing (according to Jay Bennett) that Wilco should only have one core member. The band maintains that the firing of Jay Bennett was a collective decision.

Reprise Record's parent company Time Warner merged with America Online in 2001, and the recording company was asked to cut costs. Howie Klein, the CEO of Reprise Records, considered Wilco to be one of the label's core bands, but was offered a lucrative buy-out by AOL Time Warner. A&R; representative Mio Vukovic was placed in charge of Wilco, and he believed that the album was not commercially viable. Vukovic called manager Tony Margherita and told him that Reprise was not interested in releasing the album, a point of view shared by the head of the A&R; department, David Kahne. Kahne agreed to release Wilco from Reprise records under the condition that Wilco got to keep all legal entitlements to the ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'' album. After an article in the ''Chicago Tribune'' publicly described these managerial practices, CEO Gary Briggs quit. Shortly after leaving the label, Briggs remarked:

''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'' was originally scheduled to be released on Reprise on September 11, 2001, prior to the band's departure from Reprise. Seven days later, Tweedy decided that he would stream the entirety of ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'' on Wilco's official website. Over thirty record labels offered to release ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'' after the departure from Reprise was official. One of the thirty was Warner Brothers affiliate Nonesuch Records, who signed Wilco in November 2001. AOL Time Warner paid Wilco to make the album on Reprise, gave them the record for free, and then bought it back on the Nonesuch label. The album was released on April 23, 2002 to significant critical acclaim, including being named the best album of the year by ''The Village Voice''. The album became the biggest hit of Jeff Tweedy's career and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies.

''A Ghost Is Born'' and side projects

Scott McCaughey contacted Tweedy about recording an album together for a The Minus 5 release. They scheduled a meeting for September 11, 2001, but were reluctant to enter the recording studio after the terrorist attacks. At night, McCaughey and Tweedy decided to begin recording songs as a way to calm down. A few more tracks were later added to the album with the rest of Wilco, and it was released with the name ''Down with Wilco'' in 2003.

In November 2003, Wilco began recording a fifth studio album. Unlike their previous albums, all of the songs were originally performed in the studio and then later adapted for playing at concerts. Wilco released ''A Ghost Is Born'' on June 22, 2004, and it attained a top ten peak on the ''Billboard'' 200. The album was awarded with Grammy Awards for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Recording Package in 2005. A few weeks before the album's release, Tweedy released a book of forty-three poems entitled ''Adult Head'' on Zoo Press. The following year, the band released their first live album, a two-disc set entitled ''Kicking Television: Live in Chicago'', recorded at The Vic Theater. Wilco recorded twelve tracks for a sixth studio album entitled ''Sky Blue Sky'', which was released on May 15, 2007. ''Sky Blue Sky'' debuted at number four on the ''Billboard'' 200, the band's highest debut yet. It sold over 87,000 copies in its first week of release.

Jeff Tweedy has performed several solo tours, on which he typically plays acoustic music. He also does The Song Simple Twist of Fate on the Soundtrack to I'm Not There. On October 24, 2006 Nonesuch Records released ''Sunken Treasure: Live in the Pacific Northwest'', a live DVD by Tweedy. The disc includes performances and conversations gathered over five nights on Tweedy’s February 2006 solo acoustic tour, with footage from concerts at Seattle’s Moore Theater, Portland’s Crystal Ballroom, Eugene’s McDonald Theatre, Arcata’s Humboldt State University, and The Fillmore in San Francisco. The DVD was directed by Christoph Green and Fugazi’s Brendan Canty, the creators of the documentary series Burn to Shine.

Tweedy performed at the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear on October 30, 2010 in Washington, D.C. with collaborator Mavis Staples.

Musical style

Jeff Tweedy's musical style has varied over his music career. Tweedy's vocal style is considered nasal, emotional, and scratchy, and has been compared to that of Neil Young. His first exposure to music was through gramophone records that his siblings left behind when they attended college, and he particularly liked The Beatles' White Album. Tweedy would frequently read issues of magazines such as ''Rolling Stone'', and began to purchase punk rock albums such as The Clash's ''London Calling'' and X's ''Wild Gift''. Belleville crowds did not respond well to punk music, so while Tweedy was a member of The Primitives they played covers of country songs at much faster tempos. When Uncle Tupelo formed, the band began composing its own songs influenced by Jason & the Scorchers and The Minutemen. Wilco's first album shared many musical similarities with the four previous Uncle Tupelo albums, but on ''Being There'', Tweedy began introducing more experimental themes into his music. He claims that he wanted to rebel against the belief spread by the ''No Depression'' magazine that Wilco was primarily a country band. One of the most influential albums for Tweedy was ''Bad Timing'' by Jim O'Rourke, which helped to inspire ''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot'' and ''A Ghost Is Born''. Tweedy uses a 1957 Gibson J-45 acoustic guitar, as well as a 1965 Fender Jazzmaster, and three different Telecasters, but his primary electric guitar is the Gibson SG Standard. He has vintage SGs from ’62 and ’65 as well as a 2007 Custom Shop model and a 2008 Custom Shop Vintage Original Spec (V.O.S.) that are all rigged with Maestro tremolo bars. He also has been known to use a Breedlove 000 and even designed a limited edition 000 for Breedlove in 2007. His amplifier of choice, photographed in the inside panel of Sky Blue Sky, is the Atomic Space Tone made by Swart Amplifier Co.

Personal life

Tweedy has been prone to chronic migraines throughout his entire life, forcing him to miss forty days of elementary school in one year. These chronic migraines caused Tweedy to become dependent on painkillers. While he attempted to regulate his use of painkillers, he was never able to stop their use for more than five weeks. Tweedy attributes this to comorbidity with major depressive disorder and severe panic attacks. In 2004, he entered a dual diagnosis rehabilitation clinic in order to receive treatment for an addiction to prescription painkillers. Tweedy quit smoking the next year; John Stirratt claimed afterward that this significantly improved the focus of the band.

Tweedy is married to former talent booking agent Sue Miller. Tweedy first met Miller when he was trying to get Uncle Tupelo booked at Cubby Bear, where Miller worked. Miller opened a club in Chicago named Lounge Ax in 1989, and booked Uncle Tupelo for sixteen shows over four years. Miller and Tweedy began dating in 1991 and they were married on August 9, 1995. Their son Spencer: Spencer Tweedy (born December 16, 1995) has been the drummer for pre-teen rock band The Blisters, not to be confused with Chicago powerpop band The Blissters, since December 2003. Spencer has also recently formed a new band called Tully Monster with friends Hayden Holbert and Henry Mosher. The band has played major events such as Lollapalooza, which Jeff and Wilco headlined, and also at the opening of Millennium Park in Chicago. On December 16, 2008 Spencer Tweedy joined Wilco on stage at Madison Square Garden to play drums on their song "The Late Greats," while opening for Neil Young. Before the song, the entire crowd sang Happy Birthday to Spencer Tweedy, as it was his 13th birthday. He also has a younger son, Sam Tweedy.

In early May 2009, former Wilco member Jay Bennett sued Tweedy for breach of contract. Bennett died later that month of an apparent accidental overdose of the painkiller fentanyl.

Selected discography

Uncle Tupelo

Year	Title	Label
		Rockville Records
	''Still Feel Gone''	Rockville Records
	''March 16–20, 1992''	Rockville Records
		Sire Records

Wilco

Year	Title	Label
		Reprise Records
		Reprise Records
	''Summerteeth''	Reprise Records
	''Yankee Hotel Foxtrot''	Nonesuch Records
	''A Ghost Is Born''	Nonesuch Records
	''Kicking Television: Live in Chicago''	Nonesuch Records
	''Sky Blue Sky''	Nonesuch Records
	''Wilco (The Album)''	Nonesuch Records
	''The Whole Love''	dBpm Records

Notes and references

References

Retrieved on 2006-12-18

External links

Official Wilco website

Picture and details of Jeff Tweedy's pedalboard

Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:American male singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Songwriters from Illinois Category:Musicians from Chicago, Illinois Category:People from Belleville, Illinois Category:Drag City artists Category:Wilco members Category:Uncle Tupelo members Category:The Minus 5 members

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