Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Hanoi
Native name	Hà Nội
Type	Centrally governed city
Image seal	Hanoi Logo.svg
Map caption	Provincial location in Vietnam
Elevation m
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	VN
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Central city
Subdivision name1	Hanoi
Parts type	Districts
Parts style	para
P1	29
Leader title1	Party's Secretary (Bí thư Thành ủy)
Leader name1	Phạm Quang Nghị
Leader title2	People's Council's President (Chủ tịch Hội đồng Nhân Dân)
Leader name2	Ngô Thị Doãn Thanh
Leader title3	People's Committee's President (Chủ tịch Ủy ban Nhân Dân)
Leader name3	Nguyễn Thế Thảo
Established title	Founded, Capital of the Đại Việt
Established date	1010
Established title2	Capital of Vietnam
Established date2	September 2, 1945
Area total km2	3344.7
Area urban km2	186.22
Parts type	Demonym
Parts style	para
P1	Hanoians
Population as of	2009
Population total	6,500,000
Population rank	2nd in Vietnam
Population density km2	auto
Timezone	ICT
Utc offset	+7
Postal code type
Postal code	10000
Website	hanoi.gov.vn
Footnotes	}}

Thủ đô Hà Nội (, Hanoi the capital) is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. It has an estimated population nearly 6.5 million (2009), (but only 2.6 million (2009) in urban areas). From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyễn dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.

The city is located on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is located at north of Ho Chi Minh City.

October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city. On this occasion, Hanoi was named by Frommer's travel guide as one of the world's "Top Destinations 2010".

History

Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. One of the first known permanent settlements is the Co Loa citadel (Cổ Loa) founded around 200 BC.

Hanoi has had many names throughout history, all of them of Sino-Vietnamese origin. During the Chinese domination of Vietnam, it was known as Tống Bình (宋平) and later Long Đỗ (龍肚; literally "dragon's belly"). In 866, it was turned into a citadel and was named Đại La (大羅).

In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ, the first ruler of the Lý Dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Việt (大越, the ''Great Viet'', then the name of Vietnam) to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed it Thăng Long (昇龍, ) - a name still used poetically to this day. It remained the capital of Vietnam until 1397, when the capital was moved to Thanh Hóa, also known as Tây Đô (西都, ). Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都, ).

In 1408, Chinese Ming Dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, then they renamed Đông Đô as Đông Quan (東關, ''Eastern Gateway''). In 1428, the Vietnamese overthrew the Chinese under the leadership of Lê Lợi, who later founded the Lê Dynasty and renamed Đông Quan as Đông Kinh (東京, ''Eastern Capital'', now called Tonkin in English). Right after the end of Tây Sơn Dynasty, it was named Bắc Thành (北城, ''Northern Citadel'').

In 1802, when the Nguyễn Dynasty was established and then moved the capital down to Huế, the name of ''Thăng Long'' (昇龍, "ascending dragon") was modified to become different ''Thăng Long'' (昇隆, ''to ascend and flourish''). In 1831 the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it "Hà Nội" (河内, can be translated as ''Between Rivers'' or ''River Interior'') . Hanoi was occupied by the French in 1873 and passed to them ten years later. It became the capital of French Indochina after 1887.

The city was occupied by the Japanese in 1940, and liberated in 1945, when it briefly became the seat of the Viet Minh government after Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam. But the French came back and reoccupied the city in 1946. After nine years of fighting between the French and Viet Minh forces, Hanoi became the capital of an independent North Vietnam in 1954.

During the Vietnam War Hanoi's transportation facilities were disrupted by the bombing of bridges and railways, which were, however, promptly repaired. Following the end of the war, Hanoi became the capital of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on July 2, 1976.

On May 29, 2008, it was decided that Ha Tay Province, Vĩnh Phúc's Mê Linh district and 4 communes of Lương Sơn District, Hoa Binh is merged into the metropolitan area of Hanoi from August 1, 2008. Hanoi's total area increased to 334,470 hectares divided into 29 subdivisions with the new population being 6,232,940. The Hanoi Capital Region (), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and 6 surrounding provinces under planning will have an area of 13,436 square kilometers with a population of 15 million by 2020.

On August 1, 2008, Hanoi absorbed the neighboring province of Ha Tay, Vĩnh Phúc's Mê Linh district, and four communes from Lương Sơn, Hoa Binh, effectively tripling its size.

Climate

Hanoi features a warm humid subtropical climate (Köppen ''Cwa'') with plentiful precipitation. The city experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, where summers are hot and humid, and winters are, by national standards, relatively cool and dry. Summers, lasting from May to September, are hot and humid, receiving the majority of the annual of rainfall. The winters are short, relatively dry, and mild, while spring can bring light rains.

Education

Hanoi, as the capital of French Indochina, was home to the first Western-style universities in Indochina, including: ''Indochina Medical College'' (1902) - now Hanoi Medical University, ''Indochina University'' (1904) - now Hanoi National University, and ''École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts de L'Indochine'' (1925) - now Hanoi University of Fine Art.

After the Communist Party took control over Hanoi in 1954 with support from the Soviet Union, many new universities were built, among them, Hanoi University of Technology remains the largest technical university in Vietnam.

Hanoi is the largest centre of education in Vietnam. It is estimated that 62% of the scientists in the whole country are living and working in Hanoi. Admissions to undergraduate study are through entrance examinations, which are conducted annually and open for everyone (who has successfully completed his/her secondary education) in the country. The majority of universities in Hanoi are public, although in recent years a number of private universities have started their operation. Thăng Long University, founded in 1988, by some Vietnamese mathematics professors in Hanoi and France is the first private university in Vietnam.

Because many of Vietnam's major universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces (especially in the northern part of the country) wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrance examination. Such events often take place in June and July, during which a large number of students and their families converge on the city for several weeks around this intense examination period. In recent years, these entrance exams have been centrally coordinated by the Ministry of Education, but passing marks are decided independently by each university.

Although there are state owned kindergartens, there are also many private ventures that serve both local and international needs. Pre-tertiary (elementary and secondary) schools in Hanoi are generally state run although there are some independent schools. Education is equivalent to the K–12 system in the US, with elementary school between grades 1 and 5, middle school (or junior high) between grades 6 and 9, and high school from grades 10 to 12.

Landmarks

As the capital of Vietnam for almost a thousand years, Hanoi is considered one of the main cultural centres of Vietnam, where most Vietnamese dynasties have left their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Even when the nation's capital moved to Huế under the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1802, the city of Hanoi continued to flourish, especially after the French took control in 1888 and modeled the city's architecture to their tastes, lending an important aesthetic to the city's rich stylistic heritage. The city hosts more cultural sites than any city in Vietnam, and boasts more than 1,000 years of history, and that of the past few hundred years has been well preserved.

Old Quarter

The Old Quarter, near Hoan Kiem lake, has the original street layout and architecture of old Hanoi. At the beginning of the 20th century the city consisted of only about 36 streets, most of which are now part of the old quarter. Each street then had merchants and households specialized in a particular trade, such as silk traders, jewellery, etc. The street names nowadays still reflect these specializations, although few of them remain exclusively in their original commerce. The area is famous for its small artisans and merchants, including many silk shops. Local cuisine specialties as well as several clubs and bars can be found here also. A night market (near Đồng Xuân market) in the heart of the district opens for business every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening with a variety of clothing, souvenirs and food.

Some others prominent places are: The Temple of Literature (''Văn Miếu''), site of the oldest university in Vietnam 1010; One Pillar Pagoda (''Chùa Một Cột''); Flag Tower of Hanoi (''Cột cờ Hà Nội''). In 2004, a massive part of the 900 year old Hanoi Citadel was discovered in central Hanoi, near the site of Ba Dinh square.

Lakes

A city between the rivers, built from lowland, Hanoi has many scenic lakes and sometime is called "city of lakes". Among its lakes, the most famous are Hoan Kiem Lake, West Lake, Halais Lake (''Hồ Thiền Quang'' in Vietnamese), and Bay Mau Lake. Hoan Kiem Lake, also known as Sword Lake, is the historical and cultural center of Hanoi, and is linked to the legend of the magic sword. West Lake (Hồ Tây) is a popular place for people to spend time. It is the largest lake in Hanoi and there are many temples in the area. There are small boats for hire and a floating restaurant.

Colonial Hanoi

Under French rule, as an administrative centre for the French colony of Indochina, the French colonial architecture style became dominant, many examples remain today: the tree-lined boulevards (e.g. Phan Dinh Phung street) and its many villas and mansions, Grand Opera House, State Bank of Vietnam (formerly The Bank of Indochina), Presidential Palace (formerly Palace of the Governor-General of French Indochina), Saint Joseph Cathedral, and the historic Hotel Metropole. Many of the colonial structures are an eclectic mixture of French and traditional Vietnamese architectural styles, such as the National Museum of Vietnamese History, the Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts and the old Indochina Medical College.

Museums

Hanoi is also home to a number of museums:

National Museum of Vietnamese History

Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts

Vietnam Museum of Ethnology

Vietnam Museum of Revolution

Hanoi Hilton (Hoa Lo Prison)

Ho Chi Minh Museum

Contemporary Arts Centre

Vietnam Military History Museum

The Hanoi Museum (currently under construction until 2010)

Entertainment

A variety of options for entertainment in Hanoi can be found throughout the city. Modern and traditional theaters, cinemas, karaoke bars, dance clubs, bowling alleys, and an abundance of opportunities for shopping provide leisure activity for both locals and tourists. Hanoi has been named as one of the top 10 cities for shopping in Asia by Smart Travel Asia. The number of art galleries exhibiting Vietnamese art has dramatically increased in recent years, including galleries such as "Nhat Huy" of Huynh Thong Nhat.

A popular traditional form of entertainment is water puppetry, which is shown for example at the ''Thăng Long Water Puppet Theatre''.

Shopping

With its rapid growth and extremely high population density, several modern shopping centers have been built in Hanoi. Major centers include:

Trang Tien Plaza, Hoan Kiem District

Vincom City Towers, Ba Trieu Street, Hai Ba Trung District

Ruby Plaza, 44 Le Ngoc Han Street, Hai Ba Trung District

Parkson Department Store, Tây Sơn Street, Viet Tower, Dong Da District

Big C Thăng Long Supercenter, Cau Giay District

Metro AG, Tu Liem District

The Garden Mall, Me Tri - My Dinh, Tu Liem District

Vincom Shopping Galleries, Vincom Park Place, Hai Ba Trung District

Ciputra Mall, Ciputra urban area, Tay Ho District (currently under construction)

Yen So Shopping Mall, Hoang Mai District (currently under construction)

Cuisine

Hanoi has rich food traditions and many of Vietnam's most famous dishes, such as phở, chả cá, bánh cuốn and cốm are thought to come from Hanoi. Perhaps most widely known is Phở, a simple rice noodle soup often eaten as a breakfast dish in the home or at streetside cafes, but also served in restaurants as a meal. Two varieties dominate the Hanoi scene: Phở Bò, containing beef, and Phở Gà, containing chicken.

Hanoi has been selected as one of the top 10 cities for food in the world by Shermans Travel. Vietnam's national dish Phở has been also named as one of the Top5 streetfood in the world by globalpost.

Hanoi has a restaurant about the insect food, in Khuong Thuong village, Hanoi. The most special cuisines at his restaurant are those processed from ant-eggs, in the styles of Thai people or Muong and Tay ethnic people in Vietnam.

Population

Hanoi's population is constantly growing (about 3.5% per year), a reflection of the fact that the city is both a major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's political centre. This population growth also puts a lot of pressure onto the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back from the early 20th century.

The number of Hanoians who settled down for more than three generations is likely to be very small as compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter, where commerce started hundreds years ago and was mostly a family business, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved to live further inside the house, or just moved out of the neighbourhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies, and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system.

Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way.

Transport

Hanoi is served by Noi Bai International Airport, located in the Soc Son District, approximately north of Hanoi. Noi Bai is the only international airport for the northern regions of Vietnam.

Hanoi will have additionally another international airport, which will cost $8 billion, being the highest foreign investment so far in the history of Vietnam. The construction will be carried out in three stages,the first phase will start in 2011 until 2015.

There are two main highways linking the airport and city. The route to the city via Thăng Long Bridge is more direct than Highway 1, which runs along the outskirts of the city. The main highways are shared by cars, motor scooters, with separate lanes by the side for bicycles. Taxis are plentiful and usually have trip meters, although it is also common to agree on the trip price before taking a taxi from airport to the city centre. Tourists also sometimes tour the city on cyclos especially in the Old Quarter.

Hanoi is also the origin departure point for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City from Hanoi station (formerly Hang Co station), with stops at cities and provinces along the line. Trains also depart Hanoi frequently for Hai Phong and other northern cities.

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Public buses run on many routes and fare can be purchased on the bus. For short trips, "xe ôm" (literally, "hug vehicle") motorcycle taxis are available where the passenger sits at the rear of a motorbike.

Economy

Hanoi has the highest Human Development Index among the cities in Vietnam. According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers, Hanoi will be the fastest growing city in the world in term of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025.

Industrial production in the city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991–95, 15.9 percent from 1996–2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses currently operating under the Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007).

Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996–2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role.

Hanoi's business districts are traditionally Hoan Kiem and the neighborhood; and a newly developing Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh in the southwestern part.

Similar to Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market. The metropolis's economy growth does not seem correlative to its infrastructure. Overloading population requires a much larger supply of accommodations, while the constructing celerities of both transport system and new urban areas are too low. Not surprisingly, as an effect of this problem, the ''apartment and real estate fever'' occur severely during the time. More widespread, the fever even influences Ha Tay, the neighboring province, considered the future development space of the capital. The current most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh, My Dinh, the luxurious zones of The Manor and Ciputra.

Agriculture, previously a pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques.

Together with economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system.

Sport centers

There are several gymnasiums and stadiums throughout the city of Ha Noi. The biggest ones are My Dinh National Stadium (Le Duc Tho Boulevard), Quan Ngua Sporting Palace (Van Cao Avenue), Hanoi Water Sport Complex and My Dinh Indoor Athletics Gymnasium. The others include Ha Noi stadium (as known as Hang Day stadium). The third Asian Indoor Games was held at Hanoi in 2009.

Health care and other facilities

Some medical facilities in Hanoi:

Bach Mai Hospital

Viet Duc Hospital

Saint Paul Hospital

108 Hospital

L'Hôpital Français De Hanoï

International SOS

Districts

Hanoi is divided into 10 inner districts, 1 town and 18 outer districts. ( Hà Đông has been transform to an inner district, and Sơn Tây has been degraded to a town)

14 8 21 20 17 18 14 14 8 11 145 31 + 1 town 30 + 2 towns 15 + 1 town 23 + 1 town 20 + 2 towns 19 + 1 town 16 + 2 towns 21 + 1 town 26 + 2 towns 25 + 1 town 20 + 1 town 25 + 1 town 22 + 1 town 20 + 1 town 15 + 1 town 28 + 1 town 15 + 1 town 28 + 1 town 399 + 22 towns559 + 22 towns

Subdivisions of Hanoi
Provincial Cities/Districts !! Wards !! Area (km2) !! Population
colspan=5>''1 town''
Sơn Tây	15	113.474
colspan=5	''10 Urban Districts (Quận)''
	|	9.224	228,352
Cau Giay	Cầu Giấy	|	12.04	147,000
Dong Da	Đống Đa	|	9.96	352,000
Hai Ba Trung district	Hai Bà Trưng	|	14.6	378,000
Hà Đông	|	47.917	198,687
Hoan Kiem	Hoàn Kiếm	|	5.29	178,073
Hoang Mai, Hanoi	Hoàng Mai	|	41.04	216,277
Long Bien	Long Biên	|	60.38	170,706
Tay Ho	Tây Hồ (West Lake)	|	24	115,163
Thanh Xuan	Thanh Xuân	|	9.11	185,000
Subtotal	|	233.56	2,178,258
colspan=5	''18 Rural Districts (Huyện)''
	|	428.0	242,600 (1999)
Chuong My	Chương Mỹ	|	232.9	261,000 (1999)
Dan Phuong	Đan Phượng	|	76.8	124,900
Dong Anh	Đông Anh	|	182.3	276,750
Gia Lam	Gia Lâm	|	114.0	205,275
Hoai Duc	Hoài Đức	|	95.3	188,800
Mê Linh	|	141.26	187,536 (2008)
My Duc	Mỹ Đức	|	230.0	167,700 (1999)
Phu Xuyen	Phú Xuyên	|	171.1	181,500
Phuc Tho	Phúc Thọ	|	113.2	154,800 (2001)
Quoc Oai	Quốc Oai	|	136.0 (2001)	146,700 (2001)
Soc Son	Sóc Sơn	|	306.51	254,000
Thach That	Thạch Thất	|	128.1	149,000 (2003)
Thanh Oai	|	129.6	142,600 (1999)
Thanh Tri	Thanh Trì (Green Ponds)	|	98.22	241,000
Thuong Tin	Thường Tín	|	127.7	208,000
Tu Liem	Từ Liêm	|	75.32	240,000
Ung Hoa	Ứng Hòa	|	183.72	193,731 (2005)
Subtotal	|	3,266.186	3,872,851
Total	|	3,344.47	6,232,940

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Hanoi is twinned with: Hong Kong Ankara, Turkey Warsaw, Poland Toulouse, France Bangkok, Thailand Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan Moscow, Russia Beijing, People's Republic of China Manila, Philippines Seoul, South Korea Phnom Penh, Cambodia Jakarta, Indonesia,(Start Since August 2011) Isfahan, Iran,(Start Since 4 August 2011)

Gallery

See also

Capitals of Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

Gioi Market

References

External links

Official Site of Hanoi Government

An article in New York Times about Hanoi

NewHanoian.com - Community information with user-created content, interactive maps, and reviews

An overview of Hanoi Old Quarter

One day discover Hanoi Capital

Category:Capitals in Asia Category:Populated places in Hanoi Category:District capitals in Vietnam Category:Red River Delta Category:Provinces of Vietnam Category:1010 establishments Category:Populated places established in the 11th century Category:Port cities in Vietnam Category:Cities in Vietnam

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Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Max Azria
Nationality	French
Birth date	January 01, 1949
Birth place	Tunisia
Label name	BCBGMAXAZRIABCBGMAXAZRIA RunwayHervé Léger by Max AzriaMax AzriaBCBGenerationMiley Cyrus & Max Azria
Spouse	Lubov Azria

Max Azria (born January 1, 1949) is a French fashion designer of Tunisian descent who founded the contemporary women's clothing brand BCBGMAXAZRIA. Azria is also the designer, chairman and CEO of BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP, a global fashion house that encompasses over 20 brands. He is based in Los Angeles.

Background

Max Azria was born in Sfax, Tunisia, as the youngest of 6 children. As a child, Max was educated in southeastern France before his family relocated to Paris, France, in 1963.

Career

After 11 years of designing a line of women's apparel in Paris, Azria moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1981 and launched Jess, a series of new-concept retail boutiques for women's apparel.

BCBGMAXAZRIA

In 1989, Azria launched BCBGMAXAZRIA, named for the French phrase "bon chic, bon genre," a Parisian slang meaning "good style, good attitude". Azria was credited for offering designer fashion at affordable price points and, as a result, was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1998. The BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway collection was first presented at New York Fashion Week in 1996.

Azria also maintains two eponymous designer collections, Max Azria Atelier and Max Azria. Launched in February 2004, Max Azria Atelier is a collection of couture gowns created for celebrity clients and red-carpet events. Sharon Stone, Halle Berry, Fergie and Alicia Keys have worn the label on the red carpet. In February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, a ready-to-wear collection with a directional aesthetic, on the runway at New York Fashion Week. During the 2009 awards season, Angelina Jolie wore Max Azria to the 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards and the 2009 Critics Choice Awards.

Azria acquired the Hervé Léger fashion house in 1998, marking the first time in history that an American designer had acquired a French couturier. In early 2007, Azria relaunched the Hervé Léger label with his own designs, which were quickly embraced by celebrities and trendsetters worldwide. Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Lopez, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Winslet are among the celebrities who have worn the label for red carpet events.

In Fall 2008, Max Azria presented BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway, Max Azria and Hervé Léger by Max Azria at New York Fashion Week, marking the first time an American designer produced three major fashion shows during one New York Fashion Week.

Azria launched a young contemporary collection called BCBGeneration in 2008. In June 2009, Azria teamed up with Miley Cyrus to create a line for Walmart called Miley Cyrus & Max Azria. Azria also designed clothing for Cyrus' 2009 American tour.

Company

BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP is a global fashion house with a portfolio including more than 20 brands. Max Azria is the CEO, chairman and head designer alongside his wife, Lubov Azria, who acts as chief creative officer.

There are currently over 550 BCBGMAXAZRIA boutiques worldwide, including locations in London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong. Azria’s collections are also sold in specialty stores and major department stores across the globe, including Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord & Taylor, Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, the UK’s Harvey Nichols, Hong Kong’s Lane Crawford, Taiwan’s Mitsukoshi and Singapore’s Takashimaya stores.

BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP campaigns regularly feature notable models, including Eva Herzigova, Karen Elson and Jessica Stam. The company frequently works with internationally renowned photographers such as Patrick Demarchelier, Paolo Roversi and David Sims. BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP clothing are frequently featured in major fashion publications such as Vogue, InStyle and Vanity Fair. As well as online sites such as Style.com and iFashion Network

Awards and honors

Azria has received many awards throughout his career, including the California Designer of the Year (1995), Atlanta Designer of the Year (1996), The Fashion Performance Award (1997), The Otis Fashion Achievement Award (2000), ''Hollywood Life''’s Breakthrough Award (2004) and The Dallas Fashion Award (2005). Azria also received the Wells Fargo Century Fashion Achievement Award at the 2007 L.A. Fashion Awards and the 2008 Fashion Excellence Award at the 33rd Annual Dallas Fashion Awards. He received the latter in recognition of the successful relaunch of his Hervé Léger brand.

Personal life

Max Azria is married to Lubov Azria, chief creative officer for BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP. He has six children, including Joyce Azria, who was named creative director of BCBGeneration in 2009. He and his family currently reside in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.

References

External links

Official site

Herve Leger Blog

Category:1949 births Category:American fashion designers Category:Sephardi Jews Category:American people of Tunisian descent Category:Jewish American artists Category:Jewish fashion designers Category:Living people Category:People from Sfax Category:Tunisian people of French descent Category:Tunisian emigrants to the United States Category:Tunisian emigrants to France Category:Tunisian Jews

de:Max Azria fr:Max Azria it:Max Azria fi:Max Azria

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Group	Overseas VietnameseNgười Việt Hải Ngoại
Population	3,700,000 (estimates)
Region1
Pop1	1,642,950
Ref1	(2007)
Region2
Pop2	600,000
Ref2
Region3
Pop3	250,000
Ref3
Region4
Pop4	159,848
Ref4	(2006)
Region5
Pop5	151,410
Ref5	(2001)
Region6
Pop6	120,000–200,000
Ref6
Region7
Pop7	up to 150,000
Ref7
Region8
Pop8	up to 125.000
Ref8	(2008)
Region9
Pop9	98,255
Ref9	(2010)
Region10
Pop10	60,000
Ref10	(2008)
Region10
Pop10	55,000
Ref10
Region11
Pop11	41,136
Ref11	(2008)
Region12
Pop12	20,000
Ref12
Region13
Pop13	18,913
Ref13
Region14
Pop14	18,333
Ref14	(2006)
Region15
Pop15	11,771
Ref15	(2003)
Region16
Pop16	10,000
Ref16
Region18
Pop18	8,575
Ref18	(2002)
Region19
Pop19	8,173
Region20
Pop20	8,000
Ref20	(2008)
Region21
Pop21	7,151
Ref21	(2001)
Region22
Pop22	4,875
Ref22	(2006)
Region23
Pop23	3,274
Ref23	(2001)
Region24
Pop24	1,020
Ref24	(2001)
Region25
Pop25	4,000
Ref25
Region26
Pop26	1,000
Region27
Pop27	10,000
Ref27
Region28
Pop28	150,000
Region29	Elsewhere
Pop29	400,000
Footnotes	}}

Overseas Vietnamese (, which literally means "Overseas Vietnamese", or Việt Kiều, a Sino-Vietnamese word literally translating to "Vietnamese sojourner") refers to Vietnamese people living outside Vietnam in a diaspora. Of the about 3 million Overseas Vietnamese, a majority left Vietnam as refugees after 1975 as a result of the Fall of Saigon and the resulting takeover by the Communist regime.

The term "Việt Kiều" is used by people in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to refer to ethnic Vietnamese living outside of the country, and is not a term of self-identification. The Overseas Vietnamese community itself rarely use this for self-identification, instead, most prefer the technically-correct term of ''Người Việt Hải Ngoại'' (literally translating to ''Overseas Vietnamese''), or occasionally ''Người Việt Tự Do'' (''Free Vietnamese'').

Vietnamese worldwide

Overseas Vietnamese can be generally divided into four distinct categories that rarely interact with each other. The first category consists of people who have been living in territories outside of Vietnam prior to 1975; they usually reside in neighboring countries, such as Cambodia, Laos, and China. These people are not usually considered "Việt Kiều" by people residing in Vietnam. During French colonialism, some also migrated to France and some French-speaking areas, such as Québec. The second category, consisting of the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese, are those who escaped Vietnam after 1975 as refugees and their descendants. They usually reside in industrialized countries in North America, Western Europe, and Australia. The third category consists of Vietnamese working and studying in the Soviet bloc who opted to stay there after the Soviet collapse. This group is found mainly in Central and Eastern Europe. The last category consists of recent economic migrants who work in regional Asian countries such as Taiwan and Japan. They also include women who married men from Taiwan and South Korea through marriage agencies. These brides usually follow their husbands to live in those countries. Recently a new group of Vietnamese have been emerging. These are naturally born Vietnamese who attended high school and college in the U.S. or other developed nation. After which they stay in those countries and work and live as permanent residents.

United States

According to the 2000 census, more than 1.2 million people who are of Vietnamese origin live in the United States, constituting between a third to a half of all overseas Vietnamese. They tend to live in metropolitan areas in the West, especially in California and Texas. Significant areas where they are well-represented include Orange County, California, San Jose, California, and Houston, Texas. As almost all of them left Vietnam after 1975 to escape the communist Vietnamese government, they are generally antagonistic towards the current government of Vietnam. Increasing large numbers of Vietnamese Americans are settling on the East Coast of the United States. According to the 2010 Census, Springfield, Massachusetts' Vietnamese population has nearly doubled in just ten years. As of the 2010 Census, per capita, the largest East Coast Vietnamese-American cities are: Boston, Massachusetts, Washington, DC, Springfield, Massachusetts, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Rochester, New York.

As of 2007, the Vietnamese American population has grown to more than 1.6 million.

Cambodia

The Vietnamese constitute about 5% of the population of Cambodia, and is the largest ethnic minority. Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the seventeenth century. In 1863, when Cambodia became a French colony, many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions. During the Lon Nol Regime (1970–1975) and Pol Pot regime (1975–1979), many of the Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed. Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand. During the ten year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 until 1989 many of the Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned. Along with them came friends and relatives. Also, many former South Vietnamese soldiers came to Cambodia fleeing persecution from the communist government. Today, due to the high unemployment rate in Vietnam, many Vietnamese come to Cambodia looking for work.

Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion with 2 temples built in Cambodia. They are concentrated in the Kratie and Takeo provinces of Cambodia, where there are villages predominate of ethnic Vietnamese.

Vietnamese people are also the top tourist in Cambodia, with 130,831, up 19 percent as of 2011.

Europe

France

The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be around 250,000 as of 2006.

Vietnamese migrants have been coming to the country since the early 20th century due to the colonization of Vietnam by France, but they only started to become visible after the massive influx of refugees after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Unlike their counterparts in North America or Australia, they have not formed distinct Vietnamese enclaves within the major cities of France (although many Vietnamese-run shops can be found in the Chinatown neighborhood of Paris) and the degree of assimilation is higher than in the United States, Canada or Australia due to better cultural, historical and linguistic knowledge of the host country.

The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well-integrated in the French society. As the first generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values, the second generation of French-born Vietnamese strongly identifies with the French culture rather than the Vietnamese one and most of them are unable to speak and/or understand the Vietnamese language. The level of integration of immigrants and their place in French society have become prominent issues in France in the past decade, but the majority of the French people views the Vietnamese community in a much better light than other immigrant groups, partially because of their high degree of integration within the French society and their economic as well as academic success. Most of the Vietnamese migrants in France live in Paris and its surrounding areas but a sizable number also reside in the major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily Marseille and Lyon.

Germany

Vietnamese comprise the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany. Today there are between 100.000 and 125.000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany. In western Germany, most Vietnamese arrived in the 1960s or 1970s as refugees from the Vietnam War. The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the GDR and the North Vietnamese government. Under these agreements, guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany, where they soon made up the largest immigrant group, and were provided with technical training. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, many stayed in Germany, although they often faced discrimination, especially in the early years following reunification.

Norway

Norway has received Vietnamese refugees since 1975. They numbered about 18,300 in 2006 and are considered one of the best integrated non-western immigrant groups in Norway.

Poland

Around 30,000 to 50,000 Vietnamese live in Poland, mostly in big cities. They publish a number of newspapers, both pro- and anti-Communist. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post-World War II era. These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War. Most of today's immigrants arrived after 1989.

United Kingdom

Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55,000 people, which is fairly low in comparison to other European countries, and goes against the trend of the UK tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe. In the 1980s, Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12,000 boat people came to Britain There are established Vietnamese communities in Hackney and other parts of London. There are also communities in Birmingham, Manchester and other major UK cities.

Recently, the Vietnamese in Britain had risen to prominence in the British press due to criminal cannabis-growing activities and trafficking or facilitating illegal migrants.

Czech Republic

Many Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague. There is an enclave called "''Little Hanoi''", named after the capital city Hanoi of Vietnam. Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and the United States, these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and the 9th most common surname in the country overall.

The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic is estimated at between 40,000 and 80,000.

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, Vietnamese people have lived since the 1960s, but most left in 1991. However, with recent immigrants their number is at around 1,500.

Russia

Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd-largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census. The Census estimated their population at only 26,205 individuals, making them one of the smaller groups of Việt Kiều. However, unofficial estimates put their population as high as 100,000 to 150,000.

Australia

Vietnamese Australians constitute the seventh-largest ethnic group in Australia, with 159,848 the population claiming to been born in Vietnam according to the 2006 Census. Vietnamese is the sixth most widely-spoken language in the country, with 194,863 speakers. They vary widely in income and social class levels. Many Vietnamese Australians are upper-class professionals, while others work primarily in blue-collar jobs. Australian-born Vietnamese Australians have a higher than average rate of participation in tertiary education. In 2001 the labor participation rate for Vietnamese-born residents was 61%, only slightly lower than the level for Australian born residents (63%). Over three quarters of Vietnamese-Australians live in New South Wales (40.7%) and Victoria (36.8%). Being mostly refugees after the Vietnam War, they are generally antagonistic toward the government of Vietnam.

The popular surname Nguyễn is the seventh most common family name in Australia (second only to Smith in the Melbourne phone book).

Canada

According to the 2006 census, Canada has 180,130 people who identify as ethnically Vietnamese. They include 83,330 in Ontario, 33,815 in Québec and 25,170 in Alberta. They are similar to Vietnamese Americans in most respects. Some of those lived in Québec before 1975. Vancouver is a major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980, including those of Chinese descent since Vancouver has a large Chinese population (see Chinese Canadians).

Philippines

Many Vietnamese boat refugees landed in the Philippines in post-1975 and, as a result, a community called Viet-Ville (French for "Viettown") was formed in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, making it the center of Vietnamese commerce and culture complete with Vietnamese restaurants, shops, and Catholic churches and Buddhist temples at the time. Its ethnic Vietnamese population of the community has dwindled greatly, however, as many have since been resettled in the United States, Canada, Australia, or Western Europe. Viet-Ville remains a popular destination for local Filipino residents.

Taiwan

Hong Kong

Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Eventually, under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas.

South Korea

Vietnamese people in South Korea today consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies. There are a small number of Vietnamese people who settled in South Korea before or after 1975. In the 13th century, several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea following the exile of the Vietnamese Lý Dynasty.

Israel

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated as 200. Most of them came to Israel in between 1976–1979, after prime minister Menachem Begin authorized their admission to Israel and granted them political asylum. The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defence Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel.

Japan

26,018 Vietnamese people resided in Japan as of 2004. Some Vietnamese students came to Japan as early as the beginning of the 20th century. However, the majority of the community is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994.

French Guyana

New Caledonia

Relations with Vietnam

Relations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current government of Vietnam traditionally range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt. Generally, overseas Vietnamese residing in North America, Western Europe, and Australia (which represent the vast majority of overseas Vietnamese populations) are opposed to the existing government of Vietnam. However, there is a smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Central and Eastern Europe, most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries. These populations generally maintain positive relations with the government. Those who left prior to the political exodus of 1975 generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities.

However, relations seem to be improving in recent years. The former South Vietnamese prime minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience. Notable expatriate artists have returned to Vietnam to perform (some are met with scorn and boycott by the expatriate community itself after they have done so). Notably, the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City to live the rest of his life there after living in Midway City, California since 1975. The government in Vietnam used less antagonistic rhetoric to describe those who left the country after 1975. According to the Vietnamese government, while in 1987 only 8,000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for visits, that number jumped to 430,000 in 2004.

The Vietnamese government, for its own part, had actively tried to woo back overseas Vietnamese, who bring capital and expertise. Its view of the Việt Kiều changed from "cowardly traitors" to "essential elements of Vietnamese people" (or "integral parts of the Vietnamese Nation"). The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam, including those allowing them to own land. However, some overseas Vietnamese still complain about discrimination that they face while trying to do business there. The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an Overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee, a successful chain of specialty coffee shops, in 1998.

In June 2007, Vietnamese president Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States, one of his scheduled stops was within the vicinity Orange County, home of Little Saigon, the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam. Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns of massive protests. Several thousand people protested in Washington, D.C. and Orange County during his visit.

See also

List of Vietnamese people

Boat people

Vietnamese Americans

Growing Up American

References

External links

The Viet Kieu Experience

The Six Faces: Viet Kieu – Overseas Vietnamese

List Of Vietnamese Professors in foreign countries

Viet kieu invest in 1,300 domestic projects

Viet Kieu in Vietnamese

Viet Kieu

Fund seeks to boost links with Viet kieu

Business Opportunities Draw Viet Kieu Back to Vietnam

Viet Kieu still discriminated against

A Viet Kieu Visits Her Homeland for the First Time

Viet Kieu by ''Andrew Lam''

Overseas Vietnamese Science & Technology Club- in Vietnamese (needs volunteer to translate to English)

Reassessing what we collect website – Vietnamese London History of Vietnamese London with objects and images

pl:Wietnamczycy w Europie ug:جىڭزۇ مىللىتى vi:Việt kiều zh:越僑