Coordinates	38°37′38″N90°11′52″N
Official name	Cancún
Native name
Nickname	The Glistening City
Motto
Image shield	Coat of arms of Benito Juarez, Quintana Roo.svg
Map caption	Location of Cancún within Quintana Roo
Pushpin map	Mexico
Pushpin label position	left
Pushpin map caption	Location in Mexico
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	MX
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision name1	Quintana Roo
Subdivision type2	Municipality
Subdivision name2
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Gregorio Sanchez-Martínez
Leader party	PRD
Established title	Founded
Established date	April 20, 1970
Established title1
Established date1
Unit pref
Area total km2
Area land km2
Area water km2
Population as of	2010
Population total	628306
Population density km2	auto
Population demonym	Cancúnense
Timezone	CST
Utc offset	-6
Timezone dst	CDT
Utc offset dst	-5
Elevation footnotes
Elevation m	10
Elevation max m	10
Elevation min m	0
Postal code type	Postal code
Postal code	77500
Area code	998
Website	www.cancun.gob.mx
Footnotes	}}

Cancún () is a city of international tourism development certified by the UNWTO World Tourism Organization UNWTO. Located on the northeast coast of Quintana Roo in southern Mexico, more than 1,700 km from Mexico City, the Project began operations in 1974 as Integrally Planned Center, a pioneer of FONATUR (''Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo'', National Fund for Tourism Development), formerly known as INFRATUR.

In a few years, it had a remarkable transformation since being a fisherman's island surrounded by virgin forest and unknown shores; it is now, along with Acapulco, the most renowned Mexican resort in the world. Politically, it is the county seat of Benito Juárez municipio (county), in the state of Quintana Roo. The World Tourism Organization (WTO), through its foundation UNWTO-Themis, awarded the ''Best of the Best'' "for excellence and good governance" to the Trust for Tourism Promotion of Cancun on February 3, 2007. This gave Cancún the support of the Department of Education and Knowledge Management of the WTO.

Place Names and shield

Place Names

There are two possible translations of ''cancún'', based on the Mayan pronunciation. The first translation is "nest of snakes or pot." The second version and less accepted is "place of the golden snake" . The island of Cancun has a form of the numeral "7" and in the light of dawn resembles a golden serpent.

Shield

The shield of the municipality of Benito Juárez, who represents the city of Cancun, was designed by the artist Vital Jesús Carmichael Jiménez (Elio Carmichael).

It is divided into three parts: The color blue symbolizes the Caribbean Sea, the yellow the sand and the red the sun with its rays.

History

As documented in the earliest colonial sources, the island of Cancún was originally known to its Maya inhabitants as Nizuc (Yucatec Maya [''niʔ suʔuk'']) meaning either "promontory" or "point of grass". In the years after the Conquest, much of the population died off or left as a result of disease, warfare, piracy, and famines, leaving only small settlements on Isla Mujeres and Cozumel Island.

The name Cancún, Cancum or Cankun first appears on 18th century maps. The meaning of Cancún is unknown, and it is also unknown whether the name is of Maya origin. If it is of Maya origin, possible translations include "Place/Seat/Throne of the Snake" or "Enchanted Snake". Snake iconography was prevalent at the pre-Columbian site of Nizuc.

When development was started on Jan. 23, 1970, Isla Cancún had only three residents, caretakers of the coconut plantation of Don José de Jesús Lima Gutiérrez, who lived on Isla Mujeres, and there were only 117 people living in nearby Puerto Juarez, a fishing village and military base.

"Due to the reluctance of investors to bet on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels." The first hotel financed was the Hyatt Cancún Caribe, but the first hotel actually built was the Playa Blanca, which later became a Blue Bay hotel, and is now Temptation Resort. At the time it was an elite destination, famous for its virgin white sand beaches.

Most 'Cancúnenses' are from Yucatán and other Mexican states. A growing number are from the rest of the Americas and Europe. The municipal authorities have struggled to provide public services for the constant influx of people, as well as limiting squatters and irregular developments, which now occupy an estimated ten to fifteen percent of the mainland area on the fringes of the city.

In the 21st century, Cancún had largely avoided bloodshed associated with the trade of illegal drugs, but the city is regarded as a popular transshipment point for Colombian cocaine and reportedly known for retail drug sales to tourists and as a center of money laundering. The links with Cancún date from the 1990s and early 2000s, when the area was controlled by the Juárez and Gulf drug cartels. In recent years Los Zetas, a group that broke away from the Gulf Cartel, has taken control of many smuggling routes through the Yucatán, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.

The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancún from November 29, 2010 to December 10, 2010.

Mayan archaeological sites

There are some small Mayan vestiges of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization in Cancún. El Rey (Las Ruinas del Rey) is located in the Hotel Zone. El Meco, a more substantial site, is found on the mainland just outside the city limits on the road north to Punta Sam.

Close by in the Riviera Maya and the Grand Costa Maya, there are sites such as Cobá and Muyil (Riviera) the small Polé (now Xcaret), and Kohunlich, Kinichná, Dzibanché, Oxtankah, Tulum, and Chacchoben, in the south of the state. Chichén Itzá is in the neighboring state of Yucatán.

City layout

Apart from the island tourist zone (actually part of the world's second-longest coral reef), the Mexican residential section of the city, the downtown part of which is known as "El Centro," follows a master plan that consists of "supermanzanas" (superblocks), giant trapezoids with a central, open, non-residential area cut in by u-shaped residential streets. These open centers usually have walkways and 'sidewalks' around a central garden park, or soccer fields, or a library, etc. which make the mainland "Mexican" Cancún bicycle-friendly. The residential roads of central or 'Mainland' Cancún, U-shaped and culs-de-sacs, insulate housing from the noise and congestion of the main flow of traffic. Mainland Cancún has a central market that resembles an outlet mall, colorful buildings on a pedestrian city block. Ave. Tulum is the main north-south artery, connecting downtown to the airport, which is some south of downtown. Tulum is bisected by Ave. Cobá. East of Ave. Tulum, Cobá becomes Ave. Kukulcan which serves as the primary road through the 7-shaped hotel zone. Ave. Tulum ends on the north side at Ave. Paseo José López Portillo which connects to the main highway west to Chichén Itzá and Mérida. Another major north-south road is Ave. Bonampak which runs roughly parallel to Ave. Tulum. The main ferry to Isla Mujeres is located in Puerto Juarez, on Ave. Paseo José López Portillo.

To save on the cost of installing sewer systems and other public services, the design of much of the rest of the city reverted to the grid plan after Hurricane Gilbert in 1988. The newest upper-middle-class residential areas reflect the original plan, but are much less intimate. Less expensive developments are composed almost entirely of identical one- or two-story small row-houses, sometimes built around interior plazas or 4 story apartment blocks. Until recently, most mainland buildings were four stories or shorter; since 2005, there has been an influx of condominium and luxury retail and office space concentrated along Ave. Bonampak.

Cancún's Mainland or Downtown area has diverged from the original plan; development is scattered around the city. The remaining undeveloped beach and lagoon front areas outside the hotel zone are now under varying stages of development, in Punta Sam and Puerto Juarez to the north, continuing along Bonampak and south toward the airport along Boulevard Donaldo Colosio. One development abutting the hotel zone is Puerto Cancún, also Malecon Cancún is another large development.

Tourism

The Nichupté Lagoon is on the opposite side of the island from the Caribbean Sea, which is used for boating excursions and jet-ski jungle tours.

Cancún is also the gateway to the Riviera Maya and the Yucatán interior, which has numerous archaeological sites, as Chichen Itza, Cobá and Tulum as well as the many cenotes such as Dos Ojos and Ik Kil.

English Sculptor Jason deCaires Taylor has created a monumental underwater art museum in the National Marine Park of Cancún.

Cancun's nightlife is active.

Transportation

Cancún is served by Cancún International Airport with an added main runaway that commenced operation as of October 2010. It has many flights to North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Europe. It is located on the northeast of the Yucatán Peninsula serving an average of more than ten million passengers per year. The airport is located around 12 miles from the hotel zone, approximately 20 minutes trip by car. There is also a public transit bus system, servicing the hotel zone. The island of Isla Mujeres is located off the coast and is accessible by boat from Puerto Juárez.

Climate

Cancún has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen ''Aw''), with little temperature differences between seasons, but pronounced rainy seasons. The city is warm year-round, and moderated by onshore trade winds, with an annual mean temperature of . Unlike inland areas of the Yucatán Peninsula, sea breezes restrict high temperatures from reaching on most afternoons. Annual rainfall is around , falling on 115 days per year. More temperate conditions occur from November to February with occasional refreshing northerly breezes, it is drier and becomes hotter in March and April. It is hottest from May to September, due to proximity to the Caribbean and Gulf humidity is high the year round, especially so during hurricane season (averages close to 70% on rainfree days). The hotel zone juts into the Caribbean Sea, it is surrounded by ocean therefore daytime temperatures are around 1-2C less and windspeeds are higher than at the airport located some distance inland, which is the official meteorological station for Cancún, averages as shown below.

The tropical storm season lasts from May to December, the rainy season extends into January with peak precipitation in September. February to early May tend to be drier with only occasional scattered showers. Cancún is located in one of the main Caribbean hurricane impact areas. Although large hurricanes are rare, they have struck near to Cancún in recent years, Hurricane Wilma in 2005 being the largest. Hurricane Gilbert made a devastating direct hit on Cancún in September 1988 and the tourist hotels needed to be rebuilt. In both cases, federal, state and municipal authorities were well prepared to deal with most of the effects on tourists and local residents. Hurricane Dean in 2007 also made its mark on the city of Cancún.

Hurricane Gilbert

1988's Hurricane Gilbert was the second most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin. It landed on the Yucatán peninsula after crossing over the island of Cozumel. In the Cancún region, a loss of $87 million (1989 USD) due to a decline in tourism was estimated for the months October, November and December in 1988.

Hurricane Wilma

On October 21, 2005, Hurricane Wilma made landfall on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula as a powerful Category 4 hurricane, with strong winds in excess of . The hurricane's eye first passed over the island of Cozumel, and then made an official landfall near Playa del Carmen in the state of Quintana Roo at around midnight on October 22 EDT with winds near . Portions of the island of Cozumel experienced the calm eye of Wilma for several hours with some blue skies and sunshine visible at times. The eye slowly drifted northward, with the center passing just to the west of Cancún, Quintana Roo.

Hurricane Dean

Two years later, in 2007, the eye of Hurricane Dean landed to the south of Cancún. Fierce winds at the edge of Dean's impact cone stripped sand off of beaches from Punta Cancún (Camino Real Hotel) to Punta Nizuc (Club Med). The authorities asked tourism operators to suspend sending tourists to Cancún while Hurricane Dean was approaching, but did ask airlines to send empty planes, which were then used to evacuate tourists already there.

Education

Although Cancún is better known as a travel and tourism destination, in recent years some colleges and universities have been offering higher education to both Mexican and foreign students.

The first higher education institution established in the area was the Instituto Tecnológico de Cancún. Other followed, including Universidad La Salle Cancún, Universidad Anáhuac Cancún, Universidad Tecnológica de Cancún, Universidad del Caribe, and more recently the Universidad Interamericana para el Desarrollo and the Tec Milenium.

Sister cities

Timişoara, Romania Wichita, Kansas, United States Stockholm, Sweden Cozumel, Mexico

References

Denver Colorado

External links

Category:Beaches of Mexico Category:Populated places in Quintana Roo Category:Cities in the Caribbean Category:Tourism in Mexico

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Jason deCaires Taylor (born 12 August 1974) is an English sculptor specialising in the creation of contemporary underwater sculptures which over time develop into artificial coral reefs. Taylor integrates his skills as a conservationist, underwater photographer and scuba diving instructor to produce unique installations that encourage the habitation and growth of corals and marine life. His early work includes'' Vicissitudes'', ''Grace Reef'', ''The Lost Correspondent'' and ''The Unstill Life''. All are located in the world´s first public underwater sculpture park in Molinere Bay, Grenada, West Indies, commissioned in 2006. More recently his most ambitious project to date is the creation of the world's largest underwater sculpture museum, MUSA, situated off the coast of Cancun and the western coast of Isla Mujeres. Works in the museum include ''Hombre en llamas (Man on Fire )'', ''La Jardinera de la Esperanza (The Gardener of Hope)'', ''El Colecionista de los Sueños (The Dream Collector)'' and''La Evolución Silenciosa(The Silent Evolution)''

Early life

Born the only son to an English father and Guyanese mother. Taylor spent the earlier part of his life growing up in Europe and Asia. He was educated in Kent, South East England and as an adult attended Camberwell College of Arts Institute of London where he graduated in 1998 with a B.A Honours degree in Sculpture and Ceramics.

Career

thumb|alt=The Silent Evolution - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|The Silent Evolution - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires TaylorTaylors early creations were land based and often inspired by the work of Christo, Richard Long and Claes Oldenberg who focus on the affinity between the object and its environment, reflects in his own life encounters. In an Article from Caribbean travel magazine, Taylor stated “I am interested in public art and how objects change in response to their environment”. The majority of Taylor’s work takes the form of human figurative sculptures housed beneath the ocean. Since 2006 his work has featured in numerous art and environmental publications and in 2008 he was awarded membership to The Art and Science Collaborations Inc. In a recent article with Environmental Graffiti, when questioned as to why he uses human figures for his artificial reefs, he is quoted as stating “I am trying to portray how human intervention or interaction with nature can be positive and sustainable, an icon of how we can live in a symbiotic relationship with nature. Finally I believe we have to address some of the crucial problems occurring in our oceans at this moment in time and by using human forms I can connect with a wider audience”. His choice of environment in which to exhibit his work is unique. Water causes the sculptures to have their appearance altered because in water three-dimensional motion is enhanced, while objects appear closer, 25% larger and light refracts at different rates with the differing depth of the water. Thus Taylor believes the viewing potential is amplified by multiplying the number of angles to view the figures therefore augmenting the overall experience of discovering of his work amongst a vast ocean. In an interview with Diver Magazine he commented that “Buoyancy and weightlessness enable a detached physical experience that’s perceptual and personal. As time passes and the works change, they reshape and redefine the underwater landscape in unpredictable ways”. In the last five years, Taylor has gained worldwide acknowledgement for assimilating his art with the conservation of Marine life in developing underwater artificial coral reef installations. The aim behind these artificial living creations is to discharge tourists away from the natural coral reef that are already suffering effects from marine pollution, global warming and overfishing and therefore providing the opportunity for rehabilitation. thumb|alt=Coral encrusted underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|Coral encrusted underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires TaylorTo encourage coral inhabitation he uses a mix of marine grade cement, sand and micro-silica to produce a pH neutral concrete which is reinforced with fibreglass rebar. Additionally some sculptures contain other materials such as ceramic tiles and glass making them from 95% of inert materials. All the sculptures are based on living people who are life casted. Over time the sculptures phenotypical qualities alter as they slowly evolve from rock to living artificial reefs. They forfeit their human-like form to the underwater environ and eventually fulfil their intended purpose of becoming a welcome addition to a deprived ecosystem. In an article in ''Symposium magazine'' Dr De Russo commented on Taylor and his underwater creations and is quoted to reference his work to “embracing a movement that recognises the merits of incorporating the inherent aptitude of the natural world into creative construction. The sculptures are a living evolutionary exhibition as nature colonizes, and the sea and tidal movement deform their appearance developing a platform which will promote the re-generation of marine life. They are a means of conveying hope and environmental awareness” In 2006 Taylor gained international recognition for creating and founding the world first underwater sculpture park in the Caribbean ocean in Moilinere Bay, Grenada. His work is situated in a section of the coastline that was badly damaged by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. There are various installations on the seabed at a maximum depth of 12 meters and the beneficial aim behind this art has been proven to be effective from the sponges and tunicates that have already colonised the surfaces of the sculptures.

thumb|alt=Vicissitudes - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|Vicissitudes - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor''Grace Reef ''was first installation in the park and is made up of 16 female figures lying flat on the ocean floor. ''The Lost Correspondent'', a solitary man seated at a desk covered with articles from the Cuban revolution sits within swimming distance of ''Grace Reef ''. His most widely acclaimed piece in the bay is ''Vicissitudes'', a ring of 26 children holding hands and facing into the current. The cement finish of his work actively encourages coral growth echoing the experiences of children as they grow, adapting to their environments. ''The Unstill Life'' is the only non-human figurative sculpture in this bay, composed of a simple table with objects to mirror a still life composition.

Taylor himself has used different settlements for his work including land, fresh water and the Caribbean ocean. In 2008, in his home town of Canterbury, Kent in England, ''Alluvia'' was submerged in the River Stour making a local statement. ''Alluvia'' draws reference to the painting of by Sir John Everett Milaise ″Ophilia(1851–1852)″. The piece consists of two individual sculptures. One female figure made entirely of recycled glass and internally illuminated is positioned alongside her concrete carbon copy. The pose of the figures respond to the flow of the water and act as an environmental barometer in the river by highlighting water quality from the amount of algal growth. In 2008 he worked alongside the children’s television program ‘Smart Art’ to produce an educational art piece ''The Inverted Solitude''. Situated in the National Diving and Activity Centre (Chepstow), England, a desolate figure of a man is suspended head down from a diving pontoon into a quarry that has a depth of 80 meters. When looking up at the figure from below a reflected image is presented on the surface of the water.

Also in 2008 Taylor created a land-based stone sculpture, hosted by the Municipality of Paliani Stone Symposium in Crete, Greece, August 2008 ‘The Un-still Life II’ carved from a block of travertine stone and is a terrestrial counterpart to the original underwater piece in Moilinere Bay. The centre portion was excavated and filled with soil and local flora and fauna. Again a depiction of life developing from inanimate objects as he leaves nature to slowly alter the aesthetic appearance of his work; a mirror image to the coral growth on the underwater ''The Unstill life'' in Grenada.

In 2009 Taylors most recent creations formed the foundation of MUSA Museo Subaquactico de Arte off the coast of Cancun, Mexico. The project was supported and commissioned in 2008 by CONANP, National Commission of Mexican Protected Natural Areas(Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas)and opened in November 2010.

thumb|alt=The Silent Evolution - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|The Silent Evolution - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires TaylorLike the Grenada Underwater Sculpture Park, his creations have the same aims to redirect visitors away from natural reefs enabling them to regenerate from hurricanes and human damage and secondly to provide new habitats for marine life that will promote an increase in biomass of local ecosystems. By encompassing bio-restorative and culturally educational properties Taylors work has been categorized as part of the eco-art movement. Recently his worked featured in the campaign by Greenpeace for awareness of Global Warming ahead of the United Nations Climate Conference in Cancun. In an article in Diver Magazine Taylor is quoted to state on the intention of his work “I believe they promote hope and recovery, and underscore our need to understand and protect the natural world”. Coral Reefs are reducing and now only encompass less than 1% of the sea bed. They are a main source of habitation and food for aquatic organisms as well as being an important economic income and food source for humans. In an interview with Mutualart.com Taylor commented “Our planet is predominately water, and we don't have a vast understanding of what's actually surrounding us. It's a huge expanse, and a very small percentage of it... has solid structure that allows reefs to grow.” In 2008 he was a panel member at The Symposium for ‘The Art and Craft of Saving the World’ at the Hayward Gallery, London. Working alongside marine biologists using construction design similar to those made by Reef Ball,a US artificial reef company, Taylor and his team have developed a method of making artificial reefs incorporating his art. They are designed and constructed using resilient, stable and environmentally responsive materials. He uses a coral promoting neutral pH cement and propagates damaged coral fragments found in the ocean into holes drilled in his figures. The structures also incorporate habitat spaces for certain aquatic species such as Lobsters and Blenies. They have been positioned in a precise location on the sea bed to discharge tourists from natural reefs, to avoid contact from strong currents and tidal patterns and installed at the correct time for coral spawning to maximize their potential influence to the oceanic ecosystem. The Museum in Mexico is now home to over 400 of Taylor figures and is referenced to be one of the largest and most ambitious projects underwater in the world, thumb|alt=The Gardener - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|The Gardener - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires TaylorThe first three sculptures were deployed into the main galleries of the museum in Punta Nizuc and Manchones Reef and the attraction has been open since November 2010 to the public. Some individual figures within the collection have been implanted with live coral cuttings rescued from areas of damaged reef, two examples are ''Hombre en llamas/Man on Fire'' and ''La Jardinera de la Esperanza/The Gardener of Hope''. ''Man on fire''was cast from a local fisherman. He stands face up into the current with holes covering his head and torso, each one sprouting bright yellow fire coral. The other '' The Gardener of Hope'' is a girl lying on a patio nurturing a variety of potted corals. Other works include ''El colecionista de los sueños/The Dream Collector'', a man and his dog collating messages found inside bottles that have been brought together by the oceans currents. thumb|alt=Silent Evolution by Jason deCaires Taylor|Silent Evolution - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor''La Evolución Silenciosa'' is the largest underwater collection of art. It was installed in November 2010 and consists of 403 life-size cement people standing side by side on a barren patch of sand. Taylors designs encompass both contemporary and Mayan historical narratives forming the building blocks which develop into a complex artificial reef for aquatic life to inhabit. While the appearance of the collection underwater is of a crowd of people, from a distance it take the shape of an eye. The collection occupies over 420 square meters of barren ocean floor and the location is hoped to redirect visitors away from nearby natural reefs providing them with the opportunity to regenerate. In an interview with USA today, Taylor comments on the progression of his work alongside nature, “The coral applies the paint. The fish supply the atmosphere. The water provides the mood. People ask me when it's going to be finished. This is just the beginning”. The Museum has recently been voted by Forbes corporation as one of the world’s most unique places to visit.

Major Works

thumb|alt=Inertia - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor|Inertia - underwater sculpture by Jason deCaires Taylor''Grace Reef'', Moilinere Bay Sculpture Park , Grenada 2006

''Vicissitudes'', Moilinere Bay Sculpture Park, Grenada 2006

''The Lost Correspondent'', Moilinere Bay Sculpture Park, Grenada 2006

''The unstill Life'', Moilinere Bay Sculpture Park, Grenada 2006.

''Alluvia'', The Stour River, Canterbury, Kent April 2008. At a depth of 3–6 feet over the Westgate Bridge. 2 female figures, constructed of cement and recycled glass which is internally illuminated and fixed to river bed.

''Inverted Solitude'' The National Diving and Activities Centre, Chepstow, commission in April 2008 for Smart Art Television

''The Un-still Life II'' a land-based commission, hosted by the Municipality of Paliani Stone Symposium in Crete, Greece, August 2008.

''Hombre en llamas (Man on Fire)'', MUSA, Cancun, November 2009

''La Jardinera de la Esperanza (The Gardener of Hope)'', MUSA, Cancun, November 2009

''El colecionista de los sueños (The Dream Collector)'', MUSA, Cancun, November 2009

''La Evolución Silenciosa (The Silent Evolution)'', MUSA, Cancun, November, 2010

References

External links

Jason deCaires Taylor

Reefball.org

CONANP

Cancun Tourist Board

Grenada Tourist Board

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:British artists

de:Jason deCaires Taylor