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Friday, 20 April 2012
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  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Jun 2010
  • Duration: 4:06
  • Updated: 11 Apr 2012
Author: mippey5
Become a fan on Facebook! www.facebook.com Somebody had to do it. Minnesota's response to Katy Perry's "California Gurls" by Dime and Peppimoo ft. Cookie and Twizzler. Appearances by Dizzay, Marf and Paperboy. LYRICS: Dime: I know a place, with summer, winter, spring and autumn. Ten thousand lakes, finding a beach is not a problem. Chewing lutefisk, lying underneath the pine trees. Lumberjacks, bust their axe, trying to creep a little sneak peek (at us) Bridge (Peppimoo): You can travel the world, but nothing comes close to a Grain Belt toast. Once you angle with us, you'll be falling in love. Chorus: Minnesota gurls we're unforgettable, waterproof boots with flannel on top. Wind chaffed skin will turn your legs to popsicles, ooooo. Minnesota gurls, our spam is fryable, farm fresh fun, we're working every block. Midwest represent now zip your jackets up. ooooooo. Dime: Stars in the sky, instead of only on the sidewalks. We jam, in our van. Prince is on the stereo. BRIDGE CHORUS Cookie: Spray on tan, now we ready. Need a shovel this snow is heavy. Uf dah, the big midwest. These are the girls I love the best. I met her at Lake Wobegon. 34 degrees, but no coat was on. She's a hometown girl. We went to Valleyfair, did the Tilt-a-Wirl. On to Mall of America, California dude would you please stop starin brah? Or keep on staring on to Target Field. Ask Joe Mauer, these 'burns are real. Outside ball, we're hangin' out, We'll play through hail without a doubt. You've got the <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/"Minnesota Gurls" Music Video
♫ Www.Sparklogix.com : Affordable Minnesota Website Design and Minneapolis SEO Company ♫
  • Order:
  • Published: 30 Apr 2011
  • Duration: 1:05
  • Updated: 02 Apr 2012
Author: DonMigoy
Visit us : www.sparklogix.com and Call (612) 200-0332 Spark Logix Studios is a leading, professional website designer and developer in Minnesota. The primary focus is small business web design and development. The technology is in the creation of custom WordPress websites, CMS websites, E-Commerce, Social Networking Websites, Online App-Integration, Email Campaigns, and a stronger search engine optimized (SEO) website. Spark Logix Studios builds websites focusing on high search engine rankings to increase your customer base. Spark Logix Studios develops and custom designs small business websites. Specifically, our target focus in design and development is with the following platforms WordPress E-Commerce BuddyPress (Social Network) Typical clients of Spark Logix range from small and medium business to political campaigns, athletic leagues, and outsourced government applications. The majority of our client base is the small business with a range of 2-25 employees Visit us now!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/♫ Www.Sparklogix.com : Affordable Minnesota Website Design and Minneapolis SEO Company ♫
Monster Jam - Pastrana 199 Freestyle In Minneapolis, MN 2006
  • Order:
  • Published: 30 Aug 2007
  • Duration: 2:37
  • Updated: 11 Apr 2012
Author: LNMotorsports
Pastrana 199 Freestyle In Minneapolis, MN 2007 Monster Jam is the world's largest and most famous monster truck tour featuring the biggest names in monster trucks including Grave Digger®, Maximum Destruction®, Monster Mutt®, El Toro Loco®, Captain's Curse® and Blue Thunder®. Monster Jam performs to the delight of families with three elements to every show -- the pit party, racing, and freestyle. 125 tour stops and 325+ performances make up the Monster Jam tour that also features a large consumer products division and retail presence. Two world champions are crowned each year at the Monster Jam World Finals in Las Vegas -- the racing world champion and the freestyle world champion. Monster Jam can be seen on SPEED Channel. Monster Jam® is the hottest edge-of-your-seat, live motor sports property on the planet and largest touring family show in North America! These stadium and arena events blow the roof off traditional motor sports racing, as 1500 HP monster trucks fly 30 feet in the air, flattening anything in their path. Monster Jam® events are an electrified, entertaining atmosphere with a variety of specialty acts and events.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Monster Jam - Pastrana 199 Freestyle In Minneapolis, MN 2006
Violent Minnesota wedge tornado intercept!!!
  • Order:
  • Published: 18 Jun 2010
  • Duration: 4:34
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: TornadoVideosdotnet
TornadoVideos.net Dominator intercepts violent wedge tornado southwest of Wadena, Minnesota, measuring incredible vertical winds with the radar, and launching parachute probes into the tornado with the cannon. We deployed in the strongest eastern side of the wedge, and the 150+ mph winds ripped off the room anemometer, sand-blasted the paint, and caused us to slide across the road with the hydraulics deployed. At least 4 parachute probes have been recovered so far, two of which were stuck in the top of large trees. Check out the full intercept on Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers this fall!!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Violent Minnesota wedge tornado intercept!!!
Empire State of Mind Parody - Minnesota State of Mind (Spoof / Parody)
  • Order:
  • Published: 06 Dec 2009
  • Duration: 4:53
  • Updated: 10 Apr 2012
Author: TheAfternoonDLight
A TheAfternoonDLight spoof of Jay-Z and Alicia Keys song Empire State of Mind, Minnesota version... The glasses are suppose to look like the glasses Jay-Z wears and the hand symbol is the icon of roc-a-fella, Jay-Z's brand/label. Rate, Comment, Subscribe! And fan us on Facebook! - www.facebook.com ALBUM- www.cdbaby.com itunes.apple.com Twitter - @DubAMusic , @DNaveMusic Download the mp3 here! - www.mediafire.com Lyrics: (not sure why it has big spaces in between) Yeah, yeah Im up in MN, city of St. Cloud We border Canada, for that I am proud East of the Dakotas, dont hate the north state Thank us for Scotch tape, home of ten thousand lakes The capital is St. Paul, hangin at the state fair (feet are cold!) The worlds largest twine ball, breathing in the cold air Fishin for that eel pout, huntin for that deer meat You can catch the farmers when they harvest that whole grain wheat Down W. Germain Street, all black grand prix Turnin up the heat, and slide in the fresh CD Neat, got it at Best Buy, Minnesota loves prince Why do you steal CDs?, I only had four cents Snows fallin from the sky, sky, normal snow flurry See you slide by, you hit a patch of black ice May we, give a shout out, yeah you know who we be You can tell from our lyrics that we are TheAfternoonDLight In Minnesota, frozen tundra that we are fond of Theres nothing you cant do, in Minnesota These lakes will make you feel brand new Big trees will inspire you, life in Minnesota -Sota, -sota (I love the cold <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Empire State of Mind Parody - Minnesota State of Mind (Spoof / Parody)
Lord Christopher Monckton Speaking in St. Paul
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Oct 2009
  • Duration: 1:35:33
  • Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Author: MNFMI
Lord Christopher Monckton speaks on October 14th, 2009 at a climate skeptic event sponsored by the Minnesota Free Market Institute.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Lord Christopher Monckton Speaking in St. Paul
12/11/2010 Minneapolis St Paul MN Metro area blizzard
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Dec 2010
  • Duration: 7:55
  • Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Author: bnvn1
The Minneapolis and Saint Paul metro region was hit hard with a record breaking amount of snow on Saturday. The cities just south and east of the metro area received 18 inches to 21.5 inches of snow. This video was shot in the southern Minneapolis, MN metro area from the Burnsville, MN area which is just south of the Minnesota River to the area around the Minneapolis International Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington and into Minneapolis itself. The snow caused hundreds of cars in the metro area to spin out and become stuck in the snow along several serious crashes with injuries. Driving was near impossible without a four wheel drive truck and even with a 4x4 truck, it was extremely difficult and dangerous to try and navigate the roadways. Heavy snow and high winds caused the Minneapolis - St. Paul International airport to shut down for a few hours until one of the four runways was able to be opened up for limited use operations. Delta Airlines, which runs about eighty percent of the airports traffic out of MSP had to cancel virtually all of its flights into and out of Minneapolis Saturday afternoon and evening. This major winter storm system stranded everyone. The New York Giants and Minnesota Vikings football game which was scheduled for Sunday 12/12/2010, had to be rescheduled for Monday night due to the fact that the New York Giants football team could not fly into Minneapolis due to the blizzard. In the video there are several clips of people stuck in the snow <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/12/11/2010 Minneapolis St Paul MN Metro area blizzard
Billie Joe Armstrong - Minnesota Girl
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Jul 2009
  • Duration: 1:38
  • Updated: 04 Apr 2012
Author: 420QWERTY1337
Minnesota Girl played by Billie Joe Armstrong at the Target Center in Minneapolis, MN on July 11, 2009.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Billie Joe Armstrong - Minnesota Girl
Minnesota Wild Unstoppable
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Sep 2008
  • Duration: 3:02
  • Updated: 06 Apr 2012
Author: ALittleProduction
WATCH IN HIGH QUALITY IF YOU CAN!!! First and foremost thanks to wukwinn www.youtube.com/wukwinn for all the footage. Without him sending me this stuff there would be no videos. Speaking of no videos. This video unfortunately will be my last for a long long while. I've made the decision to take a break from youtube and try to get a job doing this..what I love..editing videos. If the idea strikes me I might do a video here or there...but it always depends. I appreciate everyones subs and views! Thanks everyone for making my videos known to others it's greatly appreciated. Don't unsub though guys!! still get the word out for me :D ha ha. Also if anyone knows anyone in working for the MN wild I would love love love a job w/ them..that would be..amazing. With that being said...the Minnesota Wild 2008-2009 season is finally VERY near...and I...can NOT wait. This will be our year, we are unstoppable and unshakeable. Lets make this season one to remember guys! NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTEDED. ALL FOOTAGE AND MUSIC BELONG TO THEIR RIGHTFUL OWNERS PURELY FAN MADE AND FREE ADVIRTISEMENT FOR THE WILD!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Minnesota Wild Unstoppable
Kensington Runestone story (KBJR-TV Duluth MN)
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Dec 2008
  • Duration: 6:01
  • Updated: 10 Apr 2012
Author: marquetteave
Hoax or history? On November 8, 1898, a Swedish immigrant farmer, Olof Ohman, and his ten-year-old son say they found a Scandinavian runestone, dated 1362, wedged in the roots of a tree in rural Minnesota.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Kensington Runestone story (KBJR-TV Duluth MN)
Bon Iver - Minnesota, WI (Deluxe)
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Nov 2011
  • Duration: 3:53
  • Updated: 12 Apr 2012
Author: boniver
Buy: itunes.apple.com Directed by Dan Huiting, Ryan Thompson Cinematography by Dan Huiting, Ryan Thompson Edited by Dan Huiting Filmed in Minneapolis, MN
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/Bon Iver - Minnesota, WI (Deluxe)
big black -
  • Order:
  • Published: 30 Mar 2006
  • Duration: 7:40
  • Updated: 08 Apr 2012
Author: deadguy138
big black - "jordan, minnesota" (live) - more of the mighty big black.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/big black - "jordan, minnesota" (live)
b-boy Minnesota Joe | MAD FLAVA 3 (highlights)
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Oct 2010
  • Duration: 4:00
  • Updated: 10 Apr 2012
Author: strifetv
highlights of b-boy Minnesota Joe -- Warriors -- Knuckleheads-Cali -- War Machine -- Ugly Zombies from Mad Flava 3 Minneapolis, Minnesota - USA 10 - 9 - 2010
http://web.archive.org./web/20120421032911/http://wn.com/b-boy Minnesota Joe | MAD FLAVA 3 (highlights)
  • "Minnesota Gurls" Music Video...4:06
  • ♫ Www.Sparklogix.com : Affordable Minnesota Website Design and Minneapolis SEO Company ♫...1:05
  • Monster Jam - Pastrana 199 Freestyle In Minneapolis, MN 2006...2:37
  • Violent Minnesota wedge tornado intercept!!!...4:34
  • Empire State of Mind Parody - Minnesota State of Mind (Spoof / Parody)...4:53
  • Yara - Shefto Mn Be'eid / يارا - شفتو من بعيد...4:49
  • Lord Christopher Monckton Speaking in St. Paul...1:35:33
  • 12/11/2010 Minneapolis St Paul MN Metro area blizzard...7:55
  • Billie Joe Armstrong - Minnesota Girl...1:38
  • Minnesota Wild Unstoppable...3:02
  • Kensington Runestone story (KBJR-TV Duluth MN)...6:01
  • Bon Iver - Minnesota, WI (Deluxe)...3:53
  • big black - "jordan, minnesota" (live)...7:40
  • b-boy Minnesota Joe | MAD FLAVA 3 (highlights)...4:00
Become a fan on Facebook! www.facebook.com Somebody had to do it. Minnesota's response to Katy Perry's "California Gurls" by Dime and Peppimoo ft. Cookie and Twizzler. Appearances by Dizzay, Marf and Paperboy. LYRICS: Dime: I know a place, with summer, winter, spring and autumn. Ten thousand lakes, finding a beach is not a problem. Chewing lutefisk, lying underneath the pine trees. Lumberjacks, bust their axe, trying to creep a little sneak peek (at us) Bridge (Peppimoo): You can travel the world, but nothing comes close to a Grain Belt toast. Once you angle with us, you'll be falling in love. Chorus: Minnesota gurls we're unforgettable, waterproof boots with flannel on top. Wind chaffed skin will turn your legs to popsicles, ooooo. Minnesota gurls, our spam is fryable, farm fresh fun, we're working every block. Midwest represent now zip your jackets up. ooooooo. Dime: Stars in the sky, instead of only on the sidewalks. We jam, in our van. Prince is on the stereo. BRIDGE CHORUS Cookie: Spray on tan, now we ready. Need a shovel this snow is heavy. Uf dah, the big midwest. These are the girls I love the best. I met her at Lake Wobegon. 34 degrees, but no coat was on. She's a hometown girl. We went to Valleyfair, did the Tilt-a-Wirl. On to Mall of America, California dude would you please stop starin brah? Or keep on staring on to Target Field. Ask Joe Mauer, these 'burns are real. Outside ball, we're hangin' out, We'll play through hail without a doubt. You've got the <b>...</b>
4:06
"Min­neso­ta Gurls" Music Video
1:05
♫ Www.​Sparklogix.​com : Af­ford­able Min­neso­ta Web­site De­sign and Min­neapo­lis SEO Com­pa­ny ♫
2:37
Mon­ster Jam - Pas­trana 199 Freestyle In Min­neapo­lis, MN 2006
4:34
Vi­o­lent Min­neso­ta wedge tor­na­do in­ter­cept!!!
4:53
Em­pire State of Mind Par­o­dy - Min­neso­ta State of Mind (Spoof / Par­o­dy)
4:49
Yara - Shefto Mn Be'eid / يارا - شفتو من بعيد
95:33
Lord Christo­pher Mon­ck­ton Speak­ing in St. Paul
7:55
12/11/2010 Min­neapo­lis St Paul MN Metro area bliz­zard
1:38
Bil­lie Joe Arm­strong - Min­neso­ta Girl
3:02
Min­neso­ta Wild Un­stop­pable
6:01
Kens­ing­ton Rune­stone story (KB­JR-TV Du­luth MN)
3:53
Bon Iver - Min­neso­ta, WI (Deluxe)
7:40
big black - "jor­dan, min­neso­ta" (live)
4:00
b-boy Min­neso­ta Joe | MAD FLAVA 3 (high­lights)
1:22
Sen­a­tor Al Franken draws map of USA
1:00
Ex­plore Min­neso­ta's TV Spot
1:03
LeSueur,MN show 08 Scale JD
5:57
Rep. Kriesel's Full Speech On Gay Mar­riage, Buck­ing The GOP
3:20
The­atre of Hate - Pro­pa­gan­da
3:27
D*MN DIRTY APES KILL AGAIN!
1:35
Ice Cross in Saint Paul, MN - Red Bull Crashed Ice World Cham­pi­onship 2012
6:59
IN­TENSE Min­neso­ta tor­na­do - EF-4!


  • Ikey Owens, a keyboard player for the Mars Volta, performing in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium in St. Paul, MN, 21 April 2008
    Creative Commons / Neilonidas
  • Thomas Pridgen, now a drummer for the Mars Volta, performing in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium in St. Paul, MN, 21 April 2008
    Creative Commons / Neilonidas
  • Adrián Terrazas-González, a brass and wind instrument player and percussionist for the Mars Volta, performing in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium in St. Paul, MN. , 21 April 2008
    Creative Commons / Neilonidas
  • Todd Sucherman performing with Styx on June 13, 2008 in Hinckley, MN
    Creative Commons / Weatherman90
  • Fountains of Wayne performs at the Cedar Cultural Center in Minneapolis, MN in July 2009
    Creative Commons / Taylor Dahlin
  • Lac qui Parle County Courthouse, Madison, Lac Qui Parle County, MN
    Creative Commons / Yann
  • View of the Minnesota River from Memorial Park; southeast of Granite Falls, MN.
    Creative Commons / Darrick Anderson
  • In this Dec. 25, 2010 file photo, Spc. Charles Moore, left, of Angleton, Texas.,along with Spc Andrew Vanderhaeghen of Rochester, MN., of 2nd Platoon Bravo Company 2-327 return fire upon a sudden attack by Taliban on Combat Out Post Badel in easteran Afghanistan near the Pakistan border.
    AP / Rafiq Maqbool
  • The memorial to all veterans in Tyler, MN
    Creative Commons
  • Progressive Rail train in Northfield, MN. Progressive Rail also acquired the Wisconsin Northern Division in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin and operates as a separately-named division.
    Creative Commons / Nicholas Benson
  • First Haynes Studio, Moor head, MN, December 1876 was established in Moor head, Minnesota in December 1876. From this studio, F. Jay was able to build on his railroad business with the sales of local cabinet portraits, views and stereo views of his railroad photographs.
    Creative Commons / Frank Jay Haynes
  • NORTH ARABIAN GULF (March 23, 2003)--Coast Guard Lt. Olav M. Saboe, 29, of Coon Rapids, Mn., one of three Coast Guard pilots onboard the USCGC Boutwell in the North Arabian Gulf March 23, 2003. The helicopter crews are tasked with conducting surface searches for Iraqi vessels possibly carrying enemy personnel and weapons. USCG photo by PA1 Tom Sperduto (87576) ( OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM (FOR RELEASE) )
    US Coastguard / PA1 Tom Sperduto
  • Coast Guard Lt. Olav M. Saboe, 29, of Coon Rapids, Mn., one of three Coast Guard pilots onboard the USCGC Boutwell in the North Arabian Gulf March 23, 2003. The helicopter crews are tasked with conducting surface searches for Iraqi vessels possibly carrying enemy personnel and weopons. (133259) ( 108.jpg )
    US Coastguard
  • Picture of Central Lakes Trail in Alexandria, MN.
    Public Domain / Beachie2k
  • Minneapolis, MN (AUG. 04, 2007) -- A Coast Guard personnel receive a briefing from ENS Joseph Smith at the River Command Center before assuming control of Coast Guard operations during the recovery efforts from the bridge collapse. USCG photo by PS1 Steve Rofidal. (208663) ( MSST 91106 Briefing )
    US Coastguard / PS1 Steve Rofidal.
  • Minneapolis, MN (AUG. 01, 2007)-- Coast Guard boat crews are seen searching the water for survivors after the collapse of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota. USCG photo by PS1 Kevin Rofidal. (208582) ( Search and Rescue )
    US Coastguard / PS1 Kevin Rofidal.
  • 08-03-2007 Minnesota, MN - U.S. Coast Guard units from the Eighth and Ninth District respond to the collapse of the I-35W bridge. Coast Guard units from Sector Upper Mississippi River, Sector Lake Michigan, Sector Sault Ste Marie and Maritime Safety and Security Team New York enforced a security zone on the Mississippi River near the bridge collapse, allowing responders uninterupted access to the collapse sight. Photo by Chief Petty Officer Robert K. Lanier, Ninth District Public Affairs Office.
    US Coastguard / Chief Petty Officer Robert K. Lanier, Ninth District Public Affairs Office.
  • 08-03-2007 Minnesota, MN - U.S. Coast Guard units from the Eighth and Ninth District respond to the collapse of the I-35W bridge. Coast Guard units from Sector Upper Mississippi River, Sector Lake Michigan, Sector Sault Ste Marie and Maritime Safety and Security Team New York enforced a security zone on the Mississippi River near the bridge collapse, allowing responders uninterupted access to the collapse sight. Photo by Chief Petty Officer Robert K. Lanier, Ninth District Public Affairs Office.
    US Coastguard / Chief Petty Officer Robert K. Lanier, Ninth District Public Affairs Office.
  • Minneapolis, MN (Aug. 04, 2007) -- The Coast Guard assists investigators with transport and safety after the I-35W bridge collapse in Minneapolis. USCG photo by PS1 Kevin Rofidal. (208785) ( Search )
    US Coastguard / PS1 Kevin Rofidal.
  • Spc Andrew Vanderhaeghen left, from Rochester, MN looks on as Spc. Moore Charles from Angleton, TX of 2nd Platoon Bravo Company 2-327 Infantry scan his gun during a patrols in Chowkay district in Kunar province in eastern Afghanistan near Pakistan border on Sunday, Jan. 2, 2011.
    AP / Rafiq Maqbool
  • Official photo of Governor Tim Pawlenty (R-MN).
    Creative Commons / Office of Governor Tim Pawlenty
  • English: Cooper (White, 1 year old) and Maggie (Black, 6 months old) Cockapoos in St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
    Creative Commons / Camcdonald1
  • WASHINGTON- Rear Adm. Scott Burhoe, Superintendant for the Coast Guard Academy, Chairman James Oberstar of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure(D-8th/MN) and Adm. Thad Allen, Commandant of the Coast Guard, discuss the Coast Guard Academy at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, March 9, 2010. Allen and Burhoe hosted a luncheon for the Coast Guard Academy's Board of Visitors to speak about operations and matters at the academy. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Victoria Bo
    US Coastguard / Petty Officer 3rd Class Victoria Bonk-Meyers.
  • Saint Paul, MN 12 days later.
    Creative Commons / Callcentermonkey
  • A photograph of a metro Wi-Fi antenna in Minneapolis, MN. Antennas like these are placed across a metro area to create a wireless mesh network.
    Creative Commons / Robo56
  • The Stillwater Bridge (alternatively known as the Stillwater Lift Bridge, St. Croix River Bridge at Stillwater, Mn/DOT Bridge #4654, and Wis/DOT Bridge #M-61) is a vertical lift bridge crossing the St. Croix River between Stillwater, Minnesota, and Houlton, Wisconsin. It connects Minnesota State Highway 36 and WIS 64, and is one of two bridges on the river between the Interstate 94 bridge in Hudson, Wisconsin and the U.S. Highway 8 bridge in Taylors Falls, Minnesota, providing a popular and usef
    Creative Commons / Autoshade
  • Ximending (traditional Chinese: 西門町; pinyin: Xīméndīng; Wade-Giles: Hsi-men-ting; Taiwanese POJ: Se-mn̂g-teng; Romaji: Seimon-chō; sometimes Ximenting) is a neighborhood in the Wanhua District of Taipei, Taiwan.
    Creative Commons / Rseric
  • Ginkgo biloba MN 2007.JPG Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree at Minnesota Landscape Arboretum
    Creative Commons / SEWilco
  • Lock and Dam No. 2, Hastings, MN (2006) Prior to the 1927 flood, the Corps' primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river.
    Creative Commons / Kochmann
  • Renville County Courthouse in Olivia, MN Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as Renville County, Minnesota
    European Community / Dave Fischer
photo: Creative Commons / Felixggenest
Van Halen 2008
Music News
21 Apr 2012
Van Halen has just added 18 concerts to its highly successful 2012 North American tour in support of their highly-anticipated new album, A Different Kind of Truth....

photo: AP / George Nikitin
Serena Williams hits a forehand against Sabine Lisicki, of Germany, during the Bank of the West tennis tournament, Saturday, July 30, 2011, in Stanford, Calif. Williams beat Lisicki in the semifinal match 6-1, 6-2.
US News
20 Apr 2012
KHARKIV, Ukraine (AP) — Serena Williams will play overseas for the United States on Saturday in the Fed Cup for the first time in more than a decade. The 13-time Grand Slam champion will lead...

photo: USCG / Petty Officer 3rd Class Ann Marie Gorden
The Coast Guard Cutter Eagle sails toward New York Harbor to anchor at the Statue of Liberty, Aug. 4, 2011. The Eagle is in New York for the Coast Guard’s 221st birthday. It is the cutter’s last port call for the summer training cruise, which commemorates the 75th anniversary of the 295-foot barque, which will be open for tours at Brooklyn’s Pier 7. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Ann Marie Gorden
Atlanta Journal
19 Apr 2012
Spring is under way, magnolias are blooming and tulips are swaying in the breeze. This can mean only one thing: It’s time for summer job search. Maybe past time, depending on your perspective....


MSNBC ST. PAUL - The Minnesota State Patrol has decided to stick with four wheels instead of two. On Friday, the patrol officially announced that its motorcycle patrol program has been disbanded, and that the unit's five Harley Davidson motorcycles will be sold at auction. The long-dormant...(size: 1.9Kb)
The Times of India Tweet SAO PAULO: Brazil's state-run oil company Petrobras will invest...(size: 0.5Kb)
The Siasat Daily New Delhi, April 20: India's GSM subscriber base grew by 1.04 percent in March with addition of 6.87 million mobile phone users, with Bharti Airtel alone signing up over 2.5 million customers, according to data released by Cellular Operators Association of India. The total number of GSM subscribers...(size: 2.5Kb)
MSNBC ATWATER, Minn. - An Minnesota ethanol producer has paid $800,000 in civil penalties for wastewater...(size: 0.7Kb)
The Examiner A dangerous and potentially life-threatening situation continues today from Upper Midwest to the southern Plains as tornadic-thunderstorms re-organize. The combination of powerful winds aloft, daytime heating and a sheared environment will set the stage for supercells and tornadic storms to develop....(size: 6.3Kb)
The Examiner Bulldogs beat Augustana in NCAA II quarterfinal 24-13 Bulldogs loose to Denver in overtime 5-4 Mortal Kombat Screenshots Randy Housey Duluth Sports Photography Examiner RSS Follow UsTwitter...(size: 2.3Kb)
MSNBC BISMARCK, N.D. - North Dakota's governor has bitten back at a Minnesota lawmaker who compared his state's Depression-era Capitol building to an insurance office, calling the...(size: 1.2Kb)
Business Journal Mark Reilly Managing Editor - Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal Email | Twitter | LinkedIn | Google Legislators stepped up action on the Vikings stadium issue as National Football...(size: 1.2Kb)
The Times of India SHARE AND DISCUSSTweetRussia's state-run arms exporter Rosoboron export said the deal was inked at the Defense Services Asia-2012 arms...(size: 0.9Kb)
more news on: Mn

A mnemonic (, with a silent "m"), or mnemonic device, is any learning technique that aids memory. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often verbal, such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something, particularly lists, but a mnemonic may instead be visual, kinesthetic or auditory. Mnemonics rely on associations between easy-to-remember constructs which can be related back to the data that is to be remembered. This is based on the principle that the human mind much more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual or humorous or otherwise meaningful information, as compared to retrieving arbitrary sequences.

The word ''mnemonic'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word μνημονικός ''mnemonikos'' ("of memory") and is related to Mnemosyne ("remembrance"), the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. Both of these words refer back to μνημα ''mnema'' ("remembrance"). Mnemonics in antiquity were most often considered in the context of what is today known as the Art of Memory.

The major assumption in antiquity was that there are two sorts of memory: the "natural" memory and the "artificial" memory. The former is inborn, and is the one that everyone uses every day. The artificial memory is one that is trained through learning and practicing a variety of mnemonic techniques. The latter can be used to perform feats of memory that are quite extraordinary, impossible for most people to carry out using the natural memory alone.

First letter mnemonics

One common mnemonic for remembering lists consists of an easily remembered acronym, or phrase with an acronym that is associated with the list items. The idea lends itself well to memorizing hard-to-break passwords as well. For example, to remember the colours of the rainbow, use the mnemonic "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain". Another one is HOMES to help people remember the names of all of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.) In electronics, color codes are used on some components. A colored dot or ring around the component represents the value. The sequence of numbers (0 through 9) uses a mnemonic that has the first letter of each word being the first letter of the name of the color for that number. The mnemonic is: "Bad Boys Rape Our Young Girls But Violet Gives Willingly." Or, the more politically-correct version is "Bad Boys Race Our Young Girls Behind Victory Garden Walls." Representing the colors: Black, Brown, Red, Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Violet, Gray and White. Black represents zero, Brown represents one, and so on until white represents nine. Usually three or four bands are used, with the last band representing a power of ten - if the color were orange (3), then three zeros would be added to after the first two or three digits.

Mnemonics for numerical sequences

Mnemonic phrases or poems can be used to encode numeric sequences by various methods, the most common using the number of letters in each word. For example, the first 15 digits of the mathematical constant pi (3.14159265358979) can be encoded as "How I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics". A large number of so-called piems have been devised, some containing thousands of digits; see the article on "Piphilology" for examples in multiple languages.

Arbitrariness of mnemonics

A curious characteristic of many memory systems is that mnemonics work despite being (or possibly because of being) illogical or arbitrary. "Roy" is a legitimate first name, but there is no actual surname "Biv" and of course the middle initial "G" is arbitrary. Why is "Roy G. Biv" easy to remember in order to memorise the order that the seven colours of the rainbow appear? ROYGBIV can also be expressed as the almost meaningless phrase "Roy Great Britain the Fourth" again referencing "Roy" but using the GB national code for Great Britain and the Roman numerals for 4, viz: IV. The sentence "Richard of York gave battle in vain" is commonly used in the UK. Any two of the three months ending in -ember would fit just as euphoniously as September and November in "Thirty days hath...", yet most people can remember the rhyme correctly for a lifetime after having heard it once, and are never troubled by doubts as to ''which'' two of the -ember months have thirty days. A bizarre arbitrary association may stick in the mind better than a logical one.

One reason for the effectiveness of seemingly arbitrary mnemonics is the grouping of information provided by the mnemonic. Just as US phone numbers group 10 digits into three groups, the name "Roy G. Biv" groups seven colors into two short names and an initial. Various studies (most notably The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two) have shown that the human brain is capable of remembering only a limited number of arbitrary items in working memory; grouping these items into chunks permits the brain to hold more of them in memory.

Assembly mnemonics

In assembly language a mnemonic is a code, usually from 1 to 5 letters, that represents an opcode, a number.

Programming in machine code, by supplying the computer with the numbers of the operations it must perform, can be quite a burden, because for every operation the corresponding number must be looked up or remembered. Looking up all numbers takes a lot of time, and mis-remembering a number may introduce computer bugs.

Therefore a set of mnemonics was devised. Each number was represented by an alphabetic code. So instead of entering the number corresponding to addition to add two numbers one can enter "add".

Although mnemonics differ between different CPU designs some are common, for instance: "sub" (subtract), "div" (divide), "add" (add) and "mul" (multiply).

This type of mnemonic is different from the ones listed above in that instead of a way to make remembering numbers easier, it is a way to make remembering numbers unnecessary (e.g. by relying on the computer's assembler program to do the lookup work.)

In foreign-language acquisition

Mnemonics can be helpful in learning a foreign language, for example by adapting a hard-to-remember foreign word to a pre-existent phrase in the learner's native language - using folk etymology. Linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann has proposed many Anglo-Hebraic lexical mnemonics for English-speaking students of Israeli Hebrew. For example, in trying to assist the learner to remember ohel, the Hebrew word for ''tent'', Zuckermann proposes the memorable sentence "Oh hell, there's a raccoon in my ''tent''". The memorable sentence "There's a ''fork'' in Ma’s leg" may help the learner remember that the Hebrew word for ''fork'' is mazleg, and so forth. The notable linguist Michel Thomas taught students to remember that ''estar'' is the Spanish word for ''to be'' by using the phrase "to be a star". These are sometimes known as linkwords.

Mnemonics are also useful for learning elements of a foreign language that do not exist in the native language of the learner. For example, in Spanish language acquisition, a student may learn the gender of nouns by associating masculine nouns with the color blue and feminine nouns with red. This allows them to create visual images such as a foot stepping on a pie and blue filling squirting out the sides. The Spanish word for "foot" is ''el pie'', a masculine noun, so recollection of the blue filling will cue recall of the gender of the word.

See also

  • Art of memory
  • Memorization
  • Memory sport
  • Method of loci
  • Mnemonic dominic system
  • Mnemonic goroawase system
  • Mnemonic link system
  • Mnemonic major system
  • References

    External links

  • [ http://www.buildyourmemory.com |Mnemonics techniques]
  • * Category:Educational technology Category:Educational psychology Category:Memory processes

    bn:স্মৃতিবর্ধনবিদ্যা bg:Мнемоника ca:Mnemotècnia cs:Mnemotechnická pomůcka da:Mnemoteknik de:Mnemotechnik es:Mnemotécnia eo:Mnemonikaĵo fa:یادیارها fr:Mnémotechnique ko:기억술 hi:निमोनिक hr:Mnemotehnika id:Jembatan keledai it:Mnemotecnica he:מנמוניקה kk:Мнемоника hu:Mnemotechnika nl:Ezelsbruggetje ja:記憶術 no:Mnemoteknikk pl:Mnemotechnika pt:Mnemónica ru:Мнемоника simple:Mnemonic sk:Mnemotechnika sl:Mnemotehnika fi:Muistisääntö sv:Mnemoteknik ta:நினைவி th:นีโมนิค uk:Мнемоніка zh:记忆术

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    Coordinates22°34′0″N95°42′0″N
    Honorific-prefixThe Right Honourable
    NameThe Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
    Honorific-suffixOStJ
    altphotograph
    officeHead of the Policy Unit United Kingdom Independence Party
    term startNovember 2010
    leaderLord Pearson of RannochNigel Farage
    birth dateFebruary 14, 1952
    educationMA in classics, 1974; diploma in journalism studies
    alma materChurchill College, CambridgeUniversity College, Cardiff
    occupationPolitician, journalist
    partyUK Independence Party
    religionRoman Catholicism
    spouseJuliet Mary Anne Malherbe Jensen
    parentsMajor-General Gilbert Monckton and Marianna Letitia Bower
    relationsRosa Monckton (sister), Timothy, Jonathan and Anthony (brothers)
    website
    Christopher Walter Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley (born 14 February 1952) is a British politician, public speaker, former newspaper editor and hereditary peer. Formerly a member of the Conservative Party, Monckton has been the Head of the Policy Unit for the UK Independence Party since November 2010. He was Deputy Leader of the Party under Lord Pearson of Rannoch. He served in Conservative Central Office and worked for Margaret Thatcher's Number 10 Policy Unit during the 1980s. He also worked for ''The Universe'', ''The Sunday Telegraph'', ''Today'' and ''Evening Standard'' newspapers.

    Monckton became known in the 1990s for his invention of the Eternity puzzle, a mathematical puzzle for which he offered a prize of one million pounds to the first person who could solve it within four years. In recent years he has come to public attention for holding sceptical views about man-made climate change.

    Personal life

    Monckton was born the eldest son of the late Major-General Gilbert Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley and Marianna Letitia (''nee'' Bower), former High Sheriff of Kent and a Dame of Malta. He has three brothers, Timothy, Jonathan and Anthony and a sister, Rosa, wife of journalist Dominic Lawson. His father raised the family as Roman Catholics after converting at Cambridge.

    Monckton was educated at Harrow School and Churchill College, Cambridge, where he received an MA in classics in 1974, and at University College, Cardiff, where he obtained a diploma in journalism studies. In 1990, he married Juliet Mary Anne Malherbe Jensen. In 2006, on the death of his father, he acceded to the title of viscount.

    Monckton is a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Broderers, an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, a Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, and a member of the Roman Catholic Mass Media Commission. He is also a qualified Day Skipper with the Royal Yachting Association, and has been a trustee of the Hales Trophy for the Blue Riband of the Atlantic since 1986.

    He suffers a mild form of Graves' disease.

    Career

    Journalism

    Monckton joined the ''Yorkshire Post'' in 1974 at the age of 22, where he worked as a reporter and leader-writer. From 1977 to 1978, he worked at Conservative Central Office as a press officer, becoming the editor of the Roman Catholic newspaper ''The Universe'' in 1979, then managing editor of ''The Sunday Telegraph'' magazine in 1981. He joined the London ''Evening Standard'' newspaper as a leader-writer in 1982.

    In 1979, Monckton met Alfred Sherman, who co-founded the pro-Conservative think tank the Centre for Policy Studies with Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph in 1974. Sherman asked Monckton to take the minutes at the CPS's study group meetings. Monckton subsequently became the secretary for the centre's economic, forward strategy, health and employment study groups. He wrote a paper on the privatisation of council housing by means of a rent-to-mortgages scheme that brought him to the attention of Downing Street. Ferdinand Mount, the head of the Number 10 Policy Unit and a former CPS director, brought Monckton into the Policy Unit in 1982. He was recruited as a domestic specialist with responsibilities for housing and parliamentary affairs, working alongside Mount and Peter Shipley on projects such as the phasing out of council housing. He left the unit in 1986 to become assistant editor of the newly established, and now defunct, tabloid newspaper ''Today''. He was a consulting editor for the ''Evening Standard'' from 1987 to 1992 and was its chief leader-writer from 1990 to 1992. In 1989 Monckton claimed damages for libel over the article "Rosa's bit of cheek" in the 9 March edition of the Daily Mail. In 1991, Monckton won a libel case over a 28 September 1990 article about his financial affairs in Private Eye.

    Since 2002 Monckton has had several articles related to Climate Sensitivity published critical of the IPCC and the consensus, in addition to more light hearted pieces related to his bowler hat wearing.

    Entrepreneurship

    In 1995, Monckton and his wife opened Monckton's, a shirt shop in King's Road, Chelsea.

    In 1999, Monckton created and published the Eternity puzzle, a geometric puzzle that involved tiling a dodecagon with 209 irregularly shaped polygons called polydrafters. A £1 million prize was won after 18 months by two Cambridge mathematicians. By that time, 500,000 puzzles had been sold. Monckton also launched the Eternity II puzzle in 2007, but, after the four-year prize period, no winner came forward to claim the £2 million prize.

    Political career

    Although Monckton is a hereditary peer, he inherited his peerage after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, which provided that hereditary peers would no longer have an automatic right to sit and vote in the House of Lords. Monckton asserts that the Act is flawed and unconstitutional, and has referred to himself as "a member of the Upper House of the United Kingdom legislature" in a letter to US Senators, and also as "a member of the Upper House but without the right to sit or vote."

    The House of Lords authorities have said Monckton is not and never has been a member and that there is no such thing as a non-voting or honorary member of the House. In July 2011 the House took the "unprecedented step" of publishing online a cease and desist letter to Monckton from the Clerk of the Parliaments, which concluded, "I am publishing this letter on the parliamentary website so that anybody who wishes to check whether you are a Member of the House of Lords can view this official confirmation that you are not."

    Notwithstanding his criticism of the House of Lords Act, Monckton has offered himself as a candidate for one of the retained seats for hereditary peers which it provides. He stood unsuccessfully in four by-elections for vacant seats created by deaths among the 92 hereditary peers remaining in the Lords after the reforms. He stood for a Conservative seat in a March 2007 by-election; of the 43 candidates, 31 received no votes, Monckton included. He subsequently stood in the crossbench by-elections of May 2008, July 2009, and June 2010, again receiving no votes. He was highly critical of the way the Lords was reformed, describing the procedure in the March 2007 by-election, with 43 candidates and 47 electors, as "a bizarre constitutional abortion."

    He has also considered standing for election to the House of Commons (which hereditary peers are entitled to do if they are not members of the House of Lords). At the 2010 general election he was nominated as the UK Independence Party (UKIP) candidate for the Scottish constituency of Perth and North Perthshire, but withdrew in accordance with UKIP's policy of not opposing other Eurosceptic parliamentary candidates. In June 2010, UKIP announced he had been appointed its deputy leader, to serve alongside David Campbell Bannerman.

    In 2011 he stood as lead party-list candidate for UKIP in the Scottish Parliament constituency of Mid Scotland and Fife. Despite failing to gain representation in the Scottish Parliament, UKIP improved its performance in Mid Scotland and Fife, gaining 1.1% of the region's vote.

    Political views

    Climate change

    Monckton questions the magnitude of global warming to be expected in response to anthropogenic increases in CO2 concentration. Monckton has stated his belief that there is a greenhouse effect, that CO2 contributes to it, that humanity is adding CO2 to the atmosphere and that some warming will result, but he questions how much warming will occur, how much damage it will do and whether addressing it by taxing or regulating CO2 is cost-effective. In a 2006 article he questioned the appropriateness of using a near-zero discount rate in the Stern Review, which, he wrote, had underestimated the costs of mitigation and overstated its benefits. He said that mitigation was "expensively futile without the consent of the Third World's fast-growing nations".

    After a presentation by Monckton at Bethel University (Minnesota) in October 2009, Thermal Science Professor John P Abraham of University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) produced a rebuttal to Monckton's claims after investigating the origins of many of the claims with the authors of those papers Monckton had cited. Monckton responded to Abraham's statement soon after, stating, "he looks like an overcooked prawn", and expressing the view that Abraham had repeatedly misquoted him to third-party scientists and had then obtained understandably hostile comments from them, which he had improperly used against Monckton. He requested that Abraham's talk be removed from the University servers, and a donation of $10,000 and $100,000 be made respectively by Abraham and the University to the "United States Association of the Order of Malta for its charitable work in Haiti". The university responded that Professor Abraham had done nothing improper or illegal in expressing his views, and it refused all of Monckton's demands.

    Since 2008 he has toured Britain, the US and Australia delivering talks to groups related to the subject. In 2009 he was invited on three occasions before Congress to speak on the behalf of Republican representatives. He followed this up with his July 2010 tour of Australia. Between 2009 and 2010 the film maker Rupert Murray followed Monckton on his climate change tour. The film was later broadcast on 31 January 2011 on BBC Four titled "Meet the sceptics". Prior to its broadcast its depiction of Monckton was described by fellow sceptic James Delingpole as a "another hatchet job". Previously in 2008 Monckton had appeared in another BBC production "Earth: The Climate Wars" that he accused of making him look like a "potty peer". Monckton went to the High Court to gain an injunction against the "Meet the sceptics" broadcast, complaining of breach of contract and requesting a ruling that his three minute or 500 word rebuttal should be added to the programme. He did not obtain the injunction, the judge ruled that Monckton's interpretation of clarity in the contract was incorrect, and the "balance of justice" favoured refusal of the injunction.

    Monckton has no formal education in science other than two certificates in school mathematics normally taken at the age of 16.

    Social and economic policy

    ''Eddy Shah: Today and the Newspaper Revolution'' describes him as "a fervent, forthright and opinionated Roman Catholic Tory" who has been closely associated with the "New Right" faction of the Conservative Party. As one of Margaret Thatcher's policy advisors, he has been credited with being "the brains behind the Thatcherite policy of giving council tenants (public housing) the right to buy their homes." Criticizing the campaign to save the Ravenscraig ironworks, Monckton wrote, "The Scots are subsidy junkies whingeing like crumpled bagpipes and waiting for a fix of English taxpayers' money."

    He has been associated with the Referendum Party, advising its founder, Sir James Goldsmith. In 2003 he helped a Scottish Tory breakaway group, the Scottish Peoples Alliance. In 2009 he joined the UK Independence Party; he is now deputy leader. Monckton was a sponsor of the anti-homosexual Conservative Family Campaign in the 1990s.

    In 1997, Monckton criticised works at the Fotofeis (the Scottish International Festival of Photography) and Sensation as "feeble-minded, cheap, pitiable, exploitative sensationalism perpetrated by the talent-free and perpetuated by over-funded, useless, muddle-headed, middle-aged, pot-bellied, brewer's-droopy quangoes which a courageous Government would forthwith cease to subsidise with your money and mine."

    Views on AIDS

    In a 1987 article for ''The American Spectator'' entitled "AIDS: A British View", he argued that "there is only one way to stop AIDS. That is to screen the entire population regularly and to quarantine all carriers of the disease for life. Every member of the population should be blood-tested every month ... all those found to be infected with the virus, even if only as carriers, should be isolated compulsorily, immediately, and permanently." This would involve isolating between 1.5 and 3 million people in the United States ("not altogether impossible") and another 30,000 people in the UK ("not insuperably difficult"). Monckton's article concluded, however, that current Western sensibilities would not allow this standard protocol for containing a new, fatal and incurable infection to be applied: therefore, he said, many would needlessly die. The article was controversial and ''The American Spectator's'' then assistant managing editor, Andrew Ferguson, denounced it in the letters column of the same issue. Monckton appeared on the BBC's ''Panorama'' programme in February 1987 to discuss his views and present the results of an opinion poll that found public support for his position.

    Monckton has since stated "the article was written at the very outset of the AIDS epidemic, and with 33 million people around the world now infected, the possibility of [quarantine] is laughable. It couldn't work." He also said that this standard protocol could have worked at the time; that senior HIV investigators had called for it; and that many of the lives that have been lost could have been saved.

    Resurrexi Pharmaceutical

    Resurrexi Pharmaceutical is stated on the UK Independence Party (UKIP) web site to be a company of which Monckton is a director. In the BBC documentary, "Meet the Sceptics" (2011), Monckton, said he had cured himself of Graves' disease an auto-immune disease thought to have been triggered either by a one-time virus or bacterial infection, and said he was researching a "broad-spectrum cure" for infectious diseases. UKIP's CV for Monckton states that "patients have been cured of various infectious diseases, including Graves' Disease, multiple sclerosis, influenza, and herpes simplex 6. Our first HIV patient had his viral titre reduced by 38% in five days, with no side-effects. Tests continue."

    There are no other sources than UKIP for the claims, and some scepticism has been expressed about their validity.

    Two patent applications in Monckton's name are registered at the UK Intellectual Property Office.

    European integration

    Monckton has been an advocate of Euroscepticism for many years; as he put it in a 2007 interview, he would "leave the European Union, close down 90 per cent of government services and shift power away from the atheistic, humanistic government and into the hands of families and individuals." In 1994, he sued the Conservative government of John Major for agreeing to contribute to the costs of the Protocol on Social Policy agreed in the 1993 Maastricht Treaty, although the UK had an opt-out from the protocol. The case was heard in the Scottish Court of Session in May 1994. His petition for judicial review was dismissed by the court for want of relevancy.

    Published works

  • ''The Laker Story'' (with Ivan Fallon). Christensen, 1982. ISBN 0950800708
  • ''Anglican Orders: null and void?''. Family History Books, 1986.
  • ''The AIDS Report''. 1987
  • ''European Monetary Union: opportunities and dangers.'' University of St. Andrews, Department of Economics. 1997
  • ''Sudoku X''. Headline Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0755315014
  • ''Sudoku X-mas''. Headline Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 0755315022
  • ''Sudoku Xpert''. Headline Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0755315294
  • ''Junior Sudoku X''. Headline Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0755315286
  • ''Sudoku Xtreme''. Headline Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0755315308
  • The Science and Public Policy Institute, of which Monckton is policy director, has published nine non peer-reviewed articles by Monckton on climate-change science.

    See also

  • Gilbert Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
  • Rosa Monckton
  • References

    External links

  • Apocalypse Cancelled (PDF)
  • Greenhouse warming? What greenhouse warming? by Christopher Monckton
  • Gore Gored (PDF) Monckton's response to Gore
  • Monckton saves the day!, ''The Observer'', 6 May 2007
  • Category:Alumni of Cardiff University Category:Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge Category:British journalists Category:British newspaper editors Category:English Roman Catholics Category:Knights of Malta Category:Officers of the Order of St John Category:Old Harrovians Category:United Kingdom Independence Party politicians Category:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London

    cs:Christopher Monckton nl:Christopher Monckton no:Christopher Monckton

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    {{Infobox saint | name=Paul the Apostle | birth_date=ca. AD 5 | death_date=ca. AD 67 was one of the most influential early Christian missionaries, with his writings forming a considerable portion of the New Testament. His influence on Christian thinking has been significant due to his role as a prominent apostle of Christianity during the spreading of the Gospel through early Christian communities across the Roman Empire.

    According to the Bible, Paul was known as Saul prior to his conversion, and was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem. While traveling from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to "bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem", the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light. Saul was struck blind, but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus, and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God.

    Along with Simon Peter and James the Just he was one of the most prominent early Christian leaders. He was also a Roman citizen—a fact that afforded him a privileged legal status with respect to laws, property, and governance.

    Fourteen epistles in the New Testament are attributed to Paul. His authorship of seven of the fourteen is questioned by modern scholars. Augustine of Hippo developed Paul's idea that salvation is based on faith and not "Works of the Law". Martin Luther's interpretation of Paul's writings heavily influenced Luther's doctrine of sola fide.

    Paul's conversion dramatically changed the course of his life. Through his missionary activity and writings he eventually transformed religious belief and philosophy around the Mediterranean Basin. His leadership, influence and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by Gentile groups that worshiped the God of Israel, adhered to the Judaic "moral code", but relaxed or abandoned the "ritual" and dietary obligations of the Mosaic law all on the basis of Paul's teachings of the life and works of Jesus Christ and his teaching of a new covenant (or "new testament") established through Jesus' death and resurrection. The Bible does not record Paul's death.

    Sources

    The main source for historical information about Paul's life is the material found in several of his epistles and the Book of Acts. However, these epistles contain comparatively little information about Paul's past. The Book of Acts also recounts Paul's career but leaves several parts of Paul's life out of its narrative, such as his (alleged) execution in Rome. Scholars such as Hans Conzelmann and 20th century theologian John Knox (not to be confused with the 16th century John Knox) dispute the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles. Paul's own account of his background is found particularly in Galatians. According to some scholars, the account in ''Acts'' of Paul visiting Jerusalem contradicts the account in Paul's letters. (See the Acts of the Apostles article). Some scholars consider Paul's accounts to be more reliable than those found in Acts.

    Names

    Along with being ethnically Jewish, Paul was born a Roman citizen . "Paul" was part of his three-part Roman name. His given name was Saul (), perhaps after the biblical King Saul, a fellow Benjaminite and the first king of Israel who was replaced by King David, the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel. In , in Latin ''Paulus'' or ''Paullus'', in ''Šaʾul HaTarsi'' (''Saul of Tarsus'')

    When Jesus spoke to him prior to his conversion to Christianity on the Road to Damascus, Jesus called him "Saul" in confronting him for persecuting the Christians: "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?” Shortly thereafter, in addressing a disciple named Ananias, Jesus referred to "a man from Tarsus named Saul."

    The earliest biblical reference to his being called "Paul" is recorded in : "...Saul, who was also called Paul...." All subsequent New Testament verses refer to him as "Paul" or with the appended title "Apostle Paul."

    Prior to conversion

    Paul, whose Hebrew name was Saul, claimed to be "of the stock of Israel, ''of'' the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of the Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee." But the Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. Paul's "sister's son" is mentioned in . ''Acts'' also quotes Paul indirectly referring to his father by saying he was "a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee".

    ''Acts'' identifies Paul as from the Mediterranean city of Tarsus (in present-day south-central Turkey), well-known for its intellectual environment . He was also born a citizen of Rome, an honor not often granted to "outsiders." It is possible that Paul's family purchased the Tarsian citizenship with money earned from their trade. His family were tent-makers, a trade that Paul uses to support himself throughout his ministry. Scripture does not say how Paul's family acquired a Roman citizenship, but scholars speculate that his father or grandfather may have been honored with it for some sort of military service.

    Although born in Tarsus, Paul was raised in Jerusalem "at the feet of Gamaliel" , a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the mid 1st century CE. Gamaliel once gave very level headed advice to the Sanhedrin in , to "refrain" from slaying the disciples of Jesus. This is in great contrast to the rashness of his student Saul, who zealously persecuted the "saints".

    Paul confesses that "beyond measure" he persecuted the "church of God" prior to his conversion. ''Acts'' records how Paul as a young man stood by and guarded the coats of those who stoned Stephen, the first Christian martyr.

    Conversion and mission

    Paul's conversion can be dated to 31 – 36 by his reference to it in one of his letters. According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion (or metanoia) took place on the road to Damascus where he claimed to have experienced a vision of the resurrected Jesus after which he was temporarily blinded. Luke, the author of Acts of the Apostles, likely learned of his conversion from one of these three sources: Paul himself, from the church in Jerusalem, or from the church in Antioch.

    Post-conversion testimony

    In the opening verses of , Paul provides a litany of his own apostolic claim and his post-conversion convictions about the risen Christ:
  • Paul describes himself as
  • *a servant of Christ Jesus
  • *called to be an apostle
  • *set apart for the gospel of God
  • Paul describes Jesus as
  • *having been promised by God "beforehand" through his prophets in the holy Scriptures
  • *being the Son of God
  • having biological lineage from David ("according to the flesh")
  • *having been declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead
  • *being Jesus Christ our Lord
  • *the One through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations, "including you who are called to belong to Jesus Christ."
  • Paul's writings give some insight into his thinking regarding his relationship with Judaism. He is strongly critical both theologically and empirically of claims of moral or lineal superiority of Jews while conversely strongly sustaining the notion of a special place for the Children of Israel.

    Paul asserted that he received the Gospel not from any person, but by a personal revelation of Jesus Christ. Paul claimed independence from the Jerusalem community (possibly in the Cenacle), but was just as quick to claim agreement with it on the nature and content of the gospel. What is remarkable about such a conversion is the changes in the thinking that had to take place. He had to change his concept of who the messiah was, particularly the absurdity of accepting a crucifed messiah. Perhaps more challenging was changing his conception of the ethnic superiority of the Jewish people. There are debates as to whether Paul understood himself as commissioned to take the gospel to the Gentiles at the moment of his conversion.

    Early ministry

    After his conversion, Paul went to Damascus, where Acts states he was healed of his blindness and baptized by Ananias of Damascus. Paul says that it was in Damascus that he barely escaped death . Paul also says that he then went first to Arabia, and then came back to Damascus. Paul's trip to Arabia is not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible, and some suppose he actually travelled to Mt. Sinai for meditations in the desert. He describes in Galatians how three years after his conversion he went to Jerusalem. There he met James and stayed with Simon Peter for 15 days.

    Paul asserted that he received the Gospel not from any person, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ.. Paul claimed almost total independence from the Jerusalem community. At the end of this time, Barnabas went to find Paul and brought him back to Antioch.

    When a famine occurred in Judea, around 45–46, Paul and Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem to deliver financial support from the Antioch community. According to Acts, Antioch had become an alternative center for Christians following the dispersion of the believers after the death of Stephen. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called "Christians."

    First missionary journey

    The author of the Acts arranges Paul's travels into three separate journeys. The first journey, led initially by Barnabas, takes Paul from Antioch to Cyprus then southern Asia Minor (Anatolia), and back to Antioch. In Cyprus, Paul rebukes and blinds Elymas the magician who was criticizing their teachings. From this point on, Paul is described as the leader of the group.

    They sail to Perga in Pamhylis. John Mark leaves them and returns to Jerusalem. Paul and Barnabas go on to Pisidian Antioch. On the Sabbath they go to the Synagogue. The leaders invite them to speak. Paul reviews Israelite history from life in Egypt to King David. He introduces Jesus as a descendant of David brought to Israel by God. He said that his team came to town to bring the message of salvation. He recounts the story of Jesus' death and resurrection. He quotes from the Hebrew scriptures to show that Jesus was the promised Messiah who brought them forgiveness for their sins. Both the Jews and the 'God-fearing' Gentiles invited them talk more the next Sabbath. At that time almost the whole city gathered. This upset some influential Jews who spoke against them. Paul used the occasion to announce a change in his mission which from then on would be to the Gentiles.

    Antioch served as a major Christian center for Paul's evangelizing.

    Second missionary journey

    Paul leaves for his second missionary journey from Jerusalem, in late Autumn 49, after the meeting of the Jerusalem council where the circumcision question was debated. On their trip around the Mediterranean sea, Paul and his companion Barnabas stopped in Antioch where they had a sharp argument about taking John Mark with them on their trips. The book of Acts said that John Mark had left them in a previous trip and gone home. Unable to resolve the dispute, Paul and Barnabas decided to separate; Barnabas took John Mark with him, while Silas joined Paul.

    Paul and Silas initially visited Tarsus (Paul's hometown), Derbe and Lystra. In Lystra, they met Timothy, a disciple who was spoken well of, and decided to take him with them. The Church kept growing, adding believers, and strengthening their faith daily.

    In Philippi, men who were not happy about the conversion of their slave turned the city against the missionaries and Paul and Silas were put in jail. After a miraculous earthquake, the gates of the prison fell apart and Paul and Silas were able to escape; this event led to the conversion of the jailor. They continued traveling, going by Berea and then to Athens where Paul preached to the Jews and God-fearing Greeks in the synagogue and to the Greek intellectuals in the Areopagus.

    Around 50–52, Paul spent 18 months in Corinth. The reference in Acts to proconsul Gallio helps ascertain this date (cf. Gallio inscription). Paul met Aquila and Priscilla in Corinth who became faithful believers and helped Paul through his other missionary journeys. The couple followed Paul and his companions to Ephesus, and stayed there to start one of the strongest and most faithful churches at that time. In 52, the missionaries sailed to Caesarea to greet the Church there and then traveled north to Antioch where they stayed for about a year before leaving again on their third missionary journey.

    Third missionary journey

    Paul began his third missionary journey by traveling all around the region of Galatia and Phrygia to strengthen, teach and rebuke the believers. Paul then traveled to Ephesus, an important center for early Christianity, and stayed there for almost 3 years. He performed numerous miracles, healing people and casting out demons, and he apparently organized missionary activity into the hinterlands. Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city. During his stay in Ephesus, Paul wrote 4 letters to the church in Corinth admonishing them for their pagan behavior.

    Then Paul went through Macedonia and up to Greece, and as he was getting ready to leave for Syria, he changed his plans because of Jews who had made a plot against him and had to go back through Macedonia. At this time it is likely that Paul visited Corinth for three months (56–57). In Paul wrote that he visited Illyricum, but he may have meant what would now be called Illyria Graeca that was part of the Roman province of Macedonia, which is now modern day Albania.

    Paul and his companions hit other cities on their way back to Jerusalem such as Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Rhodes, and Tyre. Paul finished his trip with a stop in Caesarea where he and his companions stayed with Philip the Evangelist before finally arriving at Jerusalem.

    Journey to Rome and beyond

    After Paul's arrival in Jerusalem at the end of his third missionary journey, he became involved in a serious conflict with some Asian Jews. The conflict eventually led to Paul's arrest and eventual imprisonment in Caesarea for about a year and a half. Finally, Paul and his companions sailed for Rome where Paul would eventually stand trial for his alleged crimes. ''Acts'' states that Paul preached in Rome for two years from his rented home while awaiting trial. It does not state what happened after this time, but it is likely Paul was freed by Nero and continued to preach in Rome. It is possible that Paul also traveled to other countries like Spain and Britain before dying as a martyr. See the ''Arrest and death'' section below.

    Persecution

    Many plots were made against Paul in the last years of his life, especially by Jews who would stir the crowd and excite them when Paul was preaching . He was beaten more than once, and put in prison. He was persecuted in every one of his missionary journeys. He was persecuted because of a “lack of understanding, preconceptions, irritations and provocation.” The message of a risen Christ and Savior was aggravating for Jews as well as many pagan believers. During his first missionary journey, Paul was stoned in the city of Lystra for healing a crippled man. Some Jews dragged him out of the city thinking he was dead but when his disciples came around him, he miraculously got up and went into the city. Paul was also put in prison while he was in Philippi and also in Jerusalem.

    Council of Jerusalem

    Most scholars agree that a vital meeting between Paul and the Jerusalem church took place some time in the years 48 to 50, described in and usually seen as the same event mentioned by Paul in . The key question raised was whether Gentile converts needed to be circumcised. At this meeting, Paul claims in his letter to the Galatians that Peter, James, and John accepted Paul's mission to the Gentiles. See also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity.

    Jerusalem meetings are mentioned in Acts, in Paul's letters, and some appear in both. For example, the Jerusalem visit for famine relief apparently corresponds to the "first visit" (to Cephas and James only). F. F. Bruce suggested that the "fourteen years" could be from Paul's conversion rather than the first visit to Jerusalem.

    Incident at Antioch

    Despite the agreement achieved at the Council of Jerusalem, as understood by Paul, Paul recounts how he later publicly confronted Peter, also called the "Incident at Antioch" over Peter's reluctance to share a meal with Gentile Christians in Antioch.

    Writing later of the incident, Paul recounts: "I opposed [Peter] to his face, because he was clearly in the wrong". Paul reports that he told Peter: "You are a Jew, yet you live like a Gentile and not like a Jew. How is it, then, that you force Gentiles to follow Jewish customs?" Paul also mentions that even Barnabas (his traveling companion and fellow apostle until that time) sided with Peter.

    The final outcome of the incident remains uncertain. The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that Peter saw the justice of the rebuke." In contrast, L. Michael White's ''From Jesus to Christianity'' claims: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as persona non grata, never again to return."

    The primary source for the ''Incident at Antioch'' is Paul's letter to the Galatians.

    Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles

    This table is adapted from White, ''From Jesus to Christianity.'' Note that the matching of Paul's travels in the Acts and the travels in his Epistles is done for the reader's convenience and is not approved of by all scholars.

    * First visit to Jerusalem ** "after many days" of Damascus conversion ** preaches openly in Jerusalem with Barnabas ** meets apostles * First visit to Jerusalem ** three years after Damascus conversion ** sees only Cephas (Peter) and James
    * Second visit to Jerusalem, ** for famine relief * There is debate over whether Paul's visit in Galatians 2 refers to the visit for famine relief (Acts 11:30, 12:25) or the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15). If it refers to the former, then this was the trip made "after an interval of fourteen years" (Gal. 2:1).
    * Third visit to Jerusalem ** with Barnabas ** "Council of Jerusalem" ** followed by confrontation with Barnabas in Antioch * Another visit to Jerusalem ** 14 years later (after Damascus conversion?) ** with Barnabas and Titus ** possibly the "Council of Jerusalem" ** Paul agrees to "remember the poor" ** followed by confrontation with Peter and Barnabas in Antioch
    * Fourth visit to Jerusalem ** to "greet the church" * Apparently unmentioned.
    * Fifth visit to Jerusalem ** after an absence of several years ** to bring gifts for the poor and to present offerings ** Paul arrested * Another visit to Jerusalem ** to deliver the collection for the poor

    Arrest and death

    Paul arrived in Jerusalem in 57 with a collection of money for the community there. Acts reports that he was warmly received. But Acts goes on to recount how he was interrogated by James for 'teaching all the Jews living among the gentiles to forsake Moses, and that you tell them not to circumcise their children or observe the customs'.(Acts 21, 21) Paul underwent a purification ritual in order to give the Jews no grounds to bring accusations against him for not following their law. Paul however continued to preach against circumcision, Jewish dietary restrictions, and other requirements of the Torah. This made a final rift inevitable with the Jews. Paul caused a stir when he appeared at the Temple, and he escaped being killed by the crowd by being taken into custody. He was held as a prisoner for two years in Caesarea until a new governor reopened his case in 59. When accused of treason, he appealed to Caesar, claiming his right as a citizen of Rome to appear there before a proper court and to defend himself of the charges.

    Acts recounts that on the way to Rome Paul was shipwrecked on "Melite" (Malta), where he was met by Publius and the islanders, who showed him "unusual kindness". He arrived in Rome ''c'' 60 and spent two years under house arrest. All told, during his ministry the Apostle Paul spent roughly 5½ to 6 years as a prisoner or in prison.

    Irenaeus of Lyons in the 2nd century believed that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop. Paul was not a bishop of Rome nor did he bring Christianity to Rome since there were already Christians in Rome when he arrived there (Acts 28:14-15). Also Paul wrote his letter to the church at Rome before he had visited Rome (Romans 1:1,7,11-13; 15:23-29). However, Paul would have played an important role in the life of the early church at Rome.

    Neither the Bible nor other history says how or when Paul died. According to Christian tradition, Paul was beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero around the mid-60s at ''Tre Fontane Abbey'' (English: Three Fountains Abbey). By comparison, tradition has Peter being crucified upside-down. Paul's Roman citizenship accorded him the more merciful death by beheading.

    In June 2009, Pope Benedict announced excavation results concerning the tomb of Paul at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. The sarcophagus was not opened but was examined by means of a probe, which revealed pieces of incense, purple and blue linen, and small bone fragments. The bone was radiocarbon dated to the 1st or 2nd century. According to the Vatican, these findings were consistent with the traditional claim that the tomb is Paul's.

    Writings

    Fourteen epistles in the New Testament are attributed to Paul. Seven of these -- Romans, 1st Corinthians, 2nd Corinthians, Galatians, Phillipians, 1st Thessalonians and Philemon -- are almost universally accepted as being actually written by Paul. Scholars generally agree that four others were not written by Paul, those being 1st Timothy, 2nd Timothy, Titus, and Hebrews. As to the remaining three -- Ephesians, Colossians and 2nd Thessalonians -- scholars are almost evenly divided. Of those written by Paul, all except Galatians appear to have been dictated through a secretary, who would paraphrase the message, as was the practice among 1st-century scribes. The epistles were circulated in the Christian community and read aloud by church members along with other works. Paul's epistles were viewed from early times as scripture and later established as Canon of Scripture. Critical scholars regard Paul's epistles, which were written between 50 and 62 AD, to be the earliest books of the New Testament. They are referenced as early as c. 96 by Clement of Rome.

    Authorship

    Paul's letters are largely written to churches which he had visited; he was a great traveler, visiting Cyprus, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), mainland Greece, Crete, and Rome. His letters are full of expositions of what Christians should believe and how they should live. He does not tell his correspondents (or the modern reader) much about the life of Jesus; his most explicit references are to the Last Supper and the crucifixion and resurrection. His specific references to Jesus' teaching are likewise sparse, raising the question, still disputed, as to how consistent his account of the faith is with that of the four canonical Gospels, Acts, and the Epistle of James. The view that Paul's Christ is very different from the historical Jesus has been expounded by Adolf Harnack among many others. Nevertheless, he provides the first written account of what it is to be a Christian and thus of Christian spirituality.

    Of the fourteen letters attributed to Paul and included in the Western New Testament canon, there is little or no dispute that Paul actually wrote at least seven, those being Romans, First Corinthians, Second Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, First Thessalonians, and Philemon. Hebrews (no relation to the Gospel according to the Hebrews), which was ascribed to him in antiquity, was questioned even then, never having an ancient attribution, and in modern times is considered by most experts as not by Paul (see also Antilegomena). The authorship of the remaining six Pauline epistles is disputed to varying degrees.

    The authenticity of Colossians has been questioned on the grounds that it contains an otherwise unparalleled description (among his writings) of Jesus as 'the image of the invisible God,' a Christology found elsewhere only in John's gospel. On the other hand, the personal notes in the letter connect it to Philemon, unquestionably the work of Paul. Internal evidence shows close connection with Philippians. Ephesians is a very similar letter to Colossians, but is almost entirely lacking in personal reminiscences. Its style is unique. It lacks the emphasis on the cross to be found in other Pauline writings, reference to the Second Coming is missing, and Christian marriage is exalted in a way which contrasts with the reference in . Finally, according to R.E. Brown, it exalts the Church in a way suggestive of a second generation of Christians, 'built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets' now past. The defenders of its Pauline authorship argue that it was intended to be read by a number of different churches and that it marks the final stage of the development of Paul of Tarsus's thinking. It has to be noted, too, that the moral portion of the Epistle, consisting of the last two chapters has the closest affinity with similar portions of other Epistles, while the whole admirably fits in with the known details of St. Paul's life, and throws considerable light upon them.

    The Pastoral Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus have likewise been put in question as Pauline works. Three main reasons are advanced: first, their difference in vocabulary, style, and theology from Paul's acknowledged writings; Defenders of the authenticity note, that they were then probably written in the name and with the authority of the Apostle by one of his companions, to whom he distinctly explained what had to be written, or to whom he gave a written summary of the points to be developed, and that when the letters were finished, St. Paul read them through, approved them, and signed them. Secondly, the difficulty in fitting them into Paul's biography as we have it. They, like Colossians and Ephesians, were written from prison but suppose Paul's release and travel thereafter. However, Christianity was not yet declared a religio illicita at the time they were written, and according to Roman law there was nothing deserving of death against him. Finally, the concerns expressed are very much the practical ones as to how a church should function. They are more about maintenance than about mission.

    2 Thessalonians, like Colossians, is questioned on stylistic grounds, with some noting, among other peculiarities, a dependence on 1 Thessalonians yet a distinctiveness in language from the Pauline corpus. This, again, is explainable by the possibility of St. Paul requesting one of his companions to write the letter for him under his instructions.

    Atonement

    Paul wrote down much of the theology of atonement. Paul taught that Christians are redeemed from the Law (see Supersessionism) and from sin by Jesus' death and resurrection. His death was an expiation; as well as a propitiation, and by Christ's blood, peace is made between God and man. By baptism, a Christian shares in Jesus' death and in his victory over death, gaining, as a free gift, a new, justified status of sonship.

    Relationship with Judaism

    Some scholars see Paul (or Saul) as completely in line with 1st-century Judaism (a "Pharisee" and student of Gamaliel), others see him as opposed to 1st-century Judaism (see Marcionism), while still others see him as somewhere in between these two extremes, opposed to "Ritual Laws" (see for example Circumcision controversy in early Christianity) but in full agreement on "Divine Law". These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity.

    Paul's theology of the gospel accelerated the separation of the messianic sect of Christians from Judaism, a development contrary to Paul's own intent. He wrote that the faith of Christ was alone decisive in salvation for Jews and Gentiles alike, making the schism between the followers of Christ and mainstream Jews inevitable and permanent. He argued that Gentile converts did not need to become Jews, get circumcised, follow Jewish dietary restrictions, or otherwise observe Mosaic laws. Nevertheless, in Romans he insisted on the positive value of the Law, as a moral guide.

    E. P. Sanders' publications have since been taken up by Professor James Dunn who coined the phrase "The New Perspective on Paul" and N.T. Wright, the Anglican Bishop of Durham. Wright, noting a difference between Galatians and Romans, the later being much more positive about the continuing covenant between God and his ancient people than the former, contends that works are not insignificant but rather proof of attaining the redemption of Jesus Christ by grace (free gift received by faith) and that Paul distinguishes between works which are signs of ethnic identity and those which are a sign of obedience to Christ.

    World to come

    According to Ehrman, Paul believed that Jesus would return within his lifetime. He states that Paul expected that Christians who had died in the mean time would be resurrected to share in God's kingdom, and he believed that the saved would be transformed, assuming supernatural bodies.

    Paul's teaching about the end of the world is expressed most clearly in his letters to the Christians at Thessalonica. Heavily persecuted, it appears that they had written asking him first about those who had died already, and, secondly, when they should expect the end. He assures them that the dead will rise first and be followed by those left alive. This suggests an imminence of the end but he is unspecific about times and seasons, and encourages his hearers to expect a delay. The form of the end will be a battle between Jesus and the man of lawlessness whose conclusion is the triumph of Christ.

    Role of women

    A verse in the first letter to Timothy, 1 Timothy 2:12 ("I suffer not a woman"), traditionally attributed to Paul, is often used as the main biblical authority for prohibiting women from becoming ordained clergy and or holding certain other positions of ministry and leadership in Christianity, though Paul's authorship of this letter is debated. The Letter to Timothy is also often used by many churches to deny women a vote in church affairs, reject women from serving as teachers of adult Bible classes, prevent them from serving as missionaries, and generally disenfranchise women from the duties and privileges of church leadership. The apparent message of this verse may seem anachronistic to 21st century Western societies with their emphasis on gender egalitarianism and non-discrimination.

    The KJV translation of this passage seems to be saying that women in the churches are to have no leadership roles vis a vis men. Whether it also forbids women from teaching children and women is dubious as even those Catholic churches that prohibit female priests, permit female abbesses to teach and exercise authority over other females. Any interpretation of this portion of Scripture must wrestle with the theological, contextual, syntactical, and lexical difficulties embedded within these few words. Fuller Seminary theologian J. R. Daniel Kirk finds evidence in Paul’s letters of a much more inclusive view of women. He writes that is a tremendously important witness to the important role of women in the early church. Paul praises Phoebe for her work as a deaconess and Junia who was (according to some scholars) an Apostle. Kirk points to recent studies that have led "many scholars" to conclude that the passage in ordering women to "be silent" during worship was a later addition, apparently by a different author, and not part of Paul’s original letter to Corinth. Other scholars such as Giancarlo Biguzzi, claim that Paul's restriction on women speaking in is genuine to Paul but applies to a particular case of prohibiting asking questions or chatting and is not a general prohibition on any woman speaking since in Paul affirms the right of women to prophesy. Kirk's third example of a more inclusive view is : "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, ''male nor female'', for you are all one in Christ Jesus (italics added). In pronouncing an end within the church to the divisions which are common in the world around it, he concludes by highlighting the fact that "...there were New Testament women who taught and had authority in the early churches, that this teaching and authority was sanctioned by Paul, and that Paul himself offers a theological paradigm within which overcoming the subjugation of women is an anticipated outcome."

    Influence on Christianity

    Paul's influence on Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than any other New Testament author. Paul declared that faith in Christ made the Torah unnecessary for salvation, exalted the Christian church as the body of Christ, and depicted the world outside the Church as under judgment.

    Lord's Supper

    Paul's writings include the earliest reference to the supper of the Lord, a rite traditionally identified as the Christian Eucharist.

    Eastern tradition

    In the East, church fathers reduced the element of election in Romans 9 to divine foreknowledge. The themes of predestination found in Western Christianity do not appear in Eastern theology.

    Western tradition

    Augustine's foundational work on the gospel as a gift (grace), on morality as life in the Spirit, on predestination, and on original sin all derives from Paul, especially Romans.

    In the Reformation, Martin Luther expressed Paul's doctrine of faith most strongly as justification by faith alone. John Calvin developed Augustine's predestination into double predestination.

    Modern theology

    In his commentary The Epistle to the Romans (Ger. Der Römerbrief; particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922) Karl Barth argued that the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. Some theologians believe this work to be the most important theological treatise since Friedrich Schleiermacher's On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers.

    As in the Eastern tradition in general, Western humanists interpret the reference to election in Romans 9 as reflecting divine foreknowledge.

    Church tradition

    Various Christian writers have suggested more details about Paul's life.

    1 Clement, a letter written by the Roman bishop Clement of Rome, around the year 90 reports this about Paul:

    "By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance."
    Commenting on this passage, Raymond Brown writes that while it "does not explicitly say" that Paul was martyred in Rome, "such a martyrdom is the most reasonable interpretation." Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote in the 4th century, states that Paul was beheaded in the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. This event has been dated either to the year 64, when Rome was devastated by a fire, or a few years later, to 67. The San Paolo alle Tre Fontane church was built on the location where the execution was believed to have taken place. A Roman Catholic liturgical solemnity of Peter and Paul, celebrated on June 29, may reflect the day of his martyrdom, other sources have articulated the tradition that Peter and Paul died on the same day (and possibly the same year). The apocryphal Acts of Paul, the apocryphal Acts of Peter suggest that Paul survived Rome and traveled further west. Some hold the view that he could have revisited Greece and Asia Minor after his trip to Spain, and might then have been arrested in Troas, and taken to Rome and executed. A tradition holds that Paul was interred with Saint Peter ''ad Catacumbas'' by the via Appia until moved to what is now the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. Bede, in his ''Ecclesiastical History'', writes that Pope Vitalian in 665 gave Paul's relics (including a cross made from his prison chains) from the crypts of Lucina to King Oswy of Northumbria, northern Britain. However, Bede's use of the word "relic" was not limited to corporal remains.

    Paul, who was quite possibly martyred in Rome, has long been associated with that city and its church. Paul is the patron saint of London.

    Critical views

    Elaine Pagels, professor of religion at Princeton University and an authority on Gnosticism, argues that Paul was a Gnostic and that the anti-Gnostic Pastoral Epistles were "pseudo-Pauline" forgeries written to rebut this.

    British Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby contended that the Paul as described in the Book of Acts and the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings are very different people. Some difficulties have been noted in the account of his life. Paul as described in the Book of Acts is much more interested in factual history, less in theology; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit, according to Maccoby. He also pointed out that there are no references to John the Baptist in the Pauline Epistles, although Paul mentions him several times in the Book of Acts.

    Others have objected that the language of the speeches is too Lukan in style to reflect anyone else's words. Moreover, George Shillington writes that the author of Acts most likely created the speeches accordingly and they bare his literary and theological marks. Conversely, Howard Marshall writes that the speeches were not entirely the inventions of the author and while they may not be accurate word-for-word, the author nevertheless records the general idea of them.

    F. C. Baur (1792–1860), professor of theology at Tübingen in Germany, the first scholar to critique Acts and the Pauline Epistles, and founder of the Tübingen School of theology, argued that Paul, as the "Apostle to the Gentiles", was in violent opposition to the original 12 Apostles. Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable. This debate has continued ever since, with Adolf Deissmann (1866–1937) and Richard Reitzenstein (1861–1931) emphasising Paul's Greek inheritance and Albert Schweitzer stressing his dependence on Judaism.

    Maccoby theorized that Paul synthesized Judaism, Gnosticism, and mysticism to create Christianity as a cosmic savior religion. According to Maccoby, Paul's Pharisaism was his own invention, though actually he was probably associated with the Sadducees. Maccoby attributed the origins of Christian anti-Semitism to Paul and claims that Paul's view of women, though inconsistent, reflects his Gnosticism in its misogynist aspects.

    Professor Robert Eisenman of California State University, Long Beach argues that Paul was a member of the family of Herod the Great. Professor Eisenman makes a connection between Paul and an individual identified by Josephus as "Saulus," a "kinsman of Agrippa." Another oft-cited element of the case for Paul as a member of Herod's family is found in where Paul writes, "Greet Herodion, my kinsman."

    Among the critics of Paul the Apostle was Thomas Jefferson who wrote that Paul was the "first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus." Howard Brenton's 2005 play "Paul" takes a skeptical view of his conversion.

    F.F. Powell argues that Paul, in his epistles, made use of many of the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato, sometimes even using the same metaphors and language. For example, in ''Phaedrus'', Plato has Socrates saying that the heavenly ideals are perceived as though "through a glass dimly." These words are echoed by Paul in .

    See also

  • Achaichus
  • Conversion of Paul
  • Jesusism
  • New Covenant
  • Old Testament: Christian views of the Law
  • Paul of Tarsus and Judaism
  • Pauline Christianity
  • Pauline Epistles
  • Persecution of Christians in the New Testament
  • Persecution of religion in ancient Rome
  • St. Paul's Cathedral
  • References

    Notes

    Bibliography

  • Aulén, Gustaf. ''Christus Victor'' (SPCK 1931)
  • Brown, Raymond E. ''An Introduction to the New Testament.'' Anchor Bible Series, 1997. ISBN 0–385–24767–2.
  • Brown, Raymond E. '' The Church the Apostles left behind''(Chapman 1984)
  • Bruce, F.F. 'Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul?' ''Bulletin John Rylands Library'' 58 (1976) 283–305
  • Bruce, F.F., ''Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free'' (ISBN 0–8028–4778–1)
  • Conzelmann, Hans, ''the Acts of the Apostles—a Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles'' (Augsburg Fortress 1987)
  • Davies, W. D. "The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul" in Matthew Black, ed. Peake's Commentary on the Bible. London: T. Nelson, 1962. ISBN 0-8407-5019-6
  • Davies, W. D. ''Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology.'' S.P.C.K., 3rd ed., 1970. ISBN 0-281-02449-9
  • Dunn, James D.G., 1990, ''Jesus, Paul and the Law'' Louisville,KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25095-5
  • Dunn, James D. G., ''Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels'' (Grand Rapids (MI), Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2011).
  • Hanson, Anthony T. ''Studies in Paul's Technique and Theology.'' Eerdmans, 1974. ISBN 0-8028-3452-3
  • Harris, Stephen L. ''Understanding the Bible.'' Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. ISBN 978-1-55934-655-9
  • Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Bedeutung d. Kündereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan. Doppelwerk, in: Jesus als Bote d. Heils. Stuttgart 2008, 166-172.
  • Irenaeus, ''Against Heresies,'' i.26.2
  • Maccoby, Hyam. ''The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 0–06–015582–5.
  • Kim, Yung Suk. ''A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters''. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1608997930
  • MacDonald, Dennis Ronald, 1983. ''The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon'' Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
  • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, ''Jesus and Paul: Parallel lives'' (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2007) ISBN 0-8146-5173-9
  • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, ''Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills'' (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1995) ISBN 0-8146-5845-8
  • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, ''Paul: A Critical Life'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) ISBN 0-19-826749-5
  • Ogg, George. “Chronology of the New Testament.” Matthew Black, ed. ‘’Peake's Commentary on the Bible.’’ Nelson, 1962. ISBN 0-8407-5019-6
  • Rashdall, Hastings, ''The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology'' (1919)
  • Ruef, John, ''Paul's First letter to Corinth'' (Penguin 1971)
  • Sanders, E.P., ''Paul and Palestinian Judaism'' (1977)
  • Segal, Alan F. ''Paul, the Convert'', (New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1990) ISBN 0-300-04527-1.
  • Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in ''Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World'' (Harvard University Press 1986).
  • External links

  • 2008 Saint Paul year
  • Catholic Encyclopedia: Paul of Tarsus
  • Catholic Perspective on Paul
  • Documentary film on Apostle Paul
  • Encyclopædia Britannica: Paul, 1911
  • Maps of Paul's three missionary journeys and final captive journey
  • Novena to Saint Paul Apostle
  • Paul's mission and letters From PBS Frontline series on the earliest Christians.
  • Representations of Saint Paul
  • Saint Paul of Tarsus: the true story
  • "Saint Paul, the Apostle." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
  • The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus Dr. Riemer Faber
  • The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Examination of Acts 27 and 28
  • Why Paul Went West: The Differences Between the Jewish Diaspora Biblical Archaeology Review
  • Category:1st-century Christian martyr saints Category:1st-century executions Category:1st-century Romans Category:1st-century writers Category:60s deaths Category:Anatolian Roman Catholic saints Category:Biblical apostles Category:Christian religious leaders Category:Christian writers Category:Early Hebrew Christians Category:Judeo-Christian topics Category:Letter writers Category:New Testament people Category:People executed by decapitation Category:People executed by the Roman Empire Category:Prophets in Christianity Category:Saints from Anatolia Category:Saints of the Golden Legend Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Category:Theologians Category:Anglican saints Category:Converts to Christianity from Judaism Category:Judaism-related controversies Category:Christian mystics Category:Book of Acts Category:Hellenistic Jewish writers

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    Coordinates22°34′0″N95°42′0″N
    nameBillie Joe Armstrong
    backgroundsolo_singer
    birth nameBillie Joe Armstrong
    aliasWilhelm FinkReverend Strychnine TwitchFink
    bornFebruary 17, 1972Oakland, California, U.S.
    InstrumentVocals, guitar, piano, drums, percussion, saxophone, harmonica, mandolin, bass, violin
    genrePunk rock, alternative rock, rock, pop punk, garage rock, new wave, heavy metal
    occupationSinger, musician, songwriter, guitarist
    years active1986–present
    labelReprise, Lookout!, Adeline, Recess
    associated actsGreen Day, Pinhead Gunpowder, The Network, Foxboro Hot Tubs
    notable instrumentsGibson USA Billie Joe Armstrong Les Paul Jr.Fernandes Stratocaster (Blue) Gibson Les Paul Junior Gibson Les Paul Custom Gibson ES-335 Gibson SG Standard Gretsch Hollowbody Fender Stratocaster Fender Telecaster Guild D55 Taylor 514C }}
    Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is an American rock musician and occasional actor, best known as the lead vocalist, main songwriter and lead guitarist for the American punk rock band Green Day. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the punk rock band Pinhead Gunpowder and provides lead vocals for Green Day's side project Foxboro Hot Tubs.

    Raised in Rodeo, California, Armstrong developed an interest in music at a young age, and recorded his first song at the age of five. He met Mike Dirnt while attending elementary school, and the two instantly bonded over their mutual interest in music, forming the band Sweet Children when the two were fifteen years old. The band changed its name to Green Day, and would later achieve massive commercial success. Armstrong has also pursued musical projects outside of Green Day's work, including numerous collaborations with other musicians as well as serving as the primary vocalist for the bands Pinhead Gunpowder and Foxboro Hot Tubs.

    Early life

    Billie Joe Armstrong was born in Piedmont, California, a small town surrounded by the city of Oakland, and was raised in Rodeo, California, as the youngest of six children to Andrew "Andy" Armstrong and Ollie Jackson. His father worked as a jazz musician and truck driver for Safeway Inc. to support his family. He died of esophageal cancer on September 10, 1982. The song "Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a memorial to his father. He has five older siblings: David, Alan, Marci, Hollie, and Anna. His mother worked at Rod's Hickory Pit restaurant in El Cerrito. Armstrong and Mike Dirnt's first live performance was at Rod's Hickory Pit in 1987; their first performance under the name Green Day was in Davis, a college town approximately an hour's drive northeast of San Francisco Bay.

    Armstrong's interest in music started at a young age. He attended Hillchest Elementary School in Rodeo, where a teacher encouraged him to record a song titled "Look for Love" at the age of five on the Bay Area label Fiat Records. After his father died, his mother married a man whom her children disliked, which resulted in Armstrong retreating further into music. Armstrong wrote a song about him called "Why Do You Want Him?" at age 14, which was reportedly the first song he wrote. At the age of 10, Armstrong met Mike Dirnt in the school cafeteria and they immediately bonded over their love of music. He became interested in punk rock after being introduced to punk rock by his brothers. Armstrong has also cited Minneapolis-based bands The Replacements and Hüsker Dü as major musical influences.

    Armstrong attended John Swett High School, also in Crockett, and later Pinole Valley High School in Pinole, California, but then dropped out to pursue his musical career.

    Career

    In 1987, Armstrong formed a band called Sweet Children with childhood friend Mike Dirnt at the age of 15. In the beginning, Dirnt and Armstrong both played guitar, with John Kiffmeyer, also known as Al Sobrante, on drums, and Sean Hughes on bass. After a few performances, Hughes left the band in 1988; Dirnt then began playing bass and they became a three-piece band. They changed their name to Green Day in April 1989, allegedly choosing the name because of their fondness for marijuana. That same year, they released their debut EP ''1,000 Hours'' through Lookout! Records. They recorded their debut studio album ''39/Smooth'' and the extended play ''Slappy'' in 1990, which were later combined with ''1,000 Hours'' into the compilation ''1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours'' in 1991. Tré Cool eventually became Green Day's drummer in late 1990 when Sobrante left Green Day in order to go to college. California punk band Rancid's lead singer Tim Armstrong asked Armstrong to join his band, but he refused due to the progress with Green Day. Cool made his debut on Green Day's second album, ''Kerplunk''. With their next album, ''Dookie'' (1994), the band broke through into the mainstream, and have remained one of the most popular rock bands of the 1990s and 2000s with over 60 million records sold worldwide. In 2009, their hit ''American Idiot'' became a musical on Broadway.

    Apart from working with Green Day and side-band Pinhead Gunpowder, Armstrong has collaborated with many artists over the years. He has co-written for The Go-Go's ("Unforgiven") and former Avengers singer Penelope Houston ("The Angel and The Jerk" and "New Day"), co-written a song with Rancid ("Radio"), and sung backing vocals with Melissa Auf der Maur on Ryan Adams' "Do Miss America" (where they acted as the backing band for Iggy Pop on his ''Skull Ring'' album ("Private Hell" and "Supermarket"). Armstrong has produced an album for The Riverdales. He has also been confirmed to be part of a side project called The Network, which released an album called ''Money Money 2020''. ''Money Money 2020'' was released on Adeline Records, a record label co-owned by Armstrong. Armstrong also provided lead guitar and backing vocals on 3 songs for The Lookouts' final extended play ''IV'' (1989).

    In 2010, Armstrong joined the cast of ''American Idiot'', which won two Tonys, for one week in the role of St. Jimmy. He replaced the original Broadway cast member Tony Vincent from September 28 to October 3. ''American Idiot'' is an adaption of Green Day's concept album of the same name. Armstrong returned to the role of St. Jimmy for 50 performances beginning January 1, 2011.

    Instruments

    Armstrong's first guitar was a Cherry Red Hohner acoustic, which his father bought for him. He then received his first electric guitar, a Fernandes Stratocaster that he named "Blue" when he was eleven. His mother got "Blue" from George Cole who taught Armstrong electric guitar for 10 years. Armstrong says in a 1995 MTV interview, "Basically, it wasn't like guitar lessons because I never really learned how to read music. So he just taught me how to put my hands on the thing." Cole bought the guitar new from David Margen of the band Santana. Cole gave Armstrong a Bill Lawrence Humbucking pickup and told him to install the pickup in the bridge position. After the pickup was destroyed at Woodstock '94, Armstrong then used a Duncan JB model. "Armstrong fetishized his teacher's guitar, partly because the blue instrument had a sound quality and Van Halen–worthy fluidity he couldn't get from his little red Hohner. He prized it mostly, however, because of his relationship with Cole, another father figure after the death of Andy." He toured with this guitar from the band's early days and still uses it to this day. "Blue" also appears in a number of its music videos such as "Longview", "Basket Case", "Brain Stew/Jaded", "Hitchin' a Ride", and most recently in "Minority".

    Today, Armstrong mainly uses Gibson and Fender guitars. Twenty of his Gibson guitars are Les Paul Junior models from the mid- to late-1950s. His Fender collection includes: Stratocaster, Jazzmaster, Telecaster, a Gretsch hollowbody and his copies of "Blue". He states that his favorite guitar is a 1956 Gibson Les Paul Junior he calls "Floyd". He bought this guitar in 2000 just before recording their album ''Warning''.

    Armstrong also has his own line of Les Paul Junior guitars from Gibson, modeled closely after “Floyd”, Armstrong's original 1956 Les Paul Junior.

    He plays several other instruments as well. He recorded harmonica and mandolin parts in the past, piano parts on 21st Century Breakdown, and plays drums live from time to time.

    Personal life

    In 1990, Armstrong met Adrienne Nesser at one of Green Day's early performances in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They married on July 2, 1994, and the day after their wedding, Adrienne discovered she was pregnant. Their first child, Joseph Marciano Armstrong, who was born on February 28, 1995, plays drums in a Berkeley-based band named Emily's Army. Their second child, Jakob Danger Armstrong, was born on September 12, 1998. Billie Joe is the co-owner of Adeline Records, along with his wife.

    Armstrong has identified himself as bisexual, saying in a 1995 interview with ''The Advocate'', "I think I've always been bisexual. I mean, it's something that I've always been interested in. I think people are born bisexual, and it's just that our parents and society kind of veer us off into this feeling of 'Oh, I can't.' They say it's taboo. It's ingrained in our heads that it's bad, when it's not bad at all. It's a very beautiful thing." In a later interview for ''Out'' magazine's April 2010 issue, Armstrong stated: "There were a lot of people who didn't accept it, who were homophobic." Armstrong continued, saying, "The fact that it's an issue is kind of phobic within itself. At some point, you gotta think, this should be something that's just accepted." Armstrong added: "I don't really classify myself as anything. And when it comes to sex, there are parts of me that are very shy and conservative. I want to respect my wife."

    Armstrong was arrested in January 2003 for drinking and driving after being pulled over for speeding. He received a breathalyzer reading of 0.17%, more than twice the nation-wide legal limit of 0.08%.

    In April 2007, Armstrong and his wife Adrienne sent photos of their spring break working with Habitat for Humanity and a diary to GreenDay.net.

    Armstrong supported Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential election.

    Discography

    Awards

    Green Day

  • ''39/Smooth'' (1990) – lead vocals, guitar
  • ''Kerplunk!'' (1992) – lead vocals, guitar, drums on "Dominated Love Slave"
  • ''Dookie'' (1994) – lead vocals, guitar, percussion on "All by Myself" (hidden track)
  • ''Insomniac'' (1995) – lead vocals, guitar
  • ''Nimrod'' (1997) – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica ''Warning'' (2000) – lead vocals, mandolin, guitar, harmonica
  • ''American Idiot'' (2004) – lead vocals, guitar
  • ''21st Century Breakdown'' (2009) – lead vocals, guitar, piano
  • ''American Idiot: The Original Broadway Cast Recording'' (2010) – vocals, guitar, piano
  • Pinhead Gunpowder

    ''Vocals and guitar on all''

  • ''Jump Salty'' (1994)
  • ''Carry the Banner'' (1995)
  • ''Goodbye Ellston Avenue'' (1997)
  • ''Shoot the Moon'' (EP) (1999)
  • ''Compulsive Disclosure'' (2003)
  • ''West Side Highway'' (EP) (2008)
  • The Network

  • ''Money Money 2020'' (2003) – guitar, vocals
  • Foxboro Hot Tubs

    ''Stop Drop and Roll!!!'' (2008) – lead vocals

    Other media appearances

  • ''King of the Hill'' (TV series, 1997) – Face
  • ''Haunted'' (TV series, 2002) – Irv Kratser (cameo)
  • ''Riding in Vans with Boys'' (film, 2003) – himself
  • ''Live Freaky! Die Freaky!'' (film, 2006) – "Charles Hanson"
  • ''Tony Hawk's American Wasteland'' (video game, 2006) – himself
  • ''The Simpsons Movie'' (film, 2007) – himself
  • ''Heart Like a Hand Grenade'' (film, 2008) – himself
  • ''Green Day: Rock Band'' (video game, 2010) – himself
  • ''American Idiot (musical)'' (2010, 2011) – St. Jimmy
  • References

    External links

  • Billie Joe Armstrong at Allmovie
  • Billie Joe Armstrong Signature Les Paul Junior
  • Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:People from Oakland, California Category:American male singers Category:American mandolinists Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American punk rock guitarists Category:American punk rock singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:Bisexual musicians Category:Green Day members Category:Lead guitarists Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:People from Contra Costa County, California Category:Pop punk singers Category:American musical theatre actors

    az:Billi Co Armstronq bg:Били Джо Армстронг ca:Billie Joe Armstrong cs:Billie Joe Armstrong da:Billie Joe Armstrong de:Billie Joe Armstrong et:Billie Joe Armstrong el:Μπίλι Τζο Άρμστρονγκ es:Billie Joe Armstrong fa:بیلی جو آرمسترانگ fr:Billie Joe Armstrong gl:Billie Joe Armstrong ko:빌리 조 암스트롱 hr:Billie Joe Armstrong id:Billie Joe Armstrong it:Billie Joe Armstrong he:בילי ג'ו ארמסטרונג ka:ბილი ჯო არმსტრონგი lv:Billijs Džo Ārmstrongs lb:Billie Joe Armstrong lt:Billie Joe Armstrong hu:Billie Joe Armstrong ms:Billie Joe Armstrong nl:Billie Joe Armstrong ja:ビリー・ジョー・アームストロング no:Billie Joe Armstrong pl:Billie Joe Armstrong pt:Billie Joe Armstrong ro:Billie Joe Armstrong ru:Армстронг, Билли Джо simple:Billie Joe Armstrong sk:Billie Joe Armstrong sl:Billie Joe Armstrong sr:Bili Džo Armstrong sh:Billie Joe Armstrong fi:Billie Joe Armstrong sv:Billie Joe Armstrong th:บิลลี โจ อาร์มสตรอง tr:Billie Joe Armstrong uk:Біллі Джо Армстронг zh:比利·乔·阿姆斯特朗

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    Coordinates22°34′0″N95°42′0″N
    nationalityAmerican
    jr/srJunior Senator
    stateMinnesota
    term startJuly 7, 2009
    precededNorm Coleman
    alongsideAmy Klobuchar
    nameAl Franken
    birthnameAlan Stuart Franken
    birth dateMay 21, 1951
    birth placeNew York City, New York
    occupationU.S. Senator, comedian, actor, author, screenwriter, political commentator, politician, and radio host
    partyDemocratic-Farmer-Labor
    alma materHarvard College (A.B.)
    residenceMinneapolis, Minnesota
    spouseFranni Bryson Franken
    childrenThomasinJoe
    religionJudaism
    websiteOfficial Senate website
    signatureAl Franken Signature.svg }}

    Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is the junior United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party.

    Franken achieved note as a writer and performer for the television show ''Saturday Night Live'' from its inception in 1975 before moving to writing and acting in films and television shows. He then became a political commentator, author of five books and host of a nationally syndicated radio show on the Air America Radio network.

    In 2008, Franken narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Senator Norm Coleman, by 312 votes, after a mandatory statewide manual recount. Coleman contested the outcome in court, but the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously upheld Franken's victory on June 30, 2009. Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009.

    Early life

    Franken was born in New York City to Phoebe G. Kunst – a homemaker and real estate agent – and Joseph P. Franken, a printing salesman. The family later moved to St. Louis Park, a suburb near Minneapolis. Franken had a Jewish upbringing. His older brother Owen is a photojournalist; MSNBC's Bob Franken is his cousin. Franken was graduated in 1969 from The Blake School, where he was on the wrestling team. He attended Harvard College and graduated with an A.B. ''cum laude'' in 1973 in political science.

    Family

    Franken met his wife, Franni (''née'' Bryson), in his first year of college. In 2005, they moved back to Minnesota and reside in Minneapolis. The Frankens have two children: daughter Thomasin (born 1981) has degrees from Harvard and the French Culinary Institute and is a former elementary school teacher turned "food educator and private chef"; son Joe (born 1984) holds a degree in Mechanical Engineering from Princeton.

    ''Saturday Night Live''

    Franken began his performing career in high school at The Blake School, where he and long-time writing partner Tom Davis were known for their humor. Franken honed his writing and performing skills at Minneapolis' Dudley Riggs' Brave New Workshop theater, specializing in political satire. He and Davis soon found themselves in "a life of near-total failure on the fringes of show business in Los Angeles."

    Franken and Davis were recruited as two of the original writers (and occasional performers) on ''Saturday Night Live'' (1975–1980, 1985–1995). In the latter period, only Franken returned as a performer, while Davis usually stayed behind the camera.

    In Season 1 of ''SNL,'' as apprentice writers, the two shared a salary of $350 per week. Franken, who received seven Emmy nominations and three Emmy Awards for his television writing and producing, created such characters as self-help guru Stuart Smalley and such routines as proclaiming the 1980s to be the "Al Franken Decade." Franken was associated with ''SNL'' for over 15 years and, in 2002, interviewed former Vice President Al Gore while in character as Smalley. Franken and Davis wrote the script to the 1986 comedy film ''One More Saturday Night,'' appearing in it as rock singers in a band called "Bad Mouth." They also appeared in cameo roles in ''The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash'' and in the Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd film ''Trading Places''.

    Franken's most notorious ''SNL'' performance may have been "A Limo for the Lame-O," a commentary he delivered near the end of the 1979–80 season during a Weekend Update segment. Franken mocked controversial NBC president Fred Silverman as "a total unequivocal failure" and displayed a chart showing the poor ratings of NBC programs. Franken proclaimed that Silverman did not deserve a limousine. As a result of this sketch, Silverman refused Lorne Michaels' request that Franken succeed him as ''SNL'''s head producer, prompting Franken to leave the show when Michaels did, at the end of the 1979–80 season. Franken later returned to the show in 1985, mostly as a writer, but also as an occasional performer best known for the Stuart Smalley character. He acknowledged using cocaine while working for ''Saturday Night Live'' but says he no longer uses any illegal drugs. Franken left the show in 1995 in protest over losing the role of Weekend Update anchor to Norm Macdonald.

    Post-''SNL''

    Franken is the author of five ''New York Times'' best-selling books, three of which reached #1, including ''Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations''.

    USO service

    Franken has served as a volunteer with the United Service Organizations since he first visited Kosovo in 1999. Franken has conducted several overseas tours to both Iraq and Afghanistan, in addition to participating in numerous celebrity handshake tours at military hospitals to visit wounded soldiers. On March 25, 2009, Franken was presented with the USO's Merit Award for his 10 years of service to the organization through visiting injured and deployed servicemembers.

    Fox News lawsuit

    In 2003, Penguin Books published Franken's book ''Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right'', which included a cover photo of Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly and a chapter accusing O'Reilly of lying. In August of that year, Fox News sued, claiming infringement of its registered trademark phrase "Fair and Balanced". A federal judge found the lawsuit to be "wholly without merit". The incident with Fox focused media attention on Franken's book and, according to Franken, greatly increased its sales (see Streisand effect).

    Radio show

    Franken signed a one-year contract in early 2004 to host a talk show for Air America Radio's flagship program with co-host Katherine Lanpher, who remained with the show until October 2005. The network was launched March 31, 2004. Originally named ''The O'Franken Factor'' but renamed ''The Al Franken Show'' on July 12, 2004, the show aired three hours a day, five days a week for three years. The stated goal of the show was to provide the public airwaves with more progressive views to counter what Franken perceived to be the dominance of conservative syndicated commentary on the radio. "I'm doing this because I want to use my energies to get Bush unelected," he told a ''New York Times'' reporter in 2004.

    Franken is a Grateful Dead fan, and he used their songs as bumper music on his radio show. Franken's last radio show on Air America Radio was on February 14, 2007, at the end of which Franken announced his candidacy for the United States Senate.

    Other projects

    Franken wrote the original screenplay and starred in the film ''Stuart Saves His Family'', which was panned by critics (receiving a rating of 29% on the website Rottentomatoes.com). He also co-wrote the film ''''When a Man Loves a Woman''.'' He co-created and starred in the NBC sitcom ''LateLine'' until it was canceled in Season 2. He appeared in the 2004 remake of ''The Manchurian Candidate''.

    In 2003, Franken served as a Fellow with Harvard's Kennedy School of Government at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy.

    Since 2005, Franken has been a contributing blogger at ''The Huffington Post''. His most recent book, ''The Truth (With Jokes),'' was released in 2005.

    Franken has long been associated with the International Order of Odd Fellows (Manchester Unity), but in September 2009, his spokesperson said he is not a member.

    Political activism prior to 2008

    According to an article by Richard Corliss published in ''Time'', "In a way, Franken has been running for office since the late '70s." Corliss also hinted at Franken's "possibly ironic role as a relentless self-promoter" in proclaiming the 1980s "the Al Franken Decade" and saying, "Vote for me, Al Franken. You'll be glad you did!" In 1999, Franken released a parody book, ''Why Not Me?,'' detailing his campaign for the Presidency in 2000. He had been a strong supporter of Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone and was deeply affected by the senator's death in a plane crash shortly before the 2002 Senate election. After the funeral, Rush Limbaugh and several other commentators identified by Franken as "rightwing bloggers" and "Republicans" accused the organizers and participants of Wellstone's remembrance ceremony of using the tragedy for political purposes. Conservative columnists Peggy Noonan and Chris Caldwell asserted that 20,000 people booed Trent Lott. Franken, who attended, denied there was widespread jeering: "Along with everyone else, I cried, I laughed, I cheered. It was, to my mind, a beautiful four-hour memorial. I didn't boo. Neither did 22,800 of the some 23,000 people there." In ''Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them'', Franken wrote that Noonan and Caldwell had later told him that they had not personally been at the memorial service. Franken felt that "the right wing line on the Wellstone Memorial" was accepted by some "mainstream" journalists such as Howard Kurtz.

    Franken said he learned that 21% of Americans received most of their news from talk radio, then an almost exclusively conservative medium. Said Franken, "I didn't want to sit on the sidelines, and I believed Air America could make a difference." In November 2003, Franken talked about moving to his home state of Minnesota to run for the Senate. The seat once held by Wellstone, then occupied by Republican Norm Coleman, was to be contested in the 2008 election. In 2005, Franken announced his move to Minnesota: "I can tell you honestly, I don't know if I'm going to run, but I'm doing the stuff I need to do in order to do it." He said that he would run as a Democrat.

    In late 2005, Franken started his own political action committee, called Midwest Values PAC. By early 2007, the PAC had raised more than $1 million.

    Franken was the subject of the 2006 documentary film ''Al Franken: God Spoke'', which premiered in April 2006 at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City. It was released nationally on September 13 of that year.

    Tax issues

    During the 2008 election, New York state officials asserted that Al Franken Inc. had failed to carry required workers' compensation insurance for employees who assisted him with his comedy and public speaking from 2002 to 2005. Franken paid the $25,000 fine to the state of New York upon being advised his corporation was out of compliance with the state's workers' compensation laws. At the same time, the California Franchise Tax Board reported that the same corporation owed more than $4,743.40 in taxes, fines, and associated penalties in the state of California for 2003 through 2007 because the corporation did not file tax returns in the state for those years. A Franken representative said that it followed the advice of an accountant who believed when the corporation stopped doing business in California that no further filing was required. Subsequently, Franken paid $70,000 in back income taxes in 17 states dating to 2003 mostly from Franken's speeches and other paid appearances. Franken said he paid the income tax in his state of residence, and he will seek retroactive credit for paying the taxes in the wrong states.

    Views

    Franken had initially supported the Iraq War but opposed the 2007 troop surge. In an interview with MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough, Franken said that he "believed Colin Powell", whose presentation at the United Nations convinced him that the war was necessary. However, since then he had come to believe that "we were misled into the war" and urged the Democratically-controlled Congress to refuse to pass appropriations bills to fund the war if they don't include timetables for leaving Iraq. In an interview with Josh Marshall, Franken said of the Democrats, "I think we've gotta make [President George W. Bush] say, 'OK, I'm cutting off funding because I won't agree to a timetable.'"

    Franken favors transitioning to a universal health care system, with the provision that every child in America should receive health care coverage, immediately. He has spoken in favor of protecting private pensions and Social Security. He has also advocated cutting subsidies for oil companies, increasing money available for college students, and cutting interest rates on student loans.

    U.S. Senate

    2008 election

    On January 29, 2007, Al Franken announced his departure from Air America Radio. On the day of his final show, February 14, Franken formally announced that he would run for the United States Senate from Minnesota in 2008. Challenging him for the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party endorsement was Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, a professor, author, and activist. Other candidates were trial lawyer Mike Ciresi, and Jim Cohen, an attorney and human rights activist who had dropped out of the race earlier.

    On April 13, 2007, Franken's campaign filed a campaign finance report. He raised $1.35 million in the first quarter of 2007. The incumbent Senator, Norm Coleman, raised $1.53 million. On July 8, 2007, the Franken campaign stated that it expected to announce that Franken had raised more money than Coleman during the second quarter of the year, taking in $1.9 million to Coleman's $1.6 million, although as of early July 2007, Coleman's $3.8 million cash on hand exceeded Franken's $2 million.

    In late May 2008, the Minnesota Republican Party released a letter regarding an article Franken had written for ''Playboy'' in 2000 entitled "Porn-O-Rama!" The letter, signed by six prominent GOP women, including a state senator and state representative, called on Franken to apologize for what they referred to as a "demeaning and degrading" article. Several DFL leaders expressed personal and political discomfort with the article as well. A Franken campaign spokesman responded that, "Al had a long career as a satirist. But he understands the difference between what you say as a satirist and what you do as a senator. And as a senator, Norm Coleman has disrespected the people of Minnesota by putting the Exxons and Halliburtons ahead of working families. And there’s nothing funny about that."

    On June 7, 2008, Franken was endorsed at the DFL convention. In a July 2008 interview with CNN, Franken was endorsed by Ben Stein, the noted entertainer, speechwriter, lawyer and author who is known for his conservative views and generally supports Republican candidates. Stein said of Franken, "He is my pal, and he is a really, really capable smart guy. I don't agree with all of his positions, but he is a very impressive guy, and I think he should be in the Senate."

    On September 9, 2008, Franken won the Democratic primary for the Senate seat.

    During his campaign for the Senate, Franken was criticized for advising ''SNL'' creator Lorne Michaels on a political sketch ridiculing Senator John McCain's ads attacking Barack Obama. Coleman's campaign reacted, saying, "Once again, he proves he's more interested in entertainment than service, and ridiculing those with whom he disagrees."

    Preliminary reports on election night November 4 had Coleman ahead by over 700 votes; but the official results certified on by November 18, 2008, had Coleman leading by only 215 votes. As the two candidates were separated by less than 0.5 percent, the Secretary of State of Minnesota, Mark Ritchie, authorized the automatic recount stipulated in Minnesota election law. In the recount, ballots and certifying materials were examined by hand, and candidates could file challenges to the legality of ballots or materials for inclusion or exclusion with regard to the recount. On January 5, 2009, the Minnesota State Canvassing Board certified the recounted vote totals, with Franken ahead by 225 votes.

    On January 6, 2009, Coleman's campaign filed an election contest, which led to a trial before a three-judge panel. The trial ended on April 7, when the panel ruled that 351 of 387 disputed absentee ballots were incorrectly rejected and ordered them counted. Counting those ballots raised Franken's lead to 312 votes. Coleman appealed to the Minnesota Supreme Court on April 20. On April 24, the Minnesota Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. and oral arguments were conducted on June 1.

    On June 30, 2009, the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously rejected Coleman's appeal and said that Franken was entitled to be certified as the winner. Shortly after the court's decision, Coleman conceded. Governor Tim Pawlenty signed Franken’s election certificate that same evening. Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009, using the Bible of late Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone.

    Tenure

    Franken was sworn in to the Senate on July 7, 2009, 246 days after the November 2008 election. He became the fifth senator to be sworn in since the class of 2008 was sworn in January 2009. The desk where he sat was the same desk that Paul Wellstone used, which Senate leaders had kept open for Franken.

    On August 6, 2009, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of Sonia Sotomayor to be an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. A year later on August 5, 2010, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of Elena Kagan. His first piece of legislation was the Service Dogs for Veterans Act (), which he wrote jointly with Sen. Johnny Isakson (R). The bill, which passed the Senate via unanimous consent, established a program with the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to pair disabled veterans with service dogs.

    A video began circulating on the Internet of Franken at the Minnesota State Fair on September 2, 2009, engaging in a discussion with a group of Tea Party protesters on health care reform, and soon found itself going viral. The discussion was noted for its civility, in contrast to the explosive character of several other similar discussions between members of the 111th Congress and their constituents that had occurred over the summer.

    Citing the case of Jamie Leigh Jones, Franken offered an amendment to the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that would withhold defense contracts from companies like KBR "if they restrict their employees from taking workplace sexual assault, battery and discrimination cases to court." It passed the U.S. Senate, 68 to 30, in a roll-call vote.

    In May 2010 Franken proposed a financial reform legislation amendment which would create a board to select which credit rating agency would evaluate a given security; currently any companies issuing a security may select which company evaluates the security. The amendment was passed; however, the financial industry lobbied to have Franken's amendment removed from the final bill. Negotiations between the Senate and House of Representatives, whose version of financial reform did not include such a provision, resulted in the amendment's being watered down to require only a series of studies being done upon the issue for two years. After the studies, if the SEC has not implemented another solution to the conflict of interest problem, Franken's solution will go into effect.

    A March 2010 poll taken by Rasmussen Reports placed Franken's approval rating at 50% with Minnesotans.

    In August 2010, Franken made faces and hand gestures and rolled his eyes while Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) delivered a speech in opposition to the confirmation of Solicitor General Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court. Franken's actions prompted McConnell to remark, "This isn't 'Saturday Night Live', Al." Following Kagan's confirmation, Franken delivered a handwritten apology to McConnell and issued a public statement saying that McConnell had a right "to give his speech with the presiding officer just listening respectfully."

    Committee assignments

  • Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
  • *Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
  • *Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging
  • Committee on the Judiciary
  • * Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights
  • * Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law
  • * Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law (Chair)
  • * Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts
  • Committee on Indian Affairs
  • Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
  • Special Committee on Aging
  • Bibliography

    Books

  • ''I'm Good Enough, I'm Smart Enough, and Doggone It, People Like Me!: Daily Affirmations with Stuart Smalley'' (Dell Books, 1992) ISBN 0-440-50470-8
  • ''Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations'' (Delacorte Press, 1996) ISBN 0-385-31474-4
  • ''Why Not Me?'' (Delacorte Press, 1999) a parody-journal of the fictional “Franken campaign” for President ISBN 0-385-31809-X
  • ''Oh, the Things I Know! A Guide to Success, or Failing That, Happiness'' (Plume Books, 2003) ISBN 0-452-28450-3
  • ''Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right'' (Dutton Books, 2003) ISBN 0-525-94764-7
  • ''The Truth (With Jokes)'' (Dutton Books, 2005) ISBN 0-525-94906-2
  • CDs and compilations

  • ''The Best Democracy Money Can Buy: The Truth About Corporate Cons, Globalization, and High-Finance Fraudsters'' with Greg Palast (2004)
  • ''The O'Franken Factor Factor — The Best of the O'Franken Factor''
  • ''The Al Franken Show Party Album''
  • Filmography

    As Performer

  • ''Saturday Night Live'' (1975-1995) (TV)
  • ''Franken and Davis at Stockton State'' (1984) (TV)
  • ''Tunnel Vision'' (1976)
  • ''The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash'' (1978) (TV)
  • ''Grateful Dead: Dead Ahead'' (1980)
  • ''Trading Places'' (1983)
  • ''One More Saturday Night'' (1986)
  • ''Stuart Saves His Family'' (1995)
  • ''LateLine'' (1998) (TV)
  • ''From the Earth to the Moon'' (1998) (TV)
  • ''Harvard Man'' (2001)
  • ''Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism'' (2004)
  • ''The Manchurian Candidate'' (2004)
  • ''Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable'' (2004) HBO documentary (TV)
  • ''The Al Franken Show'' (2004) (TV)
  • ''Tanner on Tanner'' (2004) (TV)
  • ''Al Franken: God Spoke'' (2006)
  • As Writer

  • ''Saturday Night Live'' (1975-1995) (TV)
  • ''The Paul Simon Special'' (1977) (TV)
  • ''Steve Martin's Best Show Ever'' (1981) (TV)
  • ''Bob and Ray, Jane, Laraine and Gilda'' (1981) (TV)
  • ''The Coneheads'' (with Tom Davis) (1981) (TV)
  • ''Franken and Davis at Stockton State'' (1984) (TV)
  • ''The New Show'' (1984) (TV)
  • ''One More Saturday Night'' (with Tom Davis) (1986)
  • ''When a Man Loves a Woman'' (with Ron Bass) (1994)
  • ''Stuart Saves His Family'' (1995)
  • ''3rd Rock From The Sun'' (1996) (Guest Star) (TV)
  • ''Lateline'' (1998) (Creator) (TV)
  • ''The Al Franken Show'' (2004) (TV)
  • Electoral history

    }}

    See also

  • Saturday Night Live cast
  • References

    External links

  • Senator Al Franken ''official U.S. Senate site''
  • Al Franken for Congress ''official campaign site''
  • in 2002 in 2003 in 2004
  • Al Franken profile in ''Moment'' Magazine in 2005
  • {{S-ttl|title=DFL nominee for U.S. Senator from Minnesota(Class 2) |years=2008}} {{U.S. Senator box |before= Norm Coleman |state=Minnesota |class=2 |years=2009-present |alongside=Amy Klobuchar}}

    Category:Actors from Minnesota Category:Actors from New York City Category:American actor-politicians Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American humorists Category:American Jews Category:American political pundits Category:American political writers Category:American satirists Category:American screenwriters Category:American talk radio hosts Category:American television actors Category:American television producers Category:American television writers Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish American writers Category:Jewish comedians Category:Jewish United States Senators Category:Minnesota Democrats Category:People from Hennepin County, Minnesota Category:People from Minneapolis, Minnesota Category:United States Senators from Minnesota Category:Writers from Minnesota Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Democratic Party United States Senators

    da:Al Franken de:Al Franken es:Al Franken eo:Al Franken fr:Al Franken gl:Al Franken ko:앨 프랭큰 is:Al Franken he:אל פרנקן nl:Al Franken ja:アル・フランケン no:Al Franken pl:Al Franken pt:Al Franken ru:Франкен, Эл simple:Al Franken sh:Al Franken fi:Al Franken sv:Al Franken uk:Ел Франкен yi:על פרענקען zh:艾尔·弗兰肯

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



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