''Homo erectus'' (from the Latin ''ērĭgĕre'', "to put up, set upright") is an extinct species of hominid that originated in Africa—and spread as far as India, China and Java—from the end of the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene, about . There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of ''H. erectus'', with two major alternative hypotheses: ''erectus'' may be another name for ''Homo ergaster'', and therefore the direct ancestor of later hominids such as ''Homo heidelbergensis'', ''Homo neanderthalensis'', and ''Homo sapiens''; or it may be an Asian species distinct from African ''ergaster''.

Origin

The first theory is that ''H. erectus'' migrated from Africa during the Early Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump, around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersed throughout much of the Old World. Fossilized remains have been found in Africa (e.g., Lake Turkana and Olduvai Gorge), Europe (Georgia and Spain), Indonesia (e.g., Sangiran and Trinil), Vietnam, China (e.g., Shaanxi) and India.

The second theory is ''H. erectus'' evolved in Asia and then migrated to Africa. The species occupied a West Asian site called Dmanisi, in Georgia, from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago, at the same time or slightly before the earliest evidence in Africa. Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and chopping and 34 bone fragments from unidentified creatures.

Discovery and representative fossils

The Dutch anatomist Eugene Dubois, who was fascinated especially by Darwin's theory of evolution as applied to man, set out to Asia (the place accepted then, despite Darwin, as the cradle of human evolution), to find a human ancestor in 1886. In 1891, his team discovered a human fossil on the island of Java, Indonesia; he described the species as ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (from the Greek ''πίθηκος'', "ape", and ''ἄνθρωπος'', "man"), based on a calotte (skullcap) and a femur like that of ''H. sapiens'' found from the bank of the Solo River at Trinil, in East Java. (This species is now regarded as Homo erectus.)

The find became known as ''Java Man''. Thanks to Canadian anatomist Davidson Black's (1921) initial description of a lower molar, which was dubbed ''Sinanthropus pekinensis'', however, most of the early and spectacular discoveries of this taxon took place at Zhoukoudian in China. German anatomist Franz Weidenreich provided much of the detailed description of this material in several monographs published in the journal ''Palaeontologica Sinica'' (Series D).

Nearly all of the original specimens were lost during World War II, however; yet authentic Weidenreichian casts do exist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, and are considered to be reliable evidence.

Throughout much of the 20th century, anthropologists debated the role of ''H. erectus'' in human evolution. Early in the century, however, due to discoveries on Java and at Zhoukoudian, it was believed that modern humans first evolved in Asia. A few naturalists (Charles Darwin most prominent among them) predicted that humans' earliest ancestors were African: he pointed out that chimpanzees and gorillas, who are human relatives, live only in Africa.

From 1950s to 1970s, however, numerous fossil finds from East Africa yielded evidence that the oldest hominins originated there. It is now believed that ''H. erectus'' is a descendant of earlier genera such as ''Ardipithecus'' and ''Australopithecus'', or early ''Homo''-species such as ''H. habilis'' or ''H. ergaster''. ''H. habilis'' and ''H. erectus'' coexisted for several thousand years, and may represent separate lineages of a common ancestor.

The skull of ''Tchadanthropus uxoris'', discovered in 1961 by Yves Coppens in Chad, is the earlier fossil human discovered in Africa. This fossil "had been so eroded by wind-blown sand that it mimicked the appearance of an australopith, a primitive type of hominid". Though some first considered it to be a specimen of ''H. habilis'', it is no longer considered to be a valid taxon, and scholars rather consider it to represent ''H. erectus''.

Classification and special distinction

Many paleoanthropologists still debate the definition of ''H. erectus'' and ''H. ergaster'' as separate species. Some call ''H. ergaster'' the direct African ancestor of ''H. erectus'', proposing that it emigrated out of Africa and migrated into Asia, branching into a distinct species. Most dispense with the species-name ''ergaster'', making no distinction between such fossils as the Turkana Boy and Peking Man. Though "''Homo ergaster''" has gained some acceptance as a valid taxon, these two are still usually defined as distinct African and Asian populations of the larger species ''H. erectus''. While some have argued (and insisted) that Ernst Mayr's biological species definition cannot be used here to test the above hypotheses, one can, however, examine the amount of morphological cranial variation within known ''H. erectus'' / ''H. ergaster'' specimens, and compare it to what one sees in disparate extant groups of primates with similar geographical distribution or close evolutionary relationship. Thus, if the amount of variation between ''H. erectus'' and ''H. ergaster'' is greater than what one sees within a species of, say, macaques, then ''H. erectus'' and ''H. ergaster'' may be considered two different species.

The extant model of comparison is very important, and selecting appropriate species can be difficult. (For example, the morphological variation among the global population of ''H. sapiens'' is incredibly small, as attested by the Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis, and our own special diversity may not be a trustworthy comparison.) Another closely related, and possibly ancestral, species is ''Homo georgicus'': fossils examples of this species were found in Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia, and are considered to display traits intermediate between ''H. erectus'' and ''H. habilis''.

''H. erectus'' had a cranial capacity greater than that of ''Homo habilis'' (although the Dmanisi specimens have distinctively small crania): the earliest remains show a cranial capacity of 850 cm³, while the latest Javan specimens measure up to 1100 cm³, overlapping that of ''H. sapiens''.; the frontal bone is less sloped and the dental arcade smaller than the australopithecines'; the face is more orthognatic (less protrusive) than either the australopithecines' or ''H. habilis'''s, with large brow-ridges and less prominent zygomata (cheekbones). These early hominins stood about , and were more robust than modern humans.

The sexual dimorphism between males and females was slightly greater than seen in ''H. sapiens'', with males being about 25% larger than females. However, their dimorphism is drastically lesser than that of the earlier Australopithecus genus. The discovery of the skeleton KNM-WT 15000, "Turkana boy" (''Homo ergaster''), made near Lake Turkana, Kenya by Richard Leakey and Kamoya Kimeu in 1984, is one of the most complete hominid-skeletons discovered, and has contributed greatly to the interpretation of human physiological evolution.

For the remainder of this article, the name ''Homo erectus'' will be used to describe a distinct species for the convenience of continuity.

Use of tools

''Homo ergaster '' used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its predecessors: ''H. erectus'', however, used comparatively primitive tools. This is possibly because ''H. ergaster'' first used tools of Oldowan technology and later progressed to the Acheulean: while the use of Acheulean tools began ca. 1.6 million years ago, the line of ''H. erectus'' diverged some 200,000 years before the general innovation of Acheulean technology. Thus the Asian migratory descendants of ''H. ergaster'' made no use of any Acheulean technology. In addition, it has been suggested that ''H. erectus'' may have been the first hominid to use rafts to travel over oceans.

Use of fire

Sites in Europe and Asia seem to indicate controlled use of fire by ''H. erectus'', some dating back 1.5 million years ago. A presentation at the Paleoanthropology Society annual meeting in Montreal, Canada in March 2004 stated that there is evidence for controlled fires in excavations in northern Israel from about 690,000 to 790,000 years ago. A site called Terra Amata, located on the French Riviera, which lies on an ancient beach, seems to have been occupied by ''H. erectus''; it contains the earliest evidence of controlled fire, dated at around 300,000 years BC. Excavations dating from approximately 790,000 years ago in Israel suggest that ''H. erectus'' not only controlled fire but could light fires. Despite these examples, some scholars continue to assert that the controlled use of fire was not typical of ''H. erectus'', but only of later species of ''Homo'', such as ''H. heidelbergensis'', ''H. neanderthalensis'', and ''H. sapiens'').

Sociality

''Homo erectus'' was probably the first human to live in a hunter-gatherer society, and anthropologists such as Richard Leakey believe that it was socially more like modern humans than the more ''Australopithecus''-like species before it. Likewise, increased cranial capacity generally coincides with the more sophisticated tools occasionally found with fossils.

The discovery of Turkana boy (''H. ergaster'') in 1984 gave evidence that, despite its ''Homo-sapiens''-like anatomy, it may not have been capable of producing sounds comparable to modern human speech. ''Ergaster'' at least may have communicated with a pre-language lacking the fully developed structure of modern human language, but more developed than the basic communication used by chimpanzees. Such inference has been challenged by the discovery of ''H. ergaster''/''erectus'' vertebrae some 150,000 years older than the Turkana Boy in Dmanisi, Georgia, that reflect vocal capabilities within the range of ''H. sapiens''. Both brain-size and the presence of the Broca's area also support the use of articulate language.

''H. erectus'' was probably the first hominid to live in small, familiar band-societies similar to modern hunter-gatherer band-societies. ''H. erectus''/''ergaster'' is thought to be the first hominid to hunt in coordinated groups, use complex tools, and care for infirm or weak companions.

There has been some debate as to whether ''H. erectus'', and possibly the later Neanderthals may have interbred with anatomically modern humans in Europe and Asia. See Neanderthal admixture theory.

Descendants and subspecies

''Homo erectus'' remains one of the most successful and long-lived species of ''Homo''. As a distinct Asian species, however, no consensus has been reached as to whether it is ancestral to ''H. sapiens'' or any later hominids.

''Homo erectus''

* ''Homo erectus erectus''

* ''Homo erectus yuanmouensis''

* ''Homo erectus lantianensis''

* ''Homo erectus wushanensis''

* ''Homo erectus nankinensis''

* ''Homo erectus pekinensis''

* ''Homo erectus palaeojavanicus''

* ''Homo erectus soloensis''

Related species

''Homo ergaster''

''Homo georgicus''

''Homo floresiensis''

''Homo antecessor''

''Homo heidelbergensis''

''Homo neanderthalensis''

''Homo sapiens''

* ''Homo sapiens sapiens''

''Homo rhodesiensis''

''Homo cepranensis''

The discovery of ''Homo floresiensis'' in 2003 and of the recentness of its extinction has raised the possibility that numerous descendant species of ''Homo erectus'' may have existed in the islands of Southeast Asia and await fossil discovery (see ''Orang Pendek''). ''Homo erectus soloensis'', who lived on Java at least as late as about 50,000 years ago, would be one of them. Some scientists are skeptical of the claim that ''Homo floresiensis'' is a descendant of ''Homo erectus''. One explanation holds that the fossils are of a modern human with microcephaly, while another one holds that they are from a group of pygmys.

Individual fossils

Some of the major ''Homo erectus'' fossils:

Indonesia (island of Java): Trinil 2 (holotype), Sangiran collection, Sambungmachan collection, Ngandong collection

China: Lantian (Gongwangling and Chenjiawo), Yunxian, Zhoukoudian, Nanjing, Hexian

India: Narmada (taxonomic status debated!)

Kenya: WT 15000 (Nariokotome), ER 3883, ER 3733

Tanzania: OH 9

Vietnam: Northern, Tham Khuyen, Hoa Binh

Republic of Georgia: Dmanisi collection

Denizli Province ,Turkey: Kocabas fossil

See also

''Homo ergaster''

Java Man

List of fossil sites ''(with link directory)''

List of primate and hominin fossils ''(with images)''

References

External links

MNSU

Archaeology Info

Homo erectus - The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

Homo erectus at Stanford University

Possible co-existence with Homo Habilis - BBC News

John Hawks's discussion of the Kocabas fossil

Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology

Category:Early species of Homo Category:Pleistocene extinctions Category:Pliocene mammals Category:Pleistocene mammals Category:Prehistoric Africa Category:Fossil taxa described in 1892

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Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois (28 January 1858 – 16 December 1940) was a Dutch paleoanthropologist. He earned worldwide fame for his discovery of ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus''), or 'Java Man'. Although hominid fossils had been found and studied before, Dubois was the first anthropologist to embark upon a purposeful search for them.

Biography

Dubois was born and raised in the village of Eijsden, Limburg, where his father, Jean Dubois was an apothecary, later the mayor. Interested in all phenomena of the world of nature, Eugène explored the "caves" ("''grotten''", actually underground limestone mines) of Mount St. Pieter and amassed collections of plant parts, stones, insects, shells, and animal skulls. From age 12-13 on, he attended school in the Limburg city of Roermond, boarding with a family there and then he dropped out. In Roermond he attended lectures on Charles Darwin's new theory of evolution given by the German biologist, Karl Vogt.

Resisting his father's plan for him to train to follow in his footsteps, Dubois, encouraged by his teachers, decided in 1877 to study medicine at the University of Amsterdam. While a student, he taught anatomy at both of the brand new (founded 1880) art schools housed at the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (Amsterdam State Museum) the Rijksschool voor Kunstnijverheid (State School for Applied Arts) and the Rijksnormaalschool voor Teekenonderweizers (State Normal School for Drawing Instructors). In 1884 he completed his medical degree. He declined an offer from the University of Utrecht of a position as a docent. Instead, at the invitation of his anatomy instructor, Max Fürbringer, he decided to train as an academic. From 1881 to 1887 he studied comparative anatomy and became Fürbringer's assistant. In 1885 he investigated the larynx of vertebrates, which led him to develop a hypothesis of the evolution of this organ. Nevertheless, his chief interest was in human evolution, influenced by Ernst Haeckel, who reasoned that there must be intermediate species between apes and human.

Dubois contributed an article on whale anatomy to a book by the Dutch zoologist, Max Weber, and, inspired by the fresh discovery of new Neanderthal fossils at the Belgian town of Spy, he spent his vacation fossil hunting in the vicinity of his birthplace. In the Henkeput near the village of Rijckholt, where a prehistoric flint mine had just been discovered in 1881, he found some prehistoric human skulls.

Reasoning that the origins of the human species must be in the tropics, in 1887 he joined the Dutch army and arranged to be posted in the Dutch East Indies (the Dutch colony that is now independent Indonesia), to the dismay of his academic colleagues. With his wife and newborn daughter he moved to the colony to search for the missing link in human evolution. (He was unalterably convinced there was only one missing link.)

Hominid discoveries

Between 1887 and 1895, Dubois searched at potential sites near rivers and in caves, first on the island of Sumatra, then on the Indonesian island of Java.

In 1891, Dubois discovered remains of what he described as "a species in between humans and apes". He called his finds ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' ("ape-human that stands upright") or Java Man. Today, they are classified as ''Homo erectus'' ("human that stands upright"). These were the first specimens of early hominid remains to be found outside of Africa or Europe.

In 1895, Dubois returned to Europe and toured the continent to convince his colleagues that he had indeed found a missing link. Although most anthropologists were intrigued, they did not always agree with Dubois' interpretations. After that, Dubois refused others access to his fossils, until he was forced to do so in 1923.

Later years

In 1897, the University of Amsterdam awarded Dubois an honorary doctorate in botany and zoology, but he had to wait until 1899 for a professorship. In that year, he was appointed a professor in geology, a function that did not keep him from his research in anatomy. He was also (from 1897 until 1928) keeper of paleontology, geology and mineralogy at Teylers' Museum, where he also kept the ''H. erectus'' remains.

Although the scientific debate slowly began to turn in his favour in the 1920s and 1930s, he died embittered in 1940. He was buried in Venlo.

His paleontological collection and scientific archive remain at Naturalis in Leiden.

See also

List of fossil sites ''(with link directory)''

List of hominina (hominid) fossils ''(with images)''

Notes

References

Morwood, Mike, and van Oosterzee, Penny. 2007. ''A new human: the startling discovery and strange story of the "hobbits" of Flores, Indonesia''. Smithsonian Books.

Further reading

Pat Shipman, ''The Man who Found the Missing Link. Eugène Dubois and His Lifelong Quest to Prove Darwin Right'', Harvard University Press (April 30, 2002), 528 pages, ISBN 0-674-00866-9.

External links

DUBOIS - The Quest for the Missing Link, www.eugenedubois.eu Biographies: Eugene Dubois at TalkOrigins Archive

http://www.cryingvoice.com/Evolution/ApeMen2.html

Fossil Hominids, Human Evolution: Thomas Huxley & Eugene Dubois at www.understandingevolution.com

Category:1858 births Category:1940 deaths Category:Dutch anatomists Category:Dutch geologists Category:Dutch of French descent Category:Dutch anthropologists Category:Paleoanthropologists Category:Dutch paleontologists Category:People from Limburg (Netherlands)

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Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
birth date	February 28, 1976
birth place	Cherry Hill, New Jersey, U.S.
birth name	Alison Elizabeth Larter
occupation	Actress, model
years active	1997–present
other names	Allegra Coleman
spouse	Hayes MacArthur (2009–present)
children	Theodore Hayes MacArthur }}

Alison Elizabeth "Ali" Larter (born February 28, 1976) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for playing the dual roles of Niki Sanders and Tracy Strauss on the NBC science fiction drama ''Heroes'' as well as her guest roles on several television shows in the 1990s.

Larter's screen debut came in the 1999 film ''Varsity Blues'', followed by the horror films ''House on Haunted Hill'' and ''Final Destination''. Major supporting roles in the comedy ''Legally Blonde'' and the romantic comedy ''A Lot Like Love'' led her to lead roles as the titular character in the Bollywood film ''Marigold'' and in the 2009 thriller ''Obsessed''. Larter achieved wider fame after her portrayal of video game heroine Claire Redfield in the successful films, ''Resident Evil: Extinction'' and ''Resident Evil: Afterlife''.

Larter's presence in the media is reinforced by her appearances in lists compiled by ''Maxim'', ''FHM'' and ''Stuff'' as well as ''People'' magazine's "Best Dressed List" in 2007. After a three year long relationship with actor Hayes MacArthur, the two married in August 2009 and have a son, Theodore Hayes MacArthur, born December 2010.

Early life and modelling

Born in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, Larter is the daughter of Margaret, a realtor, and Danforth Larter, a trucking executive. She attended Carusi Middle School and later graduated from Cherry Hill High School West during her time as a model. Her parents have since moved to Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Larter began her modelling career at the age of 14 when a modelling scout discovered her on the street and was asked to star in a ''Phillies'' commercial, this led to a modeling contract with the prestigious Ford Modeling Agency in New York. Larter subsequently skipped her senior year to model in Australia, Italy and Japan, the latter a country she would temporarily settle in at the age of seventeen.

While modelling in Italy, Larter met fellow model and aspiring actress Amy Smart and the two "became instant friends", according to Larter. A modelling job later took her to Los Angeles, whilst there, she decided to take acting classes with Smart. The two then moved into an apartment together. In November 1996, Larter portrayed fictional model Allegra Coleman in an ''Esquire'' magazine hoax. When speaking about the cover and her subsequent fame, Larter said, "When the door opens for you in Hollywood, you need to run with it. You know?" Larter is currently signed to IMG Models.

Career

Career progression: 1997–2005

Larter landed her first professional roles in 1997 when she appeared in several television programs. She appeared in an episode of the Brooke Shields television series ''Suddenly Susan'', and the short-lived series ''Chicago Sons''. These roles were followed by a number of other appearances on ''Dawson's Creek'', ''Chicago Hope'', and ''Just Shoot Me!''

In 1999, Larter began her film career with an appearance in ''Varsity Blues'', which re-united her with ''Dawson's Creek'' star Van Der Beek and close friend Amy Smart. Smart had persuaded Larter to audition for the movie, in which she played Darcy Sears, a love interest for one of the main characters. ''Varsity Blues'' drew a domestic box office gross of $53 million. That year she made appearances in the teen comedies ''Giving It Up'' and ''Drive Me Crazy''. Larter also starred in the horror remake ''House on Haunted Hill'' which was made for around $20 million. The movie was panned by critics, but grossed $15 million on its opening weekend and went on to earn over $40 million overall.

In 2000, Larter starred as one of the main characters, Clear Rivers, in the teen supernatural horror film ''Final Destination''. Also starring Devon Sawa and Kerr Smith, the movie's premise followed several teenagers who survive a plane crash but are stalked and killed by death itself. ''Final Destination'' made $112 million by the end of its theatrical run. The following year, she appeared in the comedy ''Legally Blonde'' with Reese Witherspoon. She played Brooke Taylor Windham, a widow accused of her husband's murder. The film earned the top spot with $20 million in its opening weekend and ended up grossing $141 million worldwide. With $96 million of it total gross deriving from domestic markets, ''Legally Blonde'' is Larter's highest grossing film domestically.

Larter next appeared as Zerelda Mimms in the western comedy ''American Outlaws''. Directed by Les Mayfield and co-starring Colin Farrell and Scott Caan, the movie was poorly received by critics and at the box office making $13 million at the end of its theatrical run. She also starred in Kevin Smith's ''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.'' That year, Larter appeared on the cover of ''Maxim'' magazine and performed in the stage play ''The Vagina Monologues'' in New York City. In Spring 2002, Larter moved from Los Angeles to New York. "I was too young and impressionable to handle the pressures of L.A." Larter recalled in an interview, "I'm a woman now. I am no longer the little girl who could be easily influ­enced."

Her first project there was to reprise her role as Clear Rivers in the sequel to ''Final Destination'' entitled ''Final Destination 2''. In an interview with IGN, Larter explained her return to the franchise: "When New Line asked me to come back, I thought it was great. They showed me the script and let me have some input, and it was really terrific." The film opened at number 2 with $16 million to mixed critical reception. A year later, Larter served as an associate producer of and starred in the thriller ''Three Way''. In 2005, Larter appeared in the independent political thriller, ''Confess'', and had a role in the romantic comedy ''A Lot Like Love'' alongside Amanda Peet and Ashton Kutcher.

International recognition: 2006–2009

Larter moved back to Los Angeles in 2005. Her first audition was for the NBC science fiction drama television series ''Heroes''. Larter played the characters of Niki Sanders, who suffered from DID, and Tracy Strauss on the show created by Tim Kring. Larter's initial character Niki Sanders, was a wife, mother, and a former internet stripper from Las Vegas who exhibits superhuman strength and alternate personalities who go by the names of Jessica and Gina. "Ali read for the part and just owned it from the second she walked in.", Kring said to ''The Chicago Tribune'', "It was a very impressive audition." The series collected a number of accolades in its first season including a People's Choice Award and nominations from the Primetime Emmy Awards and Golden Globes. As of the third season, Larter began to play a new character, Tracy Strauss, who possessed the ability to freeze objects; and later, turn her body into water. Larter ultimately decided against starring in the sequel to ''House on Haunted Hill'' stating, "I feel so lucky with the things I am doing right now, and that's so long ago for me."

In 2007, Larter starred in the Bollywood film ''Marigold'' as the title character alongside Salman Khan. The movie, released in August 2007, was about an American actress (Larter) who goes to India and gets caught up in the eccentric world of Bollywood. Filming took place in North India and London, commencing in June 2004. In an interview with the BBC, Larter explained how she came about the role of Marigold and expressed why she wanted to star in a Bollywood film: "I was living in (director) Willard Carroll's guesthouse when he gave me the script. He had written this really strong female character and for me, it was an opportunity to overcome my fear of singing and dancing because I have no professional training. Also, I would get to live in another country for couple of months. With ''Heroes'' I didn't think of it as that huge sci-fi series and it was the same for ''Marigold''. I really focused on the character and loved this journey she went on and the experiences she had. She was paid a seven-figure salary for the role of Marigold.

It was this year that she was cast alongside Milla Jovovich in the horror film ''Resident Evil: Extinction'', portraying the character of Claire Redfield. Her role sent her to Mexicali, Mexico for filming from May to late July, and required her hair to be dyed a light red. Larter explained her character Claire: "She became the leader of this convoy. She's incredibly strong, patient. I think she serves a role for everyone within this convoy, let it be a mother to someone, a buddy, a best friend." Larter also attended the 2007 Comic Con International, her second appearance at the event, to promote the movie. The movie was released in theaters on September 21, 2007 and made a total of $147 million worldwide. She appeared with Hayes McArthur in the comedy ''Homo Erectus'' the same year. She also appeared as Evelyn Garland in the biographical film ''Crazy'', based on guitarist Hank Garland. In an interview for ''Resident Evil: Extinction'', Larter had expressed interest in producing films in the future, saying, "I definitely have many ideas and different avenues that I want to take as my career goes on."

In April 2009, Larter starred opposite Beyoncé Knowles and Idris Elba in the Screen Gems-produced thriller ''Obsessed''. The film follows an office executive (Elba) whose marriage to Knowles' character is threatened by the aggressive interests of a co-worker, portrayed by Larter. In an interview with Glam, Larter said that she "was excited to get the chance to play a femme fatale. I love playing women that are dark and vulnerable and sort of filled with a little bit of crazy emotion." Derek Malcolm of ''The London Evening Standard'' said the movie was a "dim reworking of ''Fatal Attraction''" and noted, "Larter as the pathological minx is the best thing about it." ''Obsessed'' suffered critically but eventually opened at #1 in its opening weekend with $28 million and with a total domestic gross of $68 million, became Larter's second highest grossing film in North-America. It resulted in Larter's third Teen Choice Award nomination and an MTV Movie Award for Best Fight with Beyonce.

Recent and future roles: 2010–present

Larter reprised her role as Claire Redfield in ''Resident Evil: Afterlife'', which was filmed in 3D and directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. She attended WonderCon and Comic Con to promote the movie. In an interview with JoBlo.com, Larter talked about her role in the film: "I guess people liked me as her...I'm excited that they brought me back. I love working with Milla, and it's also very excited to have Paul back directing this. To work with the man who really created this world and this vision was what excited me about joining this next installment." The movie was not well received by critics with the ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' stating the movie "lacks the humanity - interesting characters, funny one-liners - that made its predecessors enjoyable B-movies." The movie was an international success nonetheless, earning $296 million worldwide and becoming Larter's highest grossing picture to date. As of August, 2011, Larter's films have grossed a total of $552 million domestically.

Recently, Larter appeared as the title character in a short film for Absolut Vodka entitled ''Lemon Drop''. Larter is linked to the role of Col. Virginia Lake in the big-screen adaptation of ''UFO'', which stars Joshua Jackson, and the role of Cheryl in a feature version of the Sundance short film, ''The Rambler'' directed by Calvin Reeder. While at WonderCon, Larter commented on ''Heroes''' possible fifth season. "I think that we'll be back...I think that there are still stories that need to be told." NBC announced the show's cancellation on May 14, 2010.

Larter is in talks to reprise her role as Claire Redfield in the 2012 film, Resident Evil: Retribution.

In the media

Larter first appeared in the media when she portrayed the fictional character of Allegra Coleman on the November 1996 issue of ''Esquire''. The magazine, which billed Coleman as the movies' next dream girl, told of Allegra's relationship with David Schwimmer, how Quentin Tarantino broke up with Mira Sorvino to date her, and how Woody Allen overhauled a film to give her a starring role. When the magazine was published, ''Esquire'' received hundreds of phone calls about the non-existent Coleman and various talent agencies sought to represent her, even after the hoax was revealed. Larter herself received a considerable amount of attention after the cover; she received phone calls from morning TV shows and others for interviews. The ''Esquire'' cover led Larter to a role on ''Varsity Blues''. One particular scene where Larter's character, Darcy Sears, wears nothing but whipped cream to cover herself has become a media favorite. It has been referenced a number of times in the media including on MTV's ''Jersey Shore'' where one character refers to it as the "Varsity Blues outfit". The scene also made ''Maxim'' list of Earth-Shattering Nude Scenes at #9.

In 2002, Larter ranked #40 in ''Stuff'' magazine's "102 Sexiest Women in the World". She was listed as #49, #19 and #91 in ''FHM'' "100 Sexiest Women in the World" in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. ''Maxim'' also ranked her #6 in their Hot 100 for 2007 and #92 in 2008. In 2008, AskMen.com featured her as #92 on the "100 Most Desirable Women in the World". Also ranking #2 on ''Maxim'' "Hottest Women of Horror Movies" list, Larter has been acknowledged as a "Scream Queen" by MSN due to her appearances in horror/thriller films. After the success of ''Heroes'', Larter appeared on ''People'' "Ten Best Dressed List" as "The Newcomer" in 2007. Victoria's Secret also acknowledged her in their list, naming her Sexiest Legs of 2008. In 2009, Larter was named ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine's Fun Fearless Female of the year at a ceremony held in Beverly Hills.

Larter promotes natural beauty. At the 2007 Emmy Awards, Larter styled her own hair as opposed to using her hair-styling team. This was part of the Dove Hair's "Real Beauty" challenge which required her to use Dove's new moisturizing shampoos, conditioners and treatments. She also states that she refuses to conform to the idea of the perfect Hollywood body. In an interview with ''Allure'', Larter revealed she once was asked by producers, by faxes sent out to her agent and manager, to lose weight. "I just remember sitting in my trailer hysterically crying from the embarrassment I felt about myself, my body - and that no one could talk to me directly."

Larter appeared in ''Glamour'' along with fellow actresses Rachel Bilson and Diane Lane in 2007. When asked if she still wishes she had the same body she had at 20 she replied, "No. I actually think I look better now because I feel so much better about myself now. And that's what's so exciting. As you get older, you get better…. Look at all these incredible women, like Vanessa Redgrave, who are still so beautiful. The reason is because they embrace who they are." She has appeared on the covers of ''Shape'', ''Cosmopolitan'', ''Allure'', ''Glamour'', ''Lucky'', ''InStyle'', ''Maxim'' and ''Entertainment Weekly''.

Personal life

During her time as a model, Larter moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting. In 2002, she moved to New York for a period of 3 years. In an interview with Phillymag, Larter gave reason for the move: "I took some time off to define myself outside the pressures of the industry..Part of me really needed to know if this is what I wanted to do with the rest of my life." In January 2005, she moved to Los Angeles for a role in ''Heroes''.

In December 2007, Larter and her boyfriend of three years, Hayes MacArthur, were engaged to marry. They had met on the set of National Lampoon's ''Homo Erectus''. In a 2007 interview with ''Cosmo'', Larter said "I told my boyfriend after three weeks that I wanted to marry him and that we could do it tomorrow". On August 1, 2009, Larter married MacArthur in an intimate outdoor ceremony which took place at MacArthur's parent's estate in Kennebunk, Maine. During the ceremony, guests arrived via trolleys to the sounds of Irish music playing in honor of MacArthur's heritage, among the invited was Larter's close friend Amy Smart. The couple later purchased a three story home in the Hollywood Hills for $2.9 million. On July 20, 2010, Larter announced that she and MacArthur were expecting their first child and later, on the September 10th episode of ''Late Night with Jimmy Fallon'', announced that she was expecting a boy. Larter admitted that she and MacArthur left the country for Europe in an effort to hide the news of the pregnancy. Larter gave birth to the couple's son, Theodore Hayes MacArthur, on December 20, 2010.

In an interview with ''Cosmopolitan'', Larter "mused" on the state of her life, "I work on a TV show I love, I have the opportunity to do movies with actors I respect, and I'm in love with the man I want to spend the rest of my life with, who pushes me and excites me...There's this fighter in me that kind of needs to be put to rest a little bit. I don't need to be so tough to protect myself." While speaking to ''Vanity Fair'' at the premiere of her film ''Obsessed'', Larter spoke about her own obsessions, "I love to cook. I spend weekends reading cookbooks—it's really my relaxation." She has ranked ''Scarface'', ''The Bourne Identity'', ''Best in Show'', ''Blue Sky'' and ''Grey Gardens'' as her favourite films. In June 2010, Larter was one of thousands of delegates from 130 countries who participated in a United Nations conference, 'Women Deliver' in Washington D.C..

Filmography

+ Film
Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1999		Darcy Sears
1999	''Giving It Up''	Amber	aka ''Casanova Falling''
1999	''Drive Me Crazy''	Dulcie
1999		Jenifer Jensen/Sara Wolfe
2000	''Final Destination''
2001	''Legally Blonde''	Brooke Taylor Windham
2001	''American Outlaws''
2001	''Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back''	Chrissy
2003	''Final Destination 2''	Clear Rivers
2004		Isobel Delano	aka ''3-Way''Also Associate Producer
2005	''A Lot Like Love''	Gina
2005		Olivia Averill
2007		Fardart	aka ''National Lampoon's The Stoned Age''
2007		Marigold Lexton	Bollywood film
2007	''Resident Evil: Extinction''	Claire Redfield
2008		Evelyn Garland
2009		Lisa Sheridan
	2010	''Resident Evil: Afterlife''	Claire Redfield
2011	''Final Destination 5''	Clear Rivers	uncredited, archived footage
2012	''Resident Evil:Retribution''	Claire Redfield

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1997	''Suddenly Susan''	Maddie	Episode: "The Ways and Means"
1997	''Chicago Sons''	Angela	Episode: "Beauty and the Butt"
1998	''Chicago Hope''	Samantha	Episode: "Memento Mori"
1998	''Just Shoot Me!''	Karey Burke	Episode: "College or Collagen"
1998	''Dawson's Creek''	Kristy Livingstone	Episodes: "The Dance" and "The Kiss"
2004		Herself	Episode: "Pilot"
2006–2010			Tracy Strauss	Series regular (53 Episodes)Gracie Allen Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Drama SeriesTeen Choice Award for Choice Television Actress: Action AdventureNominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Television Actress: Action AdventureNominated — Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television

References

Further reading

External links

IMG Models: Portfolio, Ali Larter, IMG Models page

Category:1976 births Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:People from Camden County, New Jersey Category:American film actors Category:American female models Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Cherry Hill, New Jersey

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Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
Birth name	Richard S. Friedman
Name	Kinky Friedman
Other names	Kinky
Nationality	American
Birth date	November 01, 1944
Occupation	Singer
Birth place	Chicago, Illinois
Known for	Music Candidate in Texas' gubernatorial election
Parents	Thomas Friedman Minnie Samet Friedman
Party	Democratic
Religion	Judaism
Residence	Medina, Texas
Website	blog campaign }}

Richard S. "Kinky" Friedman (born November 1, 1944) is an American Texas Country singer, songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician and former columnist for ''Texas Monthly'' who styles himself in the mold of popular American satirists Will Rogers and Mark Twain. He was one of two independent candidates in the 2006 election for the office of Governor of Texas. Receiving 12.6% of the vote, Friedman placed fourth in the six-person race.

Biography

Friedman was born in Chicago to Jewish parents, Dr. S. Thomas Friedman and his wife Minnie (Samet) Friedman. The family moved to a ranch in central Texas a few years later. Friedman had an early interest in both music and chess, and was chosen at age 7 as one of 50 local players to challenge U.S. grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky to simultaneous games in Houston. Reshevsky won all 50 games, but Friedman was by far the youngest competitor.

Friedman graduated from Austin High School in Austin, Texas in 1962 and earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1966, majoring in Psychology. He took part in the Plan II Honors program and was a member of the Tau Delta Phi fraternity. During his freshman year, Chinga Chavin gave Friedman the nickname "Kinky" because of his curly hair.

Friedman served two years in the United States Peace Corps, teaching in Borneo in Malaysia with John Gross. During his service in the Peace Corps, he met future road manager Dylan Ferrero, with whom he still works today. Friedman lives at Echo Hill Ranch, his family's summer camp near Kerrville, Texas. He founded Utopia Animal Rescue Ranch, also located near Kerrville, whose mission is to care for stray, abused and aging animals; more than 1,000 dogs have been saved from animal euthanasia.

Music career

Friedman formed his first band, King Arthur & the Carrots while a student at the University of Texas. The band - which poked fun at surf music - recorded only one single in 1966 (''Schwinn 24/Beach Party Boo Boo'').

By 1971, Friedman had formed his second band, Kinky Friedman and The Texas Jewboys, which many took to be a play on the name of the famous band Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys. In keeping with the band's satirical nature, each member had a comical name: in addition to Kinky there was Little Jewford, Big Nig, Panama Red, Wichita Culpepper, Sky Cap Adams, Rainbow Colours, and Snakebite Jacobs. More conventionally named roadie Jack Slaughter and road manager/money collector Dylan Ferrero rounded out the crew and provided most of the driving of the "tour bus", a Cadillac with 10 year old expired license plates and a nasty predilection for going into a coma at the most inconvenient moment (but, according to Friedman, her talent lay in her ability to stop on a dime and pick up the change).

Friedman's father objected to the name of the band, calling it a "negative, hostile, peculiar thing", which gave Kinky even more reason to choose the name.

Arriving on the wave of country rock following on from Gram Parsons, The Band, and the Eagles, Friedman originally found cult fame as a country and western singer. His break came in 1973 thanks to Commander Cody, who contacted Vanguard Music on his behalf. Friedman released ''Kinky Friedman'' in 1974 for ABC Records, then toured with Bob Dylan in 1975-6. His repertoire mixed social commentary ("We Reserve the Right to Refuse Service to You") and maudlin ballads ("Western Union Wire") with raucous humor (such as "Get Your Biscuits in the Oven and Your Buns in Bed"). His "Ride 'Em Jewboy" was an extended tribute to the victims of the Holocaust.

One of his most famous numbers is "They Ain't Makin' Jews Like Jesus Anymore," a song in which Kinky verbally and physically beats up a drunken white racist who berates blacks, Jews, Greeks, and Sigma Nus in a bar.

Sample lyrics:

:"Oh, they ain't makin' Jews like Jesus anymore, : They ain't makin' carpenters that know what nails are for"

Other Friedman tunes include "The Ballad of Charles Whitman," in which Friedman lampooned Whitman's sniper attack from The University of Texas at Austin's Main Building tower on August 1, 1966. His cover of Chinga Chavin's "Asshole from El Paso", a parody of Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee" is, perhaps, his most famous song.

In 1975, Friedman and his band taped an ''Austin City Limits'' show which was never aired. According to the show's executive producer, Terry Lickona, this is the first and only time in the show's long history that an episode went unaired. Lickona told the ''Austin Chronicle'' "I've seen it many times – it's a very popular party tape among friends. I think it was a great show, and it might be as offensive today as it was back then."

In early 1976, he joined Bob Dylan on the second leg of the Rolling Thunder Revue tour.

Friedman was a musical guest on ''Saturday Night Live'' in October 1976.

Friedman claims to have been the first full-blooded Jew to take the stage at the Grand Ole Opry.

In February 2007, Sustain Records released a compilation of the songs of Kinky Friedman sung by other artists called ''Why the Hell Not...'' The compilation includes contributions by Dwight Yoakam, Willie Nelson, Lyle Lovett, and Kelly Willis.

On July 20, 2007, Friedman hosted the "Concert to Save Town Lake" to honor the memory of Lady Bird Johnson and her efforts to protect and preserve the shores of Town Lake in Austin, Texas.

On April 27, 2011 Friedman launched his ''Springtime For Kinky Tour'' in Kansas City, Missouri at Knuckleheads Saloon which includes dates in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky before heading towards the east coast. This will be followed by a tour of Australia with Van Dyke Parks.

Discography

Albums

! Year	! Album	! width="45"	! Label
1973	''Sold American''		Vanguard
1974	''Kinky Friedman''		ABC
1976	''Lasso from El Paso''		Epic
1977	''Silver Jubilee 1953-1977''		Echo Hill Ranch
1982	''Live from the Lone Star Cafe''		Bruno-Dean
1983	''Under the Double Ego''		Sunrise
1992	''Old Testaments & New Revelations''
1995	''From One Good American to Another''
2003	''Classic Snatches from Europe''
	''Mayhem Aforethought''
''They Ain't Making Jews Like Jesus Anymore''		Bear Family
2006	''The Last of the Jewish Cowboys: The Best Of''		Shout! Factory
2007	''Live from Austin, TX''		New West

Singles

Year	Single	Chart Positions		Album
		! width="50"	CAN Country
1973	"Sold American"			''Sold American''
	"Autograph"
"Popeye the Sailor Man"
1976	"Catfish"			''Lasso from El Paso''

Writing career

After his music career stalled in the 1980s, Friedman shifted his creative focus to writing detective novels. His books have similarities to his music, featuring a fictionalized version of himself solving crimes in New York City and dispensing jokes, wisdom, recipes, charm and Jameson's whiskey in equal measure. They are written in a straightforward style which owes a debt to Raymond Chandler. To date, he has written two novels that do not star the Kinky Friedman character: ''Kill Two Birds and Get Stoned'' and ''The Christmas Pig.''

Friedman also wrote a regular column for the magazine ''Texas Monthly'' from April 2001 to March 2005 which was suspended during his run for governor of Texas. In 2008, Texas Monthly brought his column back on a bimonthly basis.

Two books have been published collecting some of these nonfiction writings, as well as previously unpublished ones: '''Scuse Me While I Whip This Out'' and ''Texas Hold'em''. He has also published a travelog (''The Great Psychedelic Armadillo Picnic'') and an etiquette guide.

Friedman's early books have been republished by Friedman's own Vandam Press as ebooks. During March and April 2011 Vandam released seven of Friedman's early titles including: Greenwich Killing Time, A Case of Lone Star, Musical Chairs, When The Cat's Away, Frequent Flyer, Roadkill and the rarely seen Curse of the Missing Puppet Head. Elvis Jesus and Coca-Cola, God Bless John Wayne, Blast From The Past, Armadillos and Old Lace and two nonfiction books, Drinker With A Writing Problem and Heroes of A Texas Childhood were released in 2011. E-book releases are announced on Friedman's Twitter feed and Facebook page, "TheRealKinkster".

Friedman also announced (via Jim Bessman's column at examiner.com) the upcoming release of all Vandam Press titles as unabridged audio books "read by the author".

The recurring character "Rambam", a New York private investigator and friend of the Friedman character in the books, is based on the real-life investigator, Steven Rombom, who acts as a technical advisor for the real Friedman. Old Peace Corps friend and long time road manager Dylan Ferrero is also a recurring character in Kinky's mystery novels; his character is known for only speaking in rock and roll quotes, a trait taken from real life.

Politics

In 1986, Friedman ran for Justice of the Peace in Kerrville, Texas, as a Republican but lost the election.

In 2004, Friedman began a serious, though colorful, campaign to become the Governor of Texas in 2006. One of his stated goals is the "dewussification" of Texas Among his campaign slogans are "How Hard Could It Be?", "Why The Hell Not?", "My Governor is a Jewish Cowboy" and "He ain't Kinky, he's my Governor."

Friedman had hoped to follow in the footsteps of other entertainers-turned-governors, including Jimmie Davis, Jesse Ventura, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Ronald Reagan. Jesse Ventura even campaigned with Friedman for his election. When the campaign finance reports came out after the second quarter had ended, Friedman had raised more funds than the Democratic nominee, former Congressman Chris Bell.

On election day, however, Friedman was defeated by a wide margin, receiving less than 13% of the votes in the six-candidate matchup.

Issues and positions

On education, he supports higher pay for teachers and working to lower Texas's dropout rate. He supports more investment in harnessing Texas's alternative fuel resources such as wind and biodiesel. Friedman is opposed to the Trans-Texas Corridor since it relies on toll road construction. He feels that the TTC is a land grab of the ugliest kind, with land being taken from hard-working ranchers and farmers in little towns and villages all over Texas.

On capital punishment, he previously summed up his position, "I am not anti-death penalty, but I'm damn sure anti-the-wrong-guy-getting-executed." More recently, he has clarified his position: "The system is not perfect. Until it's perfect, let's do away with the death penalty."

On illegal immigration, Kinky wants to increase the number of Texas National Guard troops on the border (from the current 1,500 to 10,000), impose $25,000 and $50,000 fines on companies that hire illegal immigrants and require foreign nationals seeking employment to purchase a foreign taxpayer ID card once they have passed a criminal background check. "Texas can no longer wait for our federal government to solve our illegal immigration problem," Friedman said. "These are steps that Texas can immediately take to help stem the tide of illegal immigrants penetrating our border." Had he been elected, he had promised to meet regularly Governor Bill Richardson (New Mexico) and then Governor Janet Napolitano (Arizona) to develop a coordinated border state plan to supplement federal efforts to curb illegal immigration. Previously, Kinky put forth the "Five Mexican Generals" Plan, to pay Mexican officials to halt immigration on their side of the border. Although he originally stated "When I talk about the five Mexican generals, people think I'm joking but I'm dead serious", Friedman later told the ''Dallas Morning News'' that the plan, never meant to be carried out, was a joke with an element of seriousness.

According to his official Web site, Friedman's answer to the question "How does Kinky feel about abortion?" is "Kinky believes in a woman's right to choose." In person, he hedges his bet, saying "I'm not pro-life, and I'm not pro-choice. I'm pro-football." On social issues he has supported gay marriage, answering an Associated Press reporter's question on the subject on Feb. 3, 2005, "I support gay marriage. I believe they have a right to be as miserable as the rest of us." (Friedman himself has never been married.)

According to ''Cigar Aficionado'' magazine, Friedman plans to roll back "any and all smoking bans" if elected. One of his favorite quotes comes from Mark Twain: "If smoking is not allowed in heaven, I shall not go." Friedman supports the decriminalization of marijuana, though he doesn't advocate making its sale legal. "I'm not talking about like Amsterdam," he noted, "We've got to clear some of the room out of the prisons so we can put the bad guys in there, like the pedophiles and the politicians."

Further political activities

On August 9, 2007 the ''Austin American-Statesman'' reported that Friedman was considering another run for Governor of Texas in 2010. "I'm open to running", Friedman said, adding that he wouldn't make a final decision until after the 2008 elections. On February 10, 2009 Friedman confirmed to the Associated Press that he was still interested in running.

In an August 23, 2007 interview with the ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'' and a February 10, 2009 interview with the Associated Press, Friedman stated that if he did run in 2010, he would run as a Democrat, citing that "God probably couldn't have won as an independent" and that he was a Democrat all his life.

On April 14, 2009, Friedman announced in an email to supporters that he intended to make a second gubernatorial run, this time as a Democrat.

Friedman announced on December 14, 2009, that he was leaving the gubernatorial race and would instead seek the Democratic nomination for Texas Agriculture Commissioner in 2010, but lost the nomination to rancher Hank Gilbert in the state's primary on March 2, 2010.

Other work & references in popular culture

Friedman appeared in the 2004 documentary film ''Barbecue: A Texas Love Story'' by Austin-based director Chris Elley. In the film, narrated by Governor Ann Richards, Kinky exclaims that "Jesus loved Barbecue" and analyzes the speech patterns of Texans versus New Yorkers. Raw footage from Friedman's interview appears in the 2005 DVD release of the film. He has appeared in other movies as well including ''Loose Shoes'' and ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2''.

Friedman's persona as a politically incorrect raconteur has been likened to that of movie critic and commentator John Irving Bloom, better known in print as Joe Bob Briggs, with whom he appeared in the B movie ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2''.

Friedman prefers to smoke Montecristo No. 2 Cigars, the same brand once smoked by Fidel Castro. However, he also smokes Bolivars, noting that "Simón Bolívar is the only person in history to be exiled from a country named after him." Friedman now makes eponymous cigars under the name Kinky Friedman Cigars.

Friedman is given brief praise in Joseph Heller's 1976 novel, ''Good as Gold'', in which a governor (meant to satirize Lyndon B. Johnson), tells the main character, Bruce Gold: "Gold, I like you. You remind me a lot of this famous country singer from Texas I'm crazy about, a fellow calls himself Kinky Friedman, the Original Texas Jewboy. Kinky's smarter, but I like you more."

Friedman is friends with Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and he has visited both at the White House. He wrote about his friendships with them in his November 2001 column ("Hail to the Kinkster") for ''Texas Monthly''.

The play ''Becoming Kinky: The World According to Kinky Friedman'', directed by Ted Swindley (Always...Patsy Cline), starring Jesse Dayton, Little Jewford, Alan Lee and Andross Bautsch, premiered at McGonigel's Mucky Duck in Houston, Texas on March 28, 2011.

Bibliography

''Greenwich Killing Time'' (1986, ISBN 0-688-06409-4)

''A Case Of Lone Star'' (1987, ISBN 0-517-69427-1)

''When The Cat's Away'' (1988, ISBN 0-517-07564-4)

''Frequent Flyer'' (1989, ISBN 0-688-08166-5)

''Musical Chairs'' (1991, ISBN 0-688-09148-2)

''Elvis, Jesus and Coca-Cola'' (1993, ISBN 0-671-86922-1)

''Armadillos and Old Lace'' (1994, ISBN 0-671-86923-X)

''God Bless John Wayne'' (1995, ISBN 0-684-81051-4)

''The Love Song of J. Edgar Hoover'' (1996, ISBN 0-684-80377-1)

''Roadkill'' (1997, ISBN 0-684-80378-X)

''Blast From The Past'' (1998, ISBN 0-684-80379-8)

''Spanking Watson'' (1999, ISBN 0-684-85061-3)

''The Mile High Club'' (2000, ISBN 0-684-86486-X)

''Steppin' On A Rainbow'' (2001, ISBN 0-684-86487-8)

''Meanwhile, Back At The Ranch'' (2002, ISBN 0-684-86488-6)

''Kinky Friedman's Guide to Texas Etiquette: Or How To Get To Heaven Or Hell Without Going Through Dallas-Fort Worth'' (2002, ISBN 0-06-093535-9)

''Kill Two Birds and Get Stoned'' (2003, ISBN 0-06-620979-X)

''Curse of the Missing Puppet Head'' (2003, ISBN 0-9702383-6-3)

''The Prisoner of Vandam Street'' (2004, ISBN 0-7432-4602-0)

'''Scuse Me While I Whip This Out: Reflections On Country Singers, Presidents, And Other Troublemakers'' (2004, ISBN 0-06-053975-5)

''The Great Psychedelic Armadillo Picnic: A "Walk" In Austin'' (2004, ISBN 1-4000-5070-7)

''Ten Little New Yorkers'' (2005, ISBN 0-7432-4603-9)

''Texas Hold 'Em: How I Was Born In A Manger, Died In The Saddle, And Came Back As A Horny Toad'' (2005, ISBN 0-312-33155-X)

''Cowboy Logic : The Wit And Wisdom Of Kinky Friedman (And Some Of His Friends)'' (2006, ISBN 9780312331573)

''The Christmas Pig: A Fable (2006, ISBN 1416534989)

''You Can Lead A Politician To Water, But You Can't Make Him Think: Ten Commandments For Texas Politics'' (2007, ISBN 9781416547600)

''What Would Kinky Do? How to Unscrew a Screwed Up World'' (2008, ISBN 9780312331597)

References

External links

Kinky Friedman's official website

Kinky Friedman's authorised oral biography

Returned Peace Corps Volunteer stories about Friedman

Biography at Kinkajou Records

Profile of Friedman's political campaign in the August 22, 2005 New Yorker

Kinky Friedman interviewed for Texas Monthly Talks

Kinky's Run For Governor Of Texas (Article; Video) ''60 Minutes'', January 22, 2006

and-Politics-Interview-with-Kinky-Friedman.html Kinky Friedman podcast interview - Texas music, dogs, and politics

Utopia Animal Rescue Ranch

Being There Interview November/December 2005

2008 Kinky Friedman interview with Jon Niccum

Kinky Friedman Discography

Category:American country singers Category:American humorists Category:American male singers Category:American mystery writers Category:American novelists Category:American satirists Category:American songwriters Category:Austin High School (Austin, Texas) alumni Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish singers Category:Jewish American musicians Category:Jewish American politicians Category:Jews and Judaism in Texas Category:Musicians from Texas Category:Peace Corps volunteers Category:People from Austin, Texas Category:People from Bandera County, Texas Category:Texas Democrats Category:Writers from Chicago, Illinois Category:Writers from Texas Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:Independent politicians in the United States Category:Jewish American novelists

bn:কিংকি ফ্রিডম্যান de:Kinky Friedman fr:Kinky Friedman it:Kinky Friedman no:Kinky Friedman fi:Kinky Friedman sv:Kinky Friedman