A sanatorium (also spelled sanitorium and sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness, most typically associated with treatment of tuberculosis (TB) before antibiotics. A distinction is sometimes made between "sanitarium" (a kind of health resort, as in the Battle Creek Sanitarium) and "sanatorium" (a hospital).

History

The rationale for sanatoria was that before antibiotic treatments existed, a regimen of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the sufferer's immune system would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infection. In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened the ''Brehmerschen Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke'' in Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko), Silesia (now Poland), for the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late 19th century onwards. The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, established in Saranac Lake, New York, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, its members, including renowned pioneer in the fight against tuberculosis Dr. R.G. Ferguson, believed that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use a new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun ''sanitas'', meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the Latin verb root ''sano'', meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium."

Switzerland used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, cold mountain air was the best treatment for lung diseases. In Finland, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas. The most famous was the Paimio Sanatorium, built in 1930 and designed by world-renowned architect Alvar Aalto. It had rooftop terraces where the patients would lie all day on specially designed chairs, the Paimio Chair. In Portugal, the Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares, was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s.

In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States. In the early 1900s Arizona's sunshine and dry desert air drew many people (called "lungers") suffering from tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma and various other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to make the journey to Arizona and arrived penniless. TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as an ideal place for treatment of TB. There were many sanitariums in the state of Arizona modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards and individual rooms. Each sanitarium was equipped to take care of about 120 people. The greatest area for sanitariums was in Tucson, with over 12 hotel-style facilities in the city. By 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that there was not enough housing for them all. In 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas; one of which was described as a place of squalor and shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert.

The first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the segregated South was the Piedmont Sanatorium in Burkeville, Virginia. Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a Louisville, Kentucky, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become a mecca for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate, Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria. A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida is the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States.

In 1907, Stannington Sanatorium was open in the North East of England to treat tuberculosis in children. The sanatorium was opened using funds raised by the local charity, 'The Poor Children's Holiday Association', now the regions oldest children's charity, Children North East.

After 1943, when Albert Schatz, then a graduate student at Rutgers University, discovered streptomycin, an antibiotic and the first cure for tuberculosis, sanatoria began to close. As in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium, many were transformed into general hospitals. By the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major public health threat; it was controlled by antibiotics rather than extended rest. Most sanatoria were demolished years before.

Some, however, have been adapted for new medical roles. The Tambaram Sanatorium in south India is now a hospital for AIDS patients. The state hospital in Sanatorium, Mississippi, is now a regional center for programs for treatment and occupational therapy associated with mental retardation. In Japan in 2001, the ministry of welfare suggested changing the names of a leprosarium to a sanatorium.

The term "sanatorium" was often used throughout the 20th century in the US as a socially-acceptable term for psychiatric hospitals.

Resort

In Russia, Ukraine, and other former Soviet Union republics, the term "sanatorium" is generally used for a combination resort/recreational facility and a medical facility to provide short-term complex rest and medical services. It is similar to spa resorts with medical services.

See also

Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium

Losheng Sanatorium

Waverly Hills Sanatorium

Notes

References

The Sanatorium Age: "Sanatorium" vs. "Sanitarium", The Saskatchewan Lung Association.

Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity, Douglas Kleier, Jr., Louisville Cardinal Online, Oct. 21, 2003.

Category:Hospitals Category:Tuberculosis Category:Resorts by type Category:Types of healthcare facilities

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Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
name	Plastic Tree
background	group_or_band
origin	Chiba Prefecture, Japan
genre	Alternative rock
years active	1993–present
label	Gio Records (1995–1997)Warner Music Japan (1997–2001)Entrance (1997–1998)Sweet Heart Records (2001 and 2003)Atmark Corporation (2002)Universal Music Japan (2003–2004 and 2006–2010)Sick Room Records (2003–2005)J-Rock (2005)Akatsuki label (2007–present)Tokuma Japan Communications (2010-)
associated acts	Tatsuya Nishiwaki (1998) Shinobu Narita (1999-2002) Seiji Kameda (2003-2004) Masataka Kitaura (2007) Masao Akashi (2007-current)
current members	Ryutaro ArimuraAkira NakayamaTadashi HasegawaKenken Sato
past members	Shin (Drums) (left 1996)Takashi (Drums) (left 2001) Hiroshi "Bucchi" Sasabuchi (Drums) (left 2009)
notable instruments	}}

Plastic Tree is a Japanese rock band which formed in December 1993 in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. They released their first mini-album in December 1995, and in 1997, they debuted by releasing their first single on a major label.

Biography

Plastic Tree, also known as or to fans, was formed in December 1993. Early in their career, they frequently performed live and handed out free copies of their demo tapes.

In 1995, they released their first mini-album ''Kimyou na Kajitsu: Strange Fruits'' after changing drummers twice.

Two years later, they released their first single, "Wareta Mado", with Warner Music Japan, marking their official debut and first release on a major label.

Plastic Tree planned their first overseas tour in 2006, named the ''Chandelier Tour'', and performed concerts in France, Germany, and Finland.

On February 23, 2009, Hiroshi Sasabuchi announced his resignation as the band's drummer after being with the band for seven years. On July 3, 2009, Kenken Sato was announced as the band's new drummer. Since forming, they have had four different drummers.

Sound and style

Early in their career, their music had heavy visual kei influences. As time went on, their sound seemed to change and evolve with every album. Due to this, the band does not think that they should be placed into any certain genre.

Plastic Tree has stated that their sound has been considerably influenced by British bands such as Radiohead and The Cure.

The most easily recognizable signature of Plastic Tree's music is the melodic, child-like voice of Ryūtarō Arimura. Their sound is also aided by Arimura's abstract lyrics. All four band members collaborate to write songs and lyrics, with Arimura writing most of the lyrics.

Plastic Tree's current sound revolves around alternative rock.

Band members

Current members

!Member	!Instrument
backup guitar
	lead guitar
	bass guitar

Former members

!Member	!Instrument	!Start year	!End year
	drums	2001	2009
	drums	1996	2001
Shin	drums	1993	1996

Discography

Albums

Kimyou na Kajitsu: Strange Fruits (1995.12.11)

Hide and Seek (1997.07.10)

Puppet Show (1998.08.26)

Parade (2000.08.23)

Cut: Early Songs Best Selection (2001.03.27)

Plastic Tree Single Collection (2001.11.14)

トロイメライ (TRÄUMEREI [toroimerai]) (2002.09.21)

Best Album (Premium Best) (2002.11.07)

シロクロニクル　(Shiro Chronicle) (2003.10.22)

Cell (2004.8.25)

白盤 [Shiro Ban] (Greatest Hits) (2005.10.26)

黒盤 [Kuro Ban] (Greatest Hits) (2005.10.26)

Chandelier (2006.06.28)

「ネガとポジ」(Nega to Poji) (2007.06.27)

Plastic Tree "e.p" (What is "Plastic Tree"?) (2007.07.13)

B面画報 (B-Men Gahō) (2007.09.05)

ウツセミ (Utsu Semi) (2008.09.24)

ゲシュタルト崩壊 (Gestalt Houkai) (2009.08.26)

ドナドナ　(Dona Dona) (2009.12.23)

Ammonite (2011.04.06)

Singles

リラの樹　''Rira no ki (1996.09.25)''

割れた窓　''Wareta Mado (1997.06.25)''

本当の嘘　''Hontō no Uso (1998.02.15)''

絶望の丘　''Zetsubō no Oka (1998.06.25)''

トレモロ　''Tremolo (1999.03.10)''

Sink ''(1999.08.25)''

ツメタイヒカリ''Tsumetai Hikari (1999.12.10)''

スライド　''Slide (2000.04.19)''

ロケット　''Rocket (2000.07.12)''

プラネタリウム　''Planetarium (2001.01.07)''

散りユク僕ラ　''Chiriyuku Bokura (2001.09.14)''

蒼い鳥　''Aoi Tori (2002.06.26)''

バカになったのに　''Baka Ni Natta Noni (2003.05.21)''

もしもピアノが弾げたなら　''Moshimo Piano ga Hiketanara (2003.06.25)''

水色ガールフレンド　''Mizuiro Girlfriend (2003.10.1)''

雪蛍 ''Yuki Hotaru (2004.01.12)''

春咲 センチメンタル ''Harusaki Sentimental (2004.03.10)''

メランコリック　''Melancholic (2004.07.28)''

讚美歌 ''Sanbika (2005.5.11)''

名前のない花 ''Namae no Nai Hana (2005.10.12)''

Ghost ''(2005.11.16)''

空中ブランコ ''Kūchū Buranko (2005.12.14)''

ナミダ ドロップ ''Namida Drop (2006.05.10)''

スピカ ''Spica (2007.01.23)''

真っ赤な糸 ''Makka Na Ito (2007.05.16)''

アローンアゲイン、ワンダフルワールド ''Alone Again, Wonderful World (2008.04.09)''

リプレイ/DOLLY ''Replay/dolly (2008.08.13)''

梟 ''Fukurō (2009.6.10)''

サナトリウム ''Sanatorium (2009.10.28)''

ムーンライト ――――。 ''Moonlight----- (2010.07.28)''

みらいいろ''Mirai Iro'' (2010.12.15)

DVD

二次元ヲゴール③ ''Nijigen Orgel 3 (2004.12.22)''

黒テント② ''Kuro Tent 2 (2002.12.18)''

黒テント ''(2002.03.21)''

二次元ヲゴール② ''Nijigen Orgel 2 (2000.11.22)''

二次元ヲゴール ''Nijigen Orgel (2005.07.28)''

花燃えて、亡霊の涙、天幕に堕ちる。- Live & Clips 2005 ''(2006.03.09)''

Zero ''10th Anniversary Live at Budokan (2007.09.08)''

Merry Go Around The World (2008.12.24)''

Tent (Tento) Live performance at Budokan (2009.08.30)

Trivia

Their fanclub is currently named "JellyFish Breed". Because of this, their fans are often referred to as ''Kurage'', which is Japanese for jellyfish.

While it has been popularly speculated that the band's name was derived from Radiohead's Song, Fake Plastic Trees, the formation of the band and the release of the song do not coincide.

Akira Nakayama is the support guitarist for Coaltar of the Deepers.

Plastic Tree's single "Sink" was used as the eighth ending song for the anime ''Kindaichi Case Files''.

Plastic Tree's single "Namida Drop" was used as the first ending song for the anime ''Garasu no Kantai''.

Plastic Tree's single "Mirai Iro" was used as the fifth ending song for the anime ''Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's''.

References

External links

Official website

Official blog

Category:Japanese musical groups Category:Japanese rock music groups Category:Visual kei bands

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