Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	The Australian National University
Image name	Australian National University crest.png
Motto	''Naturam Primum Cognoscere Rerum'' ("First to learn the nature of things")
Established	1946
Type	Public
endowment	A$1.1023 billion (as of December 2009)
Chancellor	Professor The Hon Gareth Evans AO QC
Vice chancellor	Professor Ian Young
City	Acton
State	Australian Capital Territory
Country	Australia
Undergrad	9,873
Postgrad	7,554
Staff	3,945
Campus	Urban,
Affiliations	Group of Eight, APRU, IARU, AURA, ASAIHL
Website	anu.edu.au
Logo	}}

The Australian National University (ANU) is a public teaching and research university located in Canberra, Australia. ANU was established by an act of the Parliament of Australia on 1 August 1946 with the legislated purpose of conducting and promoting research in Australia. The Australian National University consistently ranks among the top universities in Australia and is one of the top universities in the world in a number of fields.

ANU is a member of several university alliances and cooperative networks, including the Group of Eight, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy and the International Alliance of Research Universities.

ANU includes five Nobel laureates among its staff and alumni.

Arms

The ANU logo is composed of three elements: the crest, the logotype, and the name of the University. The name of the University is printed in capitalised Rotis Semi Sans. The university's coat of arms is a blue shield bearing a stylised representation of Australia beneath the stars of the Southern Cross. The motto is written on a scroll beneath the shield, ''Naturam Primum Cognoscere Rerum'' ("First to learn the nature of things").

History

The Australian National University was established by an act of the Parliament of Australia, introduced by the then Prime Minister Ben Chifley and the Minister for Post-war Reconstruction J.J. Dedman. The bill was passed on 1 August 1946 with support of the Opposition Leader Robert Menzies. Its provisions came into effect on 7 February 1947. ANU is the only Australian university to be established by an act of the Federal Parliament; all other Australian universities were established by State or Territory parliaments.

A group of eminent Australian scholars were involved in the infancy of ANU, such as Sir Mark Oliphant, a leader in radar development and nuclear physics; Sir Howard Florey, a co-discoverer of the benefits of penicillin; Sir Keith Hancock, an eminent historian; and H. C. Coombs, a renowned economist and public servant.

After its establishment, the University conducted research and provided postgraduate education. In 1960, the former Canberra University College, which had operated since 1930, was amalgamated into ANU as the School of General Studies to provide for the education of undergraduate students.

Governance

The governing body is a 15 member Council which governs under the ''Australian National University Act 1991''. The Council's key responsibilities include appointing the Vice Chancellor and Principal, approving the strategic direction and annual budget, establishing operational policies and procedures, and overseeing academic and commercial activities as well as risk management. The chair of the Council is the Chancellor, Professor The Hon Gareth Evans AO QC.

Endowment

In 2009, the university had an endowment of approximately $1.1023 billion.

Academic Structure

ANU has seven academic Colleges, which contain a network of inter-related faculties, research schools and centres.

Colleges

The ANU is divided into seven academic Colleges. Each College is responsible for undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as research in its respective field.

! Faculty !! Est. !! Notes
ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences		The ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences encompasses the field of humanities, creative arts and social sciences. It incorporates the Research School of Social Sciences, delivering education and research in the fields of history, philosophy, politics, international relations, and sociology. It also incorporates the Research School of Humanities and the Arts, including the ANU School of Music and ANU School of Art.
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific		The ANU College of Asia and the Pacific hosts education and research in a wide range of fields with a focus on Australia's geographic neighbourhood. The Crawford School of Economics and Government conducts economic and public policy research on domestic and regional issues. Through three other Schools, the College also covers strategic studies, culture, language, and regulation in the Asia-Pacific region.
ANU College of Business and Economics		The ANU College of Business and Economics (CBE) comprises various schools and centres. These are the School of Accounting and Business Information Systems (ABIS), School of Economics, School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Applied Statistics (FASS), School of Management, Marketing and International Business (MMIB), Research School of Economics (RSE) and the Research School of Business. The centres in CBE are the Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, National Centre for Information Systems Research (NCISR) and the Australian National Centre for Audit and Assurance Research.
ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science		The College comprises the School of Computer Science and the School of Engineering. The college contains The Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering (RSISE).
ANU College of Law	1960	The ANU College of Law conducts research and teaching, and engages with the community in a wide range of outreach activities such as advising government, sitting on tribunals, giving pro bono legal advice.
ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment					John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR) was formed in 1948 as a result of the vision of Nobel Laureate Howard Florey and Prime Minister John Curtin. Two Nobel Prizes (Sir John Eccles>John Carew Eccles in 1963 and Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996) have been won by research performed at John Curtin.
ANU College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences		The College comprises Astronomy & Astrophysics; Chemistry; Earth Sciences; Mathematical Sciences; Physics; and Science Communication. The college contains the Research School of Physics and Engineering, a body which focuses primarily on research into materials science and engineering; lasers, nonlinear optics and photonics; nanotechnology and mesoscopic physics; physics of atoms, molecules and the nucleus; plasma physics and surface science; physics and the environment

Campus

Acton

The university's main campus occupies most of the Canberra suburb of Acton. The campus covers adjoining native bushland, Black Mountain, Lake Burley Griffin, the suburb of Turner and the city centre. The ANU campus is divided into eight precincts, with three on the west side of Sullivans Creek; Dickson Precinct, Linnaeus Precinct, Daley Precinct; and five on the east side; Kingsley Precinct, Baldessin Precinct, Ellery Precinct, Liversidge Precinct and Garran Precinct. With over 10,000 trees on its campus, the ANU was awarded the Silver Greenhouse Challenge Award at the annual Australian Engineering Excellence Awards in 2003.

Map of campus – clickable with key to ANU buildings

Other Campuses

The Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics (RSAA) is located away from the main campus in Acton, at the Mount Stromlo Observatory, near Weston Creek in south Canberra. RSAA also runs the Siding Spring Observatory near Coonabarabran, New South Wales. Since the destruction of Mount Stromlo's telescopes in the Canberra bushfires of 2003, this is university's only telescope site. The university also runs a coastal campus at Kioloa on the South Coast of New South Wales dedicated to field work training, and a North Australia Research Unit in Darwin in the Northern Territory.

Undergraduate students on all campuses are represented by the ANU Students' Association. Postgraduate students are represented by the Postgraduate and Research Students' Association (PARSA), a member of the Council of Australian Postgraduate Associations. The Australian National University Union provides representation to all students in the provision of catering and retail services as well as functions amenities.

Residential Halls and Colleges

Eight of the university's nine affiliated halls and colleges are located on campus, while Fenner Hall is located on Northbourne Avenue in the nearby suburb of Braddon. The halls and colleges are: Bruce Hall, Ursula Hall, Fenner Hall, Burgmann College, John XXIII College, Burton & Garran Hall, UniLodge Davey, UniLodge Kinloch, Unilodge Warrumbul, Toad Hall, University House and Graduate House. In 2010, Griffin Hall, a non-residential college, was established for students living off-campus.

Burgmann and neighbouring John XXIII College are the only remaining independent residential colleges among the Australian National University's ten halls of residence. Burgmann and John XXIII continue to administer their own admissions processes separate from the university's central clearinghouse for accommodation.

Although the University accommodation houses more than 3,700 students, the ANU suffers from chronic shortage of student accommodation, due in part to over-enrolment.

Collaborations and Memberships

ANU is a member of several university alliances and cooperative networks, including the Group of Eight, the Association of Pacific Rim Universities, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy and the International Alliance of Research Universities.

Library System

The Australian National University Library is part of the ANU's Division of Information. The Australian National University Library began with the appointment of the first University Librarian, Arthur Leopold Gladstone McDonald in early 1948. The establishment of the ANU Library was deemed so important to the development of the University, that McDonald was appointed by the Interim Council before any of the professors.

Initially McDonald and several assistants were housed in Ormond College at the University of Melbourne, where they began to form the collection. At the end of 1950s the collection, which had grown to approximately 40,000 volumes, was transferred to Canberra, to be located in the Canberra Community Hospital and nearby huts. Over the course of the 1950s the collection grew steadily, and by the time of McDonald's retirement in the 1960s, the collection had grown to 150,000 volumes.

The ANU Library collection is housed in four main locations; the R.G. Menzies Building (Asia Pacific material); the J.B. Chifley Building (Social Sciences & Humanities material); the W.K. Hancock Building (Science material); and the Law Library in the Law School Building. Additional services are provided by five science branch libraries: Art Library, Chemistry Branch Library, Earth Sciences Branch Library, Eccles Medical Sciences Library and Music Library. The ANU owns a collection of rare books, housed in a closed access collection held in the Rare Book Room in the R.G. Menzies Building.

Rankings

The following publications ranked universities worldwide.

Publications!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!Comments
Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings			|			16	23	16	16	16	17	20		Ranking within Australia: 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, from 2004 to 2009 respectively.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings		|											43	Ranking within Australia: 2 in 2010.
QS World University Rankings		|											20	Ranking within Australia: 1 in 2010.
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities		|				49	53	53	54	57	59	59	59	Ranking within Australia: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 from 2003 to 2010 respectively.

The University currently has the highest ranking for universities in Australia. It is also one of the highest ranked universities in Asia and the Southern Hemisphere according to several compilations, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the QS World University Rankings (the latter two were amalgamated as the THE-QS World University Rankings until 2010). The Australian National University is the second highest ranked university outside North America and Britain, after ETH Zurich.

The QS World University Rankings consistently ranks the Australian National University highly. In 2010 it was ranked first in Australasia and twentieth in the World, one below McGill University, one above King's College London. It has dropped three places since the 2009 THE-QS World University Rankings (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings. and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings) where it came seventeenth globally.

Notable graduates

Academic leaders have included Professors Manning Clark, Bart Bok, Derek Freeman, and Hanna Neumann. Notable political alumni include former Prime Ministers of Australia Bob Hawke (who did not graduate) and Kevin Rudd, current Premier of New South Wales Barry O'Farrell, Patricia Hewitt, and Kim Edward Beazley. Alumni in other fields include Supreme Court Judge Catherine Holmes, linguist Nicholas Evans and mathematician John H. Coates.

Nobel prize winners associated with the University include Lord Howard Florey, an early academic adviser to ANU and Chancellor from 1965–1968 and Professor John Eccles awarded in 1963 for Medicine – for his pioneering work on aspects of the mammalian central nervous system. Professor Eccles was founding Professor of Physiology at The John Curtin School of Medical Research. Professor John Harsanyi received the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his work on game theory, providing a new tool for economic analysis. Professor Harsanyi taught economics at ANU from 1958 to 1961, completing some of his early research on game theory while at the University. Professor Rolf M. Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty received the 1996 Nobel Prize for Medicine for their revolutionary work in immunology; Professors Doherty and Zinkernagel first met and worked together at The John Curtin School of Medical Research.

See also

Australian National University Library

Australian National University Student Association

Australian National University Union

List of Australian National University people (notable alumni and faculty)

NICTA – National Information and Communication Technology Research Centre, co-founded by ANU

Woroni – The ANU student newspaper

Group of Eight (Australian universities)

References

External links

Australian National University

Group of Eight

* Category:National universities Category:Universities in the Australian Capital Territory Category:Association of Pacific Rim Universities Category:1946 establishments in Australia

da:Australian National University de:Australian National University et:Australian National University es:Universidad Nacional Australiana fr:Université nationale australienne ko:오스트레일리아 국립 대학교 id:Universitas Nasional Australia it:Australian National University he:האוניברסיטה הלאומית של אוסטרליה ja:オーストラリア国立大学 no:Australian National University pnb:آسٹرلین یونیورسٹی pl:Australian National University pt:Universidade Nacional da Austrália ru:Австралийский национальный университет simple:Australian National University sr:Аустралијски национални универзитет fi:Australian kansallinen yliopisto ta:ஆஸ்திரேலிய தேசியப் பல்கலைக்கழகம் th:มหาวิทยาลัยแห่งชาติออสเตรเลีย uk:Австралійський національний університет vi:Đại học Quốc gia Úc zh:澳大利亞國立大學

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Group	Australian people ''Australians''
Population	23,400,000
Popplace	000}}

|region1 = |pop1 = 135,000+ |region2 = |pop2 = 96,900 |region3 = |pop3 = 89,210 |region4 = |pop4 = 78,927 |region5 = |pop5 = 62,700 |region6 = |pop6 = 51,900 |region7 = |pop7 = 42,000 |region8 = |pop8 = 30,000 |region9 = |pop9 = 25,000 |region10 = |pop10 = 23,305 |region11 = |pop11 = 18,000 |region12 = |pop12 = 11,369 |region13 = |pop13 = 9,376 |region14 = |pop14 = 7,491 |region15 = |pop15 = 6,322 |region16 = |pop16 = 5,706|langs }} Australian people, or simply Australians, are the citizens of Australia. Australia is a multi-ethnic nation, and therefore the term "Australian" is not a racial identifier. Aside from the Indigenous Australian population, nearly all Australians or their ancestors immigrated within the past 230 years. Colloquial names used to refer to Australians include Aussies, and Antipodeans.

The mainstream Australian culture (occasionally defined as the Anglo-Celtic culture), is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European migrants beginning with the early settlers from England, Scotland, and Ireland. The populations of Sydney, Melbourne and the other major cities are different from the demographics of rural Australia as a result of the differing migration patterns.

Australian people can refer to:

The citizens of Australia, as defined by Australian nationality law

People whose ancestors lived in Australia

Indigenous Australians

Australian diaspora

There is an estimated 1 million Australians (approximately 5% of the population) residing outside Australia. Hundreds of thousands of young Australians traditionally spend time living in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, but most return to Australia. The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement facilitates open migration to and from New Zealand. Key factors affecting the Australian Diaspora are rise of a global labour market, more accessible and economical international transport, and increasingly sophisticated communication technologies along with a growing interest in broader global community.

Population

The current Australian population is estimated at 000}} ( ). This does not include an estimated 1 million Australians living overseas (see above), but it includes the estimated 24% of Australians born overseas (in various nations, but predominantly the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, China, Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Greece).

Historical

The data in the table is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000.

style="width:50px;" colspan="4" align="center" Pre-Federation style="width:50px;" Year Population >style="width:90px;"| Population 859 332,328 4,588 1,050,828 10,263 1,539,552 25,859 2,092,164 58,197 2,981,677 151,868 3,664,715

style="width:90px;" style="width:50px;" Year Population || % change Year Population % change Year Population % change 3,788,123 - 7,109,898 4.9 14,923,260 6.3 4,059,083 7.2 7,465,157 5.0 16,018,350 7.3 4,489,545 10.6 8,421,775 12.8 17,284,036 12.8 4,943,173 10.1 9,425,563 11.9 18,310,714 5.9 5,455,136 10.4 10,548,267 11.9 19,413,240 6.0 6,056,360 11.0 11,599,498 10.0 20,848,760 7.4 6,526,485 7.8 13,067,265 12.7 6,778,372 3.4 14,033,083 7.4

Ancestry

For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came from the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the gold rushes also drew migrants from other countries. Since the end of World War II, Australia's population more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. At this time, the White Australia Policy discouraged non-European immigration.

Abolition of the White Australia Policy in the mid-1970s led to a significant increase in non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East. About 90% of Australia's population is of European descent. Over 8% of the population is of Asian descent (predominantly Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipino and Indian). The total indigenous population is estimated to be about 520,000 individuals, including people of mixed descent. The population of Queensland also includes descendants of South Sea Islanders brought over for indentured servitude in the 19th century.

In the 2006 Australian Census residents were asked to describe their ancestry, in which up to two could be nominated. Proportionate to the Australian resident population, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:

Australian (31.13%)

English (29.65%)

Irish (9.08%)

Scottish (7.16%)

Italian (4.29%)

German (4.09%)

Chinese (3.37%)

Greek (1.84%)

Dutch (1.56%)

Libyan (1.17%)

Lebanese (0.92%)

Armenian (0.82%)

New Zealand (0.81%)

Filipino (0.81%)

Maltese (0.77%)

Croatian (0.59%)

Australian Aboriginal (0.58%)

Welsh (0.57%)

French (0.5%)

Serbian (0.48%)

Banyumasan (0.47%)

Spanish (0.42%)

Macedonian (0.42%)

South African (0.4%)

Sinhalese (0.37%)

Hungarian (0.3%)

Russian (0.3%)

Turkish (0.3%)

American (0.28%)

At the 2006 Census 455,026 people (or 2.3% of the total Australian population) reported they were of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin.

Languages

English, a West Germanic language, is the ''de facto'' national language of Australia and is spoken by the majority of the population, regardless of other languages spoken. Most Australians speak Australian English, however Australian Aboriginal English and Torres Strait English, along with various creoles and pidgins, are spoken by some Indigenous Australians. Australia is home to a great number of unique but endangered Indigenous Australian languages, as well as Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Australia's hearing-impaired community primarily uses Auslan, a member of the BANZSL language family.

The diverse backgrounds of Australians lead to a great number of community languages being spoken: {|class="wikitable" width="100%" |- !width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers |- |English only||15,581,333||Indigenous Australian languages||55,705||Samoan||28,525 |- |Italian||316,895||Korean||54,623||Portuguese||25,779 |- |Greek||252,226||Turkish||53,857||Khmer||24,715 |- |Arabic||243,662||Serbian||52,534||Banyumasan||23,164 |- |Mandarin||220,600||French||43,216||Persian||22,841 |- |Vietnamese||194,863||Indonesian||42,036||Hungarian||21,565 |- |Spanish||98,001||Maltese||36,514||Hindi||20,223 |- |Filipino (Tagalog)||92,331||Russian||36,502||Urdu||19,288 |- |German||75,634||Dutch||36,183||Afrikaans||16,806 |- |Cantonese||70,011||Japanese||35,111||Bengali||15,743 |- |Macedonian||67,835||Tamil||32,700||Punjabi||13,164 |- |Croatian||63,612||Sinhalese||29,055 || colspan="2" rowspan="2"|  |- |Polish||53,389||Assyrian||23,526 |- |}

Religion

{|class="wikitable" align="left" |- |Christianity||63.9%||Islam||1.7% |- |''No religion''||18.7%||Judaism||0.4% |- |''No response''||11.2%||Other||2% |- |Buddhism||2.1%||colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} {|class="wikitable" align="right" |- |colspan="2"|Christianity (as % of total) |- |Roman Catholicism||25.8% |- |Anglicanism||18.7% |- |''Other denomination''||19.4% |- |colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} Australians have various religions and spiritual beliefs. The Australian Bureau of Statistics gathers information on religious belief in the national census. As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as Christian; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.

Nationality

Australians share Australian nationality, which is governed by Australian nationality law. Since there is no national identification card, commonly accepted proofs of Australian citizenship are the Australian passport, an Australian birth certificate (prior to 1986, when jus soli was abolished), or an Australian citizenship certificate. Australia permits dual citizenship with no restriction.

References

See also

Category:Ethnic groups in Oceania

cy:Awstraliaid ko:오스트레일리아인 pl:Australijczycy pt:Australianos uk:Австралійці

A national university is generally a university created or run by a government, but which at the same time operates autonomously without direct oversight or control by the state. Some national universities are closely associated with national cultural or political aspirations. For example, the National University of Ireland in the early days of Irish independence collected a large amount of information on the Irish language and Irish culture. In Argentina, the national universities are the result of the 1918 Argentine university revolution and its subsequent reforms, which sought a more equal and secular higher education system without clerical or government influence by bestowing self government on the institutions.

List of national universities

Argentina

See List of universities in Argentina.

Australia

Australian National University

Bangladesh

Bangladesh National University

University of Dhaka

Belize

University of Belize

Cambodia

Royal University of Phnom Penh

Canada

Royal Military College of Canada

Sri Lanka

University of Ceylon

Chile

University of Chile

Colombia

National University of Colombia

Costa Rica

University of Costa Rica

Equatorial Guinea

National University of Equatorial Guinea

Guyana

University of Guyana

India

Indira Gandhi National Open University

Banaras Hindu University

University of Delhi

Tezpur University

University of Hyderabad

Indonesia

Syiah Kuala University

University of North Sumatra

Andalas University

Riau University

Jambi University

University of Bengkulu

Srivijaya University

Bangka Belitung University

Lampung University

Sultan Agung Tirtayasa University

University of Indonesia

Jakarta Islamic State University

Bogor Agricultural University

Bandung Institute of Technology

Padjadjaran University

Gadjah Mada University

Indonesia Institute of Arts, Yogyakarta official site

Diponegoro University

Sebelas Maret University official site

Indonesia Institute of Arts, Surakarta official site

Airlangga University

Brawijaya University

Jember University

Udayana University official site

Indonesia Institute of Arts, Denpasar official site

University of Mataram

University of Nusa Cendana

Sam Ratulangi University

Ireland

National University of Ireland

Japan

''see Japanese national university (87 schools)''

Lesotho

National University of Lesotho

Malaysia

University of Malaya

National University of Malaysia

Mongolia

National University of Mongolia

Mexico

National Autonomous University of Mexico

Panama

Universidad Nacional de Panama

Paraguay

Universidad Nacional de Asuncion

Universidad Nacional de Concepción

Universidad Nacional del Este

Universidad Nacional de Itapúa

Universidad Nacional de Pilar

Universidad Nacional de Villarrica

Peru

National University of San Marcos

Philippines

University of the Philippines

* UP Diliman, ''flagship''

* UP Baguio

* UP Cebu

* UP Los Baños

* UP Manila

* UP Mindanao

* UP Open University

* UP Visayas

Puerto Rico

University of Puerto Rico

Saudi Arabia

King Saud University

Singapore

National University of Singapore

Nanyang Technological University

Somalia

Somali National University

South Korea

Korea National University of Arts

Seoul National University

Pusan National University

Kyungpook National University

Jeonnam National University

Chungnam National University

Chonbuk National University

Chungbuk National University

Gyeongsang National University

Kangwon National University

Jeju National University

KAIST

Sri Lanka

University of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Switzerland

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

ETH Zurich

Taiwan

National Central University

National Cheng Kung University

National Chi Nan University

National Chiao Tung University

National Chung Cheng University

National Chung Hsing University

National Formosa University

National Ilan University

National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology

National Kaohsiung Marine University

National Kaohsiung Normal University

National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences

National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism

National Kinmen Institute of Technology

National Penghu University

National Pingtung University of Education

National Sun Yat-sen University

National Taichung University

National Taiwan University

National Taiwan Ocean University

National Taiwan University of Arts

National Tsing Hua University

National University of Kaohsiung

National Yang Ming University

National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

Ukraine

Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

National Technical University of Ukraine

National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy

Dnipropetrovsk National University

United Kingdom

Wales

University of Wales

Vietnam

Vietnam National University, Hanoi

Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City

References

See also

Polytechnics

Public university

University Revolution

Category:Academic institutions Category:Academic organizations Category:Lists by country Category:Lists of universities and colleges Category:Types of university or college Category:Universities and colleges Category:Universities and colleges by type

ar:جامعة حكومية ko:국립 대학 ja:国立大学 uk:Державний університет zh:國立大學

Coordinates

34°03′″N118°15′″N

{{infobox person |name

Richard Matthew Stallman |image Rms_at_pitt.jpg |caption Richard Stallman at the University of Pittsburgh 2010 |birth_date March 16, 1953 |birth_place New York City, New York, United States |nationality United States |religion Atheist |other_names rms,St. iGNUcius (avatar) |known_for Free software movement, GNU, Emacs |alma_mater Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (dropped out in 1975) |occupation President of the Free Software Foundation |website www.stallman.org }}

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often shortened to rms, is an American software freedom activist and computer programmer. In September 1983, he launched the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system, and he has been the project's lead architect and organizer. With the launch of the GNU Project, he initiated the free software movement; in October 1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation.

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, and he is the main author of several copyleft licenses including the GNU General Public License, the most widely used free software license. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management, and what he sees as excessive extension of copyright laws. Stallman has also developed a number of pieces of widely used software, including the original Emacs, the GNU Compiler Collection, the GNU Debugger, and various tools in the GNU coreutils. He co-founded the League for Programming Freedom in 1989.

Early years

Stallman was born to Daniel Stallman and Alice Lippman, in 1953 in New York City. His first experience with computers was while in high school at the IBM New York Scientific Center. He was hired for the summer to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran. He completed the task after a couple of weeks and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL. Stallman spent the summer after his high-school graduation writing another program, a preprocessor for the PL/I programming language on the IBM System/360.

During this time, Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was already moving toward a career in mathematics or physics, his teaching professor at Rockefeller thought he would have a future as a biologist.

As a first-year student at Harvard University, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55. In 1971 he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, rms (which was the name of his computer accounts). In the first edition of the ''Hacker's Dictionary'', he wrote "'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'." Stallman graduated from Harvard ''magna cum laude'' earning a BA in Physics in 1974.

Stallman then enrolled as a graduate student in physics at MIT, but abandoned his graduate studies while remaining a programmer at the MIT AI Laboratory. Stallman abandoned his pursuit of a doctorate in physics in favor of programming.

While a graduate student at MIT, Stallman published a paper on an AI truth maintenance system called ''dependency-directed backtracking'' with Gerald Jay Sussman. This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2003, the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking. The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like TECO, Emacs, and the Lisp Machine Operating System. He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20% of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.

Decline of MIT's hacker culture

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software can be regarded as a consequence triggered by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as stated by Stallman's MIT fellow Brewster Kahle.

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in Scribe to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity." He clarified, years later, that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for the software.

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly-installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be free to modify the software they use.

Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics forced Greenblatt to also resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbor and to be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical. The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy. He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral ''value,'' and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983.

GNU project

Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix. The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix." Soon after, he started a non-profit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in Massachusetts. Stallman popularized the concept of ''copyleft'', a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed. Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (gdb), and a build automator (gmake). The notable exception was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began a kernel called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for widespread usage.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU development tools to produce the Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform; most sources use the name ''Linux'' to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX and the Emacs editor. On UNIX systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to jokingly canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast," while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance".

Around 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs. Technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:

Free software activism

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom and since the early 1990s has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement. The speeches he has regularly given are titled ''The GNU project and the Free Software movement'', ''The Dangers of Software Patents'', and ''Copyright and Community in the age of computer networks''. His uncompromising attitude on ethical issues concerning computers and software has caused some people to label him as radical and extremist. In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and report those that are from the non-free tree. Stallman would disagree with parts of Debian's definition of free software.

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free on-line encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles. See GNUPedia.

In Venezuela, Stallman has delivered public speeches and promoted the adoption of free software in the state's oil company (PDVSA), in municipal government, and in the nation's military. Although generally supportive of Hugo Chávez, Stallman has criticised some policies on television broadcasting, free speech rights, and privacy in meetings with Chávez and in public speeches in Venezuela. Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch but resigned in February 2011, criticising pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the 2011 North Africa uprisings.

In August 2006 at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.

After personal meetings, Stallman has obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal, and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents, DRM, and proprietary software.

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman works, resulting in the police being called. ATI has since merged with AMD Corporation and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.

Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007 following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.

Stallman's only computer is a Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because it can run with 100% free software even at the BIOS level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer." Lemote is a joint venture of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, an institution of the State Council of China.

Stallman has suggested that the United States government is encouraging the use of cloud computing because this allows them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.

Terminology

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He untiringly asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms ''intellectual property'' and ''piracy'' (in relation to copyright). His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open source communities.

One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agree to use his terminology throughout the article. Sometimes he has even required journalists to read parts of the GNU philosophy before an interview, for "efficiency's sake". He has been known to turn down speaking requests over some terminology issues.

Stallman rejects a common alternative term, open source software, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom. Thus it will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom. Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term "proprietary software" rather than "closed source software", when referring to software that is not free software.

Stallman repeatedly asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces "GNU slash Linux", be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the Linux kernel. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer." He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux. Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces "GNU plus Linux", to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase "GNU/Linux" as "GNU Linux", which would erroneously imply that the Linux kernel is maintained by the GNU project. (See: GNU/Linux naming controversy)

Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark and other laws by lumping together areas of law that are more dissimilar than similar. He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues.

An example of cautioning others to avoid other terminology while also offering suggestions for possible alternatives, is this sentence of an email by Stallman to a public mailing list: }}

Personal life

Stallman has devoted the bulk of his life’s energies to political and software activism. Professing to care little for material wealth, he explains that "I've always lived cheaply ... like a student, basically. And I like that, because it means that money is not telling me what to do."

Until around 1998, his office at MIT's AI Lab was also his residence. He was registered to vote from there. Nowadays he has a separate residence in Cambridge not far from MIT. His position as a research affiliate at MIT is unpaid.

In a footnote to an article he wrote in 1999, he says "As an atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said." Stallman often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".

Stallman chooses not to celebrate Christmas, instead celebrating "Grav-mass" on December 25. The name and date are references to Isaac Newton, whose birthday falls on that day on the old style calendar.

When asked about his influences, he replied that he admires Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi, Ralph Nader, and Dennis Kucinich, and commented as well: "I admire Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, even though I criticize some of the things that they did." Stallman is a Green Party supporter, and a supporter of the National Initiative proposal.

Stallman recommends not owning a mobile phone, as he believes the tracking of cell phones creates harmful privacy issues. Also, Stallman avoids use of a key card to enter the building where his office is. Such a system would track doors entered and times. For personal reasons, he generally does not actively browse the web from his computer; rather, he uses wget and reads the fetched pages from his e-mail mailbox, claiming to limit direct access via browsers to a few sites such as his own or those related to his work with GNU and the FSF.

In a lecture in Manchester, England on May 1, 2008, Stallman advocated paper voting over machine voting, insisting that there was a much better chance of being able to do a recount correctly if there was a paper copy of the ballots.

Stallman enjoys a wide range of musical styles from the works of Conlon Nancarrow to folk; the Free Software Song takes the form of alternative words for the Bulgarian folk dance Sadi Moma. More recently he wrote a take-off on the Cuban folk song Guantanamera, about a prisoner in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and recorded it in Cuba with Cuban musicians. He also enjoys music by Béla Fleck and the Flecktones and Weird Al Yankovic.

Stallman is a fan of science fiction, including works by the author Greg Egan. He occasionally goes to science fiction conventions and wrote the Free Software Song while awaiting his turn to sing at a convention. He has written two science fiction stories, ''The Right to Read'' and ''Jinnetic Engineering''.

Along with his native English, Stallman is also fluent enough in French and Spanish to deliver his two-hour speeches in those languages, and claims a "somewhat flawed" command of Indonesian.

When asked what he thought about Linus crediting him as "one of the giants on whose shoulders he (Linus) had stood", Richard replied "He said that one time and my shoulders are still tired."

==Recognition== Stallman has received the following recognition for his work: 1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers University of Technology Computer Society 1990: Exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship ("genius grant") 1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award "For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)." 1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology 1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award 1999: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award 2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being () 2001: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Glasgow 2002: United States National Academy of Engineering membership 2003: Honorary doctorate, from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2004: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Nacional de Salta. 2004: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú. 2007: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. 2007: First Premio Iternacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote. 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the University of Pavia 2008: Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, in Peru 2009: Honorary doctorate, from Lakehead University

Selected publications

Stallman has written and been the subject of several books, including:

;Papers in technical and academic journals:

Richard Stallman, Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail, ''Oregon Law Review'' 75(1) 1996.

;Manuals:

;Selected Essays:

;Biography:

Stallman has four topics that he has spoken on often:

The GNU project and the free software movement, March 3, 2006

The Dangers of Software Patents, May 24, 2004

Copyright vs. Community in the Age of Computer Networks, April 19, 2001

The GNU GPL, and GPLv3, April 1, 2007

See also

Hacker ethic

History of free software

Lisp Machine Lisp

Copyleft

''Revolution OS''

9882 Stallman

References

External links

Stallman.org – Stallman's personal homepage

Stallman's blog

Essays on the GNU philosophy pages, mostly by Stallman

Richard Stallman interview on the OWASP Podcast Series March 30, 2009

Richard Stallman Playlist Appearance on WMBR's ''Dinnertime Sampler'' radio show March 23, 2005

Richard Stallman Playlist Appearance on WMBR's ''Dinnertime Sampler'' radio show March 24, 2004

Not Free at Any Price – Stallman on his opposition to the One Laptop Per Child program in the ''Boston Review''

Richard M. Stallman Speeches - Upcoming events for RMS

Richard Stallman talk+Q&A; at the useR! 2010 conference (audio files attached)

Category:1953 births Category:American atheists Category:American bloggers Category:American computer programmers Category:American people of Jewish descent Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Artificial intelligence researchers Category:Computer pioneers Category:Copyright activists Category:Emacs Category:Filkers Category:Free software programmers Category:GNU people Category:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Lisp programming language Category:MacArthur Fellows Category:Members of the Free Software Foundation board of directors Category:Programming language designers Category:Living people Category:Unix people

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Raimond Gaita
Region	Australia, Germany, United Kingdom
Era	Modern
Color	lightsteelblue
Birth date	1946
Birth place	Dortmund, Germany
Signature	}}

Raimond Gaita (born 1946) is Foundation Professor of Philosophy at the Australian Catholic University and Professor of Moral Philosophy at King's College London. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Born in Dortmund, Germany in 1946 to a Romanian father (Romulus Gaita) and a German mother (Christine Anna Dörr), he arrived in Australia in 1950 at the age of four. His childhood and the lives of his family members and close friends are heavily detailed in his award winning memoir ''Romulus, My Father'', which was made into an award winning film starring Eric Bana (Romulus), Franka Potente (Christine), Kodi Smit-McPhee (Raimond) and Marton Csokas (Hora).

Gaita attended St. Patrick's College, Ballarat (Victoria) Melbourne High School (Victoria), University of Melbourne (BA Hons, MA) and University of Leeds (PhD). He is married to Yael Gaita, who is a teacher at The King David School, where she teaches Hebrew. He has two children, Katerina and Eva and two step children, Dahlia and Michelle.

Because he believes that it is generally a good thing for philosophers to address an educated and hard-thinking lay audience as well as their colleagues, Gaita has contributed extensively to public discussion about reconciliation, collective responsibility, the role of moral considerations in politics, genocide and the alleged uniqueness of the Holocaust, education (the nature of teaching as a vocation, the role of love in learning) and about the plight of the universities. Most recently he has been active in speaking and writing against people who advocate that in order to protect ourselves against terrorists we should legalise some forms of torture.

Bibliography

''Romulus, My Father'' ((Melbourne: Text Publishing, 1988), London: Review, 2000); (Barcelona: Ediciones Del Bronce, 2001), (Salzburg and Hamburg, Salzburg and Vienna: Residenz Verlag, 2001); (Amsterdam: Ambo, 2004) (Haifa: Carmel, 2008). Winner, Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-Fiction, Victorian Premier's Literary Awards, 1998; Shortlisted, Queensland Premier’s Award for Contribution to Public Debate 1999; Braille Book of the Year 1999; Age Book of the Year 1999, National Biography Award, 1999. Nominated by New Statesman, London, as one of the best books of 1999 and by The Australian Financial Review as one of the ten best books of the decade.

''A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice'' ((Melbourne: Text Publishing 1999); (London and New York: Routledge, 2000). Nominated by The Economist as one of the best books of 2000)

''The Philosopher's Dog'' ((Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2002), pp. 214; (London: Routledge, 2003); (New York: Random House, 2003); (Amsterdam: Ambo/Anthos, 2003); (Berlin: Rogner and Berhnard 2003); (Tapai: The Bookery, 2004); (Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2004); (Istanbul: Dost Kitabevi Yayinlari, 2005); (Tokyo: Shuei-Sha, 2005); (Jerusalem: The Attic, 2005); (Rio deJaneiro: Betrand Brasil); (Genoa: Il Melangola 2007) (Portugal: Casa das Letras 2007). Shortlisted for the NSW Premier's Award (2003) and The Age Book of the Year (2003). Nominated by the Kansas City Star as one of the ten best books of 2005.

''Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception'' (2004, 2nd Edition)

Further reading

J. Franklin, (2003), ''Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia'', Macleay Press, ch. 16

External links

Professor Raimond Gaita at King's College London

Professor Raimond Gaita interviewed on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Raimond Gaita interviewed about Torture on ''Philosophy Bites''

Gaita and Robert Connolly discuss Romulus, My Father (the film)

Video: Raimond Gaita lecture on Plato

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Academics of King's College London Category:Australian philosophers Category:Australian people of German descent Category:Australian people of Romanian descent Category:Ethicists Category:People educated at Melbourne High School (Victoria) Category:University of Melbourne alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds

he:ראימונד גאיטה