The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of North as opposed to South; West as opposed to East; Orthodoxism as opposed to Protestantism as opposed to Catholicism; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.

The foundation of European culture was laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Christian and secular humanism, rational way of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, and socialism. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned to be "global culture," if anything has to be so named (Vide. Sailen Debnath, "Secularism: Western and Indian," Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi).

Art

Painting

The oldest known cave paintings are at the Chauvet Cave (France) dating from about 302,000 ago . The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity. Until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later. African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.

Sculpture

The earliest European sculpture to date portrays a female form, and has been estimated at dating from 35,000 years ago. See Classical sculpture, Ancient Greek sculpture, Gothic art, Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Modernism, Postminimalism, found art, Postmodern art, Conceptual art.

Music

*Classical Music : Important classical composers from Europe include Hildegard von Bingen, Guillaume de Machaut, Pérotin, Guillaume Dufay, Orlande de Lassus, Jean-Baptiste Lully, J.S. Bach, Handel, Vivaldi, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Liszt, Chopin, Wagner, Rimsky-Korsakov, Bruckner, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, Mahler, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Bartok, Nielsen, Sibelius, Prokofiev, Puccini, Debussy, Rossini, Ravel, Stravinsky, Shostakovich and Penderecki. Luciano Pavarotti was a contemporary popular opera singer. Orchestras such as the Berliner Philharmoniker, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra are considered to be amongst the finest ensembles in the world. The Salzburg Festival, the Bayreuth Festival, the Edinburgh International Festival and the BBC Proms are major European classical music festivals, and International Chopin Piano Competition is the world's oldest monographic music competition.

*Folk Music : Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music, sharing common features in rural, travelling or maritime communities. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, aural tradition, but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk has influenced some popular music in Europe.

Popular Music : Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, R'n'B and Dance. The UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and also creating many of its own genres via notable movements including the British Invasion, the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (that has been compared to Beatlemania.) and Britpop. Some major UK acts include The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Deep Purple, Sex Pistols, Eric Clapton, The Clash, Van Morrison, Dire Straits, The Police, Fleetwood Mac, Genesis, George Michael, Pet Shop Boys, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart, The Who, Eurythmics, Dusty Springfield, The Cure, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Def Leppard, Duran Duran, Oasis, Radiohead, Coldplay, Muse, Gorillaz, Robbie Williams, Seal, Bee Gees, Spice Girls, UB40, Amy Winehouse... Other popular European musicians are U2 (Ireland), Björk (Iceland), ABBA (Sweden), a-ha (Norway), Andrea Bocelli (Italy), Julio Iglesias (Spain), Nana Mouskouri (Greece/France), Kati Wolf (Hungary), Boney M. (Germany), Daft Punk (France), Charles Aznavour (France), Johnny Hallyday (France), Modern Talking (Germany), Scorpions (Germany), Rammstein (Germany), Ace of Base (Sweden), t.A.T.u. (Russia), Enya (Ireland), James Last (Germany), Doda (Poland), Jean Michel Jarre (France), Aqua (Denmark/Norway), Roxette (Sweden)... The Eurovision Song Contest. Main festivals : Glastonbury (UK), Wacken (Germany), Benicassim (Spain), Roskilde (Denmark). EMI is the largest European music company.

Architecture

Neolithic architecture : Born in the Levant, Neolithic architecture spread to Europe. The Mediterranean neolithic cultures of Malta worshiped in megalithic temples. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs for the dead were also built. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments., Architecture of ancient Greece, Roman architecture, Medieval architecture, Renaissance architecture, Baroque architecture, Beaux-Arts architecture, Expressionist architecture, Stalinist architecture, Deconstructivism.

Literature

Europe has produced some of the most prominent or popular fiction writers of all time : Homer, Sappho, Virgil, Dante Alighieri, François Rabelais, Miguel de Cervantes, William Shakespeare, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Dickens, Geoffrey Chaucer, Racine, Molière, Voltaire, Jane Austen, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, C. S. Lewis, Franz Kafka, Marcel Proust, Agatha Christie, Henrik Ibsen, J. R. R. Tolkien, Rudyard Kipling, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Alexander Pushkin, Taras Shevchenko, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ivan Franko, Knut Hamsun, George Orwell, Jules Verne, Bram Stoker, Victor Hugo, Nikolai Gogol, Charles Baudelaire, James Joyce, Mary Shelley, Witold Gombrowicz, Albert Camus, Oscar Wilde, Roald Dahl, Lewis Carroll, Virginia Woolf, Daniel Defoe, Anne Frank, John Milton, Umberto Eco, Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert, Walter Scott, Beatrix Potter, D. H. Lawrence, Hans Christian Andersen, Brothers Grimm, Joseph Conrad, Terry Pratchett, Jonathan Swift, J. M. Barrie, Alan Moore, Anton Chekhov, Patrick Süskind, J. K. Rowling, Daniel Pennac, Sigrid Undset, Mikhail Sholokhov.

Performing arts

See Western art history, dance, drama, and circus arts.

Film

In 1897, Georges Méliès established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil, near Paris. Some notable European film movements include German Expressionism, Italian neorealism, French New Wave, Polish Film School, New German Cinema, Portuguese Cinema Novo, Czechoslovak New Wave, Dogme 95, New French Extremity, and Romanian New Wave. The cinema of Europe has its own awards, the European Film Awards. Main festivals : Cannes Film Festival (France), Berlin International Film Festival (Germany). The Venice Film Festival (Italy) or Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia, is the oldest film festival in the world.

Video Game

Some of the most popular games of all time come from Europe : the Grand Theft Auto (series), Tomb Raider, Cossacks: European Wars, The Settlers, The Patrician, Brain Challenge, Block Breaker Deluxe, Europa Universalis.

Science

CERN (; ) : The European Organization for Nuclear Research, is the birthplace of the World Wide Web and home of the world's largest machine : the Large Hadron Collider. It is the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border, established in 1954. In November 2010, the collisions obtained were able to generate the highest temperatures and densities ever produced in an experiment, creating a "mini-Big Bang" a million times hotter than the centre of the Sun.

ESA : The European Space Agency's space flight program includes human spaceflight, mainly through the participation in the International Space Station program, the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon, Earth observations, science, telecommunication as well as maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana and designing launch vehicles. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.

Europe has produced some of the greatest scientists, inventors and intellectuals in history. Germany; Albert Einstein, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Gutenberg, Gottfried Leibniz, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Max Planck, Karl Benz. United Kingdom; Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Robert Hooke, Michael Faraday, James Joule, Edward Jenner, John Dalton, George Stephenson, Florence Nightingale, George Cayley, Frank Whittle, Alan Turing, Stephen Hawking, Tim Berners Lee, James Watt, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Graham Bell, John Logie Baird, James Clerk Maxwell, Adam Smith. Russia: Dmitri Mendeleev, Nikolai Lobachevsky, Mikhail Lomonosov, Lev Landau, Aleksandr Butlerov, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Nikolay Basov. France; Pierre Abelard, Michel de Montaigne, Louis Pasteur, Antoine Lavoisier, Henri Becquerel, René Descartes, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, the Montgolfier brothers, Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Léon Foucault, Auguste and Louis Lumière, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, Jacques Lacan, Luc Montagnier, Albert Jacquard. Italy; Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, Niccolò Machiavelli, Alessandro Volta, Guglielmo Marconi, Enrico Fermi. Poland; Nicolaus Copernicus, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Rudolf Weigl. Greece: Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy. Hungary: Ottó Bláthy, Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller, Ányos Jedlik. Austria: Sigmund Freud, Ludwig Boltzmann. Ireland; Lord Kelvin, Robert Boyle. Sweden; Alfred Nobel, Anders Celsius. Denmark; Niels Bohr. Serbia; Mihajlo Pupin, Milutin Milanković. Switzerland; Carl Jung.

Philosophy

European philosophy is a predominant strand of philosophy globally, and is central to philosophical enquiry in America and most other parts of the world which have fallen under its influence. Christian thought is a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy (as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too), sometimes as a reaction; the Greek schools of philosophy in antiquity provide the basis of philosophical discourse that extends to today.

Perhaps one of the most important single philosophical periods since the classical era were the Renaissance, the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. There are many disputes as to its value and even its timescale. What is indisputable is that the tenets of ''reason'' and rational discourse owe much to René Descartes, John Locke and others working at the time.

Other important European philosophical strands include: Analytic philosophy, Protestantism, Christian Democracy, Communism, Conservatism, Constructionism, Deconstructionism, Empiricism, Epicureanism, Existentialism, Fascism, Humanism, Idealism, Internationalism, Liberalism, Logical positivism, Marxism, Materialism, Monarchism, Nationalism, Perspectivism, Platonism, Positivism, Postmodernism, Rationalism, Relativism, Republicanism, Romanticism, Scepticism, Scholasticism, Social Democracy, Socialism, Stoicism, Structuralism, Thomism, Utilitarianism, Spenglerism.

Religion

Christianity has been the dominant feature in shaping up European culture for at least the last 1700 years. Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus.

The most popular religions of Europe are the following:

Christianity

Roman Catholicism: Countries with significant Catholic populations are Portugal, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia, Poland, and Lithuania. There are significant Catholic minorities in Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, western and central Belarus, western Ukraine, the Hungarian parts of Romania, parts of Russia, the Latgale region of Latvia,the Croatian parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, England and Wales and indeed small minorities in most of the other European Countries.

Orthodox Christianity: The countries with significant Orthodox populations are Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland (Karelia), Georgia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine.

Protestantism: Countries with significant Protestant populations include Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, the UK, Denmark, and Switzerland. There are significant minorities in France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Germany, the Netherlands and indeed small minorities in most European Countries.

Islam: Countries with significant Muslim population are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey, Kosovo several republics of Russia and Crimea in Ukraine. Also, , about 5% of the EU identify themselves as Muslims, with many Muslim immigrants in Germany, the UK, Sweden and France.

Other minor religions exist in Europe, some brought by migrants, including: Judaism, mainly in France, UK and Russia . Hinduism, mainly among Indian immigrants in the UK .

Buddhism, thinly spread throughout Europe, yet it is in Kalmykia, Russia

Indigenous European pagan traditions and beliefs, many countries . Rastafari, communities in the UK, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere . Sikhism and Jainism, both mainly among Indian immigrants in the UK .

West African Vodun and Haitian Vodou (Voodoo), mainly among West African and black Caribbean immigrants in the UK and France.

Traditional African Religions (including Muti), mainly in the UK and France .

Cuisine

The cuisines of Western countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguishes Western cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and others. Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries, for example, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size. Steak in particular is a common dish across the West. Similarly to some Asian cuisines, Western cuisines also put substantial emphasis on sauces as condiments, seasonings, or accompaniments (in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in Western cooking). Many dairy products are utilized in the cooking process, except in nouvelle cuisine. Wheat-flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine, along with pasta, dumplings and pastries, although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the Americas.

Clothing

The earliest definite examples of needles originate from the Solutrean culture, which existed in France from 19,000 BC to 15,000 BC. The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a cave the Republic of Georgia and date back to 36,000 BP. See Clothing in ancient Rome, 1100–1200 in fashion, 1200–1300 in fashion, 1300–1400 in fashion, 1400–1500 in fashion, 1500–1550 in fashion, 1550–1600 in fashion, 1600–1650 in fashion, 1650–1700 in fashion, Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution.

Sport

Europe's influence on sport is enormous. Indeed, it is difficult to think of a modern sport, apart from basketball and related sports, that does not have its origins in Europe. European sports include:

Association football, which has contested origins between Britain and Italy (where Benito Mussolini insisted the game be called by the name Calcio). What is uncontestable is that the oldest association is The Football Association of England (1863) and the first international match was between Scotland and England (1872). It is now the world's most popular sport and is played throughout Europe.

Cricket has its origins in south east Britain. It's popular throughout England and Wales, and parts of Netherlands. It is also popular in other areas and also played in northwest Europe. It is however very popular worldwide, especially in Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent.

Cycling, which is immensely popular as a means of transport has most of its sporting adherents in Europe, particularly Western Europe. The Tour de France is the world's most watched live annual sporting event. The bicycle itself is probably from France (see History of the bicycle).

The discus throw, javelin throw and shot put have their origins in ancient Greece. The Olympics, both ancient and modern, have their origins too in Europe, and have a massive influence globally.

Field Hockey as a modern game began in 18th Century Britain with Ireland having the oldest federation. It is popular in Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Australia and East Asia. Ice hockey, popular in Europe and North America may derive from this sport.

Golf, one of the most popular sports in Europe, Asia and North America, has its origins in Scotland, with the oldest course being at Musselburgh.

Handball, which is popular in Europe and elsewhere, has its origins in antiquity. The modern game is from northern Europe with Germany having been involved in both the first women's and men's internationals.

Rugby League and Rugby Union which both have similar origins to football. Rugby Union is the older of the two codes and has rules that date from 1845 (see articles: History of rugby league and History of rugby union). They acrimoniously split in the late 19th century over the treatment of injured players. Rugby league gradually changed its laws over the next century with the end result that today both sports have little in common, apart from the basics. They have both been carried abroad by colonization, particularly to many former British colonies. American football and Canadian Football are derivatives of rugby.

Tennis which originates from United Kingdom and related games such as Table Tennis derive from the game Real Tennis which is from France. It is popular throughout the world.

In addition, Europe has numerous national or regional sports which do not command a large international following outside of emigrant groups. These include:

Alpine Wrestling in Switzerland.

Bandy in Russia, Sweden and Finland

Basque Pelota in parts of Spain and France, and which has been brought to the Americas by emigrants.

Bullfighting in Spain, Portugal, and parts of southern France near the Spanish Border.

Gaelic Football in Ireland, which influenced Australian rules football.

Gaelic Handball (Ireland) which was taken to the USA in the form of American Handball.

Hurling in Ireland.

Korfbal in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Pesäpallo ''(Boboll)'' in Finland

Pétanque, Boules, Petanca, Calitx, Irish Road Bowling, Skittles, Bocce, and Bowls and others are variations of bowling games which are popular throughout western Europe and have been spread around the world.

Rounders from Britain now popular in northwest Europe from which Baseball derives.

Shinty in Scotland, United Kingdom, which influenced ice hockey in Canada (''see also Shinny'').

Trotting in southern Europe.

Some sporting organisations hold European Championships.

European Cricket Council

European Rugby Cup (Club/Regional competition)

European SC Championships

FIRA - Association of European Rugby

IIHF

Mitropa Cup

Rugby League European Federation - European Nations Cup

Sport in the European Union

UEFA

Some sport competitions feature a European team gathering athletes from different European countries. These teams uses the European flag as an emblem. The most famous of these competitions is the Ryder Cup in golf.

European Capital of Culture

Each year since 1985 one or more cities across Europe are chosen as European Capital of Culture.

Symbols

European symbols

See also

Compendium of cultural policies and trends in Europe

Europalia

European Culture

Europeanisation

Romano-Germanic culture

Westernization

Cultural policies of the European Union

References

External links

Eurolinguistix.com

Europe.org.uk - online European culture magazine (EU London Office)

TheEuropeanLibrary.org, The European Library, gateway to Europe's national libraries

Europeana.eu European Digital Library

Europa.eu, EU Culture Portal (archived)

Euronews.net, Euronews - Culture

Category:Europe

de:Europäischer Kulturraum fr:Culture de l'Europe pt:Cultura europeia tr:Avrupa kültürü

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Name	Androulla VassiliouΑνδρούλλα Βασιλείου
Office	European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth
President	José Manuel Barroso
Term start	9 February 2010
Predecessor	Maroš Šefčovič (Education, Training, Culture and Youth)Leonard Orban (Multilingualism)
Office2	European Commissioner for Health
President2	José Manuel Barroso
Term start2	3 March 2008
Term end2	9 February 2010
Predecessor2	Markos Kyprianou
Successor2	John Dalli (Health and Consumer Policy)
Birth date	November 30, 1943
Party	United Democrats
Spouse	George Vassiliou
Profession	Lawyer
Alma mater	Middle Temple }}

Androulla Vassiliou (Ανδρούλλα Βασιλείου; born 30 November 1943) is a Cypriot and European politician who was the European Commissioner for Health, confirmed by the European Council on 3 March 2008. Since February 2010, she has been the European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth. Vassiliou is very active in social and cultural fields particularly within the UN and EU. In Cyprus she has held many important posts and is on the Board of many public and private companies.

Legal career

Between 1961 and 1964 Vassiliou studied law at Middle Temple Inn of Court (London, United Kingdom) and then between 1964 to 1966 she studied international affairs at the London Institute of World Affairs (United Kingdom). She then returned to Cyprus in 1968 to practice law while acting as legal advisor to the Standard Chartered Bank and then the Bank of Cyprus (also being on the board of various corporations). In 1988 she ended her legal practice when her husband, George Vassiliou, became President of Cyprus.

Political career

Vassiliou was elected to the House of Representatives of Cyprus in 1996, for the Movement of United Democrats, and re-elected in 2001 until 2006. During this time she served on the European Affairs Committee and the Joint Parliamentary Committee of Cyprus and the EU She was also an Alternate Representative of the Cyprus to the European Convention which drew up the European Constitution.

Between 2001 and 2006 she was Vice President of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, and the chairperson of the European Liberal Women's Network.

In February 2008 Vassiliou was nominated to succeed Markos Kyprianou as European Commissioner for Health. In 3 March 2008 she took over from him in the European Commission and faced a hearing before the European Parliament in early April 2008; she was approved on 9 April 2008 by 446 to 7 with 29 abstentions. Under the Second Barroso Commission, from February 2010, she was given the portfolio of Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth.

Other activities and personal life

Since 2002 she has been chairperson of the board of trustees of the Cyprus Oncology Centre and she has also been President of the Cyprus Federation of Business and Professional Women since 1996.

She was involved in the United Nations Association of Cyprus, being elected as President of it for four consecutive terms, participated in numerous human rights conferences. In 1991 she was elected President of the World Federation of United Nations Associations and re-elected for two terms before being made an honorary president.

She is married to Dr George Vassiliou, former President of Cyprus, with whom she has three children. Her hobbies are music, walking, swimming and reading. She speaks Greek, English and moderate French.

References

Nomination of Mrs Androulla Vassiliou as successor to Mr Markos Kyprianou, European Commission 28/02/08

External links

Androulla Vassiliou Official Media Gallery

Website: http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/vassiliou/index_en.htm#position_3

|- |- |-

Category:1943 births Category:Cypriot European Commissioners Category:Cypriot lawyers Category:Greek Cypriot people Category:Living people Category:Members of the House of Representatives of Cyprus Category:Democratic Party (Cyprus) politicians Category:Cypriot women in politics

ca:Androulla Vassiliou cs:Androulla Vassiliou de:Androulla Vassiliou es:Androulla Vassiliou eo:Androulla Vassiliou fr:Androulla Vassiliou ga:Androulla Vassiliou it:Androulla Vassiliou nl:Androulla Vassiliou no:Androulla Vassiliou pl:Androulla Vassiliou sv:Androulla Vassiliou

Anton Perich is an American Filmmaker, photographer and video artist, born in Dubrovnik (Croatia) in 1945. He lives and works in New York since 1970.

Biography

From 1965 to 1970, he lived in Paris and became closed to Lettrist Group (lettrism) : (Isidore Isou, Maurice Lemaître), but also with French film underground milieu (Piero Heliczer, Michel Auder, Raphaël Bassan, Slobodan Pajic, Pierre Clémenti). For that period, he changed his name and became Antoine Perich, because Anton was not familiar a name in France. He was among the first activists to present, every week, programs of avant-garde and underground films in the American Center in Paris.

He moved to New York in 1970, became friends with Andy Warhol and contributed as a photographer to Warhol’s Interview. He also worked as a busboy at the legendary Max's Kansas City, where he photographed the scene as an ongoing art performance every night, along with exhibiting the photos on the walls.

In 1977-78, he designed and build an electric panting machine, an early predecessor of the inkjet printer. The development of this machine made Anton a pioneer of electric-digital-computer art.

In 1978, he founded NIGHT as a interactive "gallery space" for his photography and the nightly activities at places such as Studio 54. In 2006, had a video retrospective at the Anthology Film Archives, in New York.

Notes

References

Revisiting Max's, Sanctuary for the Hip, by Randy Kennedy September 05, 2010, Two coming exhibitions shed new light on the glory days of Max's Kansas City, an oasis for artists in the 1960s and '70s

External links

Perich's Biography

Perich's bio and works

Perich's Painting machine

Perich's Interview

Category:Living people Category:1945 births Category:American artists

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Tim Exile
background	non_performing_personnel
origin	United Kingdom
genre	Electronic
occupation	Music producer, DJ
years active	1999–present
label	Planet Mu, Beta Recordings, Warp
website	}}

Tim Exile (or Exile) is the recording alias of Tim Shaw, a producer and performer of electronic music spanning drum and bass, IDM, breakcore and gabber.

History

A classically trained violinist, he began experimenting with electronic music aged 12, and gained his first drum and bass release in 1999. In the following years he released mostly for the legendary Moving Shadow imprint, and John B's Beta Recordings, having met John B at Durham University. After the completion of his philosophy degree, he went on to study an MA in electroacoustic composition at Durham. Perhaps unsurprisingly, his drum and bass grew increasingly experimental, and his debut LP (''Pro Agonist'', 2005) was released by Mike Paradinas' Planet Mu label, more commonly associated with the IDM scene.

Unsatisfied with the possibilities of conventional DJing, Exile programmed his own performance tools (at first using Pure Data and running into difficulties, he then switched to Reaktor) to allow improvisational live sets, which led to official work for Native Instruments.

In 2009 he contributed a cover of a Jamie Lidell song to the ''Warp20 (Recreated)'' compilation. He also toured the US in late 2009 supporting and collaborating live with Imogen Heap.

Discography

''Hanzo Steel Cuts EP'' (Mosquito, 2004)

''Pro Agonist'' (Planet Mu, 2005) (as Exile)

''Tim Exile's Nuisance Gabbaret Lounge'' (Planet Mu, 2006)

''Listening Tree'' (Warp, 2009)

References

External links

Official site

Planet Mu: Tim Exile

Public Q&A; at dogsonacid.com

Remix interview (2006)

BBC interview (2005)

Native Instruments

Exile Interview - September 2003

Category:Alumni of Durham University Category:Living people Category:English drum and bass musicians Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

fr:Tim Exile