Tacoma Dome
Location	2727 East D Street Tacoma, Washington 98421
Coordinates	47°14′12″N 122°25′36″W / 47.23667°N 122.42667°W / 47.23667; -122.42667Coordinates: 47°14′12″N 122°25′36″W / 47.23667°N 122.42667°W / 47.23667; -122.42667
Broke ground	July 1, 1981
Opened	April 21, 1983
Owner	City of Tacoma
Operator	City of Tacoma
Construction cost	$44 million ($103 million in 2012 dollars[1])
Architect	McGranahan Messenger Associates[2]
General Contractor	Merit Co.[2]
Capacity	5,000 – 23,000 20,824 Indoor Soccer 17,100 Basketball
Tenants
Tacoma Stars (MISL) (1983–1992) Tacoma Express (MLFS) (1990) Seattle Sounders (USL) (1994) Tacoma Rockets (WHL) (1991–1995) Seattle SuperSonics (NBA) (1994–1995) Tacoma Sabercats (WCHL) (1997–2002)

The Tacoma Dome (constructed by Tacoma Dome Associates, led by McGranahan Messenger Architects, a design build entity) is an indoor arena located in Tacoma, Washington, USA, approximately 30 miles south of Seattle.

History[link]

Upon winning an international design competition, local architects McGranahan and Messenger completed the Tacoma Dome in 1983 for $44 million which opened on April 21, the arena seats 17,100 for basketball. It is the world's largest arena with a wooden dome in terms of total volume and seating capacity (23,000), with a diameter of 530 feet (160 m) and a height of 152 feet (46 m).^[3] The Superior Dome in Marquette, MI is larger in diameter at 536 feet (163 m), but is only 143 feet (44 m) high and only seats a maximum of 16,000.^[4] The Superior Dome is also not a geodesic dome; it is a planar radian structure of glue-laminated beams.^{[citation needed]} Unlike most other arenas of its size, the arena contains little in the way of fixed seating so as to maximize the flexibility of the seating arrangements and of the shape of the playing field. It can even host American football, albeit with seating reduced to only 10,000.

The arena hosted the Seattle SuperSonics from 1994-1995 while the Seattle Center Coliseum was being renovated into the venue now known as KeyArena as well as various regular season Sonics games during other seasons. It also hosted the Tacoma Rockets Western Hockey League team from 1991 to 1995, the Tacoma Sabercats of the West Coast Hockey League from 1997 to 2002, The Tacoma Stars indoor soccer team of the MISL from 1984 to 1992, gymnastics events during the 1990 Goodwill Games, numerous other minor league ice hockey and indoor soccer teams. The Dome also hosted the NCAA Women's Final Four in back to back years (1989-1990).

The Tacoma Dome hosted NHL preseason exhibition games in 1983, 1984, 1988, and 1992,^[5] and has been mentioned as a possible venue for a relocated NHL franchise. ^[6]

The Professional Bull Riders hosted a Built Ford Tough Series bull riding event at the Dome annually between 2003 and 2009.

The first concert in the Tacoma Dome was David Bowie, with The Tubes as his opening act.

Also in the Dome's first year, Billy Graham hosted one of his crusades. He returned to the Tacoma Dome in 1991. In both crusades Graham averaged 30,000 spectators every night.

Art[link]

The Tacoma Dome is also known for its controversial neon art. In 1984 the Stephen Antonakos piece displayed inside the dome was the subject of intense debate over public funding of artworks for public works projects.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tacoma Dome

• Tacoma Dome
• Shanaman Sports Museum of Tacoma-Pierce County

It has been suggested that Thea Foss Waterway be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2011.

Tacoma
—  City  —
City of Tacoma
File:Montage of Tacoma, cir. early 2012.jpg
Flag of Tacoma Flag Official seal of Tacoma Seal
Nickname(s): The City of Destiny
Location of Tacoma in Pierce County and Washington State
Coordinates: 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944Coordinates: 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944
Country	United States
State	Washington
County	Pierce
Government
• Type	Council-manager
• Mayor	Marilyn Strickland (D)
Area
• City	62.6 sq mi (162.2 km2)
• Land	50.1 sq mi (129.7 km2)
• Water	12.5 sq mi (32.5 km2)
Elevation	243 ft (74 m)
Population (2011)[1] [2]
• City	203,397
• Density	3,920/sq mi (1,515/km2)
• Metro	3,500,900
• Demonym	Tacoman (plural: Tacomans)
Time zone	PST (UTC-8)
• Summer (DST)	PDT (UTC-7)
Area code	253
FIPS code	53-70000[3]
GNIS feature ID	1512713[4]
Website	www.cityoftacoma.org

Tacoma ( /təˈkoʊmə/, US dict: tə·kō′·mə) is a mid-sized urban port city and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States.^[5] The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census.^[1] Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region that has a population of around 1 million people.

Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Mount Tahoma. It is known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails." Today Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington state's largest port.

Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment. Since the 1990s, developments in the downtown core include the University of Washington, Tacoma; Tacoma Link, the first modern electric light rail service in the state; the state's highest density of art and history museums; and a restored urban waterfront, the Thea Foss Waterway.

With a long history of blue-collar labor politics — from the railroad workers of the 19th century, to the longshoremen of the 20th century, to the Labor Ready workers of today — Tacoma has long been known for its rough, gritty image.^[6][7] Tacoma is also known for the odor—albeit reduced in recent years—caused by the Simpson Kraft pulp mill, known as "the aroma of Tacoma." A song about Tacoma, "Thrice All American", by American singer-songwriter and former resident Neko Case, describes it as "a dusty old jewel in the South Puget Sound / where the factories churn / and the timber's all cut down".^[8]

Tacoma-Pierce County has been named one of the most livable areas in the country.^[9] Tacoma was also recently listed as the 19th most walkable city in the country.^[10] In contrast, the city is also ranked as the most stressed-out city in the country in a 2004 survey.^[11] In 2006, women's magazine Self named Tacoma the "Most Sexually Healthy City" in the United States.^[12]

Tacoma is famous for the 1940 collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.

History[link]

Tacoma was inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, who lived in settlements on the delta.

View from Brown's Point of Mt. Rainier and the Port of Tacoma

In 1852 a Swede named Nicolas Delin constructed a sawmill powered by water on a creek near the head of Commencement Bay, but the small settlement that grew up around it was abandoned during the Indian War of 1855-1856. In 1864, pioneer and postmaster Job Carr, a Civil War veteran and land speculator who hoped to profit from the selection of Commencement Bay as the terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, built a cabin (a replica of Job Carr's cabin, which also served as Tacoma's first post office, was erected in "Old Town" in 2000 near the original site), and later sold most of his claim to developer Morton M. McCarver (1807–1875), who named his project Tacoma City. The name derived from the indigenous name for the mountain.

Tacoma was incorporated on November 12, 1875. Its hopes to be the "City of Destiny" were stimulated by selection in 1873 as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, thanks to lobbying by McCarver, future mayor John Wilson Sprague, and others. The transcontinental link was effected in 1887, but the railroad built its depot on "New Tacoma", two miles (3 km) south of the Carr-McCarver development. The two communities grew together and joined. The population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890. Rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was "literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest".^[13]

The Commencement Bay Land and Improvement Co. played a major role in the city's early growth.

George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century. In 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start/finish line.

In November 1885 white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peaceably living in the city. As described by the account prepared by the Chinese Reconciliation Project, on the morning of November 3, 1885, "several hundred men, led by the mayor and other city officials, evicted the Chinese from their homes, corralled them at 7th Street and Pacific Avenue, marched them to the railway station at Lakeview and forced them aboard the morning train to Portland, Oregon. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground."

The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led Tacoma's prominence in the region to be eclipsed by the booming development of Seattle.

20th century[link]

Downtown, early 20th century

During a 30-day power shortage in the winter of 1929/1930, Tacoma was provided with electricity from the engines of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington.

In 1935 Tacoma received national attention when George Weyerhaeuser, nine-year-old son of prominent lumber industry executive J.P. Weyerhaeuser, was kidnapped^[14] while walking home from school. FBI agents from Portland handled the case, in which payment of a ransom of $200,000 secured release of the victim. Four persons were apprehended and convicted. The last to be released was paroled from McNeil Island in 1963. George Weyerhaeuser went on to become chairman of the Board of the Weyerhaeuser Company.

In 1951, an investigation by a state legislative committee revealed widespread corruption in Tacoma's government, which had been organized commission-style since 1910. Voters approved a mayor/city-manager system in 1952.

Tacoma featured prominently in the garage rock sound of the mid-1960s with bands including The Wailers and The Sonics. The surf rock band The Ventures were also from Tacoma.

Tacoma experienced a long decline through the mid-20th century. Harold Moss, later the city's mayor, characterized late 1970s Tacoma as looking "bombed out" like "downtown Beirut" (a reference to the Lebanese Civil War that occurred at that time.) "Streets were abandoned, storefronts were abandoned… City Hall was the headstone and Union Station the footstone" on the grave of downtown.^[15]

Aerial view of central Tacoma. Commencement Bay is at lower right.

This picture began to change somewhere around 1990. Among the projects associated with the downtown renaissance were the federal courthouse in the former Union Station (1991); the Washington State History Museum (1996), echoing the architecture of Union Station; the adaptation of a group of century-old brick warehouses into the University of Washington Tacoma campus; the numerous privately financed renovation projects near that UW-Tacoma campus; the Museum of Glass (2002); the Tacoma Art Museum (2003); and the region's first light-rail line (2003).^[16]

The first local referendums in the U.S. on computerized voting occurred in Tacoma in 1982 and 1987. On both occasions, voters rejected 3-1 the computer voting systems that local officials sought to purchase. The campaigns, organized by Eleanora Ballasiotes, a conservative Republican, focused on the vulnerabilities of computers to fraud.^[17]

In 1998, Tacoma installed a high-speed fiber optic network throughout the community. The municipally owned power company, Tacoma Power, wired the city.

21st century[link]

Until 2010 when Kent, Washington claimed the highest crime rate in the state, Tacoma had the highest crime rate in the state ever since Tacoma's Hilltop neighborhood started struggling with crime in the 1980s and early 1990s and at one time could be considered worse than Compton, CA (earning the nickname "Tacompton").^[18] The problems have declined in recent years as neighborhoods have enacted community policing and other policies.^[19] Bill Baarsma (Mayor from 2002–2010) is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,^[20] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

In 2004, Tacoma was ranked among the top 30 Most Livable Communities, in an annual survey conducted by the Partners for Livable Communities.^[21] In 2009 Tacoma elected its second African-American mayor, Marilyn Strickland.

In 2007, the locally produced short film, "South 5" took a humorous look at the somewhat contentious dynamic that exists between Tacoma and Seattle, Washington.

Downtown revival[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Hotel Bostwick, located in Tacoma

Beginning in the early 1990s, Tacoma has taken steps to revitalize itself and its image, especially downtown.

The University of Washington established a branch campus in Tacoma in 1990. The same year, Union Station (Tacoma) was restored. The Museum of Glass opened in downtown Tacoma in 2002, showing glass art from the region and around the world. It includes a glassblowing studio and is connected to the rest of the Museum District by the Bridge of Glass, which features works by Tacoma native glass artist Dale Chihuly.

Tacoma's downtown Cultural District is the site of the Washington State History Museum (1996) and the Tacoma Art Museum (2003). America's Car Museum is currently under construction near the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma. The glass and steel Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center opened in November 2004.^{[22][not in citation given]}

Downtown Tacoma has a thriving Theatre District, anchored by the 89-year-old Pantages Theater. The Broadway Center for the Performing Arts^[23] manages the Pantages, the Rialto Theater, and the Theatre on the Square. Other attractions include the Grand Cinema and the Temple Theatre.

Tacoma, Washington, USA. Taken on the Bridge of Glass that connects the Museum of Glass and the Washington State History Museum.

Geography[link]

Tacoma is at 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W / 47.24139°N 122.45944°W / 47.24139; -122.45944 (47.241371, -122.459389).^[24] Its elevation is 381 feet (116 m).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 62.6 square miles (162.1 km²). 50.1 square miles (129.8 km²) of it is land and 12.5 square miles (32.4 km²) of it (20.01%) is water.

Tacoma straddles the neighboring Commencement Bay with several smaller cities surrounding it. Large areas of Tacoma have excellent views of Mt. Rainier. In the event of a major eruption of Mount Rainier, portions of Tacoma are at risk from lahars.

The city is near several military installations, including Joint Base Lewis-McChord, formerly known separately as Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.

Climate[link]

Surrounding cities[link]

	Gig Harbor	Vashon Island	Federal Way
	Fox Island		Fife
		Tacoma    East
	Lakewood	Parkland	Puyallup

Demographics[link]

As of the census of 2010, there were 198,397 people, 78,541 households, and 45,716 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,864.9 people per square mile (1,492.3/km²). There were 81,102 housing units at an average density of 1,619.4 per square mile (625.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 64.9% White, 12.2% African American, 8.2% Asian (2.1% Vietnamese, 1.3% Korean, 1.3% Filipino, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Japanese, 0.2% Indian, 2.3% Other), 1.8% Native American, 1.2% Pacific Islander, and 8.1% were from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.3% of the population (8.1% Mexican, 1.1% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban, 2.0% Other)

There were 76,152 households out of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 25.8% under 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34. For every 100 females there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,879, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $35,820, versus $27,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,130. About 11.4% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.6% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those 65 and older.

Government[link]

The government of the city of Tacoma operates under a council-manager system. The city council consists of an elected mayor (Marilyn Strickland) and eight elected council members, five from individual city council districts and three others from the city at-large. All serve four-year terms and are elected in odd-numbered years. The council adopts and amends city laws, approves a two-year budget, establishes city policy, appoints citizens to boards and commissions, and performs other actions. The council also meets in "standing committees", which break down the council's work into more defined areas, such as "Environment & Public Works", "Neighborhoods & Housing", and "Public Safety, Human Services & Education". The council meets as a whole most Tuesdays at 5:00 p.m. in the council chambers at 747 Market St. Meetings are open to the public and provide for public input.

Normal day-to-day operations of the city government are administered by the city manager, who is appointed by the city council.^{[28][not in citation given]}

Commerce and industry[link]

The Port of Tacoma, on Commencement Bay, is one of the largest seaports in the Pacific Northwest.

Tacoma is the home of several international companies including staffing company True Blue Inc. (formerly Labor Ready), lumber company Simpson and the food companies Roman Meal and Brown and Haley.

Beginning in the 1930s, Tacoma became known for the "Tacoma 'roma", a distinctive, acrid odor produced by paper manufacturing on the industrial tide flats. In the late 1990s, Simpson Tacoma Kraft reduced total sulfur emissions by 90%. This largely eliminated the problem; where once the aroma was ever-present, it is now only noticeable occasionally, primarily when the wind is coming from the east.

U.S. Oil and Refining operates an oil refinery on the tide flats in the Port of Tacoma. Built in Tacoma in 1952, it currently refines 39,000 barrels of petroleum per day.

The Tacoma Mall is the largest shopping center in Tacoma. It is owned by Simon Property Group. Anchor tenants include JC Penney, Sears, Macy's, and Nordstrom.

An economic setback for the city occurred in September 2009 when Russell Investments, which has been located in downtown Tacoma since its inception in 1936, announced it was moving its headquarters to Seattle along with several hundred white collar jobs.^[29]

Urban form and transportation[link]

Tacoma's system of transportation is based primarily on the automobile. The majority of the city has a system of gridded streets oriented in relation to A Street (one block east of Pacific Avenue) and 6th Avenue or Division Avenue, both beginning in downtown Tacoma. Within the city, and with a few exceptions, east-to-west streets are numbered and north-to-south streets are given a name or a letter. Some east-to-west streets are also given names, such as S. Center St. and N. Westgate Blvd. Streets are generally labeled "North", "South", "East", or "North East" according to their relationship with 6th Avenue or Division Avenue (west of 'Division Ave' '6th Avenue' is the lowest-numbered street, making it the dividing street between "North" and "South"), 'A' Street (which is the dividing line between "East" and "South"), or 1st Street NE (which is the dividing line between "East" and "North East"). This can lead to confusion, as most named streets intersect streets of the same number in both north and south Tacoma. For example, the intersection of South 11th Street and South Union Avenue is just ten blocks south of North 11th Street and North Union Avenue.

To the east of the Thea Foss waterway and 'A' Street, streets are similarly divided into "East" and "Northeast", with 1st Street NE being in-line with the Pierce-King county line. "North East" covers a small wedge of Tacoma and unincorporated Pierce County (around Browns Point and Dash Point) lying on the hill across the tideflats from downtown. Tacoma does have some major roads which do not seem to follow any naming rules. These roads include Schuster Pkwy, Pacific Ave, Puyallup Ave, Tacoma Mall Blvd, Marine View Dr (SR 509), and Northshore Pkwy. Tacoma also has some major roads which appear to change names in different areas (most notable are Tyler St/Stevens St, Oakes St/Pine St/Cedar St/Alder St, and S. 72nd St/S. 74th St). These major arterials actually shift over to align with other roads, which causes them to have the name changed.

This numeric system extends to the furthest reaches of unincorporated Pierce County (with roads outside of the city carrying "East", "West", "North West", and "South West", except on the Key Peninsula, which retains the north-south streets but chooses the Pierce-Kitsap county line as the zero point for east-west streets. Key Peninsula's roads also carry a "KP N" or KP S" designation at the end of the street name.

In portions of the city dating back to the Tacoma Streetcar Period (1888–1938), denser mixed use business districts exist alongside single family homes. Twelve such districts have active, city-recognized business associations and hold "small town"-style parades and other festivals. The Proctor, Old Town, Dome, 6th Avenue, Stadium, Lincoln Business District, and South Tacoma Business Districts are some of the more prominent and popular of these and coordinate their efforts to redevelop urban villages through the Cross District Association of Tacoma. In newer portions of the city to the west and south, residential culs-de-sac, four-lane collector roads and indoor shopping centers are more commonplace.

Tacoma highways[link]

Seven highways end in or pass through Tacoma: I-5, I-705, SR 7, SR 16, SR 163, SR 167, and SR 509.^[30]

The dominant intercity transportation link between Tacoma and other parts of the Puget Sound is Interstate 5, which links Tacoma with Seattle to the north and Portland, Oregon, to the south. State Route 16 runs along a concrete viaduct through Tacoma's Nalley Valley, connecting Interstate 5 with Central and West Tacoma, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, and the Kitsap Peninsula. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport lies 22 miles (35 km) north, in the city of SeaTac.

Public transportation[link]

Light rail in Tacoma

Local and regional transportation[link]

Public transportation in Tacoma includes buses, commuter rail, light rail, and ferries. Public bus service is provided by Pierce Transit, which serves Tacoma and Pierce County. Pierce Transit operates a total of 43 bus routes (5 of which through Sound Transit), using mostly buses powered by compressed natural gas. Bus service operates at 30-60 minute frequencies daily, while three heavily-ridden "trunk" routes are mostly served every 20 minutes on weekdays and every half hour to an hour on weekends as of October 2, 2011

Sound Transit, the regional transit authority, provides weekday Sounder Commuter Rail service and daily express bus service to and from Seattle. Sound Transit has also established Tacoma Link light rail, a 1.6-mile (2.5 km) free electric streetcar line linking Tacoma Dome Station with the University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma's Museum District, and the Theater District. Expansion of the city's rail transit system (either in the form of electric streetcars or light rail) is under consideration by the city of Tacoma and Pierce Transit, and is supported by a local grassroots organization, Tacoma Streetcar.

The Washington State Ferries system, which has a dock at Point Defiance, provides ferry access to Tahlequah at the southern tip of Vashon Island, typically on the ferry MV Rhododendron.

Intercity transportation[link]

Greyhound intercity bus service is accessible via Tacoma Dome Station.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Tacoma from a station on Puyallup Avenue, one block east of the Tacoma Dome Station. Amtrak train 11, the southbound Coast Starlight, is scheduled to depart Tacoma at 10:31 a.m. with service to Olympia-Lacey, Portland, Sacramento, Emeryville, California (with bus connection to San Francisco), and Los Angeles. Amtrak train 14, the northbound Coast Starlight, is scheduled to depart Tacoma at 7:11 p.m. daily with service to Seattle. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver, BC and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Tacoma several times daily in both directions.

Public utilities[link]

Tacoma's relationship with public utilities extends back to 1893. At that time the city was undergoing a boom in population, causing it to exceed the available amount of fresh water supplied by Charles B. Wright's Tacoma Light & Water Company. In response to both this demand and a growing desire to have local public control over the utility system, the city council put up a public vote to acquire and expand the private utility. The measure passed on July 1, 1893, with 3,195 in favor of acquiring the utility system and 1,956 voting against. Since then, Tacoma Public Utilities (TPU) has grown from a small water and light utility to be the largest department in the city's government, employing about 1,200 people.

Tacoma Power, a division of TPU, provides residents of Tacoma and several bordering municipalities with electrical power generated by eight hydroelectric dams located on the Skokomish River and elsewhere. Environmentalists, fishermen, and the Skokomish Indian Tribe have criticized TPU's operation of Cushman Dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River; the tribe's $6 billion claim^[31] was denied by the U.S. Supreme court^[32] in January 2006. The capacity of Tacoma's hydroelectric system as of 2004 was 713,000 kilowatts, or about 50% of the demand made up by TPU's customers (the rest is purchased from other utilities). According to TPU, hydroelectricity provides about 87% of Tacoma's power; coal 3%; natural gas 1%; nuclear 9%; and biomass and wind at less than 1%. Tacoma Power also operates the Click! Network, a municipally-owned cable television and internet service. The residential cost per kilowatt hour of electricity is just over 6 cents.

Tacoma Water provides customers in its service area with water from the Green River Watershed. As of 2004, Tacoma Water provided water services to 93,903 customers. The average annual cost for residential supply was $257.84.

Tacoma Rail, initially a municipally owned street railway line running to the tideflats, was converted to a common-carrier rail switching utility. Tacoma Rail is self-supporting and employs over 90 people.

In addition to municipal garbage collection, Tacoma offers commingled recycling services for paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals.

Parks[link]

Owen Beach at Point Defiance Park.

Parks and recreation services in and around Tacoma are governed by Metro Parks Tacoma, a municipal corporation established as a separate entity from the city government in 1907. Metro Parks maintains over fifty parks and open spaces in Tacoma.^[33]

Point Defiance Park, one of the largest urban parks in the country (at 700 acres), is located in Tacoma.^[34] Scenic Five Mile Drive allows access to many of the park's attractions, such as Owen Beach, Camp Six, Fort Nisqually, and the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium. There are many historic structures within the park, including the Pagoda, which was originally built as a streetcar waiting room. It was restored in 1988, and now serves as a rental facility for weddings and private parties.^[35] The Pagoda was nearly destroyed by fire on Aug 15, 2011. http://www.exit133.com/6223/pagoda-at-point-defiance-park-on-fire-this-morning. They are now in the process of restoring it.

Ruston Way is a waterfront area along Commencement Bay north of downtown Tacoma that hosts several public parks connected by a multi-use trail and interspersed with restaurants and other businesses. Public parks along Ruston Way include Jack Hyde Park, Old Town Dock, Hamilton Park, Dickman Mill Park, Les Davis Pier, Marine Park and Cummings Park.^[36] The trail is popular with walkers, runners, cyclists and other recreationalists. There are several beaches along Ruston Way with public access, some of which are also popular for scuba diving.

Another large park in Tacoma is Wapato Park, which has a lake and walking trails that circle the lake. Wapato is located in the south end of Tacoma, at Sheridan and 72nd St.

Titlow Beach, located at the end of 6th Avenue, is a popular scuba diving area.

Wright Park

Wright Park, located near downtown, is a large, English-style park designed in the late 19th century by E.O. Schwagerl and Ebenezer Rhys Roberts. It contains Wright Park Arboretum and the W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory. This beautiful historic park is also the home of local festivals such as Ethnic Fest, Out in the Park, Tacoma's Gay Pride festival and the Tacoma Hempfest.

Jefferson Park in North Tacoma is the location of a new sprayground; an area designed to be a safe and unique play area where water is sprayed from structures or ground sprays and then drained away before it can accumulate.

Frost Park in downtown Tacoma is often utilized for sidewalk chalk contests.

In response to the Tacoma area's growing dog population, dog parks have become a natural addition to the city. Rogers off-leash Dog Park is a metro public park established in 1949 Tacoma. The park's homepage

Architecture[link]

Tacoma includes several landmarks and was home to some prolific architects including Everett Phipps Babcock, Frederick Heath, Ambrose J. Russell, and Silas E. Nelsen.

Two suspension bridges currently span a narrow section of the Salish Sea called the Tacoma Narrows. The Tacoma Narrows Bridges link Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Olympic Peninsula. The failure of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which was the third longest suspension bridge in the world, is a famous case study in architecture textbooks.

Historic landmarks[link]

Fireboat No. 1

Engine House No. 9 is a fire station built in 1907. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Currently, the building houses a pub which brews its own beer.

Stadium High School and the Stadium Bowl, part of the Tacoma School District. The school provided a setting for the movie 10 Things I Hate About You starring Heath Ledger.

Fireboat No. 1 was built in 1929 for the Port of Tacoma by the Coastline Shipbuilding Company. After 54 years of service in waterfront fire protection, harbor security patrols, search and rescue missions, and water pollution control, Fireboat No. 1 was put up on a permanent dry berth at a public beach near Tacoma's Old Town neighborhood. She is one of only five fireboats designated as a National Historic Landmark. Visitors are able to walk around her exterior, but her interior is closed to the public.

William Ross Rust House - Colonial / Classic Revival (1905) - Ambrose J. Russell (Architect), Charles Miller (Contractor)

Murray Morgan Bridge - 1911 steel lift bridge across the Thea Foss Waterway; it is currently closed to all automobile traffic due to its deteriorating condition, but may be rebuilt in the future. It is still open to pedestrians and bicyclists.

Other notable buildings include the National Realty Building, Lincoln High School (Tacoma, Washington), Rhodes House (Tacoma), Pythian Temple (Tacoma, Washington), Perkins Building, Tacoma Dome, Rhodesleigh, and Engine House No. 9 (Tacoma, Washington). The famous Luzon Building and Nihon Go Gakko (Tacoma) school house have been demolished. University of Puget Sound, Cushman Dam No. 1, Cushman Dam No. 2, Rialto Theater (Tacoma, Washington), the MV Kalakala, and Tacoma Union Station are also noteworthy.

Education[link]

Stadium High School

Tacoma's main public school district is Tacoma Public Schools. The district contains 36 elementary schools, eleven middle schools, five high schools, one alternative high school, a Science and Math Institute (SAMI), and one school of the arts (SOTA).

One of the three buildings owned by Tacoma School of the Arts

Henry Foss High School operates an International Baccalaureate program. Sheridan Elementary School operated three foreign language immersion programs (Spanish, French, and Japanese). Mount Tahoma High School opened a brand new building in South Tacoma in the fall of 2004. Stadium High School and Wilson High School were remodeled/refurbished and reopened in September 2006.

Tacoma School of the Arts, opened in 2001, is an arts-focused high school that serves as a national model for educational innovation. SOTA is a public school, part of the Tacoma Public Schools and is one of the first school in the nation to implement standards based instruction, as well as influence the design of many schools in the nation. SOTA is located in multiple venues around Downtown Tacoma and uses Community Museums and Universities for instructional space. The Science and math institute partners with SOTA, sharing administrators and class space. SAMI and SOTA are the only schools in Tacoma to offer University of Washington in the Classroom college credit options from the University of Washington.Lincoln High School reopened in the fall of 2007 after a $75 million renovation and expansion.^[37][38]

The Annie Wright School

The area also has numerous private schools, including the Annie Wright School, Bellarmine Preparatory School and Seabury School.

Tacoma's institutions of higher learning include the University of Puget Sound, Tacoma Community College, City University of Seattle-Tacoma, Bates Technical College, The Evergreen State College Tacoma Campus, Corban University School of Ministry/Tacoma Campus, and University of Washington Tacoma. Pacific Lutheran University is located in Parkland, just south of the city; nearby Lakewood is the home of Clover Park Technical College and Pierce College.

Cultural attractions[link]

The Museum of Glass boasts an iconic structure standing near the Thea Foss Waterway; the steel cone of the hot shop is one of the most recognizable structures in the city.

Tacoma Art Museum was founded in 1935 and reopened in 2003 in a new building on Pacific Avenue in Tacoma - now one of three organizations forming the "museum district" (others are Museum of Glass and Washington State History Museum). It is considered a model for mid-sized regional museums.

The Broadway Center for the Performing Arts is the home to three theaters, two of which are on the National Historic Register. Performing within the three theaters are several performing arts organizations, including the Tacoma Opera, Tacoma Symphony Orchestra, Northwest Sinfionetta, Tacoma City Ballet, Tacoma Concert Band, Tacoma Philharmonic, Tacoma Youth Symphony, Theatre Northwest, and Puget Sound Revels, one of ten Revels organizations nationwide.

Tacoma's Pantages Theater, a remnant of the vaudeville circuit founded by Alexander Pantages.

Shakespeare in the Parking Lot celebrated their 10th anniversary in 2009. Their motto is "taking the fear out of Shakespeare".www.SITPL.org. They offer both educational opportunities and inspired theater in and around Tacoma.

Tacoma hosts part of the annual four-part Daffodil Parade, which takes place every April in Tacoma, Puyallup, Sumner, and Orting.

The downtown Tacoma farmers' market runs every Thursday, from May through September, in the Theatre District. There are also seasonal farmers markets in the Proctor District, along Sixth Avenue, and in South Tacoma.

Fort Nisqually is a prominent local attraction featuring historical reenactments.

The Tacoma Police Department is the site of a public memorial for officers, dominated by the sculptures "Memories in Blue" and "For All They Gave", by James Kelsey.

Mass media[link]

The city's major daily newspaper is The News Tribune, a subsidiary of McClatchy Newspapers since 1986. Its circulation is about 85,000 (100,000 on Sundays), making it the third-largest newspaper in the state of Washington. A daily newspaper has been in circulation in Tacoma since 1883. Between 1907 and 1918, three dailies were published: The Tacoma Ledger, The News, and The Tacoma Tribune.

Tacoma receives Seattle area TV and radio stations.

Local papers include the Tacoma Weekly, the Tacoma Daily Index, the South Sound alternative newsweekly Weekly Volcano and the military publication The Ranger.

Sports[link]

The city has struggled to keep a minor league hockey franchise. The Tacoma Rockets of the WHL were lost to relocation and moved to Kelowna, British Columbia. The Tacoma Sabercats of the former West Coast Hockey League closed due to financial woes. The Tacoma Dome still hosts traveling sports and other events, such as pro wrestling, figure skating tours, and the Harlem Globetrotters. At one point, the Tacoma Dome was home to a professional indoor soccer team, the Tacoma Stars. For the 1994-1995 season, the Seattle SuperSonics played in the Tacoma Dome while the Seattle Center Coliseum was renovated (and renamed KeyArena). The Tacoma Dome also hosted the 1988 and 1989 Women's NCAA Final Four. Tacoma is home to the all-female flat track roller derby league Dockyard Derby Dames,^[39] which fields an away team.^[40]

Notable Tacomans[link]

Neighborhoods[link]

Tacoma with a view of Mount Rainier.

The cupola of the First Presbyterian Church in the Stadium District.

Houses in the South J Street Historic District.

• Central Tacoma
  • Hilltop (shared with Downtown)
  • Delong Park
  • The Wedge
  • McCarver (shared with New Tacoma/Downtown)
  • Bryant
  • College Heights
• New Tacoma
  • Downtown Tacoma
    • St. Helens Neighborhood
    • Theater District
    • Central Business District
    • Warehouse/Brewery District
    • Foss Waterway
    • The McCarver Neighborhood (shared with Central Tacoma/Hilltop)
    • Stadium District (shared with North Tacoma)
    • Dome District
• Nalley Valley
• Port of Tacoma
• East Tacoma
  • McKinley Hill
  • Salishan
  • Hillsdale
  • Swan Creek
  • Strawberry Hill
• North Tacoma
  • North Slope
  • Old Tacoma
  • Proctor District
  • Prospect Hill
  • Ruston (separately incorporated)
  • Ruston Way
  • Skyline
  • Stadium District (shared with Downtown)
  • Westgate (shared with West Tacoma)
  • Yakima Hill
• Northeast Tacoma
  • Browns Point (unincorporated)
  • Crescent Heights
• South End
  • Fern Hill
  • Lincoln International District
  • Wapato
  • Stewart Heights
  • Larchmont
• South Tacoma
  • Edison
  • South Park
  • Manitou
  • Oakland/Madrona
  • Tacoma Mall
• West Tacoma
  • Highlands
  • Narrows
  • Titlow
  • Salmon Beach
  • Westgate (shared with North Tacoma)

Sister cities[link]

See also[link]

Seattle portal

• Tacoma Public Library

References[link]

External links[link]

Country	City	Year of Partnership
Japan	Kitakyushu	1959
South Korea	Gunsan	1978
Israel	Kiryat Motzkin	1979
Norway	Aalesund	1986
Russia	Vladivostok	1992
People's Republic of China	Fuzhou	1994
Philippines	Davao City	1994
South Africa	George	1997
Cuba	Cienfuegos	2000
Taiwan	Taichung	2000
Morocco	El Jadida	2007
France	Biot	2012
	Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tacoma, Washington

• Official site of City of Tacoma
• Port of Tacoma
• Tacoma-Pierce County Chamber of Commerce
• "Tacoma -- Thumbnail History," Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History
• Tacoma Regional Convention and Visitor Bureau
• Tacoma, Washington at the Open Directory Project
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tacoma". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

v t e Municipalities and communities of Pierce County, Washington, United States County seat: Tacoma Cities Auburn ‡ Bonney Lake Buckley DuPont Edgewood Fife Fircrest Gig Harbor Lakewood Milton ‡ Orting Pacific ‡ Puyallup Roy Sumner Tacoma University Place Towns Carbonado Eatonville Ruston South Prairie Steilacoom Wilkeson CDPs Artondale Ashford Elbe Elk Plain Fort Lewis Fox Island Frederickson Graham Greenwater McChord AFB Midland Parkland Prairie Ridge South Hill Spanaway Summit Waller Unincorporated communities Anderson Island Browns Point Burnett Cascadia Dash Point Herron Island Home Kapowsin Ketron Island La Grande Lakebay Longbranch McKenna McNeil Island Paradise Purdy Vaughn Wauna Indian reservations Muckleshoot Reservation‡ Ghost towns Fairfax Melmont Footnotes ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

v t e  State of Washington Olympia (capital) Topics State government Cities Towns Congressional delegation City governments Governors History Geography People Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Legislature Music Parks Highways Symbols Visitor attractions Society Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Western Washington Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern Washington/Inland Empire Central Washington Columbia Plateau Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Larger cities and metropolitan areas Seattle Seattle metropolitan area Spokane Tacoma Tri-Cities Vancouver Bellevue Everett Yakima Smaller cities Aberdeen Anacortes Arlington Auburn Bainbridge Island Battle Ground Bellingham Bonney Lake Bothell Bremerton Burien Camas Centralia Cheney Cle Elum Coupeville Covington Des Moines East Wenatchee Edmonds Ellensburg Enumclaw Federal Way Fort Lewis Grandview Hoquiam Issaquah Kelso Kenmore Kennewick Kent Kirkland Lacey Lake Forest Park Lake Stevens Lakewood Langley Longview Lynden Lynnwood Mabton Maple Valley Marysville Mercer Island Mill Creek Monroe Moses Lake Mountlake Terrace Mount Vernon Mukilteo Naches Oak Harbor Olympia Pasco Port Angeles Port Orchard Port Townsend Prosser Pullman Puyallup Redmond Renton Richland Sammamish SeaTac Sedro-Woolley Selah Shelton Shoreline Silverdale Spokane Valley Sunnyside Toppenish Tukwila Tumwater University Place Walla Walla Wapato Washougal Wenatchee West Richland Woodinville Zillah Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima

v t e Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Washington State capital: Doug Mah (Olympia)     Mike McGinn (Seattle) David Condon (Spokane) Marilyn Strickland (Tacoma) Tim Leavitt (Vancouver) Grant Degginger (Bellevue) Ray Stephanson (Everett) Other states AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY

Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta
Born	(1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S.
Genres	Pop, dance, electronic
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards
Years active	2005–present
Labels	Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope
Website	LadyGaga.com Lady Gaga's signature

Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.

Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.

Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.^[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.^[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.^[4]