Descent may refer to:

In genealogy and inheritance:

Common descent, concept in evolutionary biology

Kinship and descent, one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology

*Pedigree chart or family tree

*Ancestry

*Heritage

Phylogenetics

*Tree diagram (disambiguation)

Inheritance (law and property)

In mathematics:

Infinite descent, a method going back to Fermat to solve Diophantine equations

Descent (category theory), an idea extending the notion of "gluing" in topology

Hadamard's method of descent, a technique for solving partial differential equations

Gradient descent, a first-order optimization algorithm going back to Newton

Other uses:

Descent (aircraft), the decrease of an aircraft in altitude during flight

Descent (font), the distance that a typeface descends below the baseline in typography

As a proper name

In film:

''The Descent'', a 2005 horror film

* ''The Descent Part 2'', the 2009 sequel to the 2005 film

''Descent'' (2005 film), a television film on the Sci-Fi Channel

''Descent'' (2007 film), a thriller starring Rosario Dawson

In gaming:

''Descent'' (video game), first in a series from Interplay Entertainment and Parallax Software

:* ''Descent II'', sequel to ''Descent'' :* ''Descent 3'', sequel to ''Descent II''

''Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War'', a computer game by Volition Inc

''Descent: Journeys in the Dark'', a 2005 board game by Fantasy Flight Games

In literature:

''The Descent'' (novel), by Jeff Long

''Descent'', caving magazine from Wild Places Publishing first published in 1969

In music:

''Descent'', an album by the band This Burning Effigy

In television:

"Descent" (''The Outer Limits''), an episode of the science fiction television series ''The Outer Limits''

"Descent" (''Stargate SG-1''), an episode of the science fiction television series ''Stargate SG-1''

"Descent" (''Star Trek: The Next Generation''), a two-part episode of ''Star Trek: The Next Generation''

See also

Dissent (homophone)

de:Descent fr:Descent hu:Descent (egyértelműsítő lap) ru:Descent (значения)

Coordinates	21°50′52″N105°45′28″N
name	Fantan Mojah
background	solo_singer
birth name	Owen Moncrieffe
alias	Fantan Mojah
born	August 5, 1975 Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica
genre	Reggae
years active	1997–present
label	Greensleeves RecordsDownsound Productions
notable instruments	}}

Fantan Mojah (born Owen Moncrieffe August 5, 1975), is a Jamaican reggae singer.

Biography

Owen Moncrieffe aka Fantan Mojah was born in St Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica. To gain experience, he took a job working with a traveling soundsystem, and performed songs during soundchecks. He adopted the name Mad Killer, in an homage to one of his favorite artists, Bounty Killer. After being exposed to the Rastafarian movement his music began to take on a more positive tone, and he was encouraged by Capleton to take the name Fantan Mojah.

Lyrical Themes

Fantan Mojah is notable for being one of the new wave of contemporary reggae singers who prefer to include positive themes in their lyrics. Like some popular new reggae singers, he is a Bobo Ashanti. His faith is reflected in his lyrics, where some recurring themes are - praise for Jah and messages of Rastafari, positive portrayal of women, and condemnation of ill morals. This is a contrast to many popular dancehall artists, who encourage "slackness" in their lyrics, with boasts of sexual prowess and derogatory messages to women.

Hail the King and success

After performing at many popular Jamaican festivals, Fantan Mojah recorded several songs on popular riddims, and was signed by Downsound Productions. He released his debut full length album ''Hail the King'' in 2005. It has become a hit in Jamaica, especially the track "Hail the King", which has an accompanying music video.

Discography

''Hail the King'' - 2005

''Stronger'' - 2008

Notes

Category:Jamaican reggae musicians Category:Jamaican Rastafarians Category:Living people Category:People from Saint Elizabeth Parish Category:1975 births

de:Fantan Mojah fr:Fantan Mojah ht:Fantan Mojah sv:Fantan Mojah

Coordinates	21°50′52″N105°45′28″N
name	Lawrence Lessig
birth date	June 03, 1961
birth place	Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.
occupation	Founder, Creative CommonsFounder, Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyProfessor, Harvard Law School
spouse	Bettina Neuefeind
website	www.lessig.org
footnotes	}}

Lawrence "Larry" Lessig (born June 3, 1961) is an American academic and political activist. He is best known as a proponent of reduced legal restrictions on copyright, trademark, and radio frequency spectrum, particularly in technology applications.

He is a director of the Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics at Harvard University and a professor of law at Harvard Law School. Prior to rejoining Harvard, he was a professor of law at Stanford Law School and founder of its Center for Internet and Society. Lessig is a founding board member of Creative Commons, a board member of the Software Freedom Law Center, an advisory board member of the Sunlight Foundation and a former board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

Academic career

Born in Rapid City, South Dakota, Lessig grew up in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and earned a B.A. in Economics and a B.S. in Management (Wharton School) from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. in philosophy from the University of Cambridge (Trinity) in England, and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1989. After graduating from law school, he clerked for a year for Judge Richard Posner, at the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, Illinois and another year for Justice Antonin Scalia at the Supreme Court.

Lessig started his academic career at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was Professor from 1991 to 1997. From 1997 to 2000 he was at Harvard Law School, holding for a year the chair of Berkman Professor of Law, affiliated with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society. He subsequently joined Stanford Law School, where he established the school's Center for Internet and Society. Lessig returned to Harvard in December 2008 as Professor and Director of the "Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics".

Political activism

Lessig is currently considered a political liberal. As a law clerk, however, he worked for both Judge Richard Posner and Justice Antonin Scalia, two influential conservative judges.

Lessig has emphasized in interviews that his philosophy experience at Cambridge radically changed his values and career path. Previously, he had held strong conservative or libertarian political views, desired a career in business, was a highly active Teenage Republican serving as the Youth Governor for Pennsylvania through the YMCA Youth & Government program in 1978 and almost pursued a Republican political career.

What was intended to be a year abroad at Cambridge convinced him instead to stay another two years to complete an undergraduate degree in philosophy there and develop his changed political values. During this time, he also traveled in the Eastern Bloc, so acquiring a lifelong interest in Eastern European law and politics.

Lessig refuses to embrace conventional libertarianism. While Lessig remains skeptical of government intervention, he favors regulation by calling himself “a constitutionalist”. In his blog, Lessig came out in favor of then-Democratic primary candidate Barack Obama, citing the transformative nature of Obama's campaign as one of his chief reasons. On one occasion Lessig also commended the McCain campaign for discussing fair use rights in a letter to YouTube where they took issue with YouTube indulging overreaching copyright claims leading to the removal of various campaign videos.

A campaign to draft Lessig to run for the US Congress from the Bay Area began in February 2008.

Lessig claimed in 2009 that because 70% of young people obtain digital information from illegal sources that the law should be changed.

Constitutional Convention

In 2010, Lessig began to organize for a national constitutional convention.

Lessig, along with Mark McKinnon, wrote the following in an e-mail proposing their idea of a constitutional convention to the public:

The framers left open a path to amendment that doesn't require the approval of Congress: a convention. Article V of the Constitution requires Congress to call a convention to propose amendments if 34 state legislatures demand it. Any proposed amendment would then have to be ratified by both houses of 38 state legislatures (three-fourths of the states). This entails 76 separate votes in the affirmative by two houses of 38 state legislatures.

Easy to do? No. But possible? Certainly, yes. There hasn't been a time when there has been such anger and frustration directed at our nation's capitol. There hasn't been a moment when the opportunity to organize to build a movement among the states has been as real. The beauty of a convention is that it would provide a forum of possibility for conservative Tea Party types who might want an amendment calling for a balanced budget, or a line-item veto for the president as well as progressives who would like to amend the constitution to make it possible to enact meaningful campaign finance reform. The only requirement is that two-thirds of the states apply, and then begins the drama of an unscripted national convention to debate questions of fundamental law. It would be a grand circus of democracy at its best.

"Code is law"

In computer science, “code” typically refers to the text of a computer program (''i.e.'', source code). In law, "code" can refer to the texts that constitute statutory law. In his book ''Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace'', Lessig explores the ways in which code in both senses can be instruments for social control, leading to his dictum that "Code is law". Lessig later updated his work in order to keep up with the prevailing views of the time, releasing the book ''Code: Version 2.0'' in December 2006.

Lessig Method

Lessig is also known for using a style of computer presentations typified by rapid display of short phrases or pictures. James MacLennan calls his presentation style the "Lessig Method". The Takahashi method is similar.

"Free Culture"

In 2002, Lessig received the Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF), and on March 28, 2004 he was elected to the FSF's Board of Directors. In 2006, Lessig was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Lessig is also a well-known critic of copyright term extensions.

He proposed the concept of "Free Culture". He also supports free software and open spectrum. At his "Free culture" keynote at OSCON 2002, half of his speech was also about software patents, which he views as a rising threat to both free/open source software and innovation.

Wiki-related activities

In March 2006, Lessig joined the board of advisors of the Digital Universe project.

A few months later, Lessig gave a talk on the ethics of the Free Culture Movement at the 2006 Wikimania conference.

Combating sexual abuse

In May 2005, it was revealed that Lessig had experienced sexual abuse by the director at the American Boychoir School which he had attended as an adolescent. Lessig reached a settlement with the school in the past, under confidential terms. He revealed his experiences in the course of representing another student victim, John Hardwicke, in court. In August 2006, he succeeded in persuading the New Jersey Supreme Court to radically restrict the scope of immunity that had protected nonprofits which failed to prevent sexual abuse from legal liability.

Political activity

At the iCommons iSummit 07, Lessig announced that he will stop focusing his attention on copyright and related matters and will work on political corruption instead. This new work may be partially facilitated through his wiki — "Lessig Wiki" — which he has encouraged the public to use to document cases of corruption. In February 2008, a Facebook group formed by law professor John Palfrey encouraged him to run for Congress from California's 12th congressional district, the seat vacated by the death of U.S. Representative Tom Lantos. Later that month, after forming an "exploratory project", the decision was made not to run for the vacant seat.

Despite having decided to forgo running for Congress himself, Lessig remained interested in attempting to change Congress to reduce corruption. To this end, he worked with political consultant Joe Trippi to launch a web based project called "Change Congress". In a press conference on March 20, 2008, Lessig explained that he hoped the Change Congress website would help provide technological tools voters could use to hold their representatives accountable and reduce the influence of money on politics. He is a board member of MAPLight.org, a nonprofit research group illuminating the connection between money and politics.

Lessig has known president Barack Obama since their days teaching law at the University of Chicago, and had been mentioned as a candidate to head the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates the telecommunications industry. However, this position is now held by Julius Genachowski.

At his talk at the 2009 Aspen Ideas Festival, Professor Lessig talked about Forbin Problems in a talk entitled Will Technology Change Our Lives? and also about his idea that the American public has lost faith in the central institution of our democracy, Congress.

Media references

Lessig appears as a character in a 2005 episode of the television political drama ''The West Wing'' ("The Wake Up Call", season 6, episode 14). Lessig’s character, portrayed by Christopher Lloyd, is intended to be a realistic depiction including such details as citing his book ''The Future of Ideas'' and his expertise in Eastern European constitutional law. (Lessig’s comments on his blog)

Artist group Monochrom performed a "Love Song for Lessig" on Boing Boing TV in the November 15, 2007 episode. The German term "lässig" (meaning "cool" or "relaxed") is pronounced the same as Lessig's last name, and "Love Song for Lessig" uses the homonym for humor.

Notable cases

''Hardwicke v. American Boychoir'' (representing plaintiff John Hardwicke) Pending

''Golan v. Gonzales'' (representing multiple plaintiffs)

''Eldred v. Ashcroft'' (representing plaintiff Eric Eldred) Lost

''Kahle v. Ashcroft''—(also see Brewster Kahle) Dismissed

''United States v. Microsoft'' (special master and author of an amicus brief addressing the Sherman Act)

Lessig was appointed special master by Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson in 1997. The appointment was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The appellate court ruled that the powers granted to Lessig exceeded the scope of the Federal statute providing for special masters. Judge Jackson then solicited Lessig’s amicus brief.

Lessig himself says about this appointment: "Did Justice Jackson pick me to be his special master because he had determined I was the perfect mix of Holmes and Ed Felten? No, I was picked because I was a Harvard Law Professor teaching the law of cyberspace. Remember: So is 'fame' made."

''MPAA v. 2600'' (submitted an amicus brief with Yochai Benkler in support of 2600)

Bibliography

''Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace'' (2000) ISBN 978-0-465-03913-5

''The Future of Ideas'' (2001) ISBN 978-0-375-50578-2 - available as a free Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical (by-nc) licensed download

''Free Culture'' (2004) ISBN 978-1-59420-006-9 - available as a free Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial licensed download

''Code: Version 2.0'' (2006) ISBN 978-0-465-03914-2 - available as a free Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (by-sa) licensed download

''Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy'' (2008) ISBN 978-1-594-20172-1 - available as a free Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (by-nc-nd) licensed download

See also

Copyleft

Free software movement

Free content

FreeCulture.org

Open educational resources

Gratis versus Libre

Open content

Law of the Horse

References

External links

Official site

Transcript of his oral argument and the Court's Opinion for ''Eldred v. Ashcroft''

2002 FSF Award for the Advancement of Free Software

coverage of Lessig's opposition to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act

The 'Lessig' Method of Presentation

The Anti-Lessig Wiki, a wiki started by Prof. Lessig intended to provide a space to catalog critics and oppositions of his ideas (currently mostly inactive)

An Interview with Lawrence Lessig on Creative Commons

Change Congress A national movement started by Lessig and Joe Trippi to end corruption in America's congress

Libre Culture: Mediations on Free Culture

Columns

How I Lost The Big One—Lessig's account of why the Eldred v. Ashcroft case went to Ashcroft

''Some Like It Hot'' essay by Lessig in Wired 12.03 excerpted from ''Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity''

Lessig admits having been wrong on Microsoft's monopoly power and the potential for a competitor to arise.

Interviews

''Lawrence Lessig's Supreme Showdown''—Wired magazine interview from October 2002

''Seven Questions: Battling for Control of the Internet'', Foreign Policy, November 2005

Slashdot interview

''Remixing Culture: An Interview with Lawrence Lessig'', O'Reilly Network, 2005-2-24

“Lawrence Lessig and the developing Nations License”, Worldchanging, November 16, 2006

“Lessig discusses implementing Change Congress”, Make Something Happen, July 22, 2008

"Debate with Richard Epstein on Public Financing of Elections", August 7, 2009.

"Live Interview with Professor Lawrence Lessig", February 18, 2009.

Audio/video

Press Conference Announcing the release of the Change Congress website

“Free Culture” keynote from OSCON 2002 (including an audio and Flash with the presentation as well as the presentation itself)

Who Owns Culture?—Jeff Tweedy and Lawrence Lessig in conversation with Steven Johnson

Who Owns Ideas? Radio interview on Philosophy Talk

Debate between Lessig and Jack Valenti.

Lessig's keynote from OSCON 2005 (with comments, audio and presentation)

Christopher Lydon Interviews… Audio interview.

The Lawrence Lessig interview on Radiophiles.org

IT Conversations—Audio programs featuring Lessig

Lawrence Lessig interview on This Week in Tech

Lessig on Digital Village Radio, December 3, 2005

* Part 1 (MP3)

* Part 2 (MP3)

Lessig on the Triangulation podcast, December 5, 2005. Topic: Google Books

An archive of speeches

Lessig discusses Network Neutrality in this video taken at Rochester Institute of Technology on March 24, 2006

Lessig discusses the concept of the Read-Write Society at the Wizards of OS (138 MB) (alternatively you can hear the audio recording: 36 MB)

Lawrence Lessig—On Free, and the Differences between Culture and Code from the 2006 Chaos Communication Congress

Video—Interview (mainly in English with German intro and German subtitles): Part 1, Part 2

Creative Commons Explained: Lawrence Lessig on ''The Hour'' with George Stroumboulopoulos

Lessig participating in a Panel Discussion, Free Culture Forum, March 23, 2006, sponsored by the Northeastern University Libraries in Boston, MA.

TED Talks: Larry Lessig says the law is strangling creativity at TED in 2007

Lawrence Lessig on "Open Source Cinema", an open source documentary film about copyright.

Lawrence Lessig interview in "Good Copy Bad Copy", a documentary about copyright and culture. Denmark, 2007.

Change Congress Project Launch, Sponsored by the Sunlight Foundation, and held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on March 20, 2008

The Future of the Open Internet in America, FCC hearing at Stanford University on April 17, 2008

Audio and transcript of ''Eldred v. Ashcroft'' hearing, from Oyez.org

Video (and audio) of conversation between Lawrence Lessig and Thomas E. Mann on Bloggingheads.tv

''Re-thinking Remix'' First Monday Podcast, 2008-12-3

Colbert and Lessig on REMIX, audio of interview with Stephen Colbert, on ccMixter.

Lessig interviewed 'The future of copyright in a digital age', audio of interview with Phillip Adams on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Late Night Live.

Well-Rounded Radio mp3 audio interview with Lawrence Lessig on Remix book and Creative Commons and music from the history of remix culture.

Category:1961 births Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Category:American bloggers Category:American lawyers Category:American legal scholars Category:Computer law Category:Copyright activists Category:Copyright scholars Category:Creative Commons Category:Harvard Law School faculty Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Category:Living people Category:Open content activists Category:Access to Knowledge activists Category:Access to Knowledge movement Category:People from Rapid City, South Dakota Category:Scholars of constitutional law Category:Stanford Law School faculty Category:Technology in society Category:University of Chicago faculty Category:Wharton School alumni Category:Wired (magazine) people Category:Yale Law School alumni

ar:لورانس ليسيج bg:Лорънс Лесиг ca:Lawrence Lessig cs:Lawrence Lessig da:Lawrence Lessig de:Lawrence Lessig es:Lawrence Lessig eu:Lawrence Lessig fr:Lawrence Lessig gl:Lawrence Lessig ko:로런스 레식 is:Lawrence Lessig it:Lawrence Lessig he:לורנס לסיג lt:Lawrence Lessig hu:Lawrence Lessig nl:Lawrence Lessig ja:ローレンス・レッシグ no:Lawrence Lessig pl:Lawrence Lessig pt:Lawrence Lessig ru:Лессиг, Лоуренс sc:Lawrence Lessig fi:Lawrence Lessig sv:Lawrence Lessig ta:லோறன்ஸ் லெசிக் th:ลอว์เรนซ์ เลสสิก tr:Lawrence Lessig

Jonathan Reckford is an American businessman, and chief executive officer of Habitat for Humanity International.

Habitat for Humanity

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, who served as honorary chair of Habitat's succession planning task force, said, "Jonathan Reckford is a wonderful choice to become Habitat for Humanity's new chief executive officer. His background in business will help Habitat navigate the economy and business climate, and his pastoral experiences will help him shepherd Habitat's ministry and assure it continues to share and demonstrate Jesus' teachings worldwide."

"Rosalynn and I look forward to working with thousands of other volunteers to help assure the complete success of Habitat’s worldwide ministry under Jonathan Reckford’s leadership."

Reckford and his wife, Ashley, who is originally from Albany, Georgia, are longtime supporters of Habitat and have worked alongside Habitat partner families in building their homes. The change is a big one, Reckford said, but is a natural next step.

"I have felt an increasing passion to serve more directly in heeding Christ's call to serve the poor and forgotten," he said. "My motivation is best summed up by the desire to live out the great commandment, expressed by Micah as a call to 'act justly, love mercy and walk humbly with your God'" (Micah 6:8).

Prior to Habitat

He was previously executive pastor of Christ Presbyterian Church of Edina, Minnesota. Before joining Christ Presbyterian, Reckford was president of stores for the Musicland division of Best Buy, senior vice president of corporate planning and communications for Circuit City, and director of strategic planning for Disney Design and Development.

Christ Presbyterian, a 4,300-member ministry, is recognized as a pioneer in partnering with nongovernmental organizations such as World Vision and Opportunity International (where Reckford is a board member) to combat AIDS in Uganda and which supports cross-cultural missions locally and internationally. Opportunity International is a partner with Habitat on an AIDS-focused project in Africa that features house-building and micro-financing components.

"Henry Blackaby (a pioneer missionary who heads Blackaby Ministries in Georgia) suggests we should take on God-sized tasks because then it is clear to everyone who deserves the credit. It is humbling to get to serve alongside the thousands of committed Habitat associates and volunteers to bring hope and dignity, build communities and strive toward our mission to eradicate poverty housing," Reckford said.

Reckford grew up in North Carolina. He graduated from St. Paul's School and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, with a degree in political science. In 1984, he joined Goldman Sachs, then was awarded the Henry Luce Foundation Scholarship for Young American Leaders. With that, he traveled to South Korea to work with the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee, working on marketing sponsorships and coaching the Korean national rowing team.

Upon his return from Korea, he graduated in 1989 from Stanford University Graduate School of Business in Palo Alto, California, with a master's in business administration focused on public and non-profit management. There his classmates included Gary Kremen and Ryland Kelley. He joined Marriott's corporate strategy group. In 1991, he moved to Disney Design and Development, and then was named senior vice president, corporate planning and communications for Circuit City Stores, then president of stores of the Musicland Group which was subsequently acquired by Best Buy.

Source

"Habitat for Humanity names Jonathan Reckford, pastoral leader, CEO"

External links

Chief Executive Officer profile at Habitat for Humanity

Christ Presbyterian Church

Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:American chief executives