Akan may refer to:

Akan people, an ethnic group in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire

*Kwa languages, a stock of dialects spoken by the Akan people.

*Central Tano languages, a stock of dialects spoken by the Akan people.

*Akan language, a specific language spoken by the Akan people

* Akan (Ghana parliament constituency)

Akan District, Hokkaidō

*Akan, Hokkaidō, a town in Akan District, Hokkaido

*Akan National Park

**Akan Volcanic Complex, a volcano in Hokkaidō, Japan

**Lake Akan, a lake in Hokkaidō, Japan

**Akan River, a river in Hokkaidō, Japan

Akan, Wisconsin, a town in the United States

Akan, Burma, a village in Mon State, Burma (Mynamar)

Akan, son of Ezer, a character mentioned in the Book of Genesis

Akan (あかん) is a Japanese Kansai dialect phrase meaning "No way"

de:Akan (Begriffsklärung) es:Akan fr:Akan nl:Akan pl:Akan (ujednoznacznienie) pt:Akan ro:Akan sh:Akan sv:Akan tr:Akan uk:Акан

The history of the Americas (North, South, and Central America, and the Caribbean) begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an Ice Age. These groups are generally believed to have been isolated from peoples of the "Old World" until the coming of Europeans in the 10th and 15th centuries.

The ancestors of today's American Indigenous peoples are Paleo-Indians; they were hunter-gatherers who migrated into North America. The most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge, Beringia, the land mass covered by the cold ocean waters in the Bering Strait. Small lithic stage peoples followed now-extinct megafauna like bison, mammoth, and caribou, thus gaining the nickname big-game hunters. Groups of people may also have traveled into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast.

Cultural traits brought by the first immigrants later evolved and spawned such cultures as Iroquois on North America and Pirahã of South America. These cultures later developed into civilizations. In many cases, these cultures expanded at a later date than their Old World counterparts. Cultures that may be considered advanced or civilized include: Norte Chico, Cahokia, Zapotec, Toltec, Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Purepecha, Chimor, Mixtec, Moche, Mississippian, Totonac, Teotihuacan, Huastec people, Tarascan, Izapa, Mazatec, Muiscas and the Inca.

Pre-colonization

Migration into the continents

The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000 – 17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ''ice-free corridors'' that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific Northwest coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of a hundred meters following the last ice age.

Archaeologists contend that the Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia (eastern Alaska), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago. This time range is a hot source of debate. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia, with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum, around 16,000 – 13,000 years before present.

The American Journal of Human Genetics released an article in 2007 stating "Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Indigenous American haplogroups, including Haplogroup X (mtDNA), were part of a single founding population." Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to Siberian peoples. The genetic diversity of Amerindian indigenous groups increase with distance from the assumed entry point into the Americas. Certain genetic diversity patterns from West to East suggest at least some coastal migration events. Geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42,000 to 21,000 years ago.

Lithic stage (before 8000 BCE)

The Lithic stage or ''Paleo-Indian period'', is the earliest classification term referring to the first stage of humans habitation in the Americas, covering the Late Pleistocene era. The time period derives its name from the appearance of "Lithic flaked" stone tools. Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest well known human activity in the Americas. Lithic reduction stone tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.

Archaic stage (8000 BCE — 1000 BCE)

Several thousand years after the first migrations, the first complex civilizations arose as hunter-gatherers settled into semi-agricultural communities. Identifiable sedentary settlements began to emerge in the so-called Middle Archaic period around 6000 BCE. Particular archaeological cultures can be identified and easily classified throughout the Archaic period.

Formative stage (2000 BCE — 500 CE)

Civilizations were established long after migration. Several large, centralized civilizations developed in the Western Hemisphere: Norte Chico, Chavin, Nazca, Moche, Huari, Quitus, Cañaris, Chimu, Pachacamac, Tiahuanaco, Aymara and Inca in the Central Andes (Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia); Muisca in Colombia ; Taínos in Dominican Republic (Hispaniola, Española) and part of Caribbean; and the Olmecs, Maya, Toltecs, Mixtecs, Zapotecs, Aztecs and Purepecha in southern North America (Mexico, Guatemala).

Cities of the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas were as large and organized as the largest in the Old World, with an estimated population of 200,000 to 350,000 in Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. The market established in the city was said to have been the largest ever seen by the conquistadors when they arrived. The capital of the Cahokians, Cahokia - located near modern East St. Louis, Illinois may have reached a population of over 20,000. At its peak, between the 12th and 13th centuries, Cahokia may have been the most populous city in North America. Monk's Mound, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, remains the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric New World.

These civilizations developed agriculture as well, breeding maize (corn) from having ears 2–5 cm in length to perhaps 10–15 cm in length. Potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, avocados, and chocolate are now the most popular of the pre-Columbian agricultural products. The civilizations did not develop extensive livestock as there were few suitable species, although alpacas and llamas were domesticated for use as beasts of burden and sources of wool and meat in the Andes. By the 15th century CE, maize was being farmed in the Mississippi River Valley after introduction from Mexico. The course of further agricultural development was greatly altered by the arrival of Europeans.

Classic stage (800 CE — 1300 CE)

;Cahokia

Oasisamerica

;Pueblo people The Pueblo people of what is now the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, living conditions were that of large stone apartment like adobe structures. They live in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and possibly surrounding areas.

Aridoamerica

;Chichimeca

Chichimeca was the name that the Mexica (Aztecs) generically applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a pejorative tone by the Spaniards when referring especially to the semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico.

;Haudenosaune

Mesoamerica

;Zapotec The Zapotec emerged around 1500 years BCE. Their writing system influenced the later Olmec. They left behind the great city Monte Alban.

;Olmec The Olmec civilization emerged around 1200 BCE in Mesoamerica and ended around 400 BCE. Olmec art and concepts influenced surrounding cultures after their downfall. This civilization was thought to be the first in America to develop a writing system. After the Olmecs abandoned their cities for unknown reasons, the Maya, Zapotec and Teotihuacan arose.

;Purepecha The Purepecha civilization emerged around 1000 AD in Mesoamerica . They flourished from 1100 AD to 1530 AD. They continue to live on in the state of Michoacán. Fierce warriors, they were never conquered and in their glory years, successfully sealed off huge areas from Aztec domination.

;Maya Maya history spans 3,000 years. The Maya may have collapsed due to changing climate in the end of the 10th century.

;Toltec The Toltec were a nomadic people, dating from the 10th - 12th century, whose language was also spoken by the Aztecs.

;Teotihuacan Teotihuacan (4th century BCE - 7/8th century CE) was both a city, and an empire of the same name, which, at its zenith between 150 and the 5th century, covered most of Mesoamerica.

;Aztec The Aztec having started to build their empire around 14th century found their civilization abruptly ended by the Spanish conquistadors. They lived in Mesoamerica, and surrounding lands. Their capital city Tenochtitlan was one of the largest cities of all time.

South America

;Norte Chico The oldest known civilization of the Americas was established in the Norte Chico region of modern Peru. Complex society emerged in the group of coastal valleys, between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The Quipu, a distinctive recording device among Andean civilizations, apparently dates from the era of Norte Chico's prominence.

;Chavín The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by as early as (or late compared to the Old World) 900 BCE according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned from 900 BCE to 300 BCE.

;Inca Holding their capital at the great city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as ''Tahuantinsuyu'', or "the land of the four regions", in Quechua, the Inca culture was highly distinct and developed. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful trepanation of the skull in Inca civilization.

European colonization

Around 1000 CE the Vikings established a short-lived settlement in Newfoundland, now known as L'Anse aux Meadows. Speculations exist about other Old World discoveries of the New World, but none of these are accepted by scholars. See also Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact.

Spain sponsored a major exploration led by Christopher Columbus in 1492; it quickly led to extensive European colonization of the Americas The Europeans brought Old World diseases which are thought to have caused catastrophic epidemics and a huge decrease of the native population. Columbus came at a time in which many technical developments in sailing techniques and communication made it possible to report his voyages easily and to spread word of them throughout western Europe. It was also a time of growing religious, imperial and economic rivalries that led to a competition for the establishment of colonies.

Colonial period

15th to 19th century colonies in the New World:

Spanish colonization of the Americas (1492)

Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535 to 1821)

Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)

Spanish Main

Spanish West Indies

Captaincy General of Guatemala

British North America / Thirteen Colonies

Danish West Indies

New Netherland

New France

Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)

Decolonization

The formation of sovereign states in the New World begins with the United States Declaration of Independence of 1776. The American Revolutionary War lasted until 1783.

The Spanish colonies won their independence in the first quarter of the 19th century, in the Spanish American wars of independence. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, among others, led their independence struggle. Although Bolivar attempted to keep the Spanish-speaking parts of the continent politically allied, they rapidly became independent of one another as well, and several further wars were fought, such as the Paraguayan War and the War of the Pacific. (See Latin American integration.) In the Portuguese colony Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese king Dom João VI, proclaimed the country's independence in 1822 and became Brazil's first Emperor. This was peacefully accepted by the crown in Portugal, upon compensation.

Effects of slavery

Slavery has had a significant role in the economic development the New World after the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans. The cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane harvested by slaves became important exports for the United States and the Caribbean countries.

20th century

North America

As a part of the British Empire Canada immediately entered World War I. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians. In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme.

The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe. Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.

The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada. From 1936 to 1949, this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.

Once again Canada found herself at war before her neighbours, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the allies. Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war to the Axis nations and entered the conflict. The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a "superpower".

The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. In Canada Quebec was transformed by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism. Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the ''"El Milagro Mexicano"'' (Mexican miracle). The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization, while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.

The Civil Rights Movement ended Jim Crow and empowered black voters in the 1960s, which allowed blacks to move into high government offices. However, the dominant New Deal coalition collapsed in the mid 1960s in disputes over race and the Vietnam War, and the conservative movement began its rise to power, as the once dominant liberalism weakened and collapsed.. Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure, Canada received a new constitution.

Canada's Brian Mulroney not only ran on a similar platform but also favored closer trade ties with the United States. This led to the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in January 1989. Mexican presidents Miguel de la Madrid, in the early 80s and Carlos Salinas de Gortari in the late 80s, started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move. However, Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the Mexican peso suffered a devaluation. In the United States president Ronald Reagan attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs, in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership (compared to the Soviet Union) in the world community. Domestically, Reagan attempted to bring in a package of privatization and regulation to stimulate the economy.

The end of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s. On January 1, 1994 Canada, Mexico and the United States signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, creating the world's largest free trade area. In 2000, Vicente Fox became the first non-PRI candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years. The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the 9/11 attacks of 2001 on the United States, which prompted military intervention in Afghanistan, which also involved Canada. Canada did not support the United States' later move to invade Iraq, however.

In the U.S. the Reagan Era of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. By 2010, political scientists were debating whether the election of Barack Obama in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s, which burst in 2008 and became the Late-2000s recession with prolonged unemployment.

Central America

Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the concept of Central American reunification, though lacking enthusiasm from the leaders of the individual countries, rises from time to time. In 1856–1857 the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by United States adventurer William Walker. Today, all five nations fly flags that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. (Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor).

In 1907 a Central American Court of Justice was created. On December 13, 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market ("CACM"). Costa Rica, because of its relative economic prosperity and political stability, chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of import substitution industrialization policies. The project was an immediate economic success, but was abandoned after the 1969 "Football War" between El Salvador and Honduras. A Central American Parliament has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. Costa Rica has repeatedly declined invitations to join the regional parliament, which seats deputies from the four other former members of the Union, as well as from Panama and the Dominican Republic.

South America

In the 1960s and 1970s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay were overthrown or displaced by U.S.-aligned military dictatorships. These dictatorships detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and/or killed (on inter-state collaboration, see Operation Condor). Economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. They placed their own actions within the United States Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict (see Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and Shining Path). Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now. Allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have seen crises which have forced the resignation of their presidents, although normal civilian succession has continued.

International indebtedness became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by Argentina's default in the early 21st century. In recent years South American governments have drifted to the left, with socialist leaders being elected in Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, and a leftist president in Argentina and Uruguay. Despite the move to the left, South America is still largely capitalist. With the founding of the Union of South American Nations, South America has started down the road of economic integration, with plans for political integration in the European Union style.

Country or Territory (country subdivision)>territory with flag	List of countries by area>Area(km²) (per sq mi)	List of countries by population>Population(July 2009 est.)	List of countries by population density>Population densityper km²	Capital (political)>Capital
				style="text-align:left;"
				style="text-align:left;"
				style="text-align:left;"
style="text-align:left;"
! Total

See also

History of the west coast of North America

History of the Caribbean

History of Latin America

History of the Southern United States

American Old West

History of New England

Notes

References

Boyer, Paul S. ''The Oxford Companion to United States History'' (2001) excerpt and text search; online at many libraries

Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. ''The American Nation: A History of the United States: AP Edition'' (2008)

Egerton, Douglas R. et al. ''The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888'' (2007), college textbook; 530pp

Elliott, John H. ''Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830'' (2007), 608pp excerpt and text search, advanced synthesis

Hardwick, Susan W., Fred M. Shelley, and Donald G. Holtgrieve. ''The Geography of North America: Environment, Political Economy, and Culture'' (2007)

Jacobs, Heidi Hayes, and Michal L. LeVasseur. ''World Studies: Latin America: Geography - History - Culture'' (2007)

Johansen, Bruce E. ''The Native Peoples of North America: A History'' (2006)

Keen, Benjamin, and Keith Haynes. ''A History of Latin America'' (2008)

Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas Bailey. ''The American Pageant'' (2 vol 2008), U.S. history

Marsh, James C., ed. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (4 vol 1985) online edition

Morton, Desmond. ''A Short History of Canada'' 5th ed (2001)

Veblen, Thomas T. Kenneth R. Young, and Antony R. Orme. ''The Physical Geography of South America'' (2007)

Category:History of North America Category:History of South America Category:World history

ca:Història d'Amèrica cs:Dějiny Ameriky de:Geschichte Amerikas es:Historia de América eo:Historio de Ameriko fr:Histoire de l'Amérique gan:美洲嗰歷史 ko:아메리카의 역사 id:Sejarah Amerika la:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum Americae mk:Историја на двете Америки ja:アメリカ大陸史 no:Amerikas historie pt:História da América simple:History of America fi:Amerikan historia sv:Amerikas historia ta:அமெரிக்காக்களின் வரலாறு wo:Taariixu Aamerig

Münir Özkul (August, 15 1925 - Istanbul) is a retired Turkish cinema and theatre actor. He has been awarded the title of "State Artist of Turkey"

He completed his formal education at İstanbul Erkek Lisesi. Özkul starting his acting career at Bakırköy Halkevi theatre. Later he worked at Ankara State theatre and İstanbul Şehir theatre. He became famous after his role in Muhsin Ertuğrul's ''Fareler ve İnsanlar''. From the 1950s onwards, he acted mostly in cinema. During the 1970s, he appeared in many films of the director Ertem Eğilmez like ''Hababam Sınıfı'', ''Şabanoğlu Şaban'', ''Mavi Boncuk'', ''Banker Bilo'', ''Namuslu''. Many of these films paired him with the actress Adile Naşit. Other films include ''Edi ile Büdü'', ''Halıcı Kız'', ''Kalbimin Şarkısı'', ''Miras Uğruna'', ''Balıkçı Güzeli'', ''Neşeli Günler'', ''Gülen Yüzler'', ''Gırgıriye'', ''Görgüsüzler'', ''Mavi Boncuk'', ''Bizim Aile'', ''Aile Şerefi''. In the 1980s, he acted in some television series such as ''Uzaylı Zekiye'', ''Ana Kuzusu'' ve ''Şaban ile Şirin''. He has acted in a total of more than 400 films and theatre plays.

Münir Özkul has married four times and he has three children. His second wife was actress Suna Selen. In 1998, he was awarded the title of "State Artist of Turkey" by the Turkish Ministry of Culture.

Filmography

Ay Işığında Saklıdır 1996 Nasreddin Hoca 1993 Al Dudaklım 1993 Arabesk 1988 Acı Gurbet 1988 A Ay 1988 Afife Jale 1987 Kuşatma 2 / Şok 1987 Aile Pansiyonu 1987 Günah 1987 Kadersiz Kullar 1987 Yaşamaya Mecburum 1987 Yıllar 1987 Uzaylı Zekiye 1987 Otobüs Yolcuları / İhsaniye - Karasu 1987 Ana Kucağı 1986 Kızlar Sınıfı Tatilde 1986 Babalar da Ağlar 1986 Dayak Cennetten Çıkma 1986 Elmayı Kim Isırdı 1986 Milyarder 1986 Büyük Günah 1985 Ya Ya Ya Şa Şa Şa 1985 Deliye Hergün Bayram 1985 Çalınan Hayat 1985 Duyar Mısın Feryadımı 1985 Sarı Öküz Parası 1985 Şaşkın Gelin 1984 Küçük Ağa 1984 Geçim Otobüsü 1984 Çaresizim 1984 Kızlar Sınıfı 1984 Gırgıriyede Büyük Seçim 1984 Şaşkın Ördek 1983 Dostlar Sağolsun 1983 İlişki 1983 Gırgıriyede Cümbüş Var 1983 Gazap Rüzgarı 1982 Bir Yudum Mutluluk 1982 Islak Mendil 1982 Ağlayan Gülmedi mi? 1982 Altın Kafes 1982 Buyurun Cümbüşe 1982 Talih Kuşu 1982 Adile Teyze 1982 Şıngırdak Şadiye 1982 Görgüsüzler 1982 Beni Unutma 1982 Deliler Koğuşu 1981 Bizim Sokak 1981 Gırgıriyede Şenlik Var 1981 Gırgıriye 1981 Banker Bilo 1980 İbişo 1980 Erkek Güzeli Sefil Bilo 1979 Gelinciklerim 1979 Aşkın Gözyaşları 1979 İbiş in Rüyası 1979 Hababam Sınıfı Dokuz Doğuruyor 1978 Neşeli Günler 1978 Cennetin Çocukları 1977 Gülen Gözler 1977 Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde 1977

Aşk Dediğin Laftır 1976 Aile Şerefi 1976 Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor 1976 İşte Hayat 1975 Gülşah 1975 Bizim Aile / Merhaba 1975 Hababam Sınıfı 1975 Gece Kuşu Zehra 1975 Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı 1975 Beş Milyoncuk Borç Verir Misin 1975 Hasret 1974 Beş Tavuk Bir Horoz 1974 Gariban 1974 Mavi Boncuk 1974 Yaşar Ne Yaşar Ne Yaşamaz 1974 Salak Milyoner 1974 Niyet 1973 Çulsuz Ali 1973 Izdırap 1973 Şaban İstanbul'da 1973 Kaynanam Kudurdu 1973 Oh Olsun 1973 Yalancı Yarim 1973 O Ağacın Altında 1972 Üç Sevgili 1972 Karamanın Koyunu 1972 Ver Allahım Ver 1972 Yiğitlerin Kaderi 1972 Tatlı Dillim 1972 Sev Kardeşim 1972 Senede Bir Gün 1971 Kezban Paris'te 1971 Son Hıçkırık 1971 Bebek Gibi Maşallah 1971 Beklenen Şarkı 1971 Solan Bir Yaprak Gibi 1971 Donkişot Sahte Şövalye 1971 Yedi Kocalı Hürmüz 1971 Beyoğlu Güzeli 1971 Aşk Uğruna 1971 Beyaz Kelebekler 1971 Gönül Hırsızı 1971 Hayatım Senindir 1971 İbiş Gangsterlere Karşı 1971 İşte Deve İşte Hendek 1971 Kadifeden Kesesi 1971 Tophaneli Murat 1971 Ayşecik Ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde 1971 Aşk Hikayesi 1971 Hayat Sevince Güzel 1971 Tatlı Meleğim 1970 Kara Dutum 1970 Bütün Aşklar Tatlı Başlar 1970 Kalbimin Efendisi 1970 Yuvasız Kuşlar 1970 Yumruk Pazarı 1970 Ali İle Veli 1970 Allı Yemeni 1970 Berduş Kız 1970 Dikkat Kan Aranıyor 1970 Dönme Bana Sevgilim 1970 Yavrum 1970 Küçük Hanımefendi 1970

Şoför Nebahat 1970 Son Kızgın Adam 1970 Hayatım Sana Feda 1970 Seven Ne Yapmaz 1970 Arım, Balım, Peteğim 1970 Sevgili Babam 1969 Boş Çerçeve 1969 Uykusuz Geceler 1969 Gelin Ayşem 1969 Nisan Yağmuru 1969 Sevdalı Gelin 1969 Ayşecik'le Ömercik 1969 Fakir Kızı Leyla 1969 Bana Derler Fosforlu 1969 Nilgün 1968 Artık Sevmiyeceğim 1968 Kanlı Nigar 1968 İstanbul'da Cümbüş Var 1968 Kara Gözlüm Efkarlanma 1968 Yayla Kartalı 1968 Urfa İstanbul 1968 Kalbimdeki Yabancı 1968 Çifte Tabancalı Damat 1967 Elveda 1967 Sürtüğün Kızı 1967 Yaşlı Gözler 1967 Bir Millet Uyanıyor 1966 Denizciler Geliyor 1966 Ben Bir Sokak Kadınıyım 1966 Aşkın Kanunu 1966 Seni Sevmiyorum 1966 Fakir Bir Kız Sevdim 1966 Kan Gövdeyi Götürdü 1965 Senede Bir Gün 1965 Kart Horoz 1965 İnatçı Gelin 1965 Bilen Kazanıyor 1965 Seveceksen Yiğit Sev 1965 Şoför Nebahat Bizde Kabahat 1965 Şekerli Misin Vay Vay 1965 Yalancının Mumu 1965 Cezmi Band 007.5 1965 Gönül Kuşu 1965 Dokunma Bozulurum 1965 Kahreden Kurşun 1965 Bir Bahar Akşamı 1961 Yumurcak 1961 Yaman Gazeteci 1961 Taş Bebek 1960 Gurbet 1959 Altın Kafes 1958 İftira 1958 Kalbimin Şarkısı 1956 Bir Aşk Hikayesi 1955 Tuş / Bir Aşk Hikayesi 1955 Balıkçı Güzeli / 1002. Gece 1953 Edi İle Büdü 1952 Edi İle Büdü Tiyatrocu 1952 Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa 1951 Evli Mi Bekar Mı 1951 Lale Devri 1951 Yavuz Sultan Selim Ve Yeniçeri Hasan 1951 Üçüncü Selim'ın Gözdesi 1950

External links

Category:1925 births Category:People from Istanbul Category:Living people Category:Turkish film actors Category:Best Actor Golden Orange Award winners Category:Turkish stage actors

pt:Münir Özkul tr:Münir Özkul

name	Cem Karaca
birth name	Muhtar Cem Karaca
birth date	5 April 1945
Birth place	Antakya, Turkey
death date	8 February 2004 (aged 58)
Death place	Istanbul, Turkey
instrument	Vocal, Guitar
genre	Anatolian RockTopical songsProtest songsProgressive RockSymphonic RockHard RockPsychedelic RockAlternative RockPop Rock
years active	1967-2004
website	www.cemkaraca.com
background	solo_singer }}

Muhtar Cem Karaca (April 5, 1945 - February 8, 2004), also called Cem Baba (Daddy Cem or Father Cem), was a prominent Turkish rock musician and one of the most important figures in the Anatolian rock movement.

Biography

He was the only child of İrma Felekyan (Toto Karaca) of Armenian origin, a popular opera, theatre and movie actress, and Mehmet İbrahim Karaca of Azerbaijani origin. His first group was called ''Dynamites'' and was a classic rock cover band. Later he joined ''Jaguars'', an Elvis Presley cover band. In 1967, he started to write his own music, forming the band ''Apaşlar'' (The Rowdies), his first Turkish-language group. In 1969, Karaca and bass-player Serhan Karabay left Apaşlar and started an original Anatolian group called ''Kardaşlar'' (The Brothers).

In 1972, Karaca joined the group ''Moğollar'' (The Mongols) and wrote one of his best-known songs, "''Namus Belası''". However, Cahit Berkay, the leader of Moğollar, wanted an international name for his band, and he left for France to take the group to another level. Karaca, who wanted to continue his Anatolian beat sound, left Moğollar and started his own band ''Dervişan'' (Dervishes) in 1974. Karaca and Dervişan sang poetic and progressive songs.

In the 1970s, Turkey's image was damaged by political violence between supporters of the left and the right, separatist movements and the rise of Islamism. As the country fell into chaos, the government suspected Cem Karaca of involvement. At times he was accused of treason for being a separatist thinker and a Marxist-Leninist. The Turkish government tried to portray Karaca as a man, who was unknowingly writing songs to start a revolution. One politician was quoted as saying, "Karaca is simply calling citizens to a bloody war against the state." Dervişan was ultimately dissolved at the end of 1977. He later founded in 1978 ''Edirdahan'', an acronym for "from Edirne to Ardahan"; the westernmost and the easternmost provinces of Turkey. He recorded one LP with ''Edirdahan''.

In early 1979, he left for West Germany for business reasons. Turkey continued to spin out of control with military curfews and eventually a military coup on September 12, 1980. General Kenan Evren took over the government and temporarily closed all the nation's political parties. After the coup, many intellectual people, including writers, artists and journalists, were arrested. A warrant was issued for the arrest of Karaca by the government of Turkey.

The state invited Karaca back to the country several times, but Karaca, not knowing what would happen upon his return, decided not to come back.

While he was in Germany, his father died, but he could not return to attend the funeral. After some time, the Turkish government decided to strip Cem Karaca of his Turkish citizenship, keeping the arrest warrant active.

Several years later, in 1987, the prime minister and leader of the Turkish Motherland Party, Turgut Özal, issued an amnesty for Karaca. Shortly afterwards, he returned to Turkey. His return also brought a new album by him, ''Merhaba Gençler ve Her zaman Genç Kalanlar'' ("''Hello, The Young and The Young at Heart''"), one of his most powerful works. His return home was greeted happily by his fans, but during his absence, Karaca had lost the youthful audience and acquired few new listeners. He died on February 8, 2004 and was interred at Karacaahmet Cemetery in Üsküdar district of Istanbul.

Discography

45s

''Emrah/Karacaoğlan'' (1967) (with Apaşlar)

''Hudey / Vahşet / Bang Bang / Shakin' All Over'' (1967) (with Apaşlar)

''Emrah / Hücum / Karacaoğlan / Ayşen'' (1967) (with Apaşlar)

''Ümit Tarlaları/Anadolu Oyun Havası/Suya Giden Allı Gelin/Nasıl Da Geçtin'' (1967) (with Apaşlar)

''İstanbul'u Dinliyorum/Oy Bana Bana'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Oy Babo/Hikaye'' (1968) (with Apaşlar)

''İstanbul/Why'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Emrah 1970/Karanlık Yollar'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Resimdeki Gözyaşları/Emrah'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Resimdeki Gözyaşları/Şans Çocuğu'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Tears/No, No, No'' (1968) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Ayrılık Günümüz/Gılgamış'' (1969) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Zeyno/Niksar'' (1969) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Bu Son Olsun/Felek Beni (1969) (with Apaşlar and Ferdy Klein Band)

''Emmioğlu/O Leyli'' (1970) (with Ferdy Klein Band)

''Kendim Ettim kendim Buldum/Erenler'' (1970) (with Ferdy Klein Band)

''Adsız/Unut Beni'' (1970) (with Ferdy Klein Band)

''Muhtar/Baba'' (1970) (with Ferdy Klein Band)

''Dadaloğlu/Kalender'' (1970) (with Kardaşlar)

''Oy Gülüm Oy/Kara Sevda'' (1971) (with Kardaşlar)

''Tatlı Dillim/Demedim Mi'' (1971) (with Kardaşlar)

''Kara Yılan/Lümüne'' (1971) (with Kardaşlar)

''Acı Doktor (Kısım 1)/Acı Doktor (Kısım 2)'' (1971) (with Kardaşlar)

''Kara Üzüm/Mehmet'e Ağıt'' (1971) (with Kardaşlar)

''Askaros Deresi/Üryan Geldim'' (1972) (with Kardaşlar)

''Obur Dünya/El Çek Tabib'' (1973) (with Moğollar)

''Gel Gel/Üzüm Kaldı'' (1973) (with Moğollar)

''Namus Belası/Gurbet'' (1974) (with Moğollar)

''Beyaz Atlı/Yiğitler'' (1974) (with Dervişan)

''Tamirci Çırağı/Nerdesin ?'' (1975) (with Dervişan)

''Mutlaka Yavrum/Kavga'' (1975) (with Dervişan)

''Beni Siz Delirttiniz/Niyazi'' (1975) (with Dervişan)

''Parka/İhtarname'' (1976) (with Dervişan)

''Mor Perşembe/Bir Mirasyediye Ağıt'' (1977) (with Dervişan)

''1 Mayıs/Durduramayacaklar Halkın Coşkun Akan Selini'' (1977) (with Dervişan)

LPs

''Apaşlar-Kardaşlar'' (1972)

''Cem Karaca'nın Apaşlar, Kardaşlar, Moğollar ve Ferdy Klein Orkestrasına Teşekkürleriyle'' (1974)

''Nem Kaldi'' (1975)

''Parka'' (1977)

''Yoksulluk Kader Olamaz'' (1977) (1)

''Safinaz'' (1978) (2)

''Hasret'' (1980) (It was sold as LP and tape)

''Bekle Beni''(1982) (It was sold as tape only)

''Die Kanaken'' (1984)

''Merhaba Gençler ve Her Zaman Genç Kalanlar'' (1987) (It was sold as compact cassette and CD)

Other albums

''Töre'' (1988) (It was sold as CD) by Oğuz Abadan Orchestra

''Yiyin Efendiler'' (1990)

''Nerde Kalmistik'' (1992)

''Bindik Bir Alamete'' (1999)

''Kahpe Bizans'' (2000)

''Hayvan Terli'' (2004) (Single)

Collection albums

''The Best of Cem Karaca Volume 1'' (1996)

''The Best of Cem Karaca Volume 2'' (1997)

''The Best of Cem Karaca Volume 3'' (2000)

''The Best of Cem Karaca Volume 4'' (2001)

''The Best of Cem Karaca Volume 5'' (2002)

''Ölümsüzler'' (Immortals)(2004) (After his death)

''Ölümsüzler 2'' (Immortals 2) (2005) (After his death)

''Mutlaka Yavrum'' (Absolutely, baby) (2006) (After his death)

(1) It was released again with different cover, sort of songs and songs in 2003. (2) It was released again as compact cassette and CD in 1994 and with different cover after Cem Karaca's death)

He has also appeared as a guest artist on several recordings.

References

External links

A website featuring Cem Karaca

Obituary in The Guardian

Obituary in The New York Times

Category:1945 births Category:2004 deaths Category:People from Antakya Category:Robert College alumni Category:Turkish rock musicians Category:Turkish people of Armenian descent Category:Turkish people of Azerbaijani descent Category:Burials at Karacaahmet Cemetery

az:Cəm Karaca de:Cem Karaca fa:جم کاراجا fr:Cem Karaca no:Cem Karaca tr:Cem Karaca

name	Hülya Koçyiğit
birth date	June 28, 1945
birth place	Kuzguncuk, Istanbul
spouse	Selim Soydan
children	Gülşah
nationality	Turkish
occupation	Film actress
years active	1963 - present
awards	Golden Orange Award for Best Actress (1969, 1973, 1975, 1983, 1990)Golden Boll Award for Best Actress (1973)Golden Orange Live Achievement Award (1996) }}

Hülya Koçyiğit (born December 12, 1947 in Kuzguncuk, Istanbul) is a famous Turkish actress. She is considered to be one of Turkish cinema's most famous female leads and has received numerous awards such as at the prestigious Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival and at various other international film festivals. Altogether, she has acted in some 180 films.

Biography

Hülya's father is a muhajir from Bulgaria. Hülya grew up in Istanbul and finished her secondary education in Ankara, where she attended Atatürk High School for Girls. She joined Istanbul City Theatre during her middle education. She then enrolled in Ankara Academy of State Art's ballet department for education in the Arts.

Hülya Koçyiğit decided to venture into cinema in 1963 after she was the runner-up in a beauty contest organized by the magazine ''Ses'' (literally: ''Voice''). Her debut film was ''Susuz Yaz'' (Dry Summer), which went on to win the Golden Bear Award at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival. This honor was the first of its kind ever bestowed upon a Turkish movie. ''Derman'', a film she starred in was the first Turkish film that played in five continents. ''Kurbağalar'', another of her famous films was the first Turkish movie that was sold to international televisions. She received the distinction of "Turkish state artist" in 1991.

Lütfü Akad, Atıf Yılmaz, Şerif Gören, Metin Erksan, Orhan Aksoy, Memduh Ün, Ertem Eğilmez, Osman F. Seden, Halit Refiğ are some of the famous directors who have worked with Hülya Koçyiğit.

Hülya Koçyiğit holds the distinction of being the Turkish actress of having won the most national and international awards and is probably, the most recognised face of the Turkish silver screen. Her movies between 1965 and 1974, her golden period, constantly captivated movie audiences. She was recognizable in many countries like Algeria, Greece, Iran, Lebanon.

In 2009, she starred in the Turkish TV adaptation of the famous American series, ''The Golden Girls''. Koçyiğit played the role originated by Bea Arthur.

She married in 1968 to Selim Soydan, then a Fenerbahçe S.K. footballer. The couple has a daughter named Gülşah.

Filmography

Year	! Film	! Role	! Nots
	''Susuz Yaz''	Bahar
''Genç Kızlar''	Oya Deren
''Ayşecik Çıtı Pıtı Kız''
''Döner ayna''
	Nazan
	Pelin
''Taşralı Kız	Hülya Işık
	Aliye Öğretmen
	İli Yavrucak (film)>İki Yavrucak''
	Matmazel Nadya
	Şahiser
	Zerrin Bağdatlı
''Tehlikeli Adımlar''
''Denizciler Geliyor''
	Asuman
	Gül
	Nevin Seden
	Leyla
	Ayşe
''Ölmek mi yaşamak mı (film) ''	Hülya
''Siyahlı Kadın''
''Vahşi Sevda''
''Deli Fişek''
	Nüzhet
''Parmaklıkların Arkasından''
''Söyleyin Genç Kızlara''
''Yaralı Kuş''
''Hicran Gecesi''
''Kırmızı Fener Sokağı''
''Vahşi bir erkek sevdim (film)''	Gül
''Yasemin'in Tatlı Aşkı''
		Alev
	Azize Sönmezoğlu
	Leyla
	Gül Fatma Kunt
''Kezban Roma'da''
	Semra
	Sevda
	Selma Alkan
	Canan Alev, Naciye
	Leyla Erdem Yılmaz
	Alev Aker
	Selma
''Kezban Paris'te''	Kezban
	Leyla Sonay, Nermin
''Sezercik Yavrum Benim''
''Yarın Ağlayacağım''
''Gökçe Çiçek''
''Sezercik Aslan Parçası''
''İki Bin Yılın Sevgisi''
	''Gülşah Küçük Anne''
	''Evlidir Ne Yapsa Yeridir''
		Avukat Selma
		Ayşe Sarıca
	''Dikenli Yol''
''Karılar Koğuşu''
		Semra
	''Habamam Sınıfı Merhaba''	Fatoş Hoca
		Zümrüt

Awards

Domestic festival awards

Best Actress of the Year, Turkish Ministry of Tourism (1964)

Woman of the Year, Turkish Women's Union (1964)

Golden Orange (Antalya) for ''Cemile'' (1969)

Golden Boll (Adana) for ''Zehra'' (1972)

Golden Orange (Antalya) for ''Diyet'' (1975)

Golden Orange (Antalya) for ''Derman'' (1984)

Golden Orange (Antalya) for ''Karılar Koğuşu'' (1990)

Golden Orange, Lifetime Achievement Award

Golden Boll, Lifetime Achievement Award

Çasot, Lifetime Achievement Award

Istanbul Film Festival, Honorary Award

Ankara Film Festival, Honorary Award

Uçan Süpürge Film Festival, Honorary Award

Siyad, Honorary Award

International Film Awards

Most Successful Actress Award for ''Kurbağalar'', Nantes Film Festival (1987)

Best Actress Award for ''Bez Bebek'', Amiens Film Festival (1988)

Foreign film festival appearances

London Film Festival, for ''Derman''

Berlin Film Festival, for ''Susuz Yaz''

Mexico Film Festival, for ''Susuz Yaz''

Tehran Film Festival, for ''Gelin''

Tashkent Film Festival, for ''Almanya Acı Vatan''

Film festival screenings

''Susuz Yaz'' Berlin Film Festival, Mexico Film Festival

''Gelin'' Tehran Film Festival

''Derman'' Karlovy Film Festival, Venice Film Festival, London Film Festival, Nantes Film Festival, Damascus Film Festival (She holds the greatest award), Tashkent Film Festival

''Kurbağalar'' Nantes Film Festival, Best Actress Award

''Yalan Dunya'' Antalya Film Festival

References

External links

Hülya Koçyiğit's official website Biyografi.info - ''Biography of Hülya Koçyiğit''

Category:1947 births Category:People from Istanbul Category:Turkish film actors Category:Best Actress Golden Orange Award winners Category:Best Actress Golden Boll Award winners Category:Golden Orange Life Achievement Award winners Category:Living people Category:State Artists of Turkey

fr:Hülya Koçyiğit fi:Hülya Koçyiğit tr:Hülya Koçyiğit diq:Hülya Koçyiğit