There have been two major oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico:

The Ixtoc I oil spill, from June 1979 to March 1980

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, from April 2010 to August 2010

Coordinates	43°36′49″N116°12′12″N
name	Steve Earle
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Stephen Fain Earle
born	January 17, 1955Hampton, VirginiaU.S.
origin	San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
instrument	Vocals, guitar, mandolin, harmonica, banjo, bouzouki, bass
genre	Americana, alt.country, folk, country rock, roots rock, heartland rock
occupation	Musician, Singer-songwriter, Author, Playwright
label	MCA Nashville, New West, E² Records, Warner Bros.
associated acts	Allison Moorer, Justin Townes Earle, Guy Clark, Townes Van Zandt, Buddy Miller, Joan Baez, Del McCoury Band, Lucinda Williams, Stacey Earle
website	SteveEarle.com
notable instruments	}}

Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle (; born January 17, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter known for his rock and Texas Country as well as his political views. He is also a producer, author, a political activist, and an actor, and has written and directed a play.

Personal life

Earle was born on January 17, 1955, at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. He is the eldest son of Jack Earle, an air traffic controller, and Barbara Earle. Although he was born in Virginia where his father was stationed in the military, the family returned to Texas before Earle's second birthday. His ancestry is Irish Catholic on his mother's side and Scotch-Irish on his father's side. They moved often during his childhood, primarily within Texas, but spending several of his formative years in and around San Antonio, Texas including East Terrell Hills, Converse, and Schertz. He dropped out of school in the 9th grade to move to Houston and learn more about the music business. Earle released his first album, ''Guitar Town'', in 1986. His sister, Stacey Earle, is also a musician, having toured with Steve in the 1990s and sung on the song "When I Fall" on Steve's 2000 album ''Transcendental Blues''.

Earle has been married seven times, including twice to the same woman. His wives were Sandra "Sandy" Henderson, Cynthia Dunn, Carol-Ann Hunter (with whom he had his first child, Justin), Lou-Anne Gill (with whom he had a second son, Ian and a stepdaughter, Amy), Maria Teresa Ensenat, Lou-Anne Gill a second time, and finally, in 2005, singer-songwriter Allison Moorer. His first son, Justin Townes Earle, is also a musician, and is named for Townes Van Zandt. Earle and Moorer had their first child together, John Henry Earle, on April 5, 2010.

Career

Musical career

In 1975, Earle moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he met Guy Clark and his wife Susanna. He appears in the 1975 film ''Heartworn Highways'', which documents the songwriting scene in Nashville around Clark, including fellow Texas musicians Townes van Zandt and Rodney Crowell. Earle had already met Van Zandt in Texas, and refers to Clark and Van Zandt as his mentors and teachers. Clark was instrumental in Earle being hired as a songwriter by the Sunbury Dunbar publishing division of RCA. There he wrote songs for the likes of Carl Perkins, Johnny Lee, Vince Gill and Steve Wariner. His song "Mustang Wine" was due to be recorded by Elvis Presley in 1975, but Presley did not turn up for the recording session. The song was released as a single by Carl Perkins. He also wrote the Patty Loveless hit "A Little Bit in Love." Earle did backing vocals on "Desperados Waiting for a Train" (together with Emmylou Harris) on Clark's first album ''Old No. 1'' and toured in Clark's band. In 1981 Earle achieved a top-ten cut with "When You Fall in Love," which was recorded by Johnny Lee. In 1985 one of his compositions "A Far Cry from You" was recorded by Connie Smith, who made the song a minor hit that year.

Earle's early work as a recorded performer was in the rockabilly style, and can be heard on the ''Early Tracks'' album. ''Early Tracks'' was recorded for Epic Records, but the company dropped Earle, only releasing the album in 1987 after he found success with MCA Nashville. Earle had to wait until 1986 before his first album, ''Guitar Town'', was released by MCA. It was a critical success and was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The follow-up albums ''Exit 0'' in 1987 and the certified-gold ''Copperhead Road,'' 1988, built on this success. With ''Copperhead Road'', Earle moved to MCA Los Angeles and drew increasingly on rock influences.

Earle had been a substance abuser since an early age and was addicted to heroin for many years. By the time of his 1990 album ''The Hard Way'', it started to become clear that the drugs were seriously affecting him. By 1992, his drug problems resulted in his effectively stopping performing and recording for two years, a period he refers to as his "vacation in the ghetto." He eventually ended up in jail on drug and firearms charges. Kicking the drug habit while in jail, Earle came out a new man and released two albums within 18 months of his release in late 1994. His comeback album, ''Train A Comin' '', was nominated for the Best Contemporary Folk Album Grammy Award in 1996. ''Train A Comin''' was a return to the country blues-influenced folk of Earle's early career and drew on his older catalogue of unrecorded material.

Earle's post-jail musical career has been more diverse than his early work. He set up his own record label with producer and engineer Ray Kennedy, allowing him increasing artistic control. This has led to experimentation with a range of styles from country and bluegrass music to folk and hard rock music. He has maintained a strict work ethic. Several albums have been released since. Earle also tours often, playing over 200 shows per year. His concerts tend to be either solo acoustic shows or ensemble affairs with one of his two backing bands, the Dukes or the Bluegrass Dukes.

Earle is the subject of the documentary film ''Just an American Boy'', directed by Amos Poe, which explores his political views as well as his music. The film was shot while Earle was touring in support of his 2002 release ''Jerusalem''. In 2005, he caused consternation among his fans by allowing the song The Revolution Starts Now to be used by General Motors in a TV advertisement for pick-up trucks. In 2006, Earle contributed a cover of Randy Newman's song "Rednecks" to the tribute album ''Sail Away: The Songs of Randy Newman''. Earle is also the subject of two biographies, ''Steve Earle: Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet'', by the noted New York-based music writer David McGee and ''Hardcore Troubadour: The Life and Near Death of Steve Earle'' by Lauren St. John.

In September 2007, Earle released his twelfth studio album, ''Washington Square Serenade'', on New West Records. Earle recorded the album after relocating to New York City, and it was his first attempt at using digital audio workstation ProTools, as opposed to traditional analog recording techniques. The disc features wife Allison Moorer on "Days Aren't Long Enough" and "Down Here Below." The album includes Earle's version of Tom Waits' song "Way Down in the Hole" which is featured as the theme song for the fifth season of ''The Wire'' in which Earle himself appears as Walon. In 2008, Earle produced Joan Baez's album ''Day After Tomorrow''. (Prior to their collaboration on ''Day After Tomorrow'', Baez had covered two Earle songs, "Christmas in Washington" and "Jerusalem," on previous albums.) In the winter, he toured Europe and North America in support of ''Washington Square Serenade'', performing half the set solo and the other half with a DJ. On May 12, 2009, Earle released a tribute album, ''Townes'', on New West Records. The album contains 15 songs written by his late friend and musical mentor Townes Van Zandt. Guest artists appearing on the album include Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, Earle's wife Allison Moorer, and his son Justin Townes Earle. Both ''Washington Square Serenade'' and ''Townes'' also earned Grammy awards in the contemporary folk category.

Earle released his first novel and fourteenth studio album, both entitled ''I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive'' after a Hank Williams song, in the spring of 2011. The album was released on April 26, 2011 and was produced by T-Bone Burnett. Earle describes it as dealing with questions of mortality and having a "more country" sound than his recent work. He plans a full band tour in support of the album in the summer of 2011.

Since his emergence as a performer, his songs have been covered by various well-known artists, including Joan Baez, The Pretenders, The Proclaimers, Eddi Reader, The Highwaymen, Waylon Jennings, Levon Helm, Emmylou Harris, Percy Sledge and Johnny Cash. Travis Tritt had a #7 country hit in 1995 with Earle's "Sometimes She Forgets."

Writing career

In addition to music, Earle has written a collection of short stories called ''Doghouse Roses,'' several of which draw on his personal experiences as a musician and addict. The book was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in June 2001. Earle has also written poetry and wrote and produced a play about the death penalty entitled ''Karla''. The play was produced off-Broadway and focuses on the death of Karla Faye Tucker, who was the first woman excuted by the state of Texas since the death penalty was reinstated.

Earle's first novel, entitled ''I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive'' after a Hank Williams song, was published the spring of 2011. The novel is set in San Antonio in 1963, and tells the story of a defrocked doctor and morphine addict. The doctor makes a living by performing illegal abortions and is haunted by the ghost of Hank Williams, with whom he was traveling when Williams died of an overdose. The novel is published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt1.

Acting career

Earle portrayed a recovering drug addict named Walon in several episodes of the HBO television series ''The Wire'', created by David Simon. He appears first in season one where he addresses a 12-step-type meeting with an account of how he lost everything to addiction: "I pawned my bike, my pickup truck, a National steel guitar, a stamp collection that my grandpa left me; lost a good wife, a bad girlfriend, and the respect of anyone who ever lent me money." His story affects Bubbles and appears to spur him towards recovery. After season one, Walon does not return until Bubbles hits rock-bottom hard in the season four finale. Picking up the thread, he then appears throughout season five as sponsor, as Bubbles attempts to overcome his heroin addiction and its consequences. Earle's song "I Feel Alright" is used in a montage to close out season two. He also performs the opening theme of the fifth season, performing "Way Down in the Hole," a song written by Tom Waits.

Earle also played a supporting role as a drug dealer in Tim Blake Nelson's 2009 movie ''Leaves of Grass'', starring Edward Norton. His most recent role was that of a street musician in the HBO series ''Treme'', set in post-Katrina New Orleans. Earle's song "This City" can be heard over the closing credits of the first season finale. He was also one of several musicians who sang a mock charity appeal in the final episode of Season 3 of ''30 Rock''.

Radio shows

Earle's radio show on Air America began in August 2004 and last aired on June 10, 2007, and that was a rebroadcast of a past episode. Shortly thereafter, he started DJing on a show on Sirius Satellite Radio called Hardcore Troubadour on their Outlaw Country channel.

Political views

Since early in his career, Earle has been involved in a number of political causes. In his first public performances, Earle was unable to play in bars due to his age and took to playing in coffeehouses alongside anti-Vietnam War campaigners. These experiences had a strong effect on him, most recently evidenced by his opposition to the Iraq War. He is also a regular participant in the "Concerts for a Landmine Free World," benefiting the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation.

Earle's mother took part in anti-death penalty vigils, a cause that has been taken up by Earle. He has worked to abolish the death penalty and has recorded several songs about this cause, including "Billy Austin," "Over Yonder (Jonathan's Song)" and "Ellis Unit One" for the 1995 film ''Dead Man Walking''. Ellis Unit, located in Huntsville, Texas, previously housed the Texas male death row convicts, until it was moved to Polunsky Unit near Livingston, Texas. He exchanged letters with a prisoner on death row named Jonathan Wayne Nobles, the subject of "Over Yonder", and, at the request of Nobles, attended his execution in 1998. In 2010 Earle was awarded the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty's Shining Star of Abolition award.

In the early 2000s Earle's music was more explicitly political. His 2002 album, ''Jerusalem'', was largely inspired by the US-led War on Terrorism. This album featured "John Walker's Blues," which was about the captured American Taliban fighter John Walker Lindh. Many accused Earle of sympathizing with terrorists as the song was written from Lindh's perspective. Earle responded that he was simply empathizing with Lindh and attempting to understand his motivation through song rather than glorifying or forgiving terrorism. He said that, as a parent, he was moved by pictures of Lindh bound to a stretcher. "For some reason when I saw him on TV, I related it to my son. That skinny and that age, exactly. I thought, he's got parents somewhere, and they must be sick."

His 2004 album, ''The Revolution Starts Now'', which features several songs relating to the Iraq War, was deliberately released to coincide with the run-up to the 2004 US presidential election, with the aim of encouraging votes for John Kerry. The song "The Revolution Starts Now" was used in the promotion of Michael Moore's anti-war documentary film ''Fahrenheit 9/11'' and appears on the album ''Songs and Artists That Inspired Fahrenheit 9/11'', the songs for which were selected by Moore. The song also opened Earle's weekly Sunday-night show on Air America Radio. He appears in the 2008 political documentary ''Slacker Uprising''.

Discography

Use in media

Steve Earle's songs have appeared in many major motion pictures and television as writer and performer.

As performer and writer

''The Beverly Hillbillies'' (1993) ("Honey Don't")

''Dead Man Walking'' (1995) ("Ellis Unit One")

''The Horse Whisperer'' (1998) ("Me and the Eagle")

''Pay It Forward'' (2000) ("Open Your Window")

''You Can Count on Me'' (2000) ("I'm Still In Love With You", "Harlan Man", "Texas Eagle", "The Mountain", "Pilgrim")

''The Pledge'' (2001) ("The Other Side of Town")

''Last Party 2000'' (also known as ''The Party's Over'' (2001) ("Over Yonder (Jonathan's Song)")

''Big Bad Love'' (2001) ("Goodbye")

''The Rookie'' (2002) ("Some Dreams")

''Stevie'' (2002) ("I Ain't Ever Satisfied")

''The Wire'' (2004) ("I Feel Alright"), ("Down in the Hole" as performer only, written by Tom Waits)

''Silver City'' (2004) ("Amerika v. 6.0")

''Brokeback Mountain'' (2005) ("Devil's Right Hand")

''Talladega Nights'' (2006) ("Valentine's Day", "Hard-Core Troubadour", "I Feel Alright")

''The Guardian'' (2006) ("Home To Houston")

''Bridge to Terabithia'' (2007) ("Someday")

''Leaves of Grass'' (2009) ("Lonely Are the Free")

''Treme'' (2010) ("This City")

As writer

''Sgt. Bilko'' (1996) ("Sometimes She Forgets")

''G.I. Jane'' (1997) ("Goodbye")

''P.S. I Love You'' (2007) ("The Galway Girl")

Awards

Steve Earle has received a total of fourteen nominations for Grammy Awards.

He was named Country Artist of the Year for 1986 by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.

In 2004, he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award for songwriting by the UK's BBC Radio 2.

In February 2005, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album for ''The Revolution Starts Now''.

In February 2008, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album (Vocal or Instrumental) for ''Washington Square Serenade''.

In January 2010, he received a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album for ''Townes''.

In July 2010, Earle was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Music and Lyrics category, for the song "This City," which was written for the television series ''Tremé.''

On May 13, 2011, Earle was granted an honorary degree from the City University of New York (CUNY) School of Law.

Collaborations

Recorded and performed "Johnny Come Lately" with The Pogues.

Performed a duet with Iris DeMent on "I'm Still In Love With You".

Co-wrote the Jason & the Scorchers song "A Bible & A Gun".

Sang on Jason Ringenberg's re-recording of "A Bible & A Gun" in 2002.

Worked with the Supersuckers, recording their song "Creepy Jackalope Eye" and his song "NYC" (1996)

With the Rolling Stones, "Before They Make Me Run"

Sang backup vocals and played the harmonica on the Indigo Girls song "Shame on You", on their 1997 album ''Shaming of the Sun''.

Recorded "The Galway Girl" and "Dominick Street" with Sharon Shannon and The Woodchoppers.

Recorded covers of Alejandro Escovedo's "Paradise" and Warren Zevon's "Reconsider Me" with Reckless Kelly, for Escovedo and Zevon tribute albums.

Collaborated with the Del McCoury Band on 1999's ''The Mountain''.

Performed a duet with Lucinda Williams on "You're Still Standin' There".

Performed a duet with Chris Hillman on "High Fashion Queen" for the Gram Parsons tribute album ''Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons''.

Performed a duet with Siobhan Maher Kennedy on "Poison Lovers".

Performed a duet with Emmylou Harris on "Comin' Around", "Goodbye", and "I Remember You".

Performed a duet with Stacey Earle on "When I Fall".

Played guitar and sang backup on Emmylou Harris's version of "Goodbye" (from her ''Wrecking Ball'' album.)

Co-wrote "Go Amanda" with Sheryl Crow (on ''Jerusalem'').

Sang with Sheryl Crow on his cover of "Time Has Come Today" on ''Sidetracks''.

Covers the Son Volt classic "Windfall"

Played banjo on Patti Smith's cover of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit".

Produces and collaborates on Joan Baez's album ''Day After Tomorrow''.

Performed a duet with Jill Sobule on her song "Love is Never Equal"

Covered NRBQs "A Girl Like That" on the NRBQ tribute album The Q People

Performed with Allison Moorer on the song "After The Fire Is Gone" from Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute To Loretta Lynn (2010).

Sources

McGee, David. ''Steve Earle: Fearless Heart, Outlaw Poet,'' Backbeat, 2005.

Schone, Mark. (1998). "Steve Earle." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 160–1.

St John, Lauren. ''Hardcore Troubadour: The Life and Near Death of Steve Earle'', Fourth Estate, 2002 ISBN 1-84115-611-6

References

External links

Steve Earle Official website

"Death in Texas" Article By Earle On Witnessing The Execution Of A Friend

Just an American Boy

Interview with Steve Earle

Features, CD and concert reviews with Steve Earle at Country Standard Time

GM commercial featuring ''The Revolution Starts Now''

Steve Earle to Release Townes Van Zandt Tribute Album

Freeing a Mentor From His Mythology

Steve Earle Lays it Down

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:People from Hampton, Virginia Category:American country singers Category:American country guitarists Category:American folk guitarists Category:American rock guitarists Category:American male singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Kerrville New Folk Competition finalists Category:American mandolinists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:American anti-war activists Category:American anti–death penalty activists Category:Musicians from Virginia Category:New West Records artists

bg:Стив Ърли de:Steve Earle es:Steve Earle fr:Steve Earle it:Steve Earle no:Steve Earle pt:Steve Earle simple:Steve Earle sv:Steve Earle

Rizwan "Riz" Khan (Urdu: ريز خان; born April 1962) is a British television news reporter and interviewer who until April 2011 hosted his own eponymous television show on Al Jazeera English. He first rose to prominence while working for the BBC and CNN.

Life and career

Khan was born in Aden, South Yemen, to a Punjabi father and Gujarati mother. His father's roots are in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, while his mother's roots go back to Kutch, Gujarat. He considers himself as a British Pakistani. Khan moved with his family to London, at the age of four. He attended both Springwell Junior and Hounslow Manor Comprehensive Schools and joined the Air Training Corps, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Medical Physiology from the University of Wales, and then completed a postgraduate course in Radio Journalism at the University of Portsmouth.

In 1987 he was selected for the BBC News Trainee scheme - a two-year BBC training system, usually taking only 6 people per course. Khan progressed to jobs as a BBC reporter, producer, and writer, working in both television and radio, and would later become one of the founding News Presenters on BBC World Service Television News. He hosted the news bulletin that launched BBC World Service Television News in 1991. In 1993, he moved to CNN International, where he became a senior anchor for the network's global news shows. Events he covered included the 1996 and 1999 coverage of elections in India; the 1997 historic election in Britain; and in April 1998 the unprecedented live coverage from the Muslim pilgrimage, the Hajj.

In 1996 he launched his interactive interview show ''CNN: Q&A; with Riz Khan'', and he has conducted interviews with guests including former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, former US Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, the Dalai Lama and Nelson Mandela, and genomic scientist J. Craig Venter. Khan also secured the world exclusive with Pakistan's General Pervez Musharraf following his coup in October 1999. Khan also hosted ''Q&A-Asia; with Riz Khan''. These interactive shows put world newsmakers and celebrities up for viewer questions live by phone, e-mail, video-mail and fax, along with questions and comments taken from the real-time chatroom that opens half-an-hour before each show.

Until April 2011, Khan had his own show, ''Riz Khan'', on Al Jazeera English, in which he interviewed analysts and policy-makers and invited viewers to interact with them via phone, email, SMS messages or fax.

Khan speaks Urdu and Hindi and also understands other South Asian languages such as Punjabi and Kutchi. He has studied French, and can understand some other European languages, including Swedish and Norwegian.

In 2005 he authored his first book, ''Al-Waleed: Businessman Billionaire Prince'', published by Harper Collins.

In 2011 he authored a preface for the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) annual report "Attacks on the Press 2010", which examined working conditions for journalists in more than 100 countries.

References

"Why I'm Joining Al Jazeera", op-ed by Riz Khan, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 13 June 2005, p. A1

"Q&A; CNN Anchor: Riz Khan". ''India Today''. February 19, 2001.

External links

Riz Khan's official website

Profile at Al Jazeera English

MySpace Profile

Interview with Baron Dave Romm of KFAI-FM at the Republican National Convention Sept. 2, 2008 and picture

Category:1962 births Category:Al Jazeera people Category:Alumni of Cardiff University Category:Alumni of the University of Portsmouth Category:British journalists Category:British Muslims Category:British people of Indian descent Category:British people of Pakistani descent Category:British Sunni Muslims Category:British television presenters Category:English Muslims Category:English people of Indian descent Category:English people of Pakistani descent Category:English Sunni Muslims Category:Gujarati people Category:Living people Category:People from Aden Category:Punjabi people Category:Yemeni Muslims Category:Yemeni people of Pakistani descent Category:Yemeni Sunni Muslims

ar:ريز خان he:ריז ח'אן sw:Riz Khan no:Riz Khan

Coordinates	43°36′49″N116°12′12″N
name	Masaru Emoto江本勝
birth date	July 22, 1943
birth place	Yokohama, Japan
education	Yokohama Municipal University,Open International University for Alternative Medicine (India)
occupation	Writer
spouse	Kazuko Emoto
children	Three }}

is a Japanese author and entrepreneur known for his claims that human consciousness has an effect on the molecular structure of water. Emoto's hypothesis has evolved over the years of his research. Initially Dr. Emoto claimed that high-quality water forms beautiful and intricate crystals, while low-quality water has difficulty forming crystals. According to Dr. Emoto, an ice crystal of distilled water exhibits a basic hexagonal structure with no intricate branching. Emoto claims that positive changes to water crystals can be achieved through prayer, music or by attaching written words to a container of water.

Since 1999 Emoto has published several volumes of a work titled ''Messages from Water'', which contains photographs of water crystals next to essays and "words of intent."

In addition to his books, Emoto also sells various water products from his websites and catalogs, which are purported to have healing properties derived from his research and experiments.

Biography

Born in Yokohama, Japan, Emoto graduated from Yokohama Municipal University with courses in International Relations. "In 1986, he established the I.H.M. Corporation in Tokyo and is currently the head of the I.H.M. General Research Institute, Inc., the President of I.H.M., Inc., and the chief representative of I.H.M.'s HADO Fellowship". In 1992 he received certification as a Doctor of Alternative Medicine from the Indian Board of Alternative Medicines in India, an accredited institution. "Subsequently, he was introduced to the concept of micro-cluster water and Magnetic Resonance Analysis technology in the United States, which began his quest to discover the mystery of water".

Emoto is President Emeritus of the International Water For Life Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Oklahoma City, founded in 2005. He has three children with his wife Kazuko.

Emoto's water crystal experiments consist of exposing water in glasses to different words, pictures, or music, and then freezing and examining the aesthetics of the resulting crystals with microscopic photography. Emoto claims that there are "many differences in the crystalline structure of the water" depending on the type of water source, which were taken from all over the world. For example, a water sample from a "pristine mountain" stream would purportedly show a "geometric" design that is "beautifully" shaped when frozen. On the other hand, "polluted water" sources will supposedly show a "definite distortion" and will be "randomly formed".

Criticism

Commentators have criticized Emoto for insufficient experimental controls, and for not sharing enough details of his approach with the scientific community. In addition, Emoto has been criticized for designing his experiments in ways that leave them open to human error influencing his findings.

In the day-to-day work of his group, the creativity of the photographers rather than the rigor of the experiment is an explicit policy of Emoto. Emoto freely acknowledges that he is not a scientist, and that photographers are instructed to select the most pleasing photographs.

In 2003, James Randi publicly offered Emoto one million dollars if his results can be reproduced in a double-blind study.

In 2005, Kristopher Setchfield from the Natural Science Department at Vermont published a paper that analyzed deeper motives regarding Emoto's study. In his paper, Kristopher writes,

In 2006, Emoto published a paper together with Dean Radin and others in the journal ''Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing''. They describe that in a double blind test approximately 2000 people in Tokyo could increase the aesthetic appeal of water stored in a room in California, compared to water in another room, solely through their positive intentions.

Triple-blind study

A better-controlled "triple-blind" follow-up study published in the ''Journal of Scientific Exploration'' did not yield positive results. More than 1,900 of Mr. Emoto's followers focused gratitude on water bottles in a vault over a period of three days. The water was then frozen and compared to two different sets of controls in a very elaborate protocol. Crystals from all three groups were not, on average, considered to be particularly beautiful (scoring 1.7 on a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 was very beautiful). Crystals from the experimental group were also rated slightly less beautiful than a set of controls. An objective comparison of contrast did not reveal any significant differences among the samples.

There were, however, potential problems with the "triple-blind" follow up. As the study explains:

}}

Books

Emoto has sold 2 million copies of his books.

''Messages from Water, Vol. 1'' (June 1999), Hado Publishing, ISBN 4-939098-00-1

''Messages from Water, Vol. 2'' (November 2001), Sunmark Pub. ISBN 0-7881-2927-9

''The Hidden Messages in Water'' (April 2004 Eng., 2001 Jap.), Beyond Words Publishing ISBN 1-58270-162-8

''The Message from Water III: Love Thyself'' (January 2006), published by Hay House ISBN 1-4019-0899-3

''Water Crystal Healing: Music & Images to Restore Your Well Being'' (17 October 2006), published by Atria Books ISBN 1-58270-156-3

''The Shape of Love: Discovering Who We Are, Where We Came From, and Where We are Going'', Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 978-0-385-51837-6

See also

Water memory

Polywater

Penta Water

Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab

Pseudoscience

Water (2006 film)

References

Further reading

External links

Masaru Emoto's web site

Emoto's section of the web site of the movie What the #$*! Do We Know!?

James Randi's 1 million dollar challenge

Gary Greenberg, a biomedical researcher and artist with patents for microscopes, challenges Emoto to explain why his work has not been peer reviewed

Research paper on Emoto's findings

Category:People from Yokohama Category:Japanese non-fiction writers Category:Japanese activists Category:New Age writers Category:People in alternative medicine Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Pseudoscience

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