Official name	Ibadan
Native name
Nickname	Ile Oluyole
Settlement type	City
Motto
Dot x	|dot_y
Pushpin map	Nigeria
Pushpin label position	bottom
Pushpin map caption	Location in Nigeria
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	NG
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision name1	Oyo State
Subdivision name4
Leader title	Governor
Leader name	Senator Abiola Ajimobi
Leader title1	Olubadan
Leader name1	Samuel Odulana Odugade I
Established title
Established title2
Established title3
Established date3
Unit pref	Imperial
Area total km2	3080
Area land km2
Area blank1 sq mi
Population as of	2006 census
Population total	1,338,659
Population density km2	828
Population density metro km2	250
Population blank1 title	Religions
Population blank1	Christianity, Islam,[ traditional ifa and orisa]
Population density blank1 sq mi
Timezone	WAT
Utc offset	+1
Website	http://www.oyostate.gov.ng/
Footnotes	}}

Ibadan ( or fully Ìlú Ẹ̀bá-Ọ̀dàn, the city at the junction of the savannah and the forest) is the capital city of Oyo State and the third largest metropolitan area in Nigeria, after Lagos and Kano, with a population of 1,338,659 according to the 2006 census. Ibadan is also the largest metropolitan geographical area. At Nigerian independence, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg.

Ibadan is located in south-western Nigeria, 128 km inland northeast of Lagos and 530 km southwest of Abuja, the federal capital, and is a prominent transit point between the coastal region and the areas to the north. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of the British colonial rule, and parts of the city's ancient protective walls still stand to this day. The principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people, most of whom are Muslims.

History

Ibadan came into existence in 1829. According to local historians, Lagelu, the ''Jagun'' (commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of people from Ife, Oyo and Ijebu to found a new city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest and plains.' According to HRH Sir Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan (king) of Ibadan (Olu Ibadan means Lord of Ibadan), in his authoritative book on the history of Ibadan, ''Iwe Itan Ibadan,'' printed in 1911, the first city was destroyed due to an incident at an Egungun (masquerade) festival when an Egungun was accidentally disrobed and derisively mocked by women and children in an open marketplace full of people. In Yorubaland, it was an abomination for women to look an Egungun in the eye because the Egunguns were considered to be the dead forefathers who returned to the earth each year to bless their progeny. When the news reached Sango, the then Alaafin of Oyo, he commanded that Eba Odan be destroyed for committing such abominable act.

Lagelu was by now an old, frail man; he could not stop the destruction of his city, but he and some of his people survived the attack and fled to a nearby hill for sanctuary. On the hill they survived by eating oro fruit and snails; later, they cultivated the land and made corn and millets into pap meals known as ''oori or eko'', which they ate with roasted snails. They improvised a bit by using the snail shells to drink the liquefied ''eko.'' Ultimately, Lagelu and his people came down from the hill and founded another city called Eba'dan.

The new city instantly grew prosperous and became a commercial nerve centre. Shortly afterwards, Lagelu died, leaving behind a politically savvy people and a very stable community. The newly enthroned Olubadan made a friendly gesture to the Olowu of Owu by allowing Olowu to marry his only daughter, Nkan. Coming from a war campaign one day, the raging Odo Oba (River Oba) would not allow Olowu and his army to cross until a human sacrifice was performed to appease the angry river. The chosen sacrifice was Nkan. The Olubadan was infuriated at hearing of Nkan's death; he sent an emissary to inform the Alafin of Oyo. Yoruba kings and rulers such as Alake of Egba, Agura of Gbagura, Ooni of Ife, Awujale of Ijebu. Then the Olubadan sent his army to attack the powerful Olowu of Owu and defeated him. The Olowu committed suicide to escape being captured by the Ibadan army. The battle shattered the great Owu kingdom into pieces till today. Some of it remains in the mother town which is the present Orile-Owu in Osun State, while others are in Ogun State, known as Owu Abeokuta and etc.

A part of Ibadan was historically an Egba town. The Egba occupants were forced to leave the town and moved to present-day Abeokuta under the leadership of Sodeke as result of oppression. Ibadan grew into an impressive and sprawling urban center so much that by the end of 1829, Ibadan dominated the Yorùbá region militarily, politically and economically. The military sanctuary expanded even further when refugees began arriving in large numbers from northern Oyo following raids by Fulani warriors. After losing the northern portion of their region to the marauding Fulanis, many Oyo indigenes retreated deeper into the Ibadan environs.

The Fulani Caliphate attempted to expand further into the southern region of modern-day Nigeria, but was decisively defeated by the armies of Ibadan in 1840.

Colonial Ibadan

In 1893 Ibadan area became a British Protectorate after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton on 15 August. By then the population had swelled to 120,000. The British developed the new colony to facilitate their commercial activities in the area, and Ibadan shortly grew into the major trading center that it is today.

Climate

Ibadan has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification ''Aw''), with a lengthy wet season and relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year. Ibadan’s wet season runs from March through October, though August sees somewhat of a lull in precipitation. This lull nearly divides the wet season into two different wet seasons. November to February forms the city’s dry season, during which Ibadan experiences the typical West African harmattan.

Education

The first university to be set up in Nigeria was the University of Ibadan. Established as a college of the University of London in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962. It has the distinction of being one of the premier educational institutions in Africa. The Polytechnic Ibadan is also located in the city. As at October, 2006, the university has a population of 13,823 undergraduate and 3,480 postgraduate students. There are also numerous public and private primary and secondary schools located in the city. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital also known as University College Hospital (UCH) which is the first teaching hospital in Nigeria; the internationally acclaimed International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER). Also Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), and the Institute for Agricultural Research & Training (IAR&T;), all under the auspices of Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria; the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria.

Ibadan and its environs before the dissolution of the Western Region, Nigeria was the home of the most sophisticated and liberal scientific and cultural community on the continent of Africa; as personified by the immortalized Ibadan School.

In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, Reverend Hinderer and his wife, started Ibadan's first Western schools. They built churches and schools and the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to attend an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide (female) and Akinyele (male) – the two children of an Ibadan high chief.

Transport

Ibadan has an airport, Ibadan Airport, and was served by the Ibadan railway station on the main railway line from Lagos to Kano. (No longer operating). Poorly-maintained roads are particularly problematic in the rainy season. What are called interstate highways in the United States are called carriageways in Nigeria. There are not many miles of dual carriageways in Ibadan. The primary routes go from Ibadan to Lagos and to Benin City. Adding to the weather and terrain, roads typically have few or no speed limit signs or warning signs to alert the motorist of curves, hills, intersections or problems with the road itself such as large potholes or eroded road beds.

In-town transport comes in a variety of forms. Modes of transport include, taxis, taxi-vans commonly called ''danfos'', private cars that are hired out by the day with a driver, personal family cars, scooters, and walking. All fares are negotiable depending upon the number in the party and the distance to be travelled. The average taxi is a small car, which seats four people and the driver. A danfo is a van, meanwhile, which seats seven people and the driver. This does not mean that more people will not be accommodated; often both taxis and danfos carry as many passengers as can squeeze into the vehicle. Danfos have an additional staff member. He is the "conductor," who arranges fare agreements and keeps track of delivery points. He is often to be seen holding onto the frame of the van while hanging out the door in order to locate potential fares. In December 2008 Governor Alao Akala Commissioned 55 brand new buses for interstate transport service which is to be used by Trans City Transport Company (TCTC) Eleyele, Ibadan with a promise to commence intracity transport service very early next year.

Geography

Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria about 120 km east of the border with the Republic of Benin in the forest zone close to the boundary between the forest and the savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on the major north-south ridge which crosses the central part of the city

Population

Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 km² However, only 36.2 km² was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km² were devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These “non-urban land uses” disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban land-scape had completely spread over about 100 km². The land area increased from 136 km² in 1981 to 210–240 km² in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By the year 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km². The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 km² in the 1950s to 250 km² in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimation of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular.

Cityscape

Monuments, landmarks and other locations

There is a museum in the building of the Institute of African Studies, which exhibits several remarkable pre-historic bronze carvings and statues. The city has several well stocked libraries, and is home to the first television station in Africa. Dugbe Market is the nerve centre of Ibadan's transport and trading network. The best method to move about the city is to use reference points and notable landmarks. The city also has a zoo located inside the University of Ibadan, and a botanical garden located at Agodi.

The Bower Memorial Tower to the east on ''Oke Aàre'' (Aare's Hill) ("Aare" in Yoruba means commander-in-chief or generalissimo), which can be seen from practically any point in the city; it also provides an excellent view of the whole city from the top. Another prominent landmark, Cocoa House, was the first skyscraper in Africa. It is one of the few skyscrapers in the city and is at the hub of Ibadan's commercial centre. Other attractions include Mapo Hall – the colonial style city hall – perched on top of a hill, "Oke Mapo," Mapo Hill ("oke" is hill in Yoruba), the Trans-Wonderland amusement park, the cultural centre Mokola and Liberty Stadium, the first stadium in Africa. The first citadel of higher learning, University of Ibadan (formerly the University College of Ibadan), and the first teaching hospital in Nigeria, University College Hospital, UCH, were both built in this ancient but, highly important city. Ibadan is also home to the legendary Shooting Stars FC – a professional Football Club. There are some good golf courses: the Ibadan Golf Club is a large 18-hole challenge and the Barracks course has just been extended to 18 holes. The most challenging and exclusive is the IITA Golf Club based on the 1,000 hectare premises of IITA.

Economy

With its strategic location on the non-operational railway line connecting Lagos to Kano, the city is a major center for trade in cassava, cocoa, cotton, timber, rubber, and palm oil. The main industries in the area include the processing of agricultural products; Tobacco processing and Cigarette (Manufacture); flour-milling, leather-working and furniture-making. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine in its environs, and there are several cattle ranches, a dairy farm as well as a commercial abattoir in Ibadan.

List of people from Ibadan

Daniel Ajayi-Adeniran

Isaac Babalola Akinyele, the late Olubadan

Kase Lukman Lawal, a U.S.-based chemical engineer and oil tycoon Raji Rasaki, a retired army general and former military governor of Lagos State Richard Akinjide, a legal luminary and former attorney general & minister of justice Isaiah Olayinka Adio, a Computer Scientist and Pastor & Misionary. Based in Pennsylvania, United States.

Tunde Nighting ale, a pioneering juju and highlife musician

Alhaji Dauda Epo-Akara, leader of a popular were music group

Abass Akande Obesere, a popular Fuji music maestro

Alamu Atatalo, a popular sekere music pioneer

Twin-X Nigerian pop duo made up of identical twin brothers born Taiwo and Kehinde Akintoye

Adegoke Adelabu, a fearless nationalist and pioneering politician

Bobby Ologun, a K-1 fighter who is very popular in Japan

Oluyole, an ancient military commander

Papalolo, comedian, member of Awada Group

Sade Adu, frontwoman and lead vocalist of the English group Sade

Toyin Falola, a pre-eminent scholar on Africa and the Frances Higginbothom Nallen Centennial Professor in History at the University of Texas at Austin Saffron, lead singer of Republica, born Samatha Sprackling in Ibadan Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995), Nigerian author, television producer, environmental activist, studied at the University of Ibadan

John Salako, former English professional footballer

Hugo Weaving, an actor probably best known for his role as Agent Smith in ''The Matrix'' Trilogy and Elrond in ''The Lord of the Rings'' Trilogy

Guru Maharaj Ji, spiritual leader

Sister cities

Cleveland, USA

References

Category:Nigerian state capitals Category:Populated places in Oyo State Category:Populated places established in 1829

af:Ibadan ar:إيبادان be:Горад Ібадан bg:Ибадан ca:Ibadan cs:Ibadan da:Ibadan de:Ibadan et:Ibadan es:Ibadán eo:Ibadano eu:Ibadan fa:ابادان fr:Ibadan gd:Ibadan gl:Ibadan ko:이바단 hr:Ibadan id:Ibadan it:Ibadan he:איבדאן sw:Ibadan lv:Ibadana lt:Ibadanas mk:Ибадан nl:Ibadan ja:イバダン no:Ibadan pl:Ibadan pt:Ibadan ro:Ibadan ru:Ибадан sk:Ibadan sr:Ибадан fi:Ibadan sv:Ibadan tr:İbadan uk:Ібадан ur:ابادان war:Ibadan yo:Ìbàdàn zh:伊巴丹

Name	Marty Garner
Names	Marty GarnerCham PainPuck Dupp
Height
Weight
Birth date	May 2nd 1967
Birth place	North Carolina, United States
Resides	Vass, North Carolina
Trainer	The Hardy Boyz
Debut	1993
Website	}}

Marty Garner is an American professional wrestler most noted for his appearances for World Wrestling Entertainment and his time in Extreme Championship Wrestling. He currently wrestles as Cham Pain on the independent circuit.

Career

Garner started wrestling in several independent wrestling promotions based in North Carolina, mainly wrestling under the ring name Cham Pain in Southern Championship Wrestling, New Dimension Wrestling and OMEGA as Cham Pain.

World Wrestling Federation

Though Garner has primarily worked on the independent scene, he has also made numerous appearances for WWE as an enhancement talent, beginning in December 1995 against Jeff Jarrett. He then made several appearances in 1996 and 1997 against wrestlers such as Hunter Hearst Helmsley, Jerry Lawler, Jim Neidhart, Yoshihiro Tajiri, and Marc Mero.

Pedigree incident

On May 28, 1996, Garner faced Hunter Hearst Helmsley during the taping of ''WWF Superstars''. During the match, Helmsley went for his finisher, the Pedigree. It is reported that Garner, who had not taken the move before, assumed it was either a double underhook powerbomb or suplex, so Garner gave much more jump into the move and attempted to flip out of it while Helmsley went through the move as usual. This resulted in a very violent version of the move in which Garner landed directly on top of his head and suffered neck damage. This incident was captured on video and circulated throughout the Internet.

Following this, Garner appeared on several daytime talk shows including ''Sally Jessy Raphael'', ''Jenny Jones'' and, most notably, on ''Montel Williams'' in an episode about former "geeks" reuniting with past tormentors. Discussing the incident on the show, a clip of Garner's match against Helmsley, including the botched Pedigree, was also shown.

Extreme Championship Wrestling

Garner wrestled in ECW in 1999-2000 as ''Puck Dupp'', a member of the Dupp Family, in a hillbilly gimmick.

World Wrestling Entertainment

Garner appeared in WWE again for two appearances in 2006, wrestling in a tag team match against ''The Pit Bulls'' (Kid Kash and Jamie Noble) on ''SmackDown!'' and then facing the debuting Montel Vontavious Porter at the ''No Mercy'' pay-per-view. He appeared at a Raw house show on November 26, 2007 against Vladmir Kozlov and faced Kozlov again on the April 25, 2008 airing of ''SmackDown!''.

Cham Pain

Garner has continued to wrestle for independent wrestling organizations as Cham Pain (the name he has primarily wrestled under since his days in The Hardys' OMEGA Wrestling), with the image of a rapper. He has also recorded a number of songs that can be found on YouTube and his MySpace page. Currently, Garner is also a member of Tha O Show, an Internet radio wrestling program found on ThaOShow.com, and appears in his own segment, "A Glass of Cham Pain" on a weekly basis.

Personal life

Garner is good friends with Matt and Jeff Hardy, and occasionally appears on their webshow, The Hardy Show.

In wrestling

Finishing moves

*''Swank'' (Corkscrew plancha)

Championships and accomplishments

Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts

:*OMEGA Heavyweight Championship (1 time) :*OMEGA New Frontiers Championship (1 time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

:*PWI ranked him # 269 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2001

Filmography

''Walking Tall'' (assistant: The Rock)

References

External links

OmegaPowers Original Profile

Category:American professional wrestlers Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

it:Marty Garner