Gozo

Native name: Għawdex Nickname: Isle of Calypso
Map of Maltese islands highlighting Gozo
Gozo (off the coast of Italy)
Geography
Location	south of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea
Coordinates	36°03′N 14°15′E / 36.05°N 14.25°E / 36.05; 14.25
Archipelago	Maltese islands
Area	67 km2 (25.9 sq mi)
Length	14 km (8.7 mi)
Width	7.25 km (4.505 mi)
Country
Malta
Largest city	Victoria (pop. 6,414)
Demographics
Population	31,053
Density	463.48 /km2 (1,200.41 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Maltese people

Gozo (Maltese: Għawdex) is a small island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Southern European country of Malta; after the island of Malta itself, it is the second-largest island in the archipelago. Compared to its southeastern neighbour, Gozo is more rural and known for its scenic hills, which are featured on its coat of arms.^[1]

The island of Gozo has long been identified as Ogygia, the domain of the nymph Calypso in Homer's Odyssey. Calypso, possessed of great supernatural powers, holds Odysseus captive for a number of years because of her love for him before releasing him to continue his journey home.^[2]

The island itself has a population of around 31,000 people (all of Malta combined has 402,000), and its inhabitants are known as Gozitans (Maltese: Għawdxin). It is rich in historical locations such as the Ġgantija temples which, along with the Megalithic Temples of Malta, are the world's oldest free-standing structures and also among the world's oldest religious structures.^[3]

For such a small island, Gozo has a high concentration of churches (22 in all). The Xewkija church has a capacity of 3000, enough for the entire population of Xewkija village, its dome is larger than that of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. The church bells are rung daily for the canonical hours Matins, Lauds, Terce, Sext, None and vespers.

History[link]

Gozo has been inhabited since 5000 BC, when farmers from nearby Sicily crossed the sea to the island.^[4] Due to similar pottery found in both places from the Għar Dalam phase, it has been suggested that the first colonists were specifically from the area of Agrigento; however, it is currently indeterminate exactly which part of Sicily the farmers came from. They are thought to have first lived in caves on the outskirts of what is now known as Saint Lawrence.^[4]

Gozo was an important place for cultural evolution and during the neolithic period the Ġgantija temples were built; they are the world's oldest free-standing structures, as well as the world's oldest religious structures. The temples' name is Maltese for "belonging to the giants", because legend in Maltese and Gozitan folklore says the temples were built by giants. Another important Maltese archaeological site in Gozo, which dates back to the neolithic period, is the Xagħra Stone Circle. Also, native tradition and certain ancient Greek historians (notably Euhemerus and Callimachus) maintain that Gozo is in fact the island Homer described as Ogygia, home of the nymph Calypso.

In July 1551 Ottomans under Turgut Reis and Sinan Pasha invaded and ravaged Gozo and enslaved most of its inhabitants, about 5000, bringing them to Tarhuna Wa Msalata in Libya, their departure port in Gozo was Mġarr ix-Xini. The island of Gozo was repopulated between 1565 and 1580 by people from mainland Malta, undertaken by the Knights of Malta.^[5]

The history of Gozo is strongly coupled with the history of Malta, since Gozo has been governed by Malta throughout history, with the brief exception of a period of autonomy granted to Gozo by Napoleon after his conquest of Malta, between 28 October 1798 and 5 September 1800.

The Gozo Civic Council was set up as a statutory local Government in the island of Gozo on 14 April 1961^[6], the first experiment in civil local government in Malta since the French occupation of 1798-1800. The law authorised the Council to raise taxes, although it never actually made use of this power. In 1971 the Labour Party was voted into office. As its support in Gozo was weak and it favoured a more centralised administration it proposed a referendum on the abolishment of the Council putting emphasis on the unpopular possibility of it raising taxes. In the Gozo Civic Council referendum, 1973, the overwhelming majority of voters (76.97%) voting for the abolition of the Gozo Civic Council.

In the mid-1980s attempts were made to set up a Gozo committee, chaired by the Prime Minister and with the Gozitan Members of Parliament as members. However, it was only in 1987 that the Ministry of Gozo was set up (demoted to a Parliamentary Secretariat between 1996 and 1998). Local government in the Gozitan localities was restored with the introduction of Local councils in 1993 with Gozo having 14 councils.

Demography[link]

In 2005, the island had a population of 31,053, of whom 6,414 live in its capital Victoria, also known as Rabat. The crude birth rate was 7.93, considerably lower than that of 9.59 for Malta. The town with the highest birth rate is San Lawrenz (15.93) and that with the lowest is Xewkija (4.89).

Geography[link]

Gozo is 67 km² in size, which is approximately the same size as Manhattan. It lies approximately 6 km northwest of the nearest point of Malta, is of oval form, and is 14 km in length and 7.25 km in width.

Gozo is famed for its character and places of interest. Some of these include the Calypso cave and the Ġgantija Neolithic temples which are among the oldest surviving man-made structures.

Gozo's finest beaches are San Blas and the stunning Ramla Bay, with brilliant orange-red sand and clear turquoise waters.

Culture and traditions[link]

Gozo is also much known for carnival and during that weekend many Maltese people come all over from Malta to experience Gozo’s unique carnival especially in the village of Nadur. Many locals dress up in colourful and also outrageous costumes with the intention of not being recognised.^[7]

Feasts are also a very important tradition on the island with celebrations including fireworks and bands every weekend in the summer season.

A number of Maltese dishes or variants of these dishes are associated with Gozo.

Sport[link]

The island of Gozo also has its own national football team. Because it is a part of Malta and not a state on it own this team isn't official and thereby is on the N.F.-Board. Gozo F.C. play in the Maltese League, while a Gozo Football League is also maintained. Football on the island is managed by the Gozo Football Association.

In film[link]

Two days of shooting in Gozo's strong Mediterranean light provided shots used to represent the desolate surface of the alien planet in the 1981 British horror film Inseminoid (known in the U.S. as Horror Planet).

Parts of Episode 7 from Brideshead Revisited were recorded on the island.

Id-Dwejra is also one of the several filming locations in the Maltese Islands used for the HBO TV Series, Game of Thrones.

Connection to Malta Island[link]

Currently the island can be reached by ferry boat and by seaplane. Passenger and car ferries cross on a regular basis between the port of Mġarr on Gozo and Ċirkewwa on Malta. This service is used for goods, tourism and commuting (Gozitan students study at the University of Malta). Due to its frequent use, residents of Gozo are able to use the ferry at a subsidised rate, significantly lower than the standard fare. The sea plane operates from Valletta to Mgarr harbour. There was previously a helicopter service which connected the two, but this ceased in 2006.^[8]

The connection between the two islands is heavily used. Around 1.1 million cars travel on the current transport links per year, and many more foot passengers.^[9]

Several proposals have been made to construct a road link between Malta and Gozo. In 1972^[9] the newly elected Socialist Administration carried out a feasibility study which concluded that the building of a bridge between the two islands was possible but would have negative environmental effects. A tunnel was also considered but found to be too expensive at the time.^[10] An online poll by The Times of Malta in 2006 found that 55% of respondents supported a road link.^[11]

An airstrip on Gozo was proposed in the 1990s, but rejected for environmental reasons.^[10]

Ecclesiastical history[link]

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gozo (in Latin Goulos-Gaudisiensis), comprises the Island of Gozo in the Mediterranean Sea (seventeen miles west of the harbour of Valletta, Malta) and islet of Comino. On a central plateau the Citadel fortifications contain the cathedral church and several public buildings. To the south of the castle lies the island's main town whose origins go back to prehistoric times. The town contains several public buildings the most important of which is St George's basilica. This magnificent basilica lies on the site where the earliest evidence of Christianity was discovered.

Up to the year 1864, Gozo formed part of the Diocese of Malta, but Pius IX, acceding to the repeated prayer of the clergy and the people, erected it into a separate exempt diocese, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See. On 16 March 1863, Monsignor Francesco Michele Butigieg, a native of Gozo, was appointed titular Bishop of Lita and deputy auxiliary of the Archbishop-Bishop of Malta, for the Island of Gozo. He was consecrated at Rome on 3 May of the same year, on 22 September 1864, was created first bishop of the new Diocese of Gozo, and on the 23rd day of the following month made his solemn entry into the new cathedral. Through the efforts of Mgr. Pietro Pace, who was then vicar-general of the diocese, a diocesan seminary was established on the site formerly occupied by the San Giuliano Hospital, the revenues of which were appropriated to the new institution. This seminary was inaugurated 3 November 1866, and by the express desire of Pope Pius IX placed under the direction of the Jesuits.

On the death of Mgr. Butigieg, Father Micallef, Superior General of the Augustinian Order, was made Bishop of Città di Castello and appointed administrator of the Diocese of Gozo. He left Gozo in May, 1867, and in 1871 became Archbishop of Pisa. His successor to the administration of the diocese was Mgr. Antonio Grech Delicata, titular Bishop of Chalcedon, a native of Malta, who in 1868 was appointed Bishop of Gozo, and as such assisted at the First Vatican Council. Mgr. Grech Delicata's charity towards the poor went so far that he divested himself of his own patrimony. This worthy prelate died on the last day of the year 1876.

On 12 March 1877, Mgr. Canon Professor Pietro Pace, native of Gozo, was appointed to succeed Mgr. Grech Delicata, and was consecrated at Rome by Cardinal Howard. Under his administration the seminary was augmented by the installation of a meteorological observatory, which was inaugurated by the celebrated Padre Denza, Director of the Vatican Observatory. During this administration an episcopal educational institute for girls was also established, under the care of the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, to whom was also entrusted the direction of the annexed orphan asylum. The same bishop provided the diocese with a new episcopal palace and new monasteries, besides laying out large sums of money on the cathedral.

In 1889, Mgr. Pace was promoted Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta. His successor in the See of Gozo was the Reverend G. M. Camilleri, O.S.A., a native of Valetta (b. 15 March 1842). Under Mgr. Camilleri's administration the first diocesan synod was celebrated, in October, 1903. This synod was of absolute necessity, as the diocese was still governed under the rules of the Synod of Malta of 1703, and consequently lacked a safe guide adapted to the times. Constitutions and decrees were also promulgated and published which gave new life to the working of the diocese.

The cathedral church of Gozo was built in 1697-1703, by Lorenzo Gafa. Its ground plan is in the form of a Latin cross. The Cathedral is also the annual pilgrimage site of the Grand Priory of the Mediterranean of the Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem. Its interior is adorned with fine paintings. The "Massagiere di Maria", an Italian periodical, is recognized in the Diocese of Gozo as the official organ of the sanctuary of the Bl. Virgin ta Pinu.

Currently the Bishop of Gozo is Mgr. Mario Grech.

Villages in Gozo[link]

• Fontana
• Għajnsielem
• Għarb
• Għasri
• Kerċem ( Ta' Kerċem)
• Marsalforn
• Mgarr
• Munxar
• Nadur
• Qala
• San Lawrenz
• Sannat ( Ta' Sannat)
• Victoria ( Ir-Rabat)
• Xagħra
• Xewkija
• Żebbuġ

Notable features[link]

• Santwarju tal-Madonna ta' Pinu
• Inland Sea
• Fungus Rock
• Azure Window
• Ramla Bay
• Fontana Springs
• Gozo FA

References[link]

External links[link]

Malta portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gozo

• Gozo diocese
• Gozo Regional CommitteeAlternattiva Demokratika
• Gozo Eco and Agro Experiences/Tourism Ager Foundation
• Maltese Ministry for Gozo
• Gozo Business Chamber
• Guide and community portal
• Guide to the churches of Gozo
• Gozo information
• PhotoGlobe: Gozo Collection of commented photos together with GPS-based coordinates
• Gozo photo galleries and webcam
• Grand Priory of the Mediterranean
• Gozo and Comino on GuidetoMalta.net
• Jobs in Gozo on Careerjet

v t e Islands of Malta Malta Island (Malta) Gozo (Għawdex) Comino (Kemmuna) Cominotto (Kemmunett) Delimara Island (Sikka ta' Delimara) Filfla (Filfla) St Paul's Island (Il-Gżejjer ta' San Pawl) Manoel Island (Il-Gżira Manwel) Fungus Rock (Il-Ġebla tal-Ġeneral)

v t e Local councils of Malta and Gozo (Il-Kunsilli Lokali ta' Malta u Għawdex) Malta Island (Malta) Ħ'Attard Ħal Balzan Il-Birgu (Città Vittoriosa) Birkirkara Birżebbuġa Bormla (Città Cospicua) Ħad-Dingli Il-Fgura Il-Furjana (Floriana) Ħal Għargħur Ħal Għaxaq Il-Gudja Il-Gżira Il-Ħamrun L-Iklin L-Isla (Senglea, Città Invicta) Il-Kalkara Ħal Kirkop Ħal Lija Ħal Luqa Il-Marsa Marsaskala (Wied il-Għajn) Marsaxlokk L-Imdina (Città Notabile) Il-Mellieħa L-Imġarr Il-Mosta L-Imqabba L-Imsida L-Imtarfa In-Naxxar Raħal Ġdid (Paola) Pembroke Tal-Pietà Ħal Qormi Il-Qrendi Ir-Rabat Ħal Safi San Ġiljan San Ġwann San Pawl il-Baħar Santa Luċija Santa Venera Is-Siġġiewi (Città Ferdinand) Tas-Sliema Is-Swieqi Ħal Tarxien Ta' Xbiex Valletta (Città Umilissima) Ix-Xgħajra Ħaż-Żabbar (Città Hompesch) Ħaż-Żebbuġ (Città Rohan) Iż-Żejtun (Città Beland) Iż-Żurrieq Malta Island (Malta Hamlets) Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq Il-Baħrija Bubaqra Burmarrad Fleur-de-Lys Gwardamanġa Ħal Farruġ Il-Kappara Il-Madliena Paceville St. Peter's Is-Swatar Tal-Virtù Gozo Island (Għawdex) Il-Fontana (It-Triq tal-Għajn) Għajnsielem L-Għarb L-Għasri Ta' Kerċem Il-Munxar In-Nadur Il-Qala San Lawrenz Ta' Sannat Ir-Rabat, Għawdex (Victoria) Ix-Xagħra Ix-Xewkija Iż-Żebbuġ Gozo Hamlets (Għawdex) Marsalforn Santa Luċija Ix-Xlendi

Coordinates: 36°03′N 14°15′E / 36.05°N 14.25°E / 36.05; 14.25

Gozo Shioda (塩田 剛三, Shioda Gōzō^?, September 9, 1915 – July 17, 1994) was a Japanese master of aikido who founded the Yoshinkan style of aikido.^[1][2] He was one of aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba's most senior students.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} Shioda held the rank of 10th dan in aikido.^[1]

Early life[link]

Shioda was born on September 9, 1915, in Shinjuku, Tokyo.^[1][2][3] His father was Seiichi Shioda, a physician^[1] who also taught judo and kendo.^[4] Shioda was a weak child, and reportedly credited his survival to his father's pediatric skills.^[7] While still at school, Shioda trained in judo, attaining the rank of 3rd dan before completing secondary school.^[2][3] He also trained in kendo during his youth.^[8]

Aikido career[link]

Shioda began training under the founder of aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, in 1932.^[1] His training as an uchi-deshi (live-in student) under Ueshiba continued for eight years.^{[1][4][9][10]} Shioda was a small man, standing at around 5' 1" to 5' 2" (155–157 cm) and weighing around 102 lb. to 108 lb. (46–49 kg).^[2][3]

Shioda graduated from Takushoku University in 1941, and was posted to administrative positions in China, Taiwan, and Borneo during World War II.^[1] In one incident in China,^[11] he was drinking in a bar with an army friend in Shanghai when the friend got into an argument with a local gang member. Three of his fellow gang members came to his assistance. Shioda and his friend were cornered by the gang. In the ensuing fight, Shioda broke the leg of one of the gang members, the arm of another, and stopped another by punching him in the stomach, all using his aikido skills.^[11] Shioda later described this incident as his 'aikido enlightenment' and wrote that one could only truly appreciate what aikido was about once one had used it in a life-or-death situation.^[11]

Shioda returned to Japan in 1946 and spent several months trying to locate his family on Kyushu.^[3] He rejoined Ueshiba for a month of intensive training, but was forced to dedicate the next few years to earning a living in post-war Japan.^[3] He began teaching aikido in 1950.^[1] That year, he taught for the company Nihon Kokan at the Asano Shipyards in Yokohama.^[3] In 1954, he entered the All Japan Kobudo demonstration, and won the prize for the most outstanding demonstration.^[1] This marked a turning point for the growth of aikido. Shioda's performance attracted sponsorship that enabled him to build an aikido dojo (training hall).^[7]

Two years after establishing the Yoshinkan style of aikido, Shioda began a close working association with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

In 1955, Shioda founded the Yoshinkan style of aikido,^[1] which emphasizes self-defense applications.^[12] The name "Yoshinkan" was the name Shioda's father had used for his own judo dojo.^[13] According to biographer Stanley Pranin, this separation from his master's school has been little understood.^[7] Pranin notes that Ueshiba's school independently recovered later on, so that "there never occurred a formal split between the two organizations despite their rather different approaches to aikido. The two groups simply evolved independently while maintaining more or less cordial ties."^[7]

In an interview with Andy Adams for Black Belt magazine, Shioda said, "I don't really feel that I broke away from the mainstream of aikido since there was nothing to break away from back then. Uyeshiba sensei (the late Morihei Uyeshiba, founder of aikido) was farming, his son Kisshomaru was working for some company, and the sensei's aikido dojo at Iwama in Ibaragi Prefecture was being rented out as a dance hall" (p. 34).^[3] Speaking about that same period, Moriteru Ueshiba said, "there was not yet much activity at the Hombu Dojo. For a time my father [Kisshomaru Ueshiba] was actually in Iwama instead ... starting around 1949, he worked for about seven years at a company called Osaka Shoji. He had no other choice. Even if you have a dojo, you can't make a living if nobody is coming to train, which was largely the case after the war. So, he took a job as an ordinary company employee during the day and taught only in the mornings and evenings."^[14]

In 1957, Shioda developed the Senshusei course, an intensive aikido training program,^[15] for the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.^[1] In 1961, Ueshiba promoted Shioda to the rank of 9th dan.^[1] In 1973, Shioda sent Takashi Kushida, one of his most senior students, to introduce Yoshinkan aikido to the United States of America.^[11]

Later life[link]

In 1983, Shioda received the 'Hanshi' rank from the International Budo Federation (IBF), followed by the rank of 10th dan from the IBF in 1985.^[1] In 1990, together with his son Yasuhisa Shioda, he established the International Yoshinkan Aikido Federation.^[1][8] That same year, he established the international Senshusei program to develop Yoshinkan Aikido instructors across the world.^[1]

Shioda died on July 17, 1994.^[1] He wrote a few books on his martial art: Dynamic Aikido (1968, published in paperback format in 1977),^[16] Total Aikido: The master course (1997, co-authored, published posthumously),^[17] and Aikido Shugyo: Harmony in confrontation (2002, published posthumously).^[11] Shioda viewed aikido as being "not a sport but a budo. Either you defeat your opponent or he defeats you. You cannot complain that he did not follow the rules. You have to overcome your opponent in a way appropriate to each situation."^[13]

See also[link]

• Aikido styles
• Angry White Pyjamas

References[link]

External links[link]

• Yoshinkan Aikido (Japanese)
• Yoshinkan Aikido (English)

Mike Tyson
Tyson at SXSW 2011
Statistics
Real name	Michael Gerard Tyson
Nickname(s)	Kid Dynamite[1] Iron Mike The Baddest Man on the Planet
Rated at	Heavyweight
Height	5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
Reach	71 in (180 cm)
Born	(1966-06-30) June 30, 1966 (age 45) Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	58
Wins	50
Wins by KO	44
Losses	6
Draws	0
No contests	2

Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is a retired American professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, with 12 of them occurring in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to individually unify them.

In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in the first 91 seconds of the fight. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. Tyson lost his titles to 42-to-1 underdog James "Buster" Douglas on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, by a knockout in round 10. Tyson continued in his quest to regain the titles, defeating Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991. Tyson was then scheduled to take on the undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield but pulled out due to injury.

In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington, for which he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After his release, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, Tyson won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting off part of Holyfield's ear.

In 2002, he fought for the world heavyweight title at the age of 35, losing by knockout to Lennox Lewis. Tyson retired from professional boxing in 2006 after he was knocked out in consecutive matches against Danny Williams and Kevin McBride. Tyson declared bankruptcy in 2003, despite having received over US$30 million for several of his fights and $300 million during his career.

Throughout his career, Tyson became well known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior both inside and outside the ring. Tyson is considered to have been one of the best heavyweight boxers of all time.^[2] He was ranked No. 16 on The Ring's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.^[3] and No. 1 in the ESPN.com list of "The hardest hitters in heavyweight history".^[4] He has been inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame.

Early years[link]

Tyson was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He has a brother, Rodney, who is five years older than he. His sister, Denise, died of a heart attack at age 25 in 1991.^[5] Tyson's father, Jimmy Kirkpatrick, abandoned his family when Tyson was 2, leaving his mother, Lorna Smith Tyson, to care for them on her own.^[6] The family lived in Bedford-Stuyvesant until their financial burdens necessitated a move to Brownsville when Tyson was 10 years old.^[7] Tyson's mother died six years later, leaving 16-year-old Tyson in the care of boxing manager and trainer Cus D'Amato, who would become his legal guardian. Tyson has been quoted saying, "I never saw my mother happy with me and proud of me for doing something: She only knew me as being a wild kid running the streets, coming home with new clothes that she knew I didn't pay for. I never got a chance to talk to her or know about her. Professionally, it has no effect, but it's crushing emotionally and personally."^[8]

Throughout his childhood, Tyson lived in and around high-crime neighborhoods. According to an interview in Details his first fight was with a bigger youth who had pulled the head off one of Tyson's pigeons.^[9] He was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times.^[10] He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. It was at the school that Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer.^[6] Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato.^[6]

Tyson was later removed from the reform school by Cus D'Amato.^[11] Kevin Rooney also trained Tyson, and he was occasionally assisted by Teddy Atlas, although he was dismissed by D'Amato when Tyson was 15. Rooney eventually took over all training duties for the young fighter.

Tyson's brother is a physician assistant in the trauma center of the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center.^[12] He has always been very supportive of his brother's career and was often seen at Tyson's boxing matches in Las Vegas, Nevada. When asked about their relationship, Mike has been quoted saying, "My brother and I see each other occasionally and we love each other," and "My brother was always something and I was nothing."^[13]

Education[link]

Although Mike Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior and never graduated, in 1989, along with Don King, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Central State University, in Wilberforce, Ohio by university President Arthur E. Thomas.^[14][15]

Career[link]

Amateur career[link]

Tyson competed at the 1981 and 1982 Junior Olympic Games, and won the gold medal twice: in 1981 against Joe Cortez and in 1982 against Kelton Brown, whose corner threw in the towel within the first round. He holds the Junior Olympic quickest knockout record with 8 seconds. In addition he won every bout at the Junior Olympic Games by knockout.

He fought Henry Tillman twice as an amateur losing both bouts by close decision. Tillman went on to win heavyweight Gold at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Rise to stardom[link]

Tyson made his professional debut as an 18-year-old on March 6, 1985, in Albany, New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via a first round knockout.^[6] He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO/TKO – 16 in the first round.^[16] The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders,^[16] like James Tillis, David Jaco, Jesse Ferguson, Mitch Green and Marvis Frazier. His win streak attracted media attention, leading to his being billed as the next great heavyweight champion. D'Amato died in November 1985, relatively early into Tyson's professional career; some speculate that his death was the genesis of many of the troubles Tyson was to experience later as his life and career progressed.^[17]

Tyson's first nationally televised bout took place on February 16, 1986, at Houston Field House in Troy, New York against journeyman heavyweight Jesse Ferguson. Tyson knocked down Ferguson with an uppercut in the fifth round that broke Ferguson's nose.^[18] During the sixth round, Ferguson began to hold and clinch Tyson in an apparent attempt to avoid further punishment. After admonishing Ferguson several times to obey his commands to box, the referee finally stopped the fight near the middle of the sixth round. Initially ruled a win for Tyson by disqualification (DQ) of his opponent, the ruling was subsequently "adjusted" as a win by technical knockout (TKO) after Tyson's corner protested that a DQ win would end Tyson's string of knockout victories, and that a knockout would have been the inevitable result. The rationale offered for the revised outcome was that the fight was actually stopped because Ferguson could not (rather than would not) continue boxing.

On November 22, 1986, Tyson was given his first title fight against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council (WBC) heavyweight championship. Tyson won the title by second round TKO, and at the age of 20 years and 4 months became the youngest heavyweight champion in history.^[19] Tyson's dominant performance brought many accolades. Donald Saunders wrote: "The noble and manly art of boxing can at least cease worrying about its immediate future, now [that] it has discovered a heavyweight champion fit to stand alongside Dempsey, Tunney, Louis, Marciano and Ali."^[20]

Because of Tyson's strength, many fighters were intimidated by him.^[21] This was backed up by his outstanding hand speed, accuracy, coordination, power, and timing. Tyson was also noted for his defensive abilities.^[22] Holding his hands high in the Peek-a-Boo style taught by his mentor Cus D'Amato, he slipped and weaved out of the way of the opponent's punches while closing the distance to deliver his own punches.^[22] One of Tyson's trademark combinations was to throw a right hook to his opponent's body, then follow it up with a right uppercut to his opponent's chin; very few boxers would remain standing if caught by this combination. Boxers knocked down with this combination include Jesse Ferguson and Jose Ribalta.

Undisputed champion[link]

See also: Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks

Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he embarked on an ambitious campaign to fight all the top heavyweights in the world. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt.^[23] 'Tyson mania' in the media was becoming rampant.^[24] He beat Pinklon Thomas in May with a knockout in the sixth round.^[25] On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision.^[26] He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympics Super Heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by knockout in the seventh round.^[27]

During this time, Tyson came to the attention of gaming company Nintendo: after witnessing one of Tyson's fights, Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa was impressed by the fighter's "power and skill", prompting him to suggest Tyson be included in the upcoming Nintendo Entertainment System port of the Punch Out!! arcade game. The idea was implemented, and in 1987 Nintendo released Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, which was well received and sold more than a million copies.^[28]

Tyson had three fights in 1988. He faced Larry Holmes on January 22, 1988, and defeated the legendary former champion by a fourth round KO.^[29] This was the only knockout loss Holmes suffered in 75 professional bouts. In March, Tyson then fought contender Tony Tubbs in Tokyo, Japan, fitting in an easy two-round victory amid promotional and marketing work.^[30]

On June 27, 1988, Tyson faced Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via a 15-round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. Holmes had previously given up all but the IBF title, and that was eventually stripped from Spinks after he elected to fight Gerry Cooney (winning by a 5th-round TKO) rather than IBF Number 1 Contender Tony Tucker, as the Cooney fight provided him a larger purse. However, Spinks did become the lineal champion by beating Holmes and many (including Ring magazine) considered him to have a legitimate claim to being the true heavyweight champion. The bout was, at the time, the richest fight in history and expectations were very high. Boxing pundits were predicting a titanic battle of styles, with Tyson's aggressive infighting conflicting with Spinks' skillful outfighting and footwork. The fight ended after 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round; many consider this to be the pinnacle of Tyson's fame and boxing ability.^[31][32] Spinks, previously unbeaten, would never fight professionally again.

Controversy and upset[link]

During this period, Tyson's problems outside boxing were also starting to emerge. His marriage to Robin Givens was heading for divorce,^[33] and his future contract was being fought over by Don King and Bill Cayton.^[34] In late 1988, Tyson parted with manager Bill Cayton and fired longtime trainer Kevin Rooney, the man many credit for honing Tyson's craft after the death of D'Amato.^[22] Without Rooney, Tyson's personal discipline declined.^[35] In 1989, Tyson had only two fights amid personal turmoil. He faced the popular British boxer Frank Bruno in February in a fight where Bruno managed to stun Tyson at the end of the 1st round,^[36] although Tyson went on to knock out Bruno in the fifth round. Tyson then knocked out Carl "The Truth" Williams in one round in July.^[37]

By 1990, Tyson seemed to have lost direction, and his personal life and training habits were in disarray. He also began to stop throwing to the body behind the jab, using less head movement and few combinations.^[38] This has been attributed to the number of fights Tyson had by 25 years of age. With a 41-1 record Tyson had more pro bouts by his 25th birthday than George Foreman (38), Jack Johnson and Floyd Patterson (each 37), Joe Louis (36), Muhammad Ali (27), Joe Frazier (22), Holyfield (16), Larry Holmes (nine) and Rocky Marciano (six).^[39] In a fight on February 11, 1990, he lost the undisputed championship to Buster Douglas in Tokyo.^[40] Tyson was a huge betting favorite, but Douglas (priced at 42/1) was at an emotional peak after losing his mother to a stroke 23 days prior to the fight, and fought the fight of his life.^[40] Tyson failed to find a way past Douglas's quick jab that had a 12-inch (30 cm) reach advantage over his own. Tyson did send Douglas to the floor in the eighth round, catching him with an uppercut, but Douglas recovered sufficiently to hand Tyson a heavy beating in the subsequent two rounds (after the fight, the Tyson camp would complain that the count was slow and that Douglas had taken longer than ten seconds to get to his feet).^[41] Just 35 seconds into the 10th round, Douglas unleashed a brutal combination of hooks that sent Tyson to the canvas for the first time in his career. He was counted out by referee Octavio Meyran.^[40] Though Tyson is alleged to have been out of shape for this fight, he weighed in at 220 and 1/2 pounds, only 2 pounds more than he had weighed when he beat Michael Spinks 20 months earlier. Mentally, however, he was not prepared for the inspired Douglas.^[42]

The knockout victory by Douglas over Tyson, the previously undefeated "baddest man on the planet" and arguably the most feared boxer in professional boxing at that time, has been described as one of the most shocking upsets in modern sports history.^[43]

After Douglas[link]

After the loss, Tyson recovered by knocking out Henry Tillman^[44] and Alex Stewart^[45] in the first round in his next two fights. Tyson's victory over the 1984 Olympics Boxing Heavyweight gold medalist (and 1983 Boxing Heavyweight silver medalist of the Pan American Games) Tillman enabled Tyson to avenge his early career amateur losses at Tillman's hands. These bouts set up an elimination match for another shot at the undisputed world heavyweight championship, which Evander Holyfield had taken from Douglas in his first defense of the title.

Tyson, who was the No.1 contender, faced No.2 contender Donovan "Razor" Ruddock on March 18, 1991, in Las Vegas. Ruddock at the time was seen as the most dangerous heavyweight around and was thought of as one of the hardest punching heavyweights. Tyson and Ruddock went back and forth for most of the fight, until referee Richard Steele controversially stopped the fight during the seventh round in favor of Tyson. This decision infuriated the fans in attendance, sparking a post-fight melee in the audience and the referee had to be escorted from the ring.^[46]

Tyson and Ruddock met again on June 28 that year, with Tyson knocking down Ruddock twice and winning a 12 round unanimous decision.^[47] A fight between Tyson and Holyfield for the undisputed championship was arranged for the autumn of 1991.

The match between Tyson and reigning champion Holyfield did not occur, with Tyson pulling out of the scheduled November 8, 1991 title fight at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, with a rib cartilage injury sustained during training.

Rape conviction, prison, and conversion[link]

Tyson was arrested in July 1991 for the rape of 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, in an Indianapolis hotel room. Tyson's rape trial took place in the Indianapolis courthouse from January 26 to February 10, 1992. As part of its case, the prosecution documented Tyson's history of problems with attractive young women. Tyson's defense contended that Tyson was the victim and that Washington was a cold and calculated vixen out to hurt Tyson for publicity.^{[citation needed]}

Desiree Washington testified that she received a phone call from Tyson at 1:36 am on July 19, 1991 inviting her to a party. Having joined Tyson in his limousine, Washington testified that Tyson made sexual advances towards her. She testified that upon arriving at his hotel room, Tyson pinned her down on his bed and raped her despite her pleas to stop. She afterwards ran out of the room and asked Tyson's chauffeur to drive her back to her hotel.^{[citation needed]}

Partial corroboration of Washington's story came via testimony from Tyson's chauffeur, Virginia Foster, who confirmed Desiree Washington's state of shock. Further testimony came from Thomas Richardson, the emergency room physician who examined Washington more than 24 hours after the incident and confirmed that Washington's physical condition was consistent with rape.^[48]

Taking the witness stand, under Tyson's lead defense lawyer Vincent Fuller's direct examination, Tyson claimed that everything had taken place with Washington's full cooperation and he claimed not to have forced himself upon her. When he was cross-examined by the lead prosecutor, Gregory Garrison, Tyson denied claims that he had misled Washington and insisted that she wanted to have sex with him. Because of Tyson's hostile and defensive responses to the questions during cross-examination, some have speculated that his behavior made him unlikable to the jury who saw him as brutish and arrogant.^[49]

Tyson was convicted on the rape charge on February 10, 1992 after the jury deliberated for nearly 10 hours.^[50]

Alan Dershowitz filed an appeal on Tyson's behalf alleging that the victim had a history of at least one false accusation of rape^[51] and that the judge had blocked testimony from witnesses who would have contradicted Washington. The Indiana Court of Appeals ruled against Tyson in a 2–1 vote.^[52]

On March 26, he was sentenced to six years in prison followed by four years on probation.^[53] He was assigned to the Indiana Youth Center (now the Plainfield Correctional Facility) in April 1992,^[54] and he was released in March 1995 after serving three years.^[55] During his incarceration, Tyson converted to Islam.^[56] On July 2, 2010 he visited Mecca to perform the Umrah (Minor Islamic pilgrimage).^[57]

Comeback[link]

Tyson did not fight again until later in 1995 after he was paroled from prison. He had two comeback bouts against Peter McNeeley and Buster Mathis Jr., which he won easily. Interest in Tyson's first comeback fight since his incarceration was high enough that it grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records for that time.^[58] The brief, 89-second fight wherein McNeeley swiftly crumpled on facing Tyson, elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up "Tomato Cans", easily defeatable and unworthy boxers for his return.^[59] TV Guide included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998.^[60]

He regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title from Frank Bruno (their second fight) in March 1996 by knocking him out in the third round.^[61] Tyson added the WBA belt by defeating champion Bruce Seldon in one round in September that year. Seldon was severely criticized and mocked in the popular press for seemingly collapsing to innocuous punches from Tyson in the fight.^[62]

Tyson–Holyfield fights[link]

[edit] Tyson vs. Holyfield I

Tyson attempted to defend the WBA title against Evander Holyfield. Holyfield was in the fourth fight of his own comeback after retiring in 1994 following the loss of his championship to Michael Moorer (who subsequently lost to George Foreman by knockout during his first defense). It was said that Don King and others saw Holyfield, the former champion, who was 34 at the time of the fight and a huge underdog, as a washed-up fighter.^[63]

On November 9, 1996, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Tyson faced Holyfield in a title bout dubbed 'Finally.' In a surprising turn of events, Holyfield, who was given virtually no chance to win by numerous commentators,^[64] defeated Tyson by TKO when referee Mitch Halpern stopped the bout in round 11.^[65] Holyfield made history with the upset win by being the second person ever to win a heavyweight championship belt three times, after Muhammad Ali. However Holyfield's victory was marred by allegations from Tyson's camp of Holyfield's frequent headbutts^[66] during the bout. Although the headbutts were ruled accidental by the referee,^[66] they would become a point of contention in the subsequent rematch.^[67]

[edit] Tyson vs. Holyfield II and aftermath

Tyson and Holyfield fought again on June 28, 1997. Originally, Halpern was supposed to be the referee, but after Tyson's camp protested, Halpern stepped aside in favor of Mills Lane.^[68] The highly anticipated rematch was dubbed The Sound and the Fury, and was held at the Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena, site of the first bout. It was a lucrative event, drawing even more attention than the first bout and grossing $100 million. Tyson received $30 million and Holyfield $35 million—the highest paid professional boxing purses ever until 2007.^[69][70] The fight was purchased by 1.99 million households, setting a pay-per-view buy rate record that stood until the May 5, 2007, De La Hoya-Mayweather boxing match.^[70][71]

Soon to become one of the most controversial events in modern sports,^[72] the fight was stopped at the end of the third round, with Tyson disqualified^[73] for biting Holyfield on both ears. The first time he bit him the match was temporarily stopped. Referee Mills Lane deducted two points from Tyson and the fight resumed. However, after the match resumed, Tyson did it again: this time Tyson was disqualified and Holyfield won the match. One bite was severe enough to remove a piece of Holyfield's right ear, which was found on the ring floor after the fight.^[74] Tyson later stated that his actions were retaliation for Holyfield repeatedly headbutting him without penalty.^[67] In the confusion that followed the ending of the bout and announcement of the decision, a near riot erupted in the arena and several people were injured in the ensuing melee.^[75]

Tyson's former trainer, Teddy Atlas, had predicted that Tyson would be disqualified. "He planned this," Atlas said. "That's the only reason he went through with this fight. This was a charade so he could get out and live with himself as long as in his world he would be known as savage and brutal. In his world, he was the man who attacked like an animal and people would say he was trying to annihilate Holyfield, trying to kill him, when nothing could be further from the truth."^[76]

As a subsequent fallout from the incident, US$3 million was immediately withheld from Tyson's $30-million purse by the Nevada state boxing commission (the most it could legally hold back at the time).^[77] Two days after the fight, Tyson issued a statement,^[78] apologizing to Holyfield for his actions and asked not to be banned for life over the incident.^[79] Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson.^[80]

On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing.^[81] As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was not permanent, as a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license.^[82]

During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV.^[83]

1999 to 2005[link]

After Holyfield[link]

In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring to fight the South African Francois Botha, in another fight that ended in controversy. While Botha initially controlled the fight, Tyson allegedly attempted to break Botha's arms during a tie-up and both boxers were cautioned by the referee in the ill-tempered bout. Botha was ahead on points on all scorecards and was confident enough to mock Tyson as the fight continued. Nonetheless, Tyson landed a straight right-hand in the fifth round that knocked out Botha.^[84]

Legal problems caught up with Tyson once again. On February 5, 1999, Tyson was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, fined $5,000, and ordered to serve two years probation and perform 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998.^[85] He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee from the off-the-clinch-punch when he went down and said he was unable to continue the fight. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest.^[86]

In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first was staged at the MEN Arena, Manchester, England against Julius Francis. Following controversy as to whether Tyson should be allowed into the country, he took four minutes to knock out Francis, ending the bout in the second round.^[88] He also fought Lou Savarese in June 2000 in Glasgow, winning in the first round; the fight lasted only 38 seconds. Tyson continued punching after the referee had stopped the fight, knocking the referee to the floor as he tried to separate the boxers.^[89] In October, Tyson fought the similarly controversial Andrzej Gołota,^[90] winning in round three after Gołota refused to continue after his jaw was broken. The result was later changed to no contest after Tyson refused to take a pre-fight drug test and then tested positive for marijuana in a post-fight urine test.^[91] Tyson fought only once in 2001, beating Brian Nielsen in Copenhagen with a seventh round TKO.^[92]

Lewis vs. Tyson[link]

Tyson once again had the opportunity to fight for a heavyweight championship in 2002, against Lennox Lewis, who held the WBC, IBF, IBO & Lineal titles at the time. As promising amateurs, Tyson and Lewis had sparred together at a training camp, in a meeting arranged by Cus D'Amato in 1984.^[93] Tyson sought to fight Lewis in Nevada for a more lucrative box-office venue, but the Nevada boxing commission refused him a license to box as he was facing possible sexual assault charges at the time.^[94]

Two years prior to the bout, in a post-fight interview following the Savarese fight, Tyson had made several inflammatory remarks to Lewis, "I want your heart, I want to eat your children."^[95] On January 22, 2002, a brawl involving the two boxers and their entourages occurred at a press conference held in New York to publicize the planned event.^[96] The melee put to rest any chance of a Nevada fight and alternative arrangements had to be made, with the fight eventually occurring on June 8 at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. Lewis dominated the fight and knocked out Tyson with a right hook in the eighth round. Tyson was magnanimous after the fight and praised Lewis on his victory.^[97] This fight was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history at that time, generating $106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the USA.^[70][71]

Late career, bankruptcy and retirement[link]

On February 22, 2003, Tyson beat fringe contender Clifford Etienne 49 seconds into round one, once again in Memphis. The pre-fight was marred by rumors of Tyson's lack of fitness and that he took time out from training to party in Las Vegas and get a new facial tattoo.^[98] This would be Tyson's final professional victory in the ring.

In August 2003, after years of financial struggles, Tyson finally filed for bankruptcy.^[99] In 2003, amid all his economic troubles, he was named by Ring Magazine at number 16, right behind Sonny Liston, among the 100 greatest punchers of all time.

On August 13, 2003, Tyson entered the ring for a face to face confrontation against then K-1 fighting phenom Bob Sapp immediately after Sapp's win against Kimo Leopoldo in Las Vegas. K-1 signed Tyson to a contract with the hopes of making a fight happen between the two, but Tyson's status as a convicted felon made him unable to obtain a visa to enter Japan, where the fight would have been most profitable. Alternate locations were discussed, but the fight never came to fruition.^[100] It is unknown if he actually profited from this arrangement.

On July 30, 2004, Tyson faced the British boxer Danny Williams in another comeback fight, this time staged in Louisville, Kentucky. Tyson dominated the opening two rounds. The third round was even, with Williams getting in some clean blows and also a few illegal ones, for which he was penalized. In the fourth round, Tyson was unexpectedly knocked out. After the fight, it was revealed that Tyson was trying to fight on one leg, having torn a ligament in his other knee in the first round. This was Tyson's fifth career defeat.^[101] He underwent surgery for the ligament four days after the fight. His manager, Shelly Finkel, claimed that Tyson was unable to throw meaningful right-hand punches since he had an elbow injury.^[102]

On June 11, 2005, Tyson stunned the boxing world by quitting before the start of the seventh round in a close bout against journeyman Kevin McBride. After losing the third of his last four fights, Tyson said he would quit boxing because he felt he had lost his passion.^[103]

Exhibition tour[link]

To help pay off his debts, Tyson returned to the ring on a world tour in a series of four-round exhibitions against journeyman heavyweight Corey "T-Rex" Sanders in Youngstown, Ohio 2006.^[104] Tyson, without headgear at 5 ft 10.5 in and 216 pounds, was in great shape, but far from his prime against Sanders, with headgear at 6 ft 8 in and 293 pounds, a loser of his last seven pro bouts and nearly blind from a detached retina in his left eye. Tyson appeared to be "holding back" in these exhibitions to prevent an early end to the "show". "If I don't get out of this financial quagmire there's a possibility I may have to be a punching bag for somebody. The money I make isn't going to help my bills from a tremendous standpoint, but I'm going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed," explained Tyson about the reasons for his "comeback".^[105]

Legacy[link]

A 1998 ranking of "The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time" by Ring magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list.^[106] Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his unbeaten run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction.^[107] Many believe Tyson was the last great heavyweight champion.^[108]

In Ring Magazine's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years, released in 2002, Tyson was ranked at No. 72.^[109] He is ranked No. 16 on Ring Magazine's 2003 list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.^[110]

After professional boxing[link]

Tyson in the ring at Las Vegas in October 2006

On the front page of USA Today on June 3, 2005, Tyson was quoted as saying: "My whole life has been a waste – I've been a failure." He continued: "I just want to escape. I'm really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down."^[111] Tyson began to spend much of his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona.^[112]

Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies.^[113] In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them.^[114] He has also done entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas^[115] and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts.^[116]

On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession after he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving a nightclub. According to a police probable-cause statement, filed in Maricopa County Superior Court, "[Tyson] admitted to using [drugs] today and stated he is an addict and has a problem."^[117] Tyson pleaded not guilty on January 22, 2007, in Maricopa County Superior Court to felony drug possession and paraphernalia possession counts and two misdemeanor counts of driving under the influence of drugs. On February 8 he checked himself into an in-patient treatment program for "various addictions" while awaiting trial on the drug charges.^[118]

On September 24, 2007, Mike Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of cocaine and driving under the influence. He was convicted of these charges in November 2007 and sentenced to 24 hours in jail, 360 hours community service and 3 years probation. Prosecutors had requested a year-long jail sentence, but the judge praised Tyson for seeking help with his drug problems.^[119]

On November 11, 2009, Mike Tyson was arrested after getting into a scuffle at Los Angeles International airport with a photographer.^[120] No charges were filed.

Tyson appeared on WWE Monday Night Raw as the guest host on January 11, 2010 and even made his return to the ring in a tag team match with Chris Jericho against D-Generation X. At first, the duo had their way until Tyson revealed a DX T-shirt he was wearing underneath a black shirt he was wearing and knocked-out Jericho, which allowed Shawn Michaels to pin Jericho, giving DX the win.

On June 12, 2011, Tyson was inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame, alongside legendary Mexican champion Julio César Chávez, light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu, and actor/screenwriter Sylvester Stallone.^[121]

On August 7, 2011, CBS aired an episode of The Same Name, featuring Mike Tyson.^[122]

This year, Mike participated in the Argentinian dance TV program Bailando 2011

On the January 30, 2012 edition of Monday Night Raw, after ESPN, TMZ, and others had leaked the news earlier in the day, it was confirmed that Tyson will be inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame.

On April 2, 2012 the Brooklyn native was given the honor by the WWE at the American Airlines Arena in Miami. He was inducted by DeGeneration X members Shawn Michaels and Triple H.^[123].

Personal life[link]

Tyson has been legally married three times and has eight children with several different women.

His first marriage was to actress Robin Givens from February 7, 1988 to February 14, 1989.^[33] Givens was known for her work on the sitcom Head of the Class. Tyson's marriage to Givens was especially tumultuous with allegations of violence, spousal abuse and mental instability on Tyson's part.^[124] Matters came to a head when Tyson and Givens gave a joint interview with Barbara Walters on the ABC TV newsmagazine show 20/20 in September 1988, in which Givens described life with Tyson as "torture, pure hell, worse than anything I could possibly imagine."^[125] Givens also described Tyson as "manic depressive" on national television while Tyson looked on with an intent and calm expression.^[124] A month later, Givens announced that she was seeking a divorce from the allegedly abusive Tyson.^[124] They had no children but she claims to have had a miscarriage while Tyson claims she was never pregnant and only used that to get him to marry her.^[124][126] During their marriage, the couple lived in a mansion in Bernardsville, New Jersey.^[127][128]

His second marriage was to Monica Turner from April 19, 1997 to January 14, 2003.^[129] At the time of the divorce filing, Turner worked as a pediatric resident at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington DC.^[130] She is also the sister of Michael Steele, the former Lieutenant Governor of Maryland and former Republican National Committee Chairman.^[131] Turner filed for divorce from Tyson in January 2002, claiming that he committed adultery during their five-year marriage, an act that "has neither been forgiven nor condoned."^[130] The couple had two children: Rayna and Amir.

Tyson appears in the 2009 film The Hangover as a caricature of himself. In the film his character pursues the main characters after they have stolen a tiger from his home. He appears in their hotel room, where he threatens them if they do not return the tiger in one hour, and later at his home when they return the tiger and try to get information from him about their missing friend.

On May 25, 2009, Tyson's 4-year-old daughter, Exodus, was found by her 7-year-old brother, Miguel, unconscious and tangled in a cord, dangling from an exercise treadmill. The child's mother untangled her, administered CPR and called for medical attention. Exodus was listed in "extremely critical condition" and was on life support at Phoenix's St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center. She subsequently died of her injuries on May 26, 2009.^[132][133]

Ten days after his daughter's death, Tyson wed for the third time, to long-time girlfriend Lakiha "Kiki" Spicer, age 32, exchanging vows on Saturday, June 6, 2009, in a short, private ceremony, at the La Bella Wedding Chapel at the Las Vegas Hilton hotel-casino.^[134] Spicer was a resident of nearby suburban Henderson, Nevada. County marriage records in Las Vegas show the couple got a marriage license 30 minutes before their ceremony. Spicer is the mother of Tyson's daughter, Milan and son, Morocco. His other children include Mikey (born 1990), Miguel (born 2002) and D'Amato (born 1990). He has a total of eight children including the deceased Exodus.

Tyson has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.^[135] While on the American talk show The View in early May 2010, Tyson revealed that he is now forced to live paycheck to paycheck.^[136] He went on to say: "I'm totally destitute and broke. But I have an awesome life, I have an awesome wife who cares about me. I'm totally broke. I had a lot of fun. It (losing his money) just happened. I'm very grateful. I don't deserve to have the wife that I have; I don't deserve the kids that I have, but I do, and I'm very grateful."

In March 2011, Tyson appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to discuss his new Animal Planet reality series Taking on Tyson. In the interview with DeGeneres, Tyson discussed some of the ways he had improved his life in the past two years, including sober living and a vegan diet.^[137]

Also, in March 2011, Mike Tyson appeared at the SXSW Screenburn Arcade for the launch of his new iPhone app Mike Tyson: Main Event.^[138]

In May 2011, Tyson sent autographed boxing gloves to soccer superstar Cristiano Ronaldo. 'To Cristiano' is written on the gloves, along with Tyson's signature.^[139]

Also, in May 2011, Tyson was a contestant in the Argentinian dance contest Bailando 2011, and he was paired with his wife, Lahika Spicer. The couple withdrew from the competition after the second round.

In September 2011, Tyson gave an interview in which he made comments about former Alaska governor Sarah Palin that included crude and violent descriptions of interracial sex. These comments were then reprinted on the Daily Caller website. Journalist Greta van Susteren criticized Tyson and the Daily Caller over the comments, which she described as "smut" and "violence against women". ^[140]

In April 2012, Tyson gave an interview in which he made comments about the Trayvon Martin case, telling Yahoo News that "It's a disgrace George Zimmerman hasn't been dragged out of his house and tied to a car and taken away. That's the only kind of retribution that people like that understand. It's a disgrace that man hasn't been shot yet. Forget about him being arrested--the fact that he hasn't been shot yet is a disgrace. That's how I feel personally about it."^[141]

Popular culture[link]

At the height of his fame and career in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Tyson was one of the most recognized sports personalities in the world. Apart from his many sporting accomplishments, his outrageous and controversial behavior in the ring and in his private life has kept him in the public eye and in the courtroom.^[142] As such, Tyson has appeared in myriad popular media in cameo appearances in film and television. He has also been featured in video games and as a subject of parody or satire.

Published in 2007, author Joe Layden's book The Last Great Fight: The Extraordinary Tale of Two Men and How One Fight Changed Their Lives Forever, chronicled the lives of Tyson and Douglas before and after their heavyweight championship fight. The book received positive reviews and claimed the fight was essentially the beginning of the end of boxing's popularity in mainstream sports.

In 2008, the documentary Tyson premiered at the annual Cannes Film Festival in France. The film was directed by James Toback and has interviews with Tyson and clips of his fights and from his personal life. It received high critical praise, scoring an 86% approval rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes from a pool of over 100 film critics.

Professional boxing record[link]

50 Wins (44 knockouts, 5 decisions, 1 disqualification), 6 Losses, 0 Draws, 2 No Contests[143]
Result	Record	Opponnent	Type	Round	Date	Location	Notes
Loss	50–6 2 NC	Kevin McBride	TKO	6 (10)	2005-06-11	MCI Center, Washington, D.C.
Loss	50–5 2 NC	Danny Williams	KO	4 (10)	2004-07-30	Freedom Hall State Fairground, Louisville, Kentucky
Win	50–4 2 NC	Clifford Etienne	KO	1 (10)	2003-02-22	The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee
Loss	49–4 2 NC	Lennox Lewis	KO	8 (12)	2002-06-08	The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee	For The Ring, WBC, IBO & IBF Heavyweight titles. The Ring Magazine Knockout of the Year.
Win	49–3 2 NC	Brian Nielsen	RTD	7 (10)	2001-10-13	Parken Stadium, Copenhagen
NC	48–3 2 NC	Andrew Golota	NC	3 (10)	2000-10-20	The Palace, Auburn Hills, Michigan	Michigan Commission changes the result from a TKO victory for Tyson to a NC, due to Tyson testing positive for Cannabis after the fight.
Win	48–3 1 NC	Lou Savarese	TKO	1 (10)	2000-06-24	Hampden Park, Glasgow
Win	47–3 1 NC	Julius Francis	TKO	2 (10)	2000-01-29	M.E.N. Arena, Manchester
NC	46–3 1 NC	Orlin Norris	NC	1 (10)	1999-10-23	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Norris was hit and knocked down after the bell, injuring his knee in the fall, resulting in NC.
Win	46–3	Francois Botha	KO	5 (10)	1999-01-16	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada
Loss	45–3	Evander Holyfield	DQ	3 (12)	1997-06-28	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	For WBA Heavyweight title. The Ring Magazine Event of the Year.
Loss	45–2	Evander Holyfield	TKO	11 (12)	1996-11-09	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Lost WBA Heavyweight title. The Ring Magazine Fight of the Year & Upset Of The Year.
Win	45–1	Bruce Seldon	TKO	1 (12)	1996-09-07	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBA Heavyweight title.
Win	44–1	Frank Bruno	TKO	3 (12)	1996-03-16	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBC Heavyweight title.
Win	43–1	Buster Mathis, Jr.	KO	3 (12)	1995-12-16	Core States Spectrum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Win	42–1	Peter McNeeley	DQ	1 (10)	1995-08-19	MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada
Win	41–1	Donovan Ruddock	UD	12	1991-06-28	Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada
Win	40–1	Donovan Ruddock	TKO	7 (12)	1991-03-18	Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada
Win	39–1	Alex Stewart	TKO	1 (10)	1990-12-08	Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	38–1	Henry Tillman	KO	1 (10)	1990-06-16	Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada
Loss	37–1	Buster Douglas	KO	10 (12)	1990-02-11	Tokyo Dome, Tokyo	Lost The Ring, WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles. The Ring Magazine Upset Of The Year.
Win	37–0	Carl Williams	TKO	1 (12)	1989-07-21	Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey	Retained The Ring, WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	36–0	Frank Bruno	TKO	5 (12)	1989-02-25	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained The Ring, WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	35–0	Michael Spinks	KO	1 (12)	1988-06-27	Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey	Retained WBC, WBA, IBF & won The Ring Heavyweight titles.
Win	34–0	Tony Tubbs	TKO	2 (12)	1988-03-21	Tokyo Dome, Tokyo	Retained WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	33–0	Larry Holmes	TKO	4 (12)	1988-01-22	Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey	Retained WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	32–0	Tyrell Biggs	TKO	7 (12)	1987-10-16	Convention Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey	Retained WBC, WBA & IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	31–0	Tony Tucker	UD	12	1987-08-01	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC, WBA & won IBF Heavyweight titles.
Win	30–0	Pinklon Thomas	TKO	6 (12)	1987-05-30	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC & WBA Heavyweight titles.
Win	29–0	James Smith	UD	12	1987-03-07	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada	Retained WBC & won WBA Heavyweight titles.
Win	28–0	Trevor Berbick	TKO	2 (12)	1986-11-22	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada	Won WBC Heavyweight title.
Win	27–0	Alfonso Ratliff	TKO	2 (10)	1986-09-06	Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
Win	26–0	José Ribalta	TKO	10 (10)	1986-08-17	Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	25–0	Marvis Frazier	KO	1 (10)	1986-07-26	Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York
Win	24–0	Lorenzo Boyd	KO	2 (10)	1986-07-11	Stevensville Hotel, Swan Lake, New York
Win	23–0	William Hosea	KO	1 (10)	1986-06-28	Houston Field House, Troy, New York
Win	22–0	Reggie Gross	TKO	1 (10)	1986-06-13	Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
Win	21–0	Mitch Green	UD	10	1986-05-20	Madison Square Garden, New York, New York
Win	20–0	James Tillis	UD	10	1986-05-09	Civic Center, Glens Falls, New York
Win	19–0	Steve Zouski	KO	3 (10)	1986-03-10	Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, New York
Win	18–0	Jesse Ferguson	TKO	6 (10)	1986-02-16	Houston Field House, Troy, New York
Win	17–0	Mike Jameson	TKO	5 (8)	1986-01-24	Trump Plaza Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	16–0	David Jaco	TKO	1 (10)	1986-01-11	Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York
Win	15–0	Mark Young	TKO	1 (10)	1985-12-27	Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York
Win	14–0	Sammy Scaff	TKO	1 (10)	1985-12-06	Felt Forum, New York, New York
Win	13–0	Conroy Nelson	TKO	2 (8)	1985-11-22	Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York
Win	12–0	Eddie Richardson	KO	1 (8)	1985-11-13	Ramada-Houston Hotel, Houston, Texas
Win	11–0	Sterling Benjamin	TKO	1 (8)	1985-11-01	Latham Coliseum, Latham, New York
Win	10–0	Robert Colay	KO	1 (8)	1985-10-25	Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	9–0	Donnie Long	TKO	1 (6)	1985-10-09	Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	8–0	Michael Johnson	KO	1 6)	1985-09-05	Atlantis Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	7–0	Lorenzo Canady	KO	1 (6)	1985-08-15	Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	6–0	Larry Sims	KO	3 (6)	1985-07-19	Mid-Hudson Civic Center, Poughkeepsie, New York
Win	5–0	John Alderson	TKO	2 (6)	1985-07-11	Trump Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	4–0	Ricardo Spain	TKO	1 (6)	1985-06-20	Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Win	3–0	Don Halpin	KO	4 (4)	1985-05-23	Albany, New York
Win	2–0	Trent Singleton	TKO	1 (4)	1985-04-10	Albany, New York
Win	1–0	Hector Mercedes	TKO	1 (4)	1985-03-06	Plaza Convention Center, Albany, New York	Tyson's professional debut.

Boxing championships and accomplishments[link]

Tyson established an impressive list of accomplishments, mostly early in his career:^[144]

Titles

• Junior Olympic Games Champion Heavyweight 1982
• National Golden Gloves Champion Heavyweight 1984
• Undisputed Heavyweight champion (held all three major championship belts; WBA, IBF, and WBC) – August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990
• WBC Heavyweight Champion – November 22, 1986 – February 11, 1990, March 16, 1996 – September 24, 1996 (Vacated)
• WBA Heavyweight Champion – March 7, 1987 – February 11, 1990, September 7, 1996 – November 9, 1996
• IBF Heavyweight Champion – August 1, 1987 – February 11, 1990

Records

• Youngest Heavyweight champion – 20 years and 4 months
• Junior Olympic quickest KO – 8 seconds

Awards

• Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year—1986 & 1988
• BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality—1989
• Ring magazine Prospect of the Year—1985

References[link]