The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity. The Catholic Church is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilisation. It teaches that it is the church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles and that the Pope is the successor to Saint Peter. Catholic doctrine maintains that the Church is infallible when it dogmatically teaches a doctrine of faith or morals. Catholic worship is centred on the Eucharist in which the Church teaches bread and wine are supernaturally transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ. The Church holds the Blessed Virgin Mary in special regard. Catholic beliefs concerning Mary include her Immaculate Conception and bodily Assumption at the end of her earthly life.

Name

The term "Catholic", derived from the Greek word καθολικός (''katholikos''), which means "universal" or "general", was first used to describe the Church in the early 2nd century. The term ''katholikos'' is equivalent to καθόλου (''katholou''), a contraction of the phrase κατὰ ὅλου (''kata holou'') meaning "according to the whole." Thus the full name ''Catholic Church'' roughly means "universal" or "whole" church.

Since the East-West Schism of 1054, the churches that remained in communion with the See of Rome (the diocese of Rome and its bishop, the Pope, the primal patriarch) have been known as "Catholic", while the Eastern churches that rejected the pope's primal authority have generally been known as "Orthodox" or "Eastern Orthodox". Following the Reformation in the 16th century, the Church "in communion with the Bishop of Rome" used the term "Catholic" to distinguish itself from the various Protestant churches that split off.

The name "Catholic Church" has been used on official documents such as the title of the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church.'' It is also the term that Paul VI used when signing the sixteen documents of the Second Vatican Council. However, Church documents produced by both the Holy See and by certain national episcopal conferences occasionally refer to the Church by the name "Roman Catholic Church". The Catechism of Pope Pius X published in 1908 also used the term "Roman" to distinguish the Catholic Church from other Christian communities.

Organisation and demographics

Papacy and Roman Curia

thumb|left|alt=Painting of a group of men in a piazza, a long haired man giving a key to a kneeling man. |The Church holds that Christ instituted the papacy, upon giving the keys of heaven to Saint Peter, here [[Delivery of the Keys (Sistine Chapel)|in a fresco by Pietro Perugino (1481–82), Sistine Chapel, Rome.]]The Church's hierarchy is headed by the Bishop of Rome, the pope, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church (which is composed of the Latin Rite and the Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the see of Rome). The current office-holder is Pope Benedict XVI, who was elected in a papal conclave on 19 April 2005.

The office of the pope is known as the ''Papacy''. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is often called the "Holy See" (''Sancta Sedes'' in Latin), or the "Apostolic See" (meaning the see of the Apostle Saint Peter). Directly serving the Pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. The pope is also head of state of Vatican City State, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome.

Following the death or resignation of a pope, members of the College of Cardinals who are under age 80 meet in the Sistine Chapel in Rome to elect a new pope. The title Cardinal is a rank of honour bestowed by Popes on certain ecclesiastics, such as leaders within the Roman Curia, bishops serving in major cities and distinguished theologians. Although this election, known as a papal conclave, can theoretically elect any male Catholic as pope, since 1389 only fellow Cardinals have been elevated to that position.

Autonomous particular churches

The Catholic Church is made up of 23 autonomous particular churches, each of which accepts the paramountcy of the Bishop of Rome on matters of doctrine. These churches, also known by the Latin term ''Sui iuris'' churches, are communities of Catholic Christians whose forms of worship reflect different historical and cultural influences rather than differences in doctrine. In general, each ''sui iuris'' church is headed by a patriarch or high ranking bishop, and has a degree of self-governance over the particulars of its internal organization, liturgical rites, liturgical calendar, and other aspects of its spirituality.

The largest of these is the Latin Church which reports over 1 billion followers. The Pope and Roman Curia is head of the Latin Church, which developed in Western Europe before spreading throughout the world. The Latin Church considered itself to be the oldest and largest branch of Western Christianity, a heritage of certain beliefs and customs shared by many Christian denominations that trace their originals to Protestant Reformation.

Relatively small in terms of adherents compared to the Latin Church, but important to the overall structure of the Church, are the 22 self-governing Eastern Catholic Churches with a membership of 17.3 million as of 2010. The Eastern Catholic Churches follow the traditions and spirituality of Eastern Christianity and are composed of Eastern Christians who have always remained in full communion with the Catholic Church or who have chosen to reenter full communion in the centuries following the East-West Schism and earlier divisions. Some Eastern Catholic Churches are governed by a patriarch who is elected by the synod of the bishops of that church, others are headed by a major archbishop, others are under a metropolitan, and others consist of individual eparchies. The Roman Curia has a specific department, the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, to maintain relations with them.

:''Examples of Eastern Catholic Churches can be found in the side bar "Major ''Sui Iuris'' Churches".''

Dioceses, parishes and religious orders

Individual countries, regions, or major cities are served by local particular churches known as dioceses or eparchies, each overseen by a Catholic bishop. Each diocese is united with one of the worldwide "''sui iuris''" particular churches, such as the Latin Church, or one of the many Eastern Catholic Churches. As of 2008, the Catholic Church (both East and West) comprised 2,795 dioceses. The bishops in a particular country or region are often organised into an episcopal conference, which aids in maintaining a uniform style of worship and coordination of social justice programs within the areas served by member bishops.

Dioceses are further divided into numerous individual communities called parishes, each staffed by one or more priests, deacons, and/or lay ecclesial ministers. Parishes are responsible for the day to day celebration of the sacraments and pastoral care of the Catholic laity.

Ordained Catholics, as well as members of the laity, may enter into consecrated life as monks or nuns. A candidate takes vows confirming their desire to follow the three evangelical counsels of chastity, poverty and obedience. Examples of institutes of consecrated life are the Benedictines, the Carmelites, the Dominicans, the Franciscans, the Missionaries of Charity, and the Sisters of Mercy.

Membership statistics

Total church membership (both lay and clerical) in 2007 was 1.147 billion people, increasing from the 1950 figure of 437 million and the 1970 figure of 654 million. On 31 December 2008, membership was 1.166 billion, an increase of 11.54% over the same date in 2000, only slightly greater than the rate of increase of the world population (10.77%). The increase was 33.02% in Africa, but only 1.17% in Europe. It was 15.91% in Asia, 11.39% in Oceania, and 10.93% in the Americas. As a result, Catholics were 17.77% of the total population in Africa, 63.10% in the Americas, 3.05% in Asia, 39.97% in Europe, 26.21% in Oceania, and 17.40% of the world population.

Of the world's Catholics, the proportion living in Africa grew from 12.44% in 2000 to 14.84% in 2008, while those living in Europe fell from 26.81% to 24.31%. Membership in the Catholic Church is attained through baptism or reception into the Church (for individuals previously baptised in non-Catholic Christian churches). For some years until 2009, if someone formally left the Church, that fact was noted in the register of the person's baptism.

At the end of 2007, Vatican records listed 408,024 Catholic priests in the world, 762 more than at the beginning of the year. The main growth areas have been Asia and Africa, with 21.1 percent and 27.6 percent growth respectively. In North and South America, numbers have remained approximately the same, while there was a 6.8 percent decline in Europe and a 5.5 percent decrease in Oceania from 2000 to 2007.

Worship and liturgy

Among the 23 autonomous (''sui iuris'') churches, numerous forms of worship and liturgical traditions exist, called "rites", which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief. In the definition of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, "a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''", but the term is often limited to liturgical patrimony. The most commonly used liturgy is the Roman Rite, but even in the Latin Catholic Church a few other rites are in use, and the Eastern Catholic Churches have distinct rites.

Celebration of the Eucharist

In all rites the Mass, or Divine Liturgy, is the centre of Catholic worship. Catholics believe that at each Mass, the bread and wine are supernaturally transubstantiated into the body and blood of Christ by the words of consecration spoken by the priest. The words of consecration are drawn from the three synoptic Gospels and a Pauline letter. The Church teaches that Christ established a New Covenant with humanity through the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper, as described in these biblical verses. Because the Church teaches that Christ is present in the Eucharist, there are strict rules about who may celebrate and who may receive the Eucharist. The sacrament can only be celebrated by an ordained Catholic priest or bishop. Those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden from receiving the sacrament until they have received absolution through the sacrament of Reconciliation (Penance). Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.

Catholics are not permitted to receive the Eucharist as celebrated in Protestant churches, which in the view of the Catholic Church lack the sacrament of Holy Orders. Likewise, Protestants are not normally permitted to receive communion in the Catholic Church. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain communion in sacris, and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."

Western liturgical rites

The Roman Rite is the most common rite of worship used by the Catholic Church. Its use is found worldwide, spread by missionary activity originating in Western European nations throughout Christian history.

Two forms of the Roman Rite are authorised at present: that of the post-1969 editions of the Roman Missal (Mass of Paul VI), which is now the ordinary form of the rite and is celebrated mostly in the vernacular, i.e., the language of the people; and that of the 1962 edition (the ''Tridentine Mass''), now an extraordinary form. An outline of the major liturgical elements of Roman Rite Mass can be found in the side bar.

In the United States, certain "Anglican Use" parishes use a variation of the Roman rite that retains many aspects of the Anglican liturgical rites.Implementation has begun of the authorisation granted in 2009 for the creation wherever appropriate of ordinariates for Anglicans who enter into communion with the Church and who may in the future use a rite that incorporates elements of Anglican tradition. Other Western liturgical rites (non-Roman) include the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite.

Eastern liturgical rites

The liturgical rites of the Eastern Catholic Churches are very similar to, and often identical with the rites used by the Eastern Orthodox and other Eastern Christian Churches that historically developed in areas such as Eastern Europe, Northeastern Africa, and the Middle East, but are no longer in communion with the Bishop of Rome, the Pope. The Eastern Catholic Churches are either groups of faithful that have restored full communion with the Bishop of Rome, while preserving their unique identity as Eastern Christians, or groups with which full communion has never been broken.

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the Byzantine rite, in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties, the Alexandrian rite, the Syriac rite, the Armenian rite, the Maronite rite, and the Chaldean rite. In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to some degree of liturgical Latinisation. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the Vatican II decree, ''Orientalium Ecclesiarum''. Each church has its own liturgical calendar.

Doctrine

Catholic beliefs are summarised in the Nicene Creed and detailed in the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''. Based on the promises of Christ in the Gospels, the Church believes that it is continually guided by the Holy Spirit and so protected infallibly from falling into doctrinal error. The Catholic Church teaches that the Holy Spirit reveals God's truth through Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium.

Sacred Scripture consists of the 73 book Catholic Bible. This is made up of the 46 books found in the ancient Greek version of the Old Testament—known as the Septuagint—and the 27 New Testament writings first found in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and listed in Athanasius' Thirty-Ninth Festal Letter. Sacred Tradition consists of those teachings believed by the Church to have been handed down since the time of the Apostles. Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the "deposit of faith" (''depositum fidei''). These are in turn interpreted by the Magisterium (from ''magister'', Latin for "teacher"), the Church's teaching authority, which is exercised by the Pope and the College of Bishops in union with the Pope, the bishop of Rome.

Trinity

The Catholic Church holds that there is one eternal God, who exists as a mutual indwelling of three persons: God the Father; God the Son; and the Holy Spirit, which make up the Trinity.

Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the second person of the Trinity, God the Son. In an event known as the Incarnation, the Church teaches that, through the power of the Holy Spirit, God became united with human nature when Christ was conceived in the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Christ is believed, therefore, to be both fully divine and fully human. It is taught that Christ's mission on earth included giving people his teachings and providing his example for them to follow as recorded in the four Gospels.

The Church teaches that through the passion (suffering) of Christ and his crucifixion as described in the Gospels, all people have an opportunity for forgiveness and freedom from sin, and so can be reconciled to God. The Resurrection of Jesus, according to Catholic belief, gained for humans a possible spiritual immortality previously denied to them because of original sin. By reconciling with God and following Christ's words and deeds, the Church believes one can enter the Kingdom of God, which is the "... reign of God over people's hearts and lives".

The Greek term "Christ" and the Hebrew "Messiah" both mean "anointed one", referring to the Christian belief that Jesus' death and resurrection are the fulfillment of the Old Testament's Messianic prophecies.

Apostolicity

According to the Catechism, the Catholic Church professes to be the "sole Church of Christ", which is described in the Nicene Creed as the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. The church teaches its founder to be Jesus Christ, who appointed the twelve Apostles to continue his work as the Church's earliest bishops. Catholic belief holds that the Church "is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth", and that all duly consecrated bishops are considered the successors to the apostles. In particular, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope), is considered the successor to the apostle Simon Peter, from whom the Pope derives his supremacy over the Church. The Church is further described in the papal encyclical ''Mystici Corporis Christi'' as the Mystical Body of Christ.

Because of its roots in Christ's ministry, the Church teaches that the fullness of the "means of salvation" exists only in the Catholic Church but acknowledges that the Holy Spirit can make use of Christian communities separated from itself to bring people to salvation. It teaches that anyone who is saved is saved indirectly through the Church if the person has invincible ignorance of the Catholic Church and its teachings (as a result of parentage or culture, for example), yet follows the morals God has dictated in his heart and would, therefore, join the Church if he understood its necessity. It teaches that Catholics are called by the Holy Spirit to work for unity among all Christians.

Sacraments

According to the Council of Trent, Christ instituted seven sacraments and entrusted them to the Church. These are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance), Anointing of the Sick (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "Last Rites"), Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's grace to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''ex opere operato''). The Catechism of the Catholic Church categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing", and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful", which broadly reflect the stages of one's natural and spiritual life each sacrament is intended to serve.

Sacraments of Christian initiation

{| |- |Baptism |- |As viewed by the Catholic Church, baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian. It washes away all sins, both original sin and personal actual sins. It makes one a member of the Church. As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptised, it is conferred even on children, who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin. It marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated. The Catholic Church recognises as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize ("to do what the Church does when she baptizes") and that they use the Trinitarian baptismal formula. |- | |- |Confirmation |- |The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism. When adults are baptised, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards, a practice followed even for infants in the Eastern Catholic Church. In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or even until they are in their teens. In the West, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the East, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with chrism, a mixture of olive oil and some perfumed substance, usually balsam, blessed by a bishop. Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the age of reason means that they should, if necessary, first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians. |- | |- |Eucharist |- |For Catholics, the Eucharist, the sacrament that completes Christian initiation, is the perpetuation of the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross, and a banquet in which Christ himself is consumed. The Eucharistic celebration always includes prayers, readings from the Bible, consecration of wheat bread and grape wine, and communion by at least some of the participants in the consecrated elements, which by the consecration become, in a way surpassing understanding, the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a change known as transubstantiation. |}

Sacraments of healing

{| |- |Penance |- |The sacrament of penance (also called reconciliation, forgiveness, confession and conversion) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin. Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and absolution). Serious sins (mortal sins) must be confessed within at most a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of venial sins also is recommended. The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "seal of confession", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession. |- | |- |Anointing of the Sick |- |While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated (baptism, confirmation, ordination), a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death. This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins. Although it is not reserved for those in proximate danger of death, it is often administered as one of the Last Rites. |}

Sacraments of service

{| |- |Ordination |- |Holy Orders is a sacrament in three degrees or orders, episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons), which consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body by these specific titles. The Church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the clergy. In the Latin Rite, the priesthood and diaconate are generally restricted to celibate men. Men who are already married may be ordained in the Eastern Catholic Churches, and may become deacons even in the Western Church. All clergy, whether deacons, priests, or bishops, may preach, teach, baptise, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies. Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick. Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which ordains someone into the clergy. |- | |- |Matrimony |- |Marriage, understood as an indissoluble union between a man and a woman, if entered into validly by any baptised man and woman, is considered a sacrament by the Catholic Church. The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage, and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting children or property, without allowing remarriage following such a divorce. Apart from the requirements such as freedom of consent that it sees as applicable to all, the church has established certain specific requirements for the validity of marriages by Catholics. Failure to observe the Church's regulations, as well as defects applicable to all marriages, may be grounds for a church declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an annulment. |}

Judgment after death

The Church teaches that, immediately after death, the soul of each person will receive a particular judgment from God, based on the deeds of that individual's earthly life. This teaching also attests to another day when Christ will sit in a universal judgment of all mankind. This final judgment, according to Church teaching, will bring an end to human history and mark the beginning of a new and better heaven and earth ruled by God in righteousness. The basis on which each person's soul is judged is detailed in the Gospel of Matthew, which lists works of mercy to be performed even to people considered "the least". Emphasis is upon Christ's words that "Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of my Father who is in heaven".

According to the Catechism, "The Last Judgement will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life." Depending on the judgement rendered, a soul may enter one of three states of afterlife: Heaven is a time of glorious union with God and a life of unspeakable joy that lasts forever. Purgatory is a temporary condition for the purification of souls who, although saved, are not free enough from sin to enter directly into heaven. Souls in purgatory may be aided in reaching heaven by the prayers of the faithful on earth and by the intercession of saints. Final Damnation: Finally, those who persist in living in a state of mortal sin and do not repent before death subject themselves to hell, an everlasting separation from God. The Church teaches that no one is condemned to hell without having freely decided to reject God. No one is predestined to hell and no one can determine whether anyone else has been condemned. Catholicism teaches that through God's mercy a person can repent at any point before death and be saved. Some Catholic theologians have speculated that the souls of unbaptised infants who die in original sin are assigned to limbo although this is not an official doctrine of the Church.

Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary

Prayers and devotions to Mary are part of Catholic piety but are distinct from the worship of God. The Church holds Mary, as Perpetual Virgin and Mother of God, in special regard. Catholic beliefs concerning Mary include her Immaculate Conception without the stain of original sin and bodily assumption into heaven at the end of her life, both of which have been infallibly defined as dogma, by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and Pope Pius XII in 1950 respectively.

Mariology deals not only with her life but also her veneration in daily life, prayer and Marian art, music and architecture. Several liturgical Marian feasts are celebrated throughout the Church Year and she is honoured with many titles such as Queen of Heaven. Pope Paul VI called her Mother of the Church, because by giving birth to Christ, she is considered to be the spiritual mother to each member of the Body of Christ.

The Church has affirmed the credibility of certain Marian apparitions such as Our Lady of Lourdes, Fátima, Guadalupe and the Shrine Of Our Lady of Good Hope in Wisconsin, USA. Pilgrimages to these sites are popular Catholic devotions.

History

Catholic tradition holds that the Catholic Church was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD in Judea within the Roman Empire. The New Testament records Jesus' activities and teaching, his appointment of the twelve Apostles and his instructions to them to continue his work. The Catholic Church teaches that the coming of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, in an event known as Pentecost, signaled the beginning of the public ministry of the Church. Catholic doctrine teaches that the contemporary Catholic Church is the continuation of this early Christian community. It interprets the Confession of Peter found in the Gospel of Matthew as Christ's designation of Saint Peter the Apostle and his successors, the Bishops of Rome to be the temporal head of his Church, a doctrine known as apostolic succession.

Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's well-defined network of roads and waterways allowed for easier travel, while the Pax Romana made it safe to travel from one region to another. The government had encouraged inhabitants, especially those in urban areas, to learn Greek, and the common language allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood. Unlike most religions in the Roman Empire, however, Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods, a practice adopted from Judaism (see Idolatry). Christians' refusal to join pagan celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians–including government authorities–to fear that the Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. The resulting persecutions, although usually local and sporadic, were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalised in the 4th century.

In 313, the struggles of the Early Church were lessened by the legalisation of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine I. In 380, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor, which would persist until the fall of the Western Empire, and later, with the Eastern Roman Empire, until the Fall of Constantinople. During this time (the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils) there were considered five primary sees according to Eusebius: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, known as the Pentarchy.

After the destruction of the western Roman Empire, the church in the West was a major factor in the preservation of classical civilization, establishing monasteries, and sending missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe, as far as Ireland in the north. In the East, the Byzantine Empire preserved Orthodoxy, well after the massive invasions of Islam in the mid-7th century. The invasions of Islam devastated three of the five Patriarchal sees, capturing Jerusalem first, then Alexandria, and then finally in the mid-8th century, Antioch. The whole period of the next five centuries was dominated by the struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The battles of Poitiers, and Toulouse preserved the Catholic west, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850, and Constantinople was besieged.

Doctrine disputes and schisms

In the 11th century, already strained relations between the primarily Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West Schism, partially due to conflicts over Papal Authority. The fourth crusade, and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach. In the 16th century, in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Church engaged in a process of substantial reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation. In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment. The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent three centuries before. In 1854 Pope Pius IX with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic Bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851–1853, proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a very small breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church.

Contemporary issues

The Second Vatican Council (1962–65), initiated by Pope John XXIII, became one of the major influences on the Catholic Church in the second half of the 20th century. It intended to engage the Church more closely with the present world (''aggiornamento''), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows". It led to changes in liturgy within the Latin Church such as worship in the vernacular (local language), changes to the Church's approach to ecumenism, and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially Judaism, in its document ''Nostra Aetate''.

The Council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms; proponents of the "Spirit of Vatican II" such as Swiss theologian Hans Küng claimed Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies. Traditionalist Catholics, such as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, however, strongly criticised the council, arguing that the council's liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments," among other issues.

Social justice issues

In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly archbishop of Cracow in then-Communist Poland, became the first non-Italian Pope in 455 years. His 27-year pontificate was one of the longest in history. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last premier of the Soviet Union, credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of Communism in Europe.

The Catholic nun Mother Teresa of Calcutta was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work among India's poor. Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo won the same award in 1996 for "work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor".

Sexuality and gender issues

Soon after the close of the Second Vatican Council, Church teachings about sexuality became an issue of increasing controversy due to changing cultural attitudes in Europe and the United States (see the Sexual Revolution). In his encyclical ''Humanae Vitae'' (1968), Pope Paul VI rejected all artificial contraception (though he permitted the regulation of births by means of natural family planning), contradicting those voices in the Church that saw at the time the birth control pill as an ethically justifiable method of contraception. This teaching was continued especially by John Paul II in his encyclical ''Evangelium Vitae'', where he decried contraception and abortion as well as euthanasia as symptoms of a "culture of death" and called for a "culture of life".

Efforts in support of the ordination of women led to several rulings by the Roman Curia or Pope against the proposal, as in 1976 (''Declaration on the Question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood''), 1988 (''Mulieris Dignitatem''), and 1994 (''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis''). According to the latest ruling found in ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'', then Pope John Paul II concluded, "I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful." In defiance of these rulings, opposition groups such as Roman Catholic Womenpriests have performed alleged ordination ceremonies for women, claiming the aid of a Catholic bishop in performing the rites. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded by issuing a statement clarifying that any Catholic bishops involved in ordination ceremonies for women, as well as the women themselves if they were Catholic, would automatically receive the penalty of latae sententiae excommunication, citing canon 1378 of the Canon Law and other church laws.

Sex abuse cases

In the 1990s and 2000s, the issue of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic clergy became the subject of media coverage, legal action and public debate in the United States, Ireland, Australia and other countries. The Church was criticised for its handling of abuse complaints when it became known that some bishops had shielded accused priests, transferring them to other pastoral assignments where some continued to commit sexual offences. In response to the scandal, the Church has established formal procedures to prevent abuse, encourage reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.

References and notes

Footnotes

Citations

NOTE: ''CCC'' stands for ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''Compendium of the CCC'' are question numbers, of which there are 598.

Bibliography

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External links

Vatican.va  – official website of the Holy See

Vatican YouTube  – official YouTube channel

Category:Article Feedback Pilot * Category:Apostolic sees Category:Chalcedonianism

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Terence Guillermo, Kids Performing's Director of Vocal and Musical Theatre, headed the maiden production of Kids Performing Repertory Theatre (KPRT), NARNIA, THE MUSICAL: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe as Producer – Director in 2009. Kids Performing is Singapore's premiere performing arts school. He passed the Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music Singing Examinations with Distinction and led the first batch of Kids Performing vocal students to take the ABRSM exams with 100% passing rate and 50% of which are with Merit and Distinction.

For KPRT's second production, THE EMPEROR'S NEW CLOTHES, which opened in June 2010 at the Genexis Theatre as part of the 2nd International Kids Performing Festival (IKPF), Terence co-translated the libretto and composed incidental music.

In July 2010, West Grove Primary School's adaptation of BEAUTY AND THE BEAST opened at the National University of Singapore High School. Terence directed the musical which he has rewritten the libretto to give this well-loved classic a Singaporean flavor.

He has an extensive experience in choral performance and has been part of award-winning choirs including the world-renowned and multi-awarded Philippine Madrigal Singers – UNESCO Artist for Peace and the first and the only choir to win twice in the prestigious European Grand Prix for Choral Singing or what is known as the choral Olympics of the world. He was a delegate and soloist to the 1st Asian Choir Games in Indonesia, and has won Gold, Silver, and Category Winner awards for the Philippines. He was also a delegate to the 1st Daegu International Choral Festival in South Korea, and Cultural Center of the Philippines’ 1st Philippine International Choral Festival and 2nd National Theatre Festival. He is a member of the Philippine Choral Directors Association and choirmaster of several choirs in the Philippines and in Singapore. In June 2010, he conducted the 188-strong Kids Performing choir for the Grand Launching of the majestic Marina Bay Sands, sharing the same stage with the Singapore Philharmonic Orchestra and the legendary Diana Ross.

He is a multidisciplinary artist-professional with varied exposure and experience in the performing arts as well as information, education and communications works. He has formal education in Theater Arts, Voice, and Choral Conducting at the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Arts and Letters, UP College of Music, and the Asian School of Music, Worship and the Arts; respectively. Apart from being an artist, Terence has completed the highly specialized Strategic Communications, Planning and Evaluation Course (SCOPE) of the Johns Hopkins University, UP Los Baños College of Developmental Communication, and UP Diliman College of Mass Communications, with equivalent MA credits, and has been the IEC Specialist and Consultant for various developmental projects of European Union, Federal Republic of Germany through the Kredinstalt feur Wieneraufbau, Asian Development Bank, International Labour Organization, Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction, Government of Spain, and the Departments of Health, Agriculture, Land Reform and Energy.

Terence is also a certified IT Professional, having completed the Internet Professional Program at the Informatics International College and passing a Singapore-sanctioned certification exams.

He travels South East Asia to teach theater and music mostly for the cultural dissemination and arts enrichment projects of the Cultural Center of the Philippines, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and Celestial Fame in K.L., Malaysia. As a voice teacher, he has been the key teacher and faculty member of the Yamaha School of Music Philippines- Voice Department, producing several Champions in Yamaha’s annual inter-branch Grand Prix competition. His private voice students have won in National and International voice competitions.

He has acted in, directed and produced over a hundred theatrical and musical productions since 1985, such as Barbie as the Island Princess, L'Elisir D'Amore, La Viuda Alegre, Elias at Salome, Romeo and Juliet, Death In The Form Of A Rose, Fili 2, Ibong Adarna, Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, An Enemy of the People, Dragon Ball Z, Portrait Of An Artist As Filipino, The Wiz, Otello, Oliver, The King and I, Carousel, Jesus Christ, Superstar, Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, The Emperor's New Clothes, A Christmas Carol, Bacchae, A Nightingale Sings (Lani Misalucha Concert), Regine Velasquez Retro Concert, APO Silver Away (Apo Hiking Society Concert), “WAGI, a celebration of Filipino Victories in the Performing Arts,” BPInoy Launching (Concert of Philippine Madrigal Singers and Lea Salonga), Pinoy ICONcert | ICONnect, Concert at the Park, h t t p : / / w w w . CLARETIANO . c o m e ! ! !, As Long As I Have Music, Pag-ibig Ang Naghahari, Sing Me To Heaven, Acclamation!, Reel Tracks, Women’s Arts Festival, Some Enchanted Evening, and In High Spirits to name a few. He was the musical director of “Search for the Amazing Philippine Singing Star,” a national television singing competition. His compositions have been used intensively locally and internationally by the Philippine Information Agency and some of his albums have been circulated in 62 countries.

Publication / Print media projects

''Project Officer, Art Director, layout Artist and Book Cover Designer'' for selected publications of the Philippine Centennial Commission in partnership with various publishers and institutions such as the Asian Institute of Journalism & Communication, A.T.S. & Associates, Cavite Historical Society, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, New Day Publishers, Philippine Historical Association, Philippine Postal Corporation, Tawid Publications, Trademark Publishing Corporation, among others: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo ni Jose Rizal, Salin ni Virgilio Almario (1998), Mga Himig Ng Kalayaan (1998), Pilipinas ’98, A Philippine Centennial Philatelic Handbook (in commemoration of the Centenary of Philippine Postal Service) (1998), among others; Virtuoso Events Services’ Ludwig Van Beethoven: the 5 piano concertos in commemoration of the composer’s 180th Death Anniversary (2007), Family Rosary Crusade’s 1591- 2001 Family Rosary Crusade. The 50th Anniversary of the Family Rosary Crusade in the Philippines (2001) European Union / Department of Health’s Iwas Peligro, Tulong-tulong Tayo. Isang Kwento Tungkol sa Proseso ng Referral (2001) Women Leaders: Empowering Communities for Better Health. Annual Report to the Public (2000), Women's Arts Festival: Visions, Voices and Verses: Celebrating Women’s Health through Arts (2000), Reproductive Health Modules - 12 sets (1999), and Unlad Kabayan Migrant Services Foundation, Inc.’s Planning Your Re-entry. Filipino Migrant Workers Orientation Course. Migrant Savings for Alternative Investments (2001)

''Logo Designer'' for KnightWinds (2005), Crossbridge Multimedia (2003), Shapes, Shades & Sounds (2003), Doc’s Helping Hand (2003), Les Chanteuses (2002), Himig Male Ensemble (2000),and Edunet (1999).

''Art Director'' for various exhibits SPOTS Project Exhibit, Manila Peninsula, Makati City (2004), San Beda College Chorale Organization Exhibit (2004), SPOTS Project Exhibit, Dynasty Hotel, Cagayan de Oro City (2003), SPOTS Project Billboard Markers in Mindanao (2003), INFRES Project Exhibit, Department of Agriculture, Q.C. (2003), Women’s Health and Safe Motherhood Project – Partnerships Component Exhibit premiered in Mercure Hotel, Davao City and subsequently brought to other venues nationwide (1999–2000), Philippine Centennial Commission Exhibits in various parts of the country (1998–1999) and promotional materials (poster, flyer, brochure, etc.) of MyFarm Garden Resort (2008), Philippine Chamber of Commerce, Inc. (2008), Employers Confederation of the Philippines (2008), San Beda College Chorale (2004), DXN Products (2003), Forever Living Products (2003), Immaculate Conception Parochial School (2003), Ayala Land, Inc. (2003), and Parish of the Holy Sacrifice (2001).

''Editor-In-Chief / Layout Artist'' of Tanglaw. The Official Publication of Claret School of Q.C. (1991–1992).

Notes

Category:Theatre in Singapore Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing

Coordinates	44°24′48″N79°40′48″N
name	Dingdong Dantes
birth name	Jose Sixto Gonzalez Dantes III
birth date	August 04, 1980
birth place	Quezon City, Philippines
years active	1992–present
height
occupation	model, host, director, television and film actor
othername	Raphael Dantes, Dong, Dingdong, Iñaki, Cholo, Johnny
homepage	http://www.igma.tv/profile/dingdong-dantes }}

Jose Sixto Raphael Gonzalez Dantes III, popularly known as Dingdong Dantes, is a director/actor and model, born on August 2, 1980 in Quezon City, Philippines.

Career

Early years

He is the son of Jose Dantes, Jr. and Angeline Gonzalez Dantes. Dantes began his career as a child model, appearing in a dairy product commercial when he was two years old. Several other commercials followed before he became part of an all-male dance group called Abztract Dancers, with his friend, actor Dino Guevarra, and his cousin, actor, Arthur Solinap. Their group became regulars on ''Eat Bulaga'' and ''That's Entertainment''.

As an actor, he debuted on GMA Network's youth-oriented ''T.G.I.S.'' when he was 17, under the name Raphael Dantes playing the role of Iñaki. He appeared in films like ''Honey My Love So Sweet'' and ''I'm Sorry My Love'', and television programmes including ''Anna Karenina'' and did a few guesting stints on ABS-CBN such as a ''F.L.A.M.E.S.'' episode, a youth-oriented romantic-drama anthology with different love teams and stories that aired from 1996 to 2002.

2000-2001

In 2000, Dantes appeared in the sitcom ''Super Klenk'' with Ara Mina.

In 2001, Dantes was paired with actress Tanya Garcia as they top-billed GMA-7's primetime soap opera series ''Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga''. The two headlined in another primetime romance-drama billing in 2003 titled ''Twin Hearts''. Dantes then took on several hosting jobs including beauty pageants such as the prestigious Binibining Pilipinas and GMA Network's reality artist search, ''StarStruck'', a role he retained for a few seasons, and the game show ''Family Feud'' before its transfer to Edu Manzano.

Aside from his television stints, Dantes appeared in films including ''Magkapatid'' and ''Pangarap Ko Ang Ibigin Ka''.

Dantes hosts the suspense-thriller ''Wag Kukurap'', occasionally directing. He played King Ybrahim in the ''Encantadia'' fantasy-themed television saga and the 2006 film ''Moments of Love''.

2007-present

In 2007, Dantes portrayed the lead role Sergio. During the same period, he was named No. 1 Bachelor of 2007 by ''Cosmopolitan Magazine'' (Philippines). He won the USTV Students’ Choice Award for "Most Popular Actor in a Drama/Mini-series."

In 2008, he was cast by his home studio to play the role of Fredo, love interest of ''Dyesebel''. In March 2008, he debuted as the Bench image model.

On 22 August 2008, Dantes was chosen as one of the "25 Sexiest Men of the World" in the Entertainment Television special. Dantes was the only Filipino in the list and the highest-ranking Asian, placing third.

Also in 2008, Dantes starred in ''One True Love''. The Cinema Evaluation Board of the Philippines rated the film a B. In early 2009, Dantes appeared on ''Ang Babaeng Hinugot Sa Aking Tadyang''.

Dantes was chosen as Myx Guest VJ in August 2009 to promote his album ''The Dingdong Dantes Experience''. The album turned gold one week after it was released on the variety show ''SOP''.

Dantes was chosen to portray the role of "Cholo" in the Philippine adaptation of the Korean drama ''Stairway To Heaven''. He will replace Richard Gomez as the new host for ''Family Feud''.

In 2010, Dantes was scheduled to release ''You Are To Me Are Everything''. He's part of Regine Velasquez and Ogie Alcasid U.S. tour mid May–June. He appeared in the television show ''Endless Love'' from 25 June to 15 October 2010.

In 2010, Dantes became a cohost of Party Pilipinas on channel 7. He won the "Best Drama Actor Award" for ''Stairway To Heaven'' in the 2010 Star Awards for TV and was nominated for the same category at the 2010 Asian Television Awards.

In 2011, Dantes is scheduled to appear in Viva Film's ''Ang Mundo Ni Andong Agimat'', co-produced by Unitel Pictures and GMA Films.

Filmography

Television

TelevisionT.G.I.S. Hati-Hating Kapatid guest celebrity VJ for August Guest

Year	Title	Role
1995	|	Iñaki Torres	GMA Network
rowspan="2"	1996	Anna Karenina (Philippine TV series)>Anna Karenina
Wag Kukurap
rowspan="5"	1997	SOP (Philippine TV series) > SOP
Mikee	Various
Campus Romance	Various
Jamming	Host/Performer
Growing Up	Guest
rowspan="3"	1999	GMA Love Stories
	Dear Mikee	Various
GMA Mini-Series	Various
rowspan="5"	2000	|	Various	rowspan="3"
Kagat Ng Dilim	Various
Wow		Guest Appearance
Kakabakaba
Super Klenk	Various
2001	GMA Telecine Specials
2002	Sana Ay Ikaw Na Nga
rowspan="2"	2003	Twin Hearts
Magpakailanman	Various
rowspan="2"	2004	Love to Love (TV series)>Love to Love: Sweet Exchange
Wag Kukurap	Host
rowspan="4"	2005	Maynila (TV series)>Maynila
Kakabaka-boo	Various
Encantadia	Ybarro / Ybrahim
Etheria	Ybarro / Ybrahim
rowspan="2"	2006	Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas
Atlantika	Aquano
rowspan="2"	2007	MariMar
Magic Kamison	Rudy
rowspan="2"	2008	Dyesebel (TV series)>Dyesebel
Obra (TV series)	Obra Presents: Boksinera	Various
rowspan="6"	2009	Ang Babaeng Hinugot sa Aking Tadyang
Stairway to Heaven (Philippine TV series)	Stairway to Heaven	Cholo Fuentebella
Family Feud	host
myx	My MYX		MYX Network
myx	Pop MYX	guest celebrity VJ for August
Quickfire (TV show)	Quickfire: 10 Minute Kitchen Wonder		QTV Network
rowspan="4"	2010	Sarap At Home
Party Pilipinas
Diva (Philippine TV series)	Diva	Cameo Appearance
Endless Love (Philippine TV series)	Endless Love	Johnny Dizon
rowspan="5"	2011	I Heart You, Pare
Spooky Nights>Spooky Nights Presents: Bampirella	Alfonso
Mind Master	Host
Spooky Nights	Spooky Nights Presents: Da Mami	Franco
Spooky Nights	Spooky Nights: Ang Mama Kong Mamaw	Bongbong

Movies

Films

Year	Title	Role
rowspan="2"	2011	''Aswang Chronicles ''
'' Ang Mundo Ni Andong Agimat (Dingdong's comeback to Viva Films) ''	Andong Agimat
2010	You to Me Are Everything (film)>You to Me Are Everything ''
2009	Kimmy Dora>Kimmy Dora: Kambal sa Kiyeme ''
2008	''One True Love ''
rowspan="2"	2007	'' Resiklo ''
'' MariMar ''	Serigo
2006	'' Eternity ''
rowspan="3"	2005	'' Moments of Love ''
'' Mulawin The Movie ''	Ybrahim
'' Bahay ni Lola 2 ''	Rupert
rowspan="2"	2004	'' Spirit of the Glass ''
'' Annie B. ''	Fernando
rowspan="2"	2003	'' Malikmata''
'' Pangarap ko ang Ibigin ka''	Kevin
rowspan="2"	2002	'' Magkapatid ''
'' Akala mo''	Eric
rowspan="2"	1999	'' Kiss Mo 'Ko''
'' Honey, My Love, So Sweet''	Paco
1998	'' I'm Sorry, My Love ''
1994	'' Shake Rattle & Roll 5''
1994	''Hindi Magbabago''
1993	''Edgardo Gang: Santa Rosa Daang''
1993	''Makati Avenue Office Girls''
1992	'' Takbo Talon Tili''
1987	'' Foward March ''
		Discography	Albums

Title ''the Dingdong Dantes experience''

Year	|	Record Label	Certifications
''2009''	|	''Universal Records''	''Gold''

Awards

Film Award/Critics ''24th PMPC Star Awards for TV''

Year	|	Award/Nomination	Result
rowspan="2"	2010	|	''Best Drama Actor'' Winner for "Stairway To Heaven"
15th Asian Television Awards	''Best Actor'' nomination for ''Stairway to Heaven''
rowspan="5"	2009	''Guillermo Memorial Scholarship Award''
''SOP's Kapuso Tag Awards''	''Kapuso Male Fave-Artist''
''SOP's Kapuso Tag Awards''	'' Most Kapuso Blopped with Marian Rivera''
''SOP's Kapuso Tag Awards''	'' Most Romantic Kapuso Smooch with Marian Rivera''
''Yes Magazine: Most Powerful in Showbiz	'' Rank#7''
rowspan="7"	2008	''Philippines Walk Of Fame''
''Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Award''	''Favorite Actor of the Year''
''E	Entertainment Television Hollywood''	''3rd of the 25 Sexiest Men in the World''
''Yes Magazine Readers Choice Awards''	''Most Popular Loveteam (with Marian Rivera)'' and ''Young Male Superstar Rank No.1''
''56th FAMAS Awards''	''Best Supporting Actor'' nomination for Resiklo
''24th PMPC Award for Movies''	''Movie Director of the Year'' nomination for Angels
''4th USTV Students' Choice Awards''	''Most Popular Actor in a Drama/Miniseries'' winner for MariMar
rowspan="3"	2007	''Cosmopolitan Magazine''
''1st Annual Fil-Am Visionary Awards''	''Favorite Television Actor' winner for MariMar
''21st PMPC Star Awards for Television''	StarStruck (Philippine TV series)>StarStruck: The Next Level
2005	'' ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards''
2004

References

External links

Category:1980 births Category:Filipino actors Category:Filipino child actors Category:Filipino film actors Category:Filipino television actors Category:Filipino television personalities Category:Filipino television directors Category:GMA Artist Center Category:Living people Category:People from Quezon City

ceb:Dingdong Dantes ms:Dingdong Dantes tl:Dingdong Dantes

Coordinates	44°24′48″N79°40′48″N
alt	Gary Jules performing live at the Hotel Café on December 9, 2008
name	Gary Jules
background	solo_singer
birth name	Gary Jules Aguirre, Jr.
birth date	March 19, 1969San Diego, California,
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele
genre	Rock, folk, alternative rock
website	www.garyjules.com }}

Gary Jules (born March 19, 1969 as Gary Jules Aguirre, Jr.) is an American singer-songwriter, best known for his cover of Tears for Fears' third single "Mad World", which he recorded together with friend Michael Andrews for the film ''Donnie Darko''. It became the UK Christmas Number One single of 2003. Since then it has been used on popular American TV shows, in a commercial for the critically acclaimed video game ''Gears of War'', an episode of ''CSI: Las Vegas'', and a Season 5 episode of the medical drama ''House''.

Some of Jules' early projects/bands were The Ivory Knights, Our Town Pansies, Woodenfish, Kofi, The Origin, Invisible, No poetry, and Heroes and Heroin. His 2003 residency at the Los Angeles Hotel Café helped develop the venue as a successful singer/songwriter venue.

Songs

Gary Jules recorded a cover of the song "Mad World" (by Tears For Fears) for the film ''Donnie Darko'' and later released it as a single in December 2003. It was a huge success becoming the Christmas No. 1 in the UK. It has also become a popular choice for background music in numerous television dramas. The song was used repeatedly during James Franco's acting stint on ''General Hospital'', playing the part of a homicidal artist named Franco. In one episode of the television show ''Without a Trace'', the Jules' version of Mad World was played during the last part of the episode and into the credits. The song was also featured in the TV series ''Smallville'', and during the beginning of the ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' episode, the trailer for ''The Crazies''," as well as in The Cavaliers Drum and Bugle Corps' 2010 Production "Mad World." Most recently, it was used on the new series ''Stolen voices, Buried secrets'' from Investigation Discovery and also in Silent Witness episode 61 (3rd episode of season 10), part one of ''Terminus''.

''American Idol'' contestant Adam Lambert sang Jules's version of "Mad World" for the top 8 performance, which was highly praised by the judges and viewers, and repeated the song in a different dramatic presentation for the top 2 performance, as well as during the American Idols Live! 2009 tour. Following the performance, Jules's version of "Mad World" shot up to #11 on the iTunes store. Jules has stated he did well until he added a long drawn out note at the end.

His song "Gone Daddy" is based upon his family and himself relocating to North Carolina. When living in L.A. a neighbor was gunned down at night. While the police were investigating the shooting, Gary approached one of the officers and explained that his child was trying to take a nap. Gary asked if the officer knew when they would be finished. The officer told Gary he did not know, but he could always leave L.A. So, Gary did.

His song "Wichita" was inspired by a class Gary took at UCLA regarding Native American history. There was a story about how the Native Americans followed the buffalo around the nation to survive, and when the "white men" finished the intercontinental railroad, the buffalo started to head back south. When they came upon the railroad, the buffalo would not cross it, and millions of them died. Gary has only spent one night in the actual city of Wichita.

Gary has stated that "No Poetry" is possibly his favorite song he has written. His song "Something Else" was featured on the Season 5 episode "My Fallen Idol" of the NBC TV show ''Scrubs''.

Gary also sang on the Esquimaux song "Honey & Dear" from their album ''Perfecto!''.

Career

Music videos

"Mad World" Directed by Michel Gondry (2004)

"Broke Window"

"Beautiful". Stop animation by Tony Clavelli. (2009)

Television appearances

''Appearances on television as himself''

RI:SE

*Aired December 16, 2003

Friday Night with Jonathan Ross

*Episode #5.14 2003

Top of the Pops

*"Mad World" with Michael Andrews. Aired December 19, 2003

Top of the Pops NL

*Episode #1.165 2004

Today with Des and Mel

*Aired February 12, 2004

The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

*Aired March 29, 2004

XETV Fox Rox

*April 8, 2004

Never Mind the Buzzcocks

*Episode #14.7 2004

SWR3 Ringfrei

*"Mad World"

Last Call with Carson Daly

*Aired June 5, 2007

RTL German TV

*Performed World" Aired January 22, 2010

Television placements

CBS CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

*”Mad World” (Season 1, episode 1-''Pilot''. Aired October 6, 2000.)

The WB Smallville

*“Mad World” (Season 2, episode 11-''Visage''. Aired January 14, 2003.)

NBC Third Watch

*”Mad World” (Season 4, episode 15-''Collateral Damage: Part 2''. Aired February 10, 2003.)

CBS Without A Trace

*"Mad World" (Season 2, episode 1-''The Bus''. Aired September 25, 2003.)

ABC Alias

*”Something Else” (Season 3, episode 3-''Reunion''. Aired October 12, 2003.)

CBS CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

*”Mad World” (Season 6, episode 2-''Room Service''. Aired September 29, 2005.)

CBS CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

*”Mad World” (Season 6, episode 14-''Killer''. Aired February 2, 2006.)

NBC Scrubs

*”Something Else” (Season 5, episode 21-''My Fallen Idol''. Aired May 2, 2006.)

CBS CSI: Crime Scene Investigation

*”Mad World” (Season 6, episode 24-''Way To Go''. Aired May 18, 2006.)

ABC Grey’s Anatomy

*”Falling Awake” (Season 3, episode 12-''Six Days: Part 2''. Aired January 4, 2007.)

CBS Jericho

*”Mad World” (Season 1, episode 17-''One Man’s Terrorist''. Aired April 4, 2007.)

ABC Brothers & Sisters

*“Falling Awake” (Season 1, episode 21-''Grapes of Wrath''. Aired May 6, 2007.)

TV3 Colors en sèrie (Spain)

*”Mad World” (''Negre: El túnel al final de la llum''.2007)

A&E; The Cleaner

*”Mad World” (Season 1, episode 6-''To Catch a Fed''. Aired August 26, 2008.)

CW 90210

*”Greetings from the Side” (Season 1, episode 9-''Secrets and Lies''. Aired November 4, 2008.)

NBC Friday Night Lights

*”Beautiful” (Season 3, episode 13-''Tomorrow Blues''. Aired January 14, 2009.)

NBC-Life

*"Been A Long Time" (Episode 215-I Heart Mom. Aired February 18, 2009)

FX-Nip/Tuck

*"Mad World" (Season 6, episode 2 ''Enigma'' Aired October 21, 2009.)

CW Life Unexpected

*”Falling Awake” (Season 1, episode 1-''Pilot''. Aired January 18, 2010.)

ABC Private Practice

*”The Old Days Are Gone” (Season 3, episode 12-''Best Laid Plans''. Aired January 21, 2010.)

ABC General Hospital

*”Mad World”

**Episode #1.11938 (19 November 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11939 (20 November 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11940 (23 November 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11941 (24 November 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11943 (30 November 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11945 (2 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11951 (10 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11952 (11 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11953 (14 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11956 (17 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11957 (18 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11958 (21 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11961 (28 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11962 (29 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11963 (30 December 2009) - Franco

**Episode #1.11964 (4 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11965 (5 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11966 (6 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11967 (7 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11968 (8 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11969 (11 January 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11984 (1 February 2010) - Franco

**Episode #1.11985 (2 February 2010) - Franco

FOX So You Think You Can Dance?

*”Mad World" (alternate version) (Season 7, week 7. Aired July 28, 2010.)

ID Investigation Discovery Stolen Voices, Buried Secrets

*"Mad World (2011)

SYFY Being Human

*"Mad World" (Season 1, Episode 9 Aired March 2011.)

Movie placements

Digging to China (1998)

*“Greetings from the Side”

Donnie Darko (2001)

*”Mad World”

Catch and Release (2006)

*”Pills”

Lost Islands (2008)

*"Mad World"

Fireflies in the Garden (2008)

*"Greetings from the Side"

The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009)

*"Mad World"

I Will Follow You Into The Dark (2010)

*"Mad World"

Trailers

Xbox 360 Gears of War-trailer (2006)

*"Mad World"

The Cleaner (2008)

*"Mad World"

The Crazies-trailer (2009)

*"Mad World"

Documentaries

''Michel Gondry 2: More Videos (Before and After DVD 1)'' (2009)

*appears in the "Mad World" segment

Joseph Aguirre's "Next Year Country" (2009)

*soundtrack music

Theater

Playwright Stephen Adly Guirgis refers to Gary Jules in his play ''The Little Flower of East Orange.'' This show, directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman and starring Ellen Burstyn, premiered at the Public Theater in New York on April 6, 2008. The songs “Goodnight Billie” and “Little Greenie” were featured in this production. In the acknowledgments section of the Faber and Faber, Inc. published version of the play, Guirgis writes, “SPECIAL THANKS TO GARY JULES FOR THE MUSIC.”

Act one, scene three: ''NADINE hits Play. It’s “Little Greenie” by Gary Jules.'' NADINE:''Okay...One time, I was gonna kill myself, but then I played this Gary Jules song like twenty-seven times.''

Discography

Albums

''Greetings from the Side'' – 1998

''Trading Snakeoil for Wolftickets'' – 2001, U.S. #144

''Gary Jules'' – 2006

''Bird'' – 2008

EPs

Live at Lime Presents Gary Jules-2009

Daytrotter Session – 2009

Compilations

Ministry of Sound:''Chillout Sessions: Summer Collection 2003'' (2003)

*Track 1 “Mad World”

Echo: ''Acoustic 3'' (2003)

*Disc 1 Track 3 “Mad World”

''Now That’s What I Call Music! 56'' (2003)

*Disc 2 Track 21 “Mad World”

KSGR 107.1: ''Broadcasts Volume 12'' (2004)

*Disc 2 Track 5 “Mad World”

Sanctuary TV: ''The Essential Acoustic Album'' (2004)

*Disc 1 Track 1 “Mad World”

Rolling Stone Deutschland: ''New Noises, Volume 64'' (2004)

*Track 7 “Pills”

Sony Music TV: ''The All Time Greatest Love Songs'' (2004)

*Disc 1 Track 9 “Mad World”

Virgin Records-UK: ''Now That’s What I Call Music!: Years'' (2004)

*Disc 3 Track 2 “Mad World”

BMG TV: ''The Ultimate Smooth Album'' (2004)

*Disc 2 Track 2 “Mad World”

Sony Music TV: ''Natural Woman: The Autumn Collection'' (2004)

*Track 19 “Mad World”

BMG TV: ''Beautiful: the New Collections Autumn'' (2004)

*Track 17 “Mad World”

Warner UK: ''The Ultimate All Time Classic Tearjerkers'' (2004)

*Disc 1 Track 1 “Mad World”

Alice 97.3: ''This is Alice Music, Volume 8'' (2004)

*Track 12 “Mad World”

MSI Music Distribution: ''Hits 60'' (2004)

*Track 38 “Mad World”

RCA Records (USA): ''Nightfly, Volume One'' (2004)

*Track 32 “Mad World (Remix)”

Messenger Records: ''Wouldn’t It Be Beautiful?'' (2005)

*Track 6 “Patchwork G”

*Track 8 “Broke Window”

Rounder Select: ''Trampoline Records Greatest Hits, Volume One'' (2005)

*Track 4 “Dtla”

Starbucks’: ''Sweetheart: Love Songs''(2005)

*Track 5 “How Can I Tell You’’ Cat Stevens cover

KCRW: ''Sounds Eclectic: The Covers Project'' (2007)

*Track 10 “Mad World”

Circle Back Music: ''Songs for a Broken Heart'' (2008)

*Track 12 "No Poetry"

Robin Danar: ''Altered States'' (2008)

*Track 12 “Weirdo” The Charlatans cover

Collaborations

Michael Andrews - ''Donnie Darko'' (2001)

*Track 17 "Mad World" and Track 18 "Mad World (Alternate Mix)" (featured)

Jim Bianco - ''Handsome Devil'' (2004)

*Track 6 "Tennessee Wedding" (background vocals)

Esquimaux - ''perfecto!'' (2005)

*Track 12 "Honey & Dear" (featured)

Jim Bianco - ''Sing'' (2008)

*Track 2 "Sing" and Track 6 "If Your Mama Knew" (background vocals)

Angel Taylor - ''Love Travels'' (2009)

*guitar, mandolin, background vocals

Quotations

"Ideally, I would love to sing for an audience of 3,000 (or 30,000) people who are so cool that it feels like 3 people. I like to try and connect on a very personal level, and I'd like nothing more than for 3,000 people to come together and have an extremely intimate experience all-together at my shows."

"I think one could make a very good argument that a lot of art, particularly music, is born of suffering. I think the person who writes songs with a deeper resonance makes it their business to think about things like that."

"As far as advice for struggling artists, I'd say separating your art from struggle is the worst mistake you can make. If you really want to be an artist, expect to be struggling forever. You'll struggle to get recognition and once you get recognition you'll have to struggle to change people's opinion when you want to do something slightly different. You have to love exactly what it is you're doing. You have to love the work in order to get by. If you do love it, it doesn't matter what the rest of the world thinks, which is the greatest part."

"I found out that people through the ages are exactly the same as now, they had the same issues, the same desires. One thing that's clear when you read old literature is that there are some great universal truths — things like fart jokes, guys screwing other people's wives and the hunger for power."

References

External links

Official Website

Gary Jules on Myspace

Gary Jules on Facebook

Gary Jules on IMDb

Gary Jules on CDBaby

Gary Jules on iTunes

Gary Jules collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Gary Jules on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic with Nic Harcourt 07.03.02

Gary Jules on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic with Nic Harcourt 04.27.04

Gary Jules on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic with Nic Harcourt 11.21.08

Gary Jules on NPR's Mountain Stage 2009

Gary Jules live at Daytrotter 2009 session

Gary Jules at AOL Music

Gary Jules on The TV Guide Channel's M Vids July 2007

Gary Jules featured on MSNBC's "Your Business" circa 2006

Interview with WickedInfo.com

Category:1969 births Category:People from Fresno, California Category:People from San Diego, California Category:Living people Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni Category:American male singers Category:American rock singers Category:Songwriters from California Category:American musicians Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American acoustic guitarists Category:Musicians from California Category:Ivor Novello Award winners

de:Gary Jules es:Gary Jules fr:Gary Jules hr:Gary Jules it:Gary Jules nl:Gary Jules pt:Gary Jules simple:Gary Jules fi:Gary Jules sv:Gary Jules