''Gaucho'' () is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American pampas, chacos, or Patagonian grasslands, found principally in parts of Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Chile, and Southern Brazil. In Brazil, ''GaĂşcho'' () is also used to designate people from the state of Rio Grande do Sul in general.

The word ''gaucho'' could be described as a loose equivalent to the North American "cowboy" (''vaquero'', in Spanish). Like the North American word ''cowboy'', Venezuelan or Colombian ''llanero'', or Chilean huaso, or the Mexican ''charro'', the term often connotes the 19th century more than the present day; then gauchos made up the majority of the rural population, herding cattle on the vast estancias, and practising hunting as their main economic activities. The word "gaucho" is sometimes used to refer to chimichurri, a steak sauce common to Argentina.

There are several conflicting hypotheses concerning the origin of the term. It may derive from the Mapuche ''cauchu'' ("vagabond") or from the Quechua ''huachu'' ("orphan"), which gives also a different word in Spanish "''guacho''". The first recorded uses of the term date from around the time of Argentine independence in 1816.

History

Cattle were brought to the Pampas from Paraguay in 1580, by the colonial expedition of Juan de Garay. In the 18th century, the ''gauderios'', who lived by hunting wild cattle, were recorded, most famously by the travel writer Alonso CarriĂł de la Vandera, when he passed through what is now northern Argentina. Commercial cattle ranching began in the second half of the 18th century.

Gauchos were generally nomadic, and lived in the Pampas, the plain that extends north from Patagonia, bounded on the west by the Andes and extending on the east to Uruguay and the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. These nomadic riders lived by hunting wild cattle. Most gauchos were of Spanish and/or Portuguese and/or Amerindian (native American) ancestry. There are also gauchos of largely African or part African ancestry as well.

An ''inconclusive'' genetic study conducted by FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) in 2007 detected an Amerindian with a, perhaps, stronger Spanish than Portuguese admixture in Brazilian gaúchos. A small African admixture was also found. The area that is Rio Grande do Sul belonged to the Spanish Crown for over two centuries before it became a Portuguese possession in 1750 (Treaty of Madrid). The results of the study were not conclusive, and raised questions that will require further attention. The study clearly showed that their MtDNA has much stronger affinities with Amerindian MtDNA in Argentina and Uruguay than with Amerindian MtDNA from other parts of Brazil and suggests that this is probably due to genetic ancestry from the now extinct Pampean Indians (Charrúa, Minuano).

Some gauchos were recorded as being in the Falkland Islands, and have left a few Spanish words in the local dialect e.g. ''camp'' from ''campo''.

Culture

The gaucho plays an important symbolic role in the nationalist feelings of this region, especially that of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The epic poem ''Martín Fierro'' by José Hernández (considered by some the national epic of Argentina) used the gaucho as a symbol against corruption and of Argentine national tradition, pitted against Europeanising tendencies. Martín Fierro, the hero of the poem, is drafted into the Argentine military for a border war, deserts, and becomes an outlaw and fugitive. The image of the free gaucho is often contrasted to the slaves who worked the northern Brazilian lands. Further literary descriptions are found in Ricardo Güiraldes' ''Don Segundo Sombra''. Like the North American cowboys, as discussed in Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas, gauchos were generally reputed to be strong, honest, silent types, but proud and capable of violence when provoked. The gaucho tendency to violence over petty matters is also recognized as a typical trait. Gauchos' use of the famous "facón" (large knife generally tucked into the rear of the gaucho sash) is legendary, often associated with considerable bloodletting. Historically, the facón was typically the only eating instrument that a gaucho carried.

Also like the cowboy, as shown in Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas, gauchos were and remain proud and great horseriders. Typically, a gaucho's horse constituted most of what he owned in the world. During the wars of the 19th century in the Southern Cone, the cavalries on all sides were composed almost entirely of gauchos. In Argentina, gaucho armies such as that of MartĂ­n Miguel de GĂĽemes, slowed Spanish advances. Furthermore, many caudillos relied on gaucho armies to control the Argentine provinces. The gaucho diet was composed almost entirely of beef while on the range, supplemented by ''yerba mate'', an herbal tea-like drink rich in caffeine and nutrients. Argentine cooking draws influence from the simple but delicious recipes used in gaucho meals.

Gauchos dressed quite distinctly from North American cowboys, and used ''bolas'' or ''boleadoras'' - in Portuguese ''boleadeiras'' - (three leather bound rocks tied together with approximately three feet long leather straps) in addition to the familiar "North American" lariat or riata. The typical gaucho outfit would include a ''poncho'' (which doubled as a saddle blanket and as sleeping gear), a ''facón'' (large knife), a ''rebenque'' (leather whip), and loose-fitting trousers called ''bombachas'', belted with a ''tirador'', or a ''chiripá'', a piece of cloth used in the fashion—but not the function—of a diaper. In the wintertime, gauchos wore heavy wool ponchos to protect against cold. Nowadays, working gauchos are as likely to be found in overalls and wellington boots as in their traditional dress.

Just as the disappearance of the "Wild West" of the United States altered the character and employment of "cowboys" so too did the nature of gauchos become changed. Those with urban and academic orientations typically continue to cling to an image of gauchos that is no longer accurate or consistent with contemporary rural realities.

Modern influences

GaĂşcho is also the common denomination of the current inhabitants of the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul.

''Gauchito'' (a boy in the Argentine colors and a gaucho hat) was the mascot for the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

In popular culture

''Way of a Gaucho'' 1952 film starring Gene Tierney and Rory Calhoun.

"The Gaucho" was a 1927 film starring Douglas Fairbanks. In it he plays the Gaucho, a heroic leader of a gang of outlaws that try to save a city overtaken by an evil general.

''La Guerra Gaucha'' was a 1942 Argentine film set during the Gaucho war in Salta, northern Argentina, in 1817. It is considered a classic of Argentine cinema.

DC Comics owns two characters named El Gaucho. One was a Wonder Woman villain equipped with a flying robot horse and an electric lasso (from ''Wonder Woman'' #263) and the other one is an Argentinian masked hero (see Batmen of All Nations).

''Gaucho'' is the name of the 1980 album by American jazz fusion band Steely Dan, which featured a song by the same name.

"Gaucho" is the codename of a soldier in Pallitoy's Action Force toyline. The figure was a repaint of the G.I. Joe Gung Ho figure. Gaucho was mistakenly listed as being of Mexican nationality, however.

"Gaucho" is the name of a chain of upscale steak houses in London.

Some teams are called the Gauchos, such as the San Diego Gauchos soccer team and the University of California, Santa Barbara Gauchos athletic teams.

Gallery

See also

Charro

Estancia

Stockman

References

External links

Confederacion Gaucha Argentina Folklore del Norte Argentino Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho Página do Gaúcho

Aldo Sessas – Gauchos

Richard W. Slatta – Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier

Richard W. Slatta -- Cowboys of the Americas

The Gauchos- Horsemen of the Pampas

The Gaucho Tradition

Category:Agricultural occupations (animal) Category:American cattlemen Category:Argentine culture Category:Brazilian culture Category:Chilean culture Category:Culture in Rio Grande do Sul Category:Pastoralists Category:Quechua loanwords Category:Rio Grande do Sul Category:Uruguayan culture

bg:Đ“Đ°Ń?чо ca:Gautxo ceb:Gawtso cs:GauÄŤo de:Gaucho es:Gaucho eo:Gaŭĉo eu:Gautxo fr:Gaucho ga:Gaucho ko:가우ě´? id:Gaucho it:Gaucho he:×’×?וצ'ו lt:GauÄŤas ms:Gaucho nl:Gaucho ja:ガウă??ă?§ no:Gaucho oc:Gaucho pl:Gaucho pt:GaĂşcho ru:Đ“Đ°Ń?чо simple:Gaucho sk:GauÄŤo sr:GauÄŤo sh:GauÄŤo fi:Gaucho sv:Gaucho tr:Gaucho (meslek) uk:Đ“Đ°Ń?чо

Name	Jeff Porcaro
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Jeffrey Thomas Porcaro
Born	April 01, 1954Hartford, Connecticut
Died	August 05, 1992Los Angeles, California, United States
Instrument	percussion
Genre	Hard rock, pop rock, AOR, progressive rock, jazz
Occupation	Session Musician, producer
Years active	1971–1992
Associated acts	Toto, Sonny and Cher, Steely Dan, Boz Scaggs, Clover
Website	}}

Jeffrey Thomas "Jeff" Porcaro (April 1, 1954 – August 5, 1992) was an American session drummer and a founding member of the Grammy Award winning band Toto. Porcaro was one of the most recorded drummers in history, working on hundreds of albums and thousands of sessions. While already an established studio player in the 1970s, he shot to prominence in the US as the drummer on the Steely Dan album ''Katy Lied''. Allmusic has characterized him as "arguably the most highly regarded studio drummer in rock from the mid-'70s to the early '90s", further stating that "It is no exaggeration to say that the sound of mainstream pop/rock drumming in the 1980s was, to a large extent, the sound of Jeff Porcaro."

Biography

Personal life

Porcaro was born in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, the eldest son of Los Angeles session percussionist Joe Porcaro. His brothers Steve Porcaro and Mike Porcaro are both still active session musicians. Porcaro was raised in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles and attended Ulysses S. Grant High School.

On October 22, 1983, Porcaro married Susan Norris, a Los Angeles television newscaster. They had three sons, Christopher Joseph (born July 3, 1984), Miles Edwin Crawford (born June 12, 1986), and Nico Hendrix (born December 26, 1991).

Career

Porcaro began playing at the age of seven. Lessons came from his father Joe Porcaro, and a drum teacher from Australia named Bukuru followed by further studies with Bob Zimmitti and Richie Lepore.

When he was seventeen, Porcaro got his first professional gig playing in Sonny and Cher's touring band. During his 20s, he played on hundreds of albums, including several for Steely Dan. He toured with Boz Scaggs, before co-founding Toto with his brother Steve and childhood friends Steve Lukather and David Paich.

Besides his work with Toto, he also performed as a session musician with artists such as Paul McCartney, Dire Straits, Willy DeVille, Jackson Browne, Donald Fagen, Steely Dan, Rickie Lee Jones, Michael Jackson, Go West, Nik Kershaw, Love and Money, Paul Simon, Don Henley, Madonna, Airplay, Al Jarreau, George Benson, the Manhattan Transfer, America, Peter Frampton, the Bee Gees, Clair Marlo, Tom Scott, Michael McDonald, Amy Holland, Joe Cocker, Stan Getz, SĂ©rgio Mendes, Lee Ritenour, Christopher Cross, James Newton-Howard, Timothy B. Schmit, Joe Walsh, Jim Messina, Poco, Exile, the Four Tops, Barbra Streisand, Diana Ross, Natalie Cole, Les Dudek, Warren Zevon, Bonnie Raitt, David Gilmour, Roger Waters, Pink Floyd, Roger Hodgson, Paul Anka, Eric Carmen, Eric Clapton, Miles Davis, Bruce Springsteen, Elton John, Tommy Bolin, Larry Carlton, Mari Iijima and Seals & Crofts.

Richard Marx dedicated the song "One Man" to him and said Porcaro was the best drummer he had ever worked with.

Michael Jackson made a dedication to Porcaro in the liner notes for his 1995 album ''HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I''. Porcaro had contributed drums to four songs on Jackson's ''Thriller'' album ("The Girl Is Mine", "Beat It", "Human Nature", and "The Lady In My Life"), as well as playing on the ''Dangerous'' album hit "Heal the World".

He also played drums on 10cc's ''...Meanwhile'' (1992). On the 1993 ''10cc Alive'' album, recorded after his death, the band dedicated "The Night That the Stars Didn't Show" to him.

Death

Porcaro died in an accident on August 5, 1992, at the age of 38. The rock star fell ill after spraying insecticide in the yard of his Hidden Hills home and died that evening at Humana Hospital-West Hills. According to the LA Times Report, The Los Angeles County Coroner's office lists the cause of death to be a heart attack from the hardening of the arteries caused by cocaine use, not from an allergic reaction to the pesticides as presumed (and stated by in the band's official history) immediately after his death.

Porcaro's funeral, attended by an estimated 1,500 people (friends, family, colleagues, fans), was held on August 10 in the Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery, where he was buried. The Jeff Porcaro Memorial Fund was established to benefit the music and art departments of Grant High School in Los Angeles, where he was a student in the early 1970s. A memorial concert took place at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles on December 14, 1992 with an all-star lineup that included Boz Scaggs, Donald Fagen, Don Henley, Michael McDonald, George Harrison, David Crosby, Eddie Van Halen, and the members of Toto. The proceeds of the concert were used to establish an educational trust fund for Porcaro's sons.

Discography

With Toto

''Toto'' (1978)

''Hydra'' (1979)

''Turn Back'' (1981)

''Toto IV'' (1982)

''Isolation'' (1984)

''Dune (soundtrack)'' (1984)

''Olympic Games 1984 (soundtrack)'' (1984)

''Fahrenheit'' (1986)

''The Seventh One'' (1988)

''Past to Present 1977 - 1990'' (1990)

''Kingdom of Desire'' (1992)

''Toto XX'' (1998)

''Greatest Hits Live... And More'' (DVD with behind the scenes footage and interviews)

Other artists

Seals & Crofts - ''Unborn Child'' (1974)

Tommy Bolin - ''Teaser'' (1975) - tracks 1, 2, 3, 5

Steely Dan - ''Pretzel Logic'' (1974), ''Katy Lied'' (1975)

Boz Scaggs - ''Silk Degrees'' (1976), ''Down Two Then Left'' (1977), ''Middle Man'' (1980), ''Other Roads'' (1988)

Hall & Oates - ''Beauty on a Back Street'' (1977)

Larry Carlton - Room 335 Album (1978)

Warren Zevon - ''Excitable Boy'' (1978) - "Nighttime in the Switching Yard"

Colin Blunstone - ''Never Even Thought'' (1978)

Lowell George - ''Thanks, I'll Eat It Here'' (1979)

Pink Floyd - ''The Wall'' - Mother

Greg Lake - ''Greg Lake'' (1981)

Michael Jackson - ''Thriller'' (1982), ''Dangerous'' (1991) - "Beat It", "Human Nature", "The Girl is Mine", "The Lady in my Life", "Heal the World"

Elton John - ''Jump Up!''

Donald Fagen - ''The Nightfly'' (1982)

Don Henley - ''I Can't Stand Still'' (1982), ''The End Of The Innocence'' (1989)

Christopher Cross - ''Another Page'' (1983)

James Newton Howard - "James Newton Howard and Friends" (1983)

David Gilmour - ''About Face'' (1984)

Michael McDonald - ''If That's What It Takes (Michael McDonald album)'' (1982) - ''No Lookin' Back'' (1985) - "Take It To Heart" (1990)

Eric Clapton - ''Behind the Sun (album)'' (1985) - Forever Man

Roger Hodgson - ''Hai Hai'' (1987)

Madonna - ''Like a Prayer'' (1989)

Twenty Mondays - ''The Twist Inside'' (1990)

Michael Bolton - ''Time, Love & Tenderness'' (1991)

Dire Straits - ''On Every Street'' (1991)

Bruce Springsteen - ''Human Touch'' (1992)

10cc - ''...Meanwhile'' (1992)

References

External links

Official Toto website section dedicated to Porcaro

Porcaro page at Drummerworld

See also

Rosanna shuffle

Category:1954 births Category:1992 deaths Category:People from Hartford, Connecticut Category:People from South Windsor, Connecticut Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Steely Dan members Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:American rock drummers Category:American jazz drummers Category:American session musicians Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American musicians of Italian descent

cs:Jeff Porcaro da:Jeff Porcaro de:Jeff Porcaro es:Jeff Porcaro fr:Jeff Porcaro gl:Jeff Porcaro it:Jeff Porcaro nl:Jeff Porcaro ja:ジェ����カ� no:Jeff Porcaro nn:Jeff Porcaro pl:Jeff Porcaro ru:Поркаро, Джефф fi:Jeff Porcaro sv:Jeff Porcaro uk:Джефф Поркаро

playername	Ronaldinho
fullname	Ronaldo de Assis Moreira
dateofbirth	March 21, 1980
cityofbirth	Porto Alegre
countryofbirth	Brazil
height
position	Attacking midfielder / Forward
currentclub	Flamengo
clubnumber	10
youthyears1	1987–1998 |youthclubs1Grêmio
years1	1998–2001 |clubs1Grêmio |caps152 |goals121
years2	2001–2003 |clubs2Paris Saint-Germain |caps255 |goals217
years3	2003–2008 |clubs3Barcelona |caps3145 |goals370
years4	2008–2010 |clubs4Milan |caps476 |goals420
years5	2011– |clubs5Flamengo |caps518 |goals512
nationalyears1	1996 |nationalteam1Brazil U17 |nationalcaps16 |nationalgoals12
nationalyears2	1999 |nationalteam2Brazil U20 |nationalcaps25 |nationalgoals23
nationalyears3	2000–2008 |nationalteam3Brazil U23 |nationalcaps310 |nationalgoals33
nationalyears4	1999– |nationalteam4Brazil |nationalcaps488 |nationalgoals432
medaltemplates	}}

| pcupdate=1 September 2011 | ntupdate=1 September 2011 }} Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980 in Porto Alegre), commonly known as Ronaldinho () or Ronaldinho GaĂşcho, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Flamengo and the Brazilian national team as an attacking midfielder or forward. He is a two-time winner of the FIFA World Player of the Year, awarded to the best player over the year. He won the award in both 2004 and 2005.

"Ronaldinho," the diminutive and term of endearment for "Ronaldo," is accompanied in Brazilian usage by the nickname "GaĂşcho," in order to distinguish him from fellow footballer and countryman Ronaldo, who was known as "Ronaldinho" in Brazil beforehand. Ronaldo simply went by his first name upon his move to Europe, thereby allowing Ronaldinho to drop the "GaĂşcho" and go by the name Ronaldinho abroad.

Prior to his move to Flamengo, he played for Paris Saint-Germain, FC Barcelona and Milan. With the Spanish club, he won his first Champions League in 2006 and the Ballon d'Or in 2005. He became a Spanish citizen in January 2007.

He was also named in the FIFA 100, a list of the greatest footballers compiled by fellow countryman Pelé, and in the FIFPro World XI consecutively from 2004–2007.

Biography

Ronaldinho was born in the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul. His mother, Dona Miguelina Elói Assis dos Santos (daughter of Enviro Assis), is a former salesperson who studied to become a nurse. His father, João de Assis Moreira, was a shipyard worker and footballer for local club Esporte Clube Cruzeiro (not to be confused with Cruzeiro). He suffered a fatal heart attack in the family swimming pool when Ronaldinho was eight. After Ronaldinho's older brother, Roberto, signed with Grêmio, the family moved to a home in the more affluent Guarujá section of Porto Alegre, which was a gift from Grêmio to convince Roberto to stay at the club. Roberto's career was ultimately cut short by injury.

Ronaldinho's football skills began to blossom at the of age 8, and he was first given the nickname ''Ronaldinho'' because he was often the youngest and the smallest player in youth club matches. He developed an interest in futsal and beach football, which later expanded to organized football. His first brush with the media came at the age of thirteen, when he scored all 23 goals in a 23–0 victory against a local team. Ronaldinho was identified as a rising star at the 1997 U-17 World Championship in Egypt, in which he scored two goals on penalty kicks.

Today, Roberto acts as Ronaldinho's manager, while his sister Deisi works as his press coordinator. Ronaldinho became a father for the first time on 25 February 2005, after Brazilian dancer JanaĂ­na Mendes gave birth to their son, who was named JoĂŁo after Ronaldinho's late father.

Ronaldinho's 2005 Nike advertisement, where he is given a new pair of boots and then proceeds to juggle a football and repeatedly volley it against the crossbar of a goal and recover it without the ball touching the ground, went viral on YouTube, becoming the site's first video to reach one million views.

Club career

Early career

Ronaldinho's career began with the GrĂŞmio youth squad. He made his senior side debut during the 1998 Copa Libertadores. In 2001, Arsenal expressed interest in signing Ronaldinho, but the move collapsed after he could not obtain a work permit because he was a non-EU player who had not played enough international matches. He considered playing on loan with Scottish Premier League side St. Mirren, which never happened due to his involvement in a fake passport scandal in Brazil. In 2001, Ronaldinho signed a five-year contract with French side Paris Saint-Germain in a EUR5 million transfer.

Paris Saint-Germain

Upon his arrival in Paris, Ronaldinho was given the number 21 shirt and inserted into a lineup that included fellow Brazilian Aloísio and midfielders Mikel Arteta and Jay-Jay Okocha. Ronaldinho made his league debut for the club on 4 August 2001 appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Auxerre. Ronaldinho spent the majority of the 2001 portion of the season alternated between the bench and starter's role. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 October in a 2–2 draw against Lyon converting the equalizing penalty in the 79th minute after having come on 10 minutes prior. After returning from the winter break, Ronaldinho went on a tear scoring a goal in four consecutive matches to open the new campaign. He recorded impressive goals against Monaco, Rennes, Lens and Lorient. On 16 March 2002, Ronaldinho recorded a double in PSG's 3–1 victory against relegation strugglers Troyes. He scored his final league goal of the season in the club's 2–0 win over Metz on 27 April.

Ronaldinho was also influential in the 2001–02 edition of the Coupe de la Ligue helping Paris Saint-Germain reach the semi-finals where they were eliminated by Bordeaux. In a Round of 16 match against Guingamp, Ronaldinho scored two second half goals in the game after having entered the match as a half-time substitute. Despite Ronaldinho's initial success with the club, the season was marred by controversy with Paris Saint-Germain manager Luis Fernández claiming that the Brazilian was too focused on the Parisian nightlife rather than football, and complained that his holidays in Brazil never ended at the scheduled times.

Despite repeated rifts with Fernández, Ronaldinho returned to the team for the 2002–03 season with the player switching to the number 10 shirt. Though his performances in his sophomore season with the club were underwhelming compared to his first, Ronaldinho performed admirably with the club. On 26 October 2002, he scored two goals in Paris Saint-Germain's 3–1 victory over ''Classique'' rivals Marseille. The first goal was a free kick, which curled past numerous Marseille players in the 18-yard box before sailing past goalkeeper Vedran Runje. In the return match, he again scored in Paris Saint-Germain's 3–0 victory at the Stade Vélodrome. Ronaldinho was also praised for his performance in the Coupe de France when he scored both goals in the club's 2–0 win over Bordeaux in the semi-finals, which inserted Paris Saint-Germain into the final. After scoring his first goal in the 22nd minute, Ronaldinho capped the game in the 81st minute accurately chipping the ball at the 18-yard box over the head of goalkeeper Ulrich Ramé, despite Ramé being in a favorable position. For his performance, Ronaldinho was given a standing ovation by the Parisian supporters. Unfortunately for the club, Ronaldinho and the team failed to capture the form that got them to the final as the bowed out 2–1 to Auxerre due to a last minute goal from Jean-Alain Boumsong. Despite Ronaldinho's performances, the club finished in disappointing 11th place position. Following the season, Ronaldinho declared he wanted to leave the club after the capital club failed to qualify for any European competition.

Barcelona

Originally, FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta had promised to bring David Beckham to the club, but following his transfer to Real Madrid, Barcelona entered the running for Ronaldinho and outbid Manchester United for his signature in a reported EUR30 million. He made his team debut in a friendly against Milan at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., scoring one goal in a 2–0 victory. After suffering from injury during the first half of the campaign, he returned and helped lead Barcelona to a second-place league finish.

Ronaldinho won his first league title in 2004–05, and was named FIFA World Player of the Year on 20 December 2004. In 2005, Ronaldinho received his second consecutive honour of FIFA World Player of the Year, beating Chelsea's Frank Lampard and fellow Barça player Samuel Eto'o. On 8 March 2005, Barcelona was eliminated from the UEFA Champions League by Chelsea in the first knockout round, with Ronaldinho scoring both goals in a 4–2 loss.

With his contract expiring in 2008, Ronaldinho was offered an extension until 2014 that would have net him ÂŁ85 million over nine years, but he turned it down. In September 2005, he signed a two-year extension that contained a minimum-fee release clause that allowed him to leave should a club make an offer to Barcelona of at least ÂŁ85 million for him.

By the end of the 2004–05 season, Ronaldinho had started to accumulate a host of personal awards. He won the inaugural FIFPro World Player of the Year in September 2005, in addition to being included in the 2005 FIFPro World XI, and being named the 2005 European Footballer of the Year. Also that year, Ronaldinho added to his collection a second FIFA World Player of the Year with 956 points, more than triple the amount (306) of runner-up Frank Lampard. On 19 November, Ronaldinho scored twice as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 3–0 on the road in the first leg of ''El Clásico''. After he sealed the match with his second goal, he received a standing ovation from the Madrid fans.

Ronaldinho was chosen for the UEFA Team of the Year for the third consecutive time in January 2006, and he contributed one goal in Barcelona's elimination of Benfica in the 2005–06 Champions League quarterfinals with a 2–0 home victory. After a 1–0 semifinal aggregate win over Milan, in which Ronaldinho assisted the series' only goal by Ludovic Giuly, Barcelona progressed to the Champions League final, which they won on 17 May 2006 with a 2–1 defeat of Arsenal. Two weeks earlier, Barcelona had clinched their second straight La Liga title with a 1–0 win over Celta Vigo, giving Ronaldinho his first career double. He finished the season with a career-best 26 goals in all competitions, and was named the 2005–06 Champions League Player of the Year.

On 25 November 2006, Ronaldinho scored his 50th career league goal against Villarreal, then later scored a second time with an overhead bicycle kick. He later said to reporters that the latter was a goal he had dreamed of scoring since he was a boy. He scored once and set up two others in Barcelona's 4–0 Club World Cup win over Mexico's Club América on 14 December, but Barcelona were defeated 1–0 by Brazilian club Internacional in the final. Ronaldinho was nonetheless the recipient of the Bronze Ball Award for the competition.

The next day, Ronaldinho finished third in the 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year, behind World Cup-winning captain Fabio Cannavaro and Zinedine Zidane. Ronaldinho was named among the UEFA Team of the Year for the third straight time in January 2007, receiving the highest number of votes with over 290,000 nominations. He was forced to miss a charity match on 13 March due to an injury he had picked up several days earlier in Barcelona's 3–3 ''El Clásico'' draw with Real Madrid.

He played his 200th career match for Barcelona in a league match against Osasuna on 3 February 2008. However, his 2007–08 campaign as a whole was plagued by injuries, and a muscle tear in his right leg on 3 April prematurely ended his season. On 19 May, Laporta stated that Ronaldinho needed a ''"new challenge,"'' claiming that he needed a new club if he were to revive his career. Manchester City owner Thaksin Shinawatra confirmed on 6 June that he was interested in acquiring him.

Ronaldinho and Barcelona teammate Lionel Messi each captained a team of international stars in an anti-racism exhibition match in Venezuela on 28 June, which ended in a 7–7 draw. Ronaldinho finished with a pair of goals and two assists in what would be his last match as a Barcelona player. In preparation for the 2010 Joan Gamper Trophy, Ronaldinho sent an open letter to the fans and players of Barcelona, stating that his best years had been the five he spent in the Catalan club.

Milan

In July 2008, Ronaldinho turned down a ÂŁ25.5 million offer from Manchester City to join Italian Serie A giants Milan on a three-year contract thought to be worth around ÂŁ5.1 million (EUR6.5 million) a year, for a fee in the region of ÂŁ14.5 million (EUR18.5 million). With the number 10 already occupied by teammate Clarence Seedorf, he selected 80 as his jersey number.

Ronaldinho scored his first goal for Milan in a 1–0 derby victory over rival Internazionale on 28 September 2008. His first brace was in a 3–0 win over Sampdoria on 19 October 2008. He scored a 93rd-minute match-winner against Braga in the UEFA Cup group stage on 6 November.

He finished his first season at Milan with 10 goals from 32 appearances in all competitions. After a good start to the season, Ronaldinho struggled with fitness, and was often played from the bench to end a disappointing first season for Milan.

His second season did not begin on a high note, although he started nearly every match before finding himself on the bench again. After a while, Ronaldinho rediscovered his form and has been arguably Milan's best player in the season. He has changed his role from an attacking midfielder to a left winger, a more familiar role.

On 10 January 2010, Ronaldinho scored two goals against Juventus in an away match, sealing a 3–0 victory for the Rossoneri. In the following match against Siena on 17 January 2010, Ronaldinho scored his first hat-trick for Milan when he converted a spot kick, scored with a header from a corner and finished with a wonder goal from 20 yards out.

On 16 February, Ronaldinho played his first match against Manchester United in a Champions League game. He scored early in the game to give Milan the lead. Milan ended up losing the game 3–2, with a goal from Paul Scholes and two goals from Wayne Rooney.

As of 13 April 2010, Ronaldinho was the assist leader of Serie A with a total of 14 assists. On a less positive note, Ronaldinho missed three penalties in the 2009–10 season, to add to one botched kick the previous season. Ronaldinho ended the season scoring two goals against Juventus, Luca Antonini opened the scoring and Milan went on to win 3–0. It was Leonardo's last game in charge.

Flamengo

After being heavily linked with a move back to his childhood club Grêmio, Ronaldinho joined Flamengo on 11 January 2011 with a contract ending in 2014. During the transfer saga, many reports had linked the former World Player of the Year to joining different clubs such as Los Angeles Galaxy, Corinthians, Palmeiras and English FA Premier League side Blackburn Rovers. He was greeted by more than 20,000 fans at his unveiling at his new club on 13 January 2011. He scored his first goal for Flamengo in the 3–2 victory against Boavista on 6 February 2011. On 27 February Ronaldinho converted a second-half free kick for Flamengo to beat Boavista 1–0 and win his first piece of silverware with the team, the Taça Guanabara. Ronaldinho lifted his first trophy with Flamengo after curling in a right-footed shot over the wall in the 71st minute at Engenhão stadium. The goal gave Flamengo its 19th Taça Guanabara title, which earned the Campeonato Carioca title two months later, as the team also won the Taça Rio. On 27 July 2011, Ronaldinho scored a hat-trick in Flamengo's 4-5 away win against rivals Santos, after being 3-0 down inside the first 30 minutes.

International career

Ronaldinho is one of few Brazilian players to have played at every international age level. He was part of the first Brazilian team to win the FIFA U-17 World Championship in 1997, in which his first goal was a penalty against Austria in the first group match, which Brazil won 7–0. Ronaldinho finished with two goals and was awarded the Bronze Ball award as Brazil scored a total of twenty-one goals while only conceding two.

1999 was a busy year for Ronaldinho in terms of international play. He took part in the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship, scoring his first goal in Brazil's last group match. In the round of sixteen, he scored two first-half goals in a 4–0 win over Croatia, and finished with three goals as Brazil were eliminated by Uruguay in the quarterfinals. On 26 June, three days before the start of the 1999 Copa América, he earned his first cap for Brazil in a 3–0 win over Latvia, and he scored one goal during Brazil's victorious Copa América campaign. One week after the conclusion of the Copa América, he was called up for the 1999 Confederations Cup, in which he scored in every match except the final, including a hat-trick in an 8–2 semifinal rout of Saudi Arabia. Ronaldinho did not score in the final, which Brazil lost 4–3 to Mexico. He won the Golden Ball award for the best player in tournament as well as the Golden Boot award for the tournament top-scorer.

In 2000, Ronaldinho participated in Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia with Brazil U-23 team. Earlier that year, Ronaldinho led Brazil to win the Pre-Olympic Tournament, scoring nine goals in seven matches. However in the Olympics, Brazil was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Cameroon, who later won the gold medal. Ronaldinho appeared four times and scored only one goal, which came in the quarterfinal defeat by Cameroon.

Ronaldinho participated in his first World Cup in 2002, as part of a formidable offensive unit with Ronaldo and Rivaldo, who were also on the 1999 Copa América winning squad. He appeared in five matches and scored two goals, as well as contributing several important assists. His first goal came in the group stage match against China, which Brazil won 4–0. The second goal was a match-winning goal in the quarterfinal against England on 21 June. In the 50th minute, Ronaldinho took a free-kick from 35 metres, beating England goalkeeper David Seaman to give Brazil a 2–1 lead. However, seven minutes later, he was sent-off for a foul on England defender Danny Mills. He was suspended for the semifinal, but returned to Brazil's starting lineup for the 2–0 victory over Germany in the final as Brazil won the World Cup for the fifth time.

Ronaldinho's next international tournament was 2003 Confederations Cup. However, Ronaldinho did not manage to score any goals during the tournament as Brazil performed poorly and was eliminated in the group stage. The following year, he was left out from Brazil's 2004 Copa América squad, as coach Carlos Alberto Parreira decided to rest his stars and used a largely reserve squad.

He was the capitain of Brazil to its second Confederations Cup title in 2005, and was named Man of the Match in a 4–1 victory over archrivals Argentina in the final on 29 June. Ronaldinho scored three goals in the tournament and is tied with Cuauhtémoc Blanco as the tournament's all-time scorer with nine goals.

Ronaldinho started in all five of Brazil's 2006 World Cup finals matches as part of a much-publicized "magic quartet" of offensive players, alongside Adriano, Ronaldo, and Kaká. However, the foursome finished with only five goals as Brazil disappointed as a whole in the tournament. Ronaldinho turned in his worst collective performance in his international career, going scoreless with only one assist, which was for Gilberto's goal in a 4–1 group stage victory over Japan. He was a non-factor as Brazil was eliminated by France 1–0 in the quarter-finals, in which Brazil had only one shot on goal for the entire match. The team was harshly criticized by Brazilian fans and media following their return home. On 3 July, two days after Brazil's elimination, vandals immolated and destroyed a 7.5-meter (23-foot) tall fiberglass and resin statue of Ronaldinho in Chapecó. The statue had been erected in 2004 to celebrate his first FIFA World Player of the Year award. That same day, Ronaldinho, joined by Adriano, returned to Barcelona and held a party at his home, which was continued into the early morning hours at a nightclub. This aggravated the hard feelings of many Brazilian fans, who believed that they were betrayed by the lack of effort from the squad.

On 24 March 2007, he scored twice in a 4–0 win over Chile, which marked his first goal since the 2005 Confederations Cup final and thus ended a scoreless streak that lasted nearly two years. He was not called up for the 2007 Copa AmĂ©rica after asking to be excused from the tournament due to tiredness. On 18 October, he was controversially benched by Barcelona after he was late returning to Spain following Brazil's 5–0 friendly win over Ecuador. He and several Brazil players celebrated the win by partying through the night at a posh Rio de Janeiro nightclub. Ronaldinho left at 11 am the next morning, allegedly in the trunk of a car in order to avoid the media.

On 7 July 2008, Ronaldinho was named to Brazil's 2008 Summer Olympics squad as one of the over-age players. Barcelona initially blocked the move because of his then-upcoming Champions League commitments with the club, but the decision was later nullified following Ronaldinho's transfer to Milan, who in turn permitted him to make the trip to Beijing. Ronaldinho scored his only two goals in a 5–0 victory over New Zealand before Brazil were beaten by Argentina in the semifinal. Brazil finished with the bronze medal after defeating Belgium 3–0 in the bronze medal match.

Despite having returned to good form and being named as a member of the 30-man provisional squad that was submitted to FIFA on 11 May 2010, he was not named in Coach Dunga's final squad of 23 for the Brazilian squad in South Africa for the 2010 World Cup despite his deep desire to do so. Critics have claimed that the exclusion of players such as Ronaldinho, Alexandre Pato, Adriano and Ronaldo signals a move away from the classic Brazilian attacking "Joga Bonito" style of play.

Career statistics

Club statistics

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center" |- !rowspan=2|Club !rowspan=2|Season !colspan=3|League !colspan=3|Cup !colspan=3|Continental !colspan=3|Other !colspan=3|Total |- !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists !Apps !Goals !Assists |- |rowspan=4|Grêmio |1998 |14|| 1|| 0|| 2|| 0|| 0||15||3||2||17||4||--|| 48|| 8|| 2 |- |1999 |17|| 6|| 0|| 3|| 0|| 0||4 ||2||--||24||15||--|| 48|| 23|| 0 |- |2000 |21|| 14|| 0|| 6|| 6|| 0||--||--||--|||22||21||--|| 49|| 41|| 0 |- !|Total ! 52!!21!!0!!11!!6!!0!!19!!5!!2!!63!!40!!--!!145!!72!!2 |- |rowspan=3|Paris Saint-Germain |2001–02 |28|| 9|| 8|| 6|| 2|| 0|| 14|| 2|| 2||--||--||--|| 48|| 13|| 10 |- |2002–03 |27|| 8|| 6|| 7|| 3|| 0|| 4|| 1|| 2||--||--||--|| 38|| 12|| 8 |- !|Total ! 55!!17!!11!!13!!5!!0!!20!!3!!4!!--!!--!!--!!86!!25!!18 |- |rowspan=6|Barcelona |2003–04 |32|| 15|| 11|| 6|| 3|| 1|| 7|| 4|| 2||13||2||--|| 58|| 24|| 14 |- |2004–05 |35|| 9|| 16|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 7|| 4|| 4||--||--||--|| 42|| 13|| 20 |- |2005–06 |29|| 17|| 15|| 4|| 1|| 1|| 12|| 7|| 5||14||4||--|| 59|| 29|| 21 |- |2006–07 |32|| 21|| 10|| 6|| 0|| 3|| 11|| 3|| 3||8||5||--|| 57|| 29|| 16 |- |2007–08 |17|| 8|| 7|| 6|| 0|| 0|| 8|| 1|| 2||7||3||--|| 38|| 12|| 9 |- !|Total ! 145!!70!!59!!22!!4!!5!!45!!19!!16!!42!!14!!--!!254!!107!!80 |- |rowspan=4|Milan |2008–09 |29|| 8|| 5|| 1|| 0|| 1|| 6|| 2|| 2||7||1||--|| 43|| 11|| 8 |- |2009–10 |36|| 12|| 16|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 7|| 3|| 1||14||2||--|| 57|| 17|| 17 |- |2010–11 |11|| 0|| 3|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 5|| 1|| 1||--||--||--|| 16|| 1|| 4 |- !|Total ! 76!!20!!24!!1!!0!!1!!18!!6!!4!!21!!3!!--!!116!!29!!29 |- |rowspan=2|Flamengo |2011 |18|| 12|| 6|| 5|| 1|| 1|| 2|| 2|| 0|| 13|| 4|| 0|| 38|| 19|| 7 |- !|Total !18!!12!!6!!5!!1!!1!!2!!2!!0!!13!!4!!0!!38!!19!!7 |- ! colspan=2 |Career total !346!!140!!101!!73!!16!!7!!104!!35!!24!!147!!61!!0!!667!!255!!134 |} :Other includes Brazilian state competitions and national super cups.

International statistics

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center" |- ! National team !! Club !! Season !! Apps !! Goals |- |rowspan="13" style="vertical-align:center;"|Brazil |rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:center;"|GrĂŞmio |1999 || 13 || 7 |- |2000 || 5 || 1 |- |2001 || 3 || 1 |- |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|Paris SG |2001–2002 || 9 || 3 |- |2002–2003 || 9 || 2 |- |rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:center;"|Barcelona |2003–2004 || 5 || 2 |- |2004–2005 || 16 || 11 |- |2005–2006 || 8 || 0 |- |2006–2007 || 7 || 2 |- |2007–2008 || 7 || 3 |- |rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:center;"|Milan |2008–2009 || 5 || 0 |- |2009–2010 || 0 || 0 |- |2010–2011 || 1 || 0 |- ! colspan="3" |Total !! 88 !! 32 |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:90%" |- !colspan="7"|International appearances and goals |- ! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Result !! Goal !! Competition |- !colspan="7"|1999 |- |1. || 26 June 1999 || Curitiba, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |2. || 30 June 1999 || Ciudad del Este, Paraguay || || 7–0 || 1 || Copa AmĂ©rica 1999 |- |3. || 3 July 1999 || Ciudad del Este, Paraguay || || 2–1 || 0 || Copa AmĂ©rica 1999 |- |4. || 6 July 1999 || Ciudad del Este, Paraguay || || 1–0 || 0 || Copa AmĂ©rica 1999 |- |5. || 15 July 1999 || Ciudad del Este, Paraguay || || 2–0 || 0 || Copa AmĂ©rica 1999 |- |6. || 24 July 1999 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 4–0 || 1 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |7. || 28 July 1999 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 1–0 || 1 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |8. || 30 July 1999 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 2–0 || 1 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |9. || 1 August 1999 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 8–2 || 3 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |10. || 4 August 1999 || Mexico City, Mexico || || 3–4 || 0 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |11. || 4 September 1999 || Buenos Aires, Argentina || || 0–2 || 0 || Friendly |- |12. || 7 September 1999 || Porto Alegre, Brazil || || 4–2 || 0 || Friendly |- |13. || 9 October 1999 || Amsterdam, Netherlands || || 2–2 || 0 || Friendly |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||14 November 1999 || Sydney, Australia || || 2–0 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||17 November 1999 || Melbourne, Australia || || 2–2 || 1 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||10 December 1999 || Cuiabá, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||14 December 1999 || Campo Grande, Brazil || || 3–3 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- !colspan="7"|2000 |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||12 January 2000 || FlorianĂłpolis, Brazil || || 7–0 || 2 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||15 January 2000 || Maringá, Brazil || || 4–1 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||19 January 2000 || Londrina, Brazil || || 1–1 || 0 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||23 January 2000 || Londrina, Brazil || || 2–0 || 1 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||26 January 2000 || Londrina, Brazil || || 3–0 || 2 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||30 January 2000 || Londrina, Brazil || || 9–0 || 2 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||2 February 2000 || Curitiba, Brazil || || 4–2 || 3 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||4 February 2000 || Curitiba, Brazil || || 3–1 || 1 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||6 February 2000 || Curitiba, Brazil || || 2–2 || 0 || 2000 Olympic Games qualification (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- |14. || 23 February 2000 || Bangkok, Thailand || || 7–0 || 1 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |15. || 28 March 2000 || Bogotá, Colombia || || 0–0 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |16. || 28 June 2000 || Rio de Janeiro, Brazil || || 1–1 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |17. || 26 July 2000 || SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil || || 3–1 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||9 August 2000 || Ovalle, Chile || || 5–3 || 2 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||12 August 2000 || FlorianĂłpolis, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- |18. || 3 September 2000 || Rio de Janeiro, Brazil || || 5–0 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||14 September 2000 || Brisbane, Australia || || 3–1 || 0 || 2000 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||17 September 2000 || Brisbane, Australia || || 1–3 || 0 || 2000 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||20 September 2000 || Brisbane, Australia || || 1–0 || 0 || 2000 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||23 September 2000 || Brisbane, Australia || || 1–2 || 1 || 2000 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- !colspan="7"|2001 |- |19. || 3 March 2001 || Pasadena, United States || || 2–1 || 1 || Friendly |- |20. || 7 March 2001 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 3–3 || 0 || Friendly |- |21. || 28 March 2001 || Quito, Ecuador || || 0–1 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !colspan="7"|2001–2002 |- |22. || 14 November 2001 || SĂŁo LuĂ­s, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |23. || 27 March 2002 || Fortaleza, Brazil || || 1–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |24. || 17 April 2002 || Lisbon, Portugal || || 1–1 || 1 || Friendly |- style="background:#8fcfdf;" |  ||18 May 2002 || Barcelona, Spain || Catalonia || 3–1 || 2 || Unofficial friendly |- |25. || 25 May 2002 || Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia || || 4–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |26. || 3 June 2002 || Ulsan, South Korea || || 2–1 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup |- |27. || 8 June 2002 || Seogwipo, South Korea || || 4–0 || 1 || 2002 FIFA World Cup |- |28. || 17 June 2002 || Kobe, Japan || || 2–0 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup |- |29. || 21 June 2002 || Fukuroi, Japan || || 2–1 || 1 || 2002 FIFA World Cup |- |30. || 30 June 2002 || Yokohama, Japan || || 2–0 || 0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup |- !colspan="7"|2002–2003 |- |31. || 21 August 2002 || Fortaleza, Brazil || || 0–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |32. || 20 November 2002 || Seoul, South Korea || || 3–2 || 1 || Friendly |- |33. || 12 February 2003 || Guangzhou, China PR || || 0–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |34. || 29 March 2003 || Porto, Portugal || || 1–2 || 1 || Friendly |- |35. || 30 April 2003 || Guadalajara, Mexico || || 0–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |36. || 11 June 2003 || Abuja, Nigeria || || 3–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |37. || 19 June 2003 || Saint-Denis, France || || 0–1 || 0 || 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |38. || 21 June 2003 || Lyon, France || || 1 –0 || 0 || 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |39. || 23 June 2003 || Saint-Étienne, France || || 2–2 || 0 || 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup |- !colspan="7"|2003–2004 |- |40. || 10 September 2003 || Manaus, Brazil || || 1–0 || 1 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |41. || 18 February 2004 || Dublin, Ireland || || 0–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |42. || 31 March 2004 || AsunciĂłn, Paraguay || || 0–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |43. || 28 April 2004 || Budapest, Hungary || || 4–1 || 1 || Friendly |- |44. || 20 May 2004 || Saint-Denis, France || || 0–0 || 0 || Friendly |- style="background:#8fcfdf;" |  ||25 May 2004 || Barcelona, Spain || Catalonia || 5–2 || 0 || Unofficial friendly |- !colspan="7"|2004–2005 |- |45. || 18 August 2004 || Port-au-Prince, Haiti || || 6–0 || 3 || Friendly |- |46. || 5 September 2004 || SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil || || 3–1 || 1 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |47. || 8 September 2004 || Berlin, Germany || || 1–1 || 1 || Friendly |- |48. || 9 October 2004 || Maracaibo, Venezuela || || 5–2 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |49. || 13 October 2004 || MaceiĂł, Brazil || || 0–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |50. || 17 November 2004 || Quito, Ecuador || || 0–1 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |51. || 9 February 2005 || Hong Kong || || 7–1 || 1 || 2005 Carlsberg Cup |- |52. || 27 March 2005 || Goiânia, Brazil || || 1–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |53. || 30 March 2005 || Montevideo, Uruguay || || 1–1 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |54. || 5 June 2005 || Porto Alegre, Brazil || || 4–1 || 2 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |55. || 8 June 2005 || Buenos Aires, Argentina || || 1–3 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |56. || 16 June 2005 || Leipzig, Germany || || 3–0 || 0 || 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |57. || 19 June 2005 || Hanover, Germany || || 0–1 || 0 || 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |58. || 22 June 2005 || Cologne, Germany || || 2–2 || 1 || 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |59. || 25 June 2005 || Nuremberg, Germany || || 3–2 || 1 || 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup |- |60. || 29 June 2005 || Frankfurt, Germany || || 4–1 || 1 || 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup |- !colspan="7"|2005–2006 |- style="background:#8fcfdf;" |  ||6 September 2005 || Seville, Spain || Sevilla FC || 1–1 || 0 || Unofficial friendly |- |61. || 12 October 2005 || BelĂ©m, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |62. || 12 November 2005 || Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates || || 8–0 || 0 || Friendly |- style="background:#8fcfdf;" |  ||30 May 2006 || Basel, Switzerland || FC Lucerne Selection || 8–0 || 0 || Unofficial friendly |- |63. || 4 June 2006 || Geneva, Switzerland || || 4–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |64. || 13 June 2006 || Berlin, Germany || || 1–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup |- |65. || 18 June 2006 || Munich, Germany || || 2–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup |- |66. || 22 June 2006 || Dortmund, Germany || || 4–1 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup |- |67. || 27 June 2006 || Dortmund, Germany || || 3–0 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup |- |68. || 1 July 2006 || Frankfurt, Germany || || 0–1 || 0 || 2006 FIFA World Cup |- !colspan="7"|2006–2007 |- |69. || 5 September 2006 || London, England || || 2–0 || 0 || Friendly |- style="background:#8fcfdf;" |  ||7 October 2006 || Kuwait City, Kuwait || Al Kuwait Selection || 4–0 || 0 || Unofficial friendly |- |70. || 10 October 2006 || Stockholm, Sweden || || 2–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |71. || 15 November 2006 || Basel, Switzerland || || 2–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |72. || 24 March 2007 || Gothenburg, Sweden || || 4–0 || 2 || Friendly |- |73. || 27 March 2007 || Stockholm, Sweden || || 1–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |74. || 1 June 2007 || London, England || || 1–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |75. || 5 June 2007 || Dortmund, Germany || || 0–0 || 0 || Friendly |- !colspan="7"|2007–2008 |- |76. || 22 August 2007 || Montpellier, France || || 2–0 || 1 || Friendly |- |77. || 9 September 2007 || Chicago, United States || || 4–2 || 1 || Friendly |- |78. || 12 September 2007 || Boston, United States || || 3–1 || 0 || Friendly |- |79. || 14 October 2007 || Bogotá, Colombia || || 0–0 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |80. || 17 October 2007 || Rio de Janeiro, Brazil || || 5–0 || 1 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |81. || 18 November 2007 || Lima, Peru || || 1–1 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |82. || 21 November 2007 || SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil || || 2–1 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !colspan="7"|2008–2009 |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||28 July 2008 || Singapore || || 3–0 || 1 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||1 August 2008 || Hanoi, Vietnam || || 3–0 || 0 || Friendly (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||7 August 2008 || Shenyang, China PR || || 1–0 || 0 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||10 August 2008 || Shenyang, China PR || || 5–0 || 2 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||13 August 2008 || Qinhuangdao, China PR || || 3–0 || 0 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||16 August 2008 || Shenyang, China PR || || 2–0 || 0 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||19 August 2008 || Beijing, China PR || || 0–3 || 0 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- style="background:#cfc;" |  ||22 August 2008 || Shanghai, China PR || || 3–0 || 0 || 2008 Olympic Games (Brazil U-23/Olympic) |- |83. || 7 September 2008 || Santiago, Chile || || 3–0 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |84. || 10 September 2008 || Rio de Janeiro, Brazil || || 0–0 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |85. || 10 February 2009 || London, England || || 2–0 || 0 || Friendly |- |86. || 29 March 2009 || Quito, Ecuador || || 1–1 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- |87. || 1 April 2009 || Porto Alegre, Brazil || || 3–0 || 0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- !colspan="7"|2010–2011 |- |88. || 17 November 2010 || Doha, Qatar || || 0–1 || 0 || Friendly |}

Honours

Club

;GrĂŞmio

South Cup (1): 1999

Rio Grande do Sul State Championship (1): 1999

;Paris Saint-Germain

UEFA Intertoto Cup (1): 2001

;Barcelona

La Liga (2): 2004–05, 2005–06

Supercopa de España (2): 2005, 2006

UEFA Champions League (1): 2005–06

;Flamengo

Taça Guanabara (1): 2011

Taça Rio (1): 2011

Campeonato Carioca (1): 2011

International

;Brazil

Copa América (1): 1999

FIFA World Cup (1): 2002

FIFA Confederations Cup (1): 2005

Individual

FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Ball: 1999

FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Shoe: 1999

Rio Grande do Sul State Championship Top Scorer: 1999

FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2002

FIFA 100

Don Balón Award (2): 2003–04, 2005–06

EFE Trophy (1): 2004

FIFA World Player of the Year (2): 2004, 2005

UEFA Club Best Forward (1): 2004–05

European Footballer of the Year (1): 2005

FIFPro World Player of the Year (2): 2005, 2006

UEFA Club Footballer of the Year (1): 2005–06

UEFA Team of the Year (3): 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06

FIFPro World XI (3): 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07

Golden Foot (1): 2009

References

External links

Tactical Profile – Football-Lineups.com

European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads

Ronaldinho GaĂşcho Official Website

Ronaldinho profile at FC Barcelona website

Ronaldinho profile at AC Milan website

Ronaldinho profile at FIFA website

FootballDatabase career stats

Ronaldinho profile at BBC Sport website

Ronaldinho career stats at Futpédia

Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:People from Porto Alegre Category:1999 Copa América players Category:1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazilian people of Black African descent Category:Brazil international footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Brazilian expatriates in France Category:Brazilian expatriates in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in France Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy Category:European Footballer of the Year winners Category:FC Barcelona footballers Category:FIFA 100 Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners Category:Association football forwards Category:Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Clube de Regatas do Flamengo players Category:Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players Category:La Liga footballers Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain Category:Olympic footballers of Brazil Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players Category:A.C. Milan players Category:Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil Category:Serie A footballers Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Olympic medalists in football

ar:رŮ?نالدينهŮ? as:ৰোনাল্ডিণ্হো ast:Ronaldinho az:Ronaldinyo bn:রোনালদিনিয়ো be:Ранальдзіньё - Ранальда Дэ Đ?Ń?Ń–Ń? Марэйра be-x-old:Ранальдыньню bs:Ronaldinho bg:Роналдиньо ca:Ronaldo de Assis Moreira cs:Ronaldinho da:Ronaldinho de:Ronaldinho et:Ronaldinho el:Ροναλντίνιο es:Ronaldinho eo:Ronaldinho eu:Ronaldo de Assis Moreira fa:رŮ?نالدینیŮ? fr:Ronaldinho ga:Ronaldinho gd:Ronaldinho gl:Ronaldinho ko:í?¸ë‚?우지뉴 hi:रोनाल्डिन्हो hr:Ronaldinho io:Ronaldinho GaĂşcho id:Ronaldinho is:Ronaldinho it:Ronaldinho he:רונ×?לדיניו kn:ರೊನಾಲ್ಡಿನೊ ka:á? á?ťá?śá??á?šá?“á??á?śá??á?ť sw:Ronaldinho ku:Ronaldinho la:Ronaldinulus lv:Ronaldinju lt:Ronaldinho hu:Ronaldinho mk:Роналдињо ml:റൊണാൾഡീഞ്ഞോ mr:रोनाल्डीन्हो ms:Ronaldinho mn:Роналдиньо nl:Ronaldinho ne:रोनाल्डिन्हो ja:ă?­ă?Šă‚¦ă‚¸ă?Ľă?‹ă?§ no:Ronaldinho nn:Ronaldinho oc:Ronaldinho om:Ronaldinho pl:Ronaldinho pt:Ronaldinho GaĂşcho ro:Ronaldinho qu:Ronaldinho ru:Роналдиньо sq:Ronaldinho simple:Ronaldinho sk:Ronaldinho sl:Ronaldinho sr:Роналдињо sh:Ronaldinho fi:Ronaldinho sv:Ronaldinho ta:ரொனால்டினோ th:รอนัลดีนโย tr:Ronaldinho uk:Роналдінью vi:Ronaldinho yi:רונ×?לדיניו zh-yue:朗拿甸奴 bat-smg:Ronaldinho zh:罗纳尔迪尼奥

name	Wayne Shorter
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	August 25, 1933Newark, New Jersey, United States
instrument	Saxophone
genre	Modal jazz, crossover jazz, post-bop, hard bop, jazz fusion
occupation	Musician, composer
years active	1959–present
label	Blue Note, Columbia, Verve
associated acts	Art Blakey, Miles Davis, Weather Report
notable instruments	}}

Wayne Shorter (born August 25, 1933) is an American jazz saxophonist and composer, commonly regarded as one of the most important American jazz musicians of his generation. He is generally acknowledged to be jazz's greatest living composer. Shorter's output within the field has earned worldwide recognition, critical praise and various commendations, including multiple Grammy Awards. The virtuoso has recorded over 20 albums as a leader, and appeared on dozens more with others including Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers in the late 1950s, Miles Davis's second great quintet in the 1960s and the jazz fusion band Weather Report, which Shorter co-led in the 1970s. Many of his compositions have become standards.

Biography

Early life and career

Shorter was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended Newark Arts High School. He loved music, being encouraged by his father to take up the saxophone as a teenager (his brother Alan became a trumpeter). After graduating from New York University in 1956, Shorter spent two years in the U.S. Army, during which time he played briefly with Horace Silver. After his discharge from the army, he played with Maynard Ferguson. It was in his youth that Shorter was given the nickname '' Mr. Gone'', which would later become an album title for Weather Report.

In 1959, Shorter joined Art Blakey. He stayed with Blakey for five years, and eventually became musical director for the group.

With Miles Davis (1964–1970)

When John Coltrane finally left Miles Davis' band in 1960 to pursue his own group (after previously trying to leave in 1959), Coltrane proposed Wayne Shorter as a replacement but Shorter was unavailable and Davis went with Sonny Stitt on tenor followed by a revolving door of Hank Mobley, George Coleman, and Sam Rivers. In 1964, Miles Davis persuaded Shorter to leave Blakey and join his quintet alongside Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter and Tony Williams.

Miles' so-called "second great quintet" (to distinguish it from the quintet with Coltrane) that included Hancock and Shorter has frequently been cited by musicians and critics as one of the most influential groups in the history of jazz, and Shorter's compositions are a primary reason for the group's unique sound. Shorter composed extensively for Miles Davis (e.g. "Prince of Darkness", "E.S.P.", "Footprints", "Sanctuary", "Nefertiti", and many others); on some albums, he provided half of the compositions, typically hard-bop workouts with spaced-out long melody lines above the beat.

Herbie Hancock said of Shorter's tenure in the group, "The master writer to me, in that group, was Wayne Shorter. He still is a master. Wayne was one of the few people who brought music to Miles that didn't get changed." Davis said, "Wayne is a real composer. He writes scores, write the parts for everybody just as he wants them to sound... Wayne also brought in a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules. If they didn't work, then he broke them, but with musical sense; he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules in order to bend them to your own satisfaction and taste."

Shorter remained in Davis's band after the breakup of the quintet in 1968, playing on early jazz fusion recordings including ''In a Silent Way'' and ''Bitches Brew'' (both 1969). His last live dates and studio recordings with Davis were in 1970.

Until 1968, he played tenor saxophone exclusively. The final album on which he played tenor in the regular sequence of Davis albums was ''Filles de Kilimanjaro''. In 1969, he played the soprano saxophone on the Davis album ''In a Silent Way'' and on his own ''Super Nova'' (recorded with then-current Davis sidemen Chick Corea and John McLaughlin). When performing live with Miles Davis, recordings from summer 1969 to early spring 1970 he played both soprano and tenor saxophones. By the early 1970s, however, he chiefly played soprano saxophone.

Solo Blue Note recordings

Simultaneous with his time in the Miles Davis quintet, Shorter recorded several albums for Blue Note Records, featuring almost exclusively his own compositions, with a variety of line-ups, quartets and larger groups including Blue Note favourites such as Freddie Hubbard. His first Blue Note album (of nine in total) was ''Night Dreamer'' recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in 1964 with Lee Morgan, McCoy Tyner, Reggie Workman and Elvin Jones.

''JuJu'' and ''Speak No Evil'' are well known recordings from this era. Shorter's compositions on these albums are notable for their use of:

pentatonic melodies harmonised with pedal points and complex harmonic relationships;

structured solos that reflect the composition's melody as much as its harmony;

long rests as an integral part of the music, in contrast with other, more effusive, players of the time such as John Coltrane.

The later album ''The All Seeing Eye'' was a free-jazz workout with a larger group, while ''Adam's Apple'' of 1966 was back to carefully constructed melodies by Shorter leading a quartet. Then a sextet again in the following year for ''Schizophrenia'' with his Miles Davis band mates Hancock and Carter plus trombonist Curtis Fuller, alto saxophonist/flautist James Spaulding and strong rhythms by drummer Joe Chambers. These albums have recently been remastered by Rudy Van Gelder.

Shorter also recorded occasionally as a sideman (again, mainly for Blue Note) with Donald Byrd, McCoy Tyner, Grachan Moncur III, Freddie Hubbard, Lee Morgan, and bandmates Hancock and Williams.

Weather Report (1971–1985)

Following the release of ''Odyssey of Iska'' in 1970, Shorter formed the fusion group Weather Report with Miles Davis veteran keyboardist Joe Zawinul. The other original members were bassist Miroslav Vitous, percussionist Airto Moreira, and drummer Alphonse Mouzon. After Vitous' departure in 1973, Shorter and Zawinul co-led the group until the band's break-up in late 1985. A variety of excellent musicians that would make up Weather Report alumni over the years (most notably the revolutionary bassist Jaco Pastorius) helped the band produce many high quality recordings in diverse styles through the years, with funk, bebop, Latin jazz, ethnic music, and futurism being the most prevalent denominators.

Solo

Shorter also recorded critically acclaimed albums as a bandleader, notably ''Native Dancer'', which featured his Miles Davis band-mate Herbie Hancock and Brazilian composer and vocalist Milton Nascimento. Shorter was to work with both of these musicians again later.

On the title track of Steely Dan's 1977 album ''Aja'', he played a solo that moved the critic writing the album's liner notes to the point that he called it "suitable for framing" (meaning 'beautiful' rather than 'wooden').

Concurrently, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, he toured in the V.S.O.P. quintet. This group was a revival of the 1960s Miles Davis quintet, except that Freddie Hubbard filled the trumpet chair instead of Miles. Shorter appeared with the same former Davis bandmates on the Carlos Santana double LP ''The Swing of Delight'', for which he also composed a number of pieces.

From 1977 through 2002, he appeared on ten Joni Mitchell studio albums, gaining him a wider audience.

Recent career

After leaving Weather Report, Shorter continued to record and lead groups in jazz fusion styles, including touring in 1988 with guitarist Carlos Santana, who appeared on the last Weather Report disc ''This is This!'' In 1989, he contributed to a hit on the rock charts, playing the sax solo on Don Henley's song "The End of the Innocence" and also produced the album "Pilar" by the Portuguese singer-songwriter Pilar Homem de Melo. He has also maintained an occasional working relationship with Herbie Hancock, including a tribute album recorded shortly after Davis's death with Hancock, Carter, Williams and Wallace Roney. He continued to appear on Joni Mitchell's records in the 1990s. Shorter's distinctive sound is also apparent in the soundtrack for the Harrison Ford film ''The Fugitive'' released in 1993.

In 1995, Shorter released the album ''High Life'', his first solo recording for seven years. It was also Shorter's debut as a leader for Verve Records. Shorter composed all the compositions on the album and co-produced it with the bassist Marcus Miller. ''High Life'' received the Grammy Award for best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1997.

Shorter would work with Hancock once again in 1997, on the much acclaimed and heralded album ''1+1''. The song "Aung San Suu Kyi" (named for the Burmese pro-democracy activist) won both Hancock and Shorter a Grammy Award.

In 2009, he was announced as one of the headline acts at the Gnaoua World Music Festival in Essaouira, Morocco.

Quartet

Shorter formed his current band in 2000, the first permanent acoustic group under his leadership, a quartet with young musicians, pianist Danilo Perez, bassist John Patitucci, and drummer Brian Blade, playing his own complex compositions, many of them reworkings of tunes from his substantial portfolio going back to the 1960s. Two albums of live recordings featuring this quartet have been released, ''Footprints Live!'' (2002) and ''Beyond the Sound Barrier'' (2005). The quartet has received great acclaim from fans and critics, especially for the strength of Shorter's tenor saxophone playing. The Shorter biography ''Footprints: The Life and Work of Wayne Shorter'' by journalist Michelle Mercer contains an insight into the working life of these musicians as well as insight into Shorter's life, thoughts and Buddhist beliefs. ''Beyond the Sound Barrier'' received the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album.

Shorter's 2003 album ''Alegría'' (his first studio album for ten years, since ''High Life'') received the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Album; it features the quartet with a host of other musicians, including pianist Brad Mehldau, drummer Terri Lyne Carrington and former Weather Report percussionist Alex Acuña. Shorter's compositions, some new, some reworked from his Miles Davis period, feature the complex Latin rhythms that Shorter specialised in during his Weather Report days.

Personal life

Shorter married Teruka (Irene) Nakagami, in the 1960s; they met in 1961 and later had a child, Miyako. Some of his compositions are copyrighted as "Miyako Music". Shorter dedicated some pieces to his daughter: "Miyako" and "Infant Eyes". The couple separated in 1964.

Shorter met Ana Maria in 1964 and they were married in 1970. In 1986, their daughter Iska died of a grand mal seizure at age 14. Ana Maria and the couple's niece Dalila were both killed in 1996 on TWA Flight 800 while en route to see him in Italy. Shorter married Carolina Dos Santos, a close friend of Ana Maria, in 1999. He is a Nichiren Buddhist and a member of SĹŤka Gakkai.

Discography

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|- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Wayning Moments'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1962 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Vee-Jay |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Night Dreamer'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1964 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''JuJu'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1964 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Speak No Evil'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1965 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''The Soothsayer'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1965 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Et Cetera'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1965 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''The All Seeing Eye'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1965 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Adam's Apple'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1966 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Schizophrenia'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1967 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Super Nova'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1969 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Moto Grosso Feio'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1970 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Odyssey of Iska'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1970 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Blue Note |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Native Dancer'' with Milton Nascimento | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1974 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Columbia |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Atlantis'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1985 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Columbia |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Phantom Navigator'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1986 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Columbia |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" |''Joy Ryder'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1988 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Columbia |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" |''Carlos Santana and Wayne Shorter - Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1988'' with Carlos Santana | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1988 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''High Life'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1995 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Verve |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''1 + 1'' with Herbie Hancock | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 1997 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Verve |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Footprints Live!'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 2002 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Verve |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''AlegrĂ­a'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 2003 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Verve |- | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | ''Beyond the Sound Barrier'' | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | 2005 | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | | style="border-bottom:1px solid grey;" | Verve |}

Awards

Down Beat Poll Winner New Star Saxophonist (1962)

Grammy Award for Best Jazz Fusion Performance for Weather Report's ''8:30'' (1979)

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition for Dexter Gordon's ''Call Sheet Blues'' (1987)

Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group for ''A Tribute to Miles'' (1994)

Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album for ''High Life'' (1996)

Miles Davis Award Wayne Shorter was granted the Miles Davis Award by the Montreal International Jazz Festival. (1996)

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition for ''Aung San Suu Kyi'' (1997)

NEA Jazz Masters (1998)

Honorary Doctorate of Music (1999; Berklee College of Music)

Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo for ''In Walked Wayne'' (1999)

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition for ''Sacajawea'' (2003)

Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group for ''AlegrĂ­a'' (2003)

Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group for ''Beyond The Sound Barrier'' (2005)

Jazz Journalists Association Jazz Award ''Small Ensemble Group of the Year'' to ''Wayne Shorter Quartet'' (2006)

References

External links

Category:Jazz composers Category:Modal jazz saxophonists Category:Crossover jazz saxophonists Category:Jazz fusion saxophonists Category:Hard bop saxophonists Category:Post-bop saxophonists Category:Jazz tenor saxophonists Category:American jazz composers Category:American jazz saxophonists Category:American jazz soprano saxophonists Category:American jazz tenor saxophonists Category:American composers Category:American saxophonists Category:African American musicians Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Miles Davis Category:People from Newark, New Jersey Category:American Buddhists Category:Members of Soka Gakkai Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:Blue Note Records artists Category:Vee-Jay Records artists Category:Weather Report members

cs:Wayne Shorter da:Wayne Shorter de:Wayne Shorter es:Wayne Shorter eo:Wayne Shorter fr:Wayne Shorter id:Wayne Shorter it:Wayne Shorter he:ויין שור×?ר hu:Wayne Shorter nl:Wayne Shorter ja:ウェイă?łă?»ă‚·ă?§ă?Ľă‚żă?Ľ no:Wayne Shorter pl:Wayne Shorter pt:Wayne Shorter sc:Wayne Shorter fi:Wayne Shorter sv:Wayne Shorter

name	Lupe VĂ©lez
birth name	MarĂ­a Guadalupe Villalobos VĂ©lez
birth date	July 18, 1908
birth place	San Luis Potosi, Mexico
death date	December 14, 1944
death place	Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
other names	"Mexican Spitfire"
occupation	Actress
years active	1927–1944
nationality	Mexican
spouse	Johnny Weismuller (1933–1939) }}

Lupe Vélez (July 18, 1908 – December 14, 1944) was a Mexican film actress. Vélez began her career in Mexico as a dancer, before moving to the U.S. where she worked in vaudeville. She was seen by Fanny Brice who promoted her, and Vélez soon entered films, making her first appearance in 1924. By the end of the decade she had progressed to leading roles. With the advent of talking pictures Vélez acted in comedies, but she became disappointed with her film career, and moved to New York where she worked in Broadway productions.

Returning to Hollywood in 1939, she made a series of comedies. She also made some films in Mexico. VĂ©lez's personal life was often difficult; a five year marriage to Johnny Weissmuller and a series of romances, were highly publicized. She is often associated with the nicknames "The Mexican Spitfire" and "The Hot Pepper".

Early life

VĂ©lez was born MarĂ­a Guadalupe Villalobos VĂ©lez in the city of San Luis PotosĂ­ in Mexico, the daughter of an army officer (Jacobo Villalobos Reyes) and his wife (Josefina VĂ©lez), an opera singer, both from prominent families in the state of San Luis PotosĂ­. Her father refused to let her use his last name in theater because at that time becoming an artist and coming from a well-to-do family was seen as embarrassing, , so she used her mother's surname. Lupe was educated at a convent school in Texas. From an early age, she had a strong temper and an explosive personality. She took dancing lessons and in 1924, made her performing debut at the ''Teatro Principal'' in Mexico City. In 1923 she moved to Texas, where she began dancing in vaudeville shows and finding work as a sales assistant. She moved to California, where she met the comedienne Fanny Brice, who promoted her career as a dancer. In 1926 she was cast in her first film by Hal Roach.

Film career

VĂ©lez's first feature-length film was ''The Gaucho'' (1927) starring Douglas Fairbanks. The next year, she was named one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars, the young starlets deemed to be most promising for movie stardom. Most of her early films cast her in exotic or ethnic roles (Hispanic, Native American, French, Russian, even Asian). She worked under the direction of notable film directors like Victor Fleming in ''The Wolf Song'' (1929) opposite Gary Cooper; D.W Griffith in ''Lady of the Pavements'' (1928); Tod Browning in Where East is East opposite Lon Chaney and Cecil B. de Mille in ''The Squaw Man'' in 1931. By the end of the silent era the sparkling personality of Lupe rivalled that of the ''Flapper Girl'', Clara Bow.

Within a few years VĂ©lez found her niche in comedies, playing beautiful but volatile foils to comedy stars. Her slapstick battle with Laurel and Hardy in ''Hollywood Party'' and her dynamic presence opposite Jimmy Durante in ''Palooka'' (both 1934) are typically enthusiastic VĂ©lez performances. She was featured in the final Wheeler & Woolsey comedy, ''High Flyers'' (1937), doing impersonations of Simone Simon, Dolores del RĂ­o, and Shirley Temple.

In 1934, Velez was one of the victims of the "open season" of the "reds" in Hollywood. With Dolores del RĂ­o, RamĂłn Novarro and James Cagney, she was accused of promoting communism in California.

VĂ©lez was now nearing 30 and had not become a major star. Disappointed, she left Hollywood for Broadway. In New York, she landed a role in ''You Never Know'', a short-lived Cole Porter musical. After the run of ''You Never Know'', VĂ©lez looked for film work in other countries. Returning to Hollywood in 1939, she snared the lead in a B comedy for RKO Radio Pictures, ''The Girl from Mexico''. She established such a rapport with co-star Leon Errol that RKO made a quick sequel, ''Mexican Spitfire'', which became a very popular series. VĂ©lez perfected her comic character, indulging in broken-English malaprops, troublemaking ideas, and sudden fits of temper bursting into torrents of Spanish invective. She occasionally sang in these films, and often displayed a talent for hectic, visual comedy. VĂ©lez enjoyed making these films and can be seen openly breaking up at Leon Errol's comic ad libs.

The ''Spitfire'' films rejuvenated Lupe VĂ©lez's career, and for the next few years she starred in musical and comedy features for RKO, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures in addition to the Spitfire films. In one of her last films, Columbia's ''Redhead from Manhattan,'' she played a dual role: one in her exaggerated comic dialect, and the other in her actual speaking voice, which was surprisingly fluid and had only traces of a Mexican accent.

Lupe Vélez was very popular with Spanish-speaking audiences. In 1943, she returned to Mexico and starred in the movies ''La Zandunga'' (1938), and an adaptation of Émile Zola's novel ''Nana'' (1944), which was well received. Subsequently, she returned to Hollywood.

Romances

Emotionally generous, passionate, and high-spirited, VĂ©lez had a number of highly publicized affairs, including a particularly emotionally draining one with Gary Cooper, before marrying Olympic athlete Johnny Weissmuller (of ''Tarzan'' fame) in 1933, and later, in 1938, Mexican actor Arturo de CĂłrdova. In the early 1940s she was also linked romantically with Clayton Moore, later known for his television role as the Lone Ranger; Moore insists in his autobiography that he was only a social escort. About her romance with Cooper, Marlene Dietrich said "Gary was totally under the control of Lupe". The marriage with Weissmuller lasted five years; they repeatedly split and finally divorced in 1938. However, her love affair with Gary Cooper lasted until her death.

Death

In the mid-1940s, she had a relationship with the young actor Harald Maresch, and became pregnant with his child. However, other reliable accounts place Gary Cooper, with whom Lupe had had a romantic relationship for years and up to her death, as the father of her unborn child, either making her alleged suicide note bogus, or Maresch only a scapegoat. Unable to face the shame of giving birth to an illegitimate child, she decided to take her own life. Her alleged suicide note read, "To Harald: May God forgive you and forgive me, too; but I prefer to take my life away and our baby's, before I bring him with shame, or killing him. Lupe." She retired to bed after taking an overdose of sleeping pills. According to newspaper accounts, her body was found by her secretary and companion of ten years, Beulah Kinder, on her bed surrounded by flowers, as she had wished.

Andy Warhol's underground film, ''Lupe'' (1965), starring Edie Sedgwick as Lupe, is loosely based on this fateful night, suggesting that she was found with her head in the toilet due to nausea caused by the overdose. Another report says she tripped and fell head-first into the toilet, knocking herself unconscious and drowning.

In a poll of Mexican filmgoers, actresses like Marquita Rivera and Amalia Aguilar were chosen to star in a Hollywood film based on the life of the actress. However, due to the controversy over VĂ©lez's suicide at that time, the film was never produced.

There is skepticism surrounding whether it was simply the shame of bearing an illegitimate child that led VĂ©lez to end her life. Throughout her life she showed signs of extreme emotion, mania and depression. Consequently, it has been suggested that VĂ©lez suffered from bipolar disorder, which, left untreated, ultimately led to her suicide. Rosa Linda Fregoso writes that VĂ©lez was known for her defiance of contemporary moral convention, and it seems unlikely that she could not have reconciled an "illegitimate child."

Lupe VĂ©lez was laid to rest in the Civil Cemetery of Sorrows (PanteĂłn Civil de Dolores), in the Tacubaya section of Mexico City, in a walled section within the itself walled cemetery, reserved for artists and administered by the National Association of Actors (A.N.D.A.).

References in popular culture

The song "Lupe VĂ©lez" by artist Jimmy Jazz appeared on the ''If It Moves...'' compilation ''Torture Tech Overdrive'' (which was later re-released by Cleopatra Records). The song deals with the absurdity of attempting to create a beautiful death in suicide.

In the first episode of the sitcom ''Frasier'', "The Good Son", Frasier Crane's producer Roz Doyle tries to improve Frasier's outlook on his life by telling him the story of Lupe VĂ©lez, "last seen with her head in the toilet". Apparently according to Roz, the pills she had taken did not mix well with "the enchilada combo plate she sadly chose as her last meal." When Frasier asks how her story is supposed to make him feel better, Roz responds that sometimes things don't go the way we want them to, but can work out in the end, anyway. She adds, "All she wanted was to be remembered. Will you ever forget that story?".

She was mentioned in ''The Simpsons'' episode titled "Homer's Phobia". Guest star John Waters gave the Simpson family, sans Homer, a driving tour of Springfield's shopping district, where he pointed out the store where reportedly VĂ©lez bought the toilet she drowned in.

In 2009, Mexican film director Martin Caballero made the short film ''Forever Lupe'' with Mexican actress Marieli Romo as Lupe VĂ©lez.

In Robert Stone's novel ''Children of Light'', a troubled actress refers to a suicide-by-drowning scene she has just acted out as "Lupe Velez takes a dunk."

She is mentioned in the Michael Chabon novel ''The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay''.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |rowspan= 3|1927 |''What Women Did for Me'' |uncredited |short subject |- |''Sailors, Beware!'' |Baroness Behr (uncredited) |Laurel and Hardy silent short |- |''The Gaucho'' |The Mountain Girl |Douglas Fairbanks adventure. |- |1928 |''Stand and Deliver'' |Jania | |- |rowspan=5|1929 |''Hollywood Snapshots #11'' |Herself |short subject |- |''Lady of the Pavements'' |Nanon del Rayon |aka ''Lady of the Night'' (UK) |- |''The Wolf Song'' |Lola Salazar | |- |''Where East Is East'' |Toyo Haynes |With Lon Chaney |- |''Tiger Rose'' |Rose | |- |rowspan=3|1930 |''Hell Harbor'' |Anita Morgan | |- |''The Storm'' |Manette Fachard | |- |''East Is West'' |Ming Toy |Spanish language version wasfilmed, also starring VĂ©lez |- |rowspan=4|1931 |''Resurrection'' |Katusha Maslova | |- |''ResurrecciĂłn'' |Katyusha Maslova | |- |''The Squaw Man'' |Naturich | |- |''The Cuban Love Song'' |Nenita Lopez | |- |rowspan=5|1932 |''The Voice of Hollywood No. 13'' |Herself |short subject |- |''Men in Her Life'' |Julia Clark |Spanish language version of 1931 film |- |''The Broken Wing'' |Lolita | |- |''Kongo'' |Tula | |- |''The Half-Naked Truth'' |Teresita | |- |rowspan=2|1933 |''Hot Pepper'' |Pepper | |- |''Mr. Broadway'' |Herself |documentary |- |rowspan=4|1934 |''Palooka'' |Nina Madero |aka ''Joe Palooka'' |- |''Strictly Dynamite'' |Vera Mendez | |- |''Laughing Boy'' |Slim Girl | |- |''Hollywood Party'' |The Jaguar WomanJane in Schnarzan sequence |Laurel and Hardy have a cameo appearance |- |1935 |''The Morals of Marcus'' |Carlotta | |- |1936 |''Gypsy Melody'' |Mila | |- |rowspan=3|1937 |''High Flyers'' |Maria Juanita Rosita Anita Moreno del Valle | |- |''Stardust'' |Carla de Huelva |aka ''He Loved an Actress'' (USA) |- |''La Zandunga'' |Lupe |First Spanish-speaking movie in MĂ©xico |- |1939 |''The Girl from Mexico'' |Carmelita Fuentes | |- |rowspan=2|1940 |''Mexican Spitfire'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |''Mexican Spitfire Out West'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |rowspan=5|1941 |''Recordar es vivir'' | |short subject |- |''Six Lessons from Madame La Zonga'' |Madame La Zonga | |- |''Mexican Spitfire's Baby'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |''Honolulu Lu'' |Consuelo Cordoba | |- |''Playmates'' |Carmen del Toro |last film of John Barrymore |- |rowspan=3|1942 |''Mexican Spitfire at Sea'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |''Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |''Mexican Spitfire's Elephant'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |rowspan=3|1943 |''Ladies' Day'' |Pepita Zorita | |- |''Redhead from Manhattan'' |Rita Manners/Elaine Manners | |- |''Mexican Spitfire's Blessed Event'' |Carmelita Lindsay | |- |1944 |''Nana'' |Nana | |- |}

References

Bibliography

External links

at the Cinema of Mexico site of the ITESM

This is the music video by the Italian group "Il Palco della Musica" performing "Lupe Vèlez", directed by Pier Bruno Scotto. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QHqlr1HplI

Straight Dope Staff Report: Did Lupe VĂ©lez really drown in the toilet? at straightdope.com "Did Lupe VĂ©lez Really Die On the Toilet?" at The Straight Dope

The fourth chapter of ''Tex(t)-Mex: Seductive Hallucination of the "Mexican" in America'' by William Nericcio, focuses on the life and death of Lupe Vélez and is entitled, ''Lupe Vélez Regurgitated or Jesus’s Kleenex: Cautionary, Indigestion-inspiring Ruminations on "Mexicans" in "American" Toilets''.

Lupe VĂ©lez as an infant in 1908(University of Washington, Sayre Collection)

Category:20th-century actors Category:Mexican actors Category:Mexican film actors Category:Mexican silent film actors Category:American actors Category:American film actors Category:American silent film actors Category:Mexican stage actors Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:Drug-related suicides in California Category:Female suicides Category:Mexican expatriates in the United States Category:Actors who committed suicide Category:Women comedians Category:Mexican comedians Category:People from San Luis PotosĂ­ Category:1908 births Category:1944 deaths Category:Hispanic and Latino American people Category:Mexican Roman Catholics

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