A news ticker (sometimes referred to as a "crawler") resides in the lower third of the television screen space on television news networks dedicated to presenting headlines or minor pieces of news. It may also refer to a long, thin scoreboard-style display seen around the front of some offices or public buildings. The news ticker has been used in Europe in countries such as Britain, Germany and Ireland for some years, and the United States has been catching up recently. It is also used in several Asian countries and Australia.

Since the growth in usage of the World Wide Web, news tickers have largely syndicated news posts from the websites of the broadcasting services which produce the broadcasts.

Europe

Several European news channels have used tickers as part of their on-air design for years. For example, German news channel n-tv has had a news ticker since its launch in 1992.

United Kingdom

Two channels in the United Kingdom use the news ticker.

BBC News

The BBC News displays a grey ticker with white text using the Gill Sans font throughout the day, identical to BBC World News, except when trailers, countdowns and the weather is being broadcast. The ticker switches to red to display breaking news.

Sky News

Sky News displays a black ticker with white text throughout the broadcast day. This ticker turns yellow with black text for breaking news.

Australia

In Australia, the first major use of news tickers also occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001. Since the initial introduction, morning programs ''Sunrise'' and ''Today'' have kept tickers, although they have both since stopped; ''Sunrise'' changed to a news "flipper" (showing one headline on screen for a few seconds before alternating to the next headline, instead of scrolling across the screen) and ''Today'' uses a ticker for weather forecast details only.

Sky News Australia maintained a news ticker which used to feature a stream of weather information before they updated their graphics. Now the ticker provides basic headlines about the latest news and sport. The weather information is located on the left, and the time for every Australian and New Zealand timezone on the right.

The ABC ''Midday Report'', along with Seven’s early, morning, and afternoon bulletins has adopted the news ticker. Ten's early morning news, ABC News Breakfast and the ABC News 24 channel all use a news flipper.

The Bigpond.com website also launched a news ticker in May 2009.

Asia

China

In China, China Central Television uses a news ticker on CCTV-2, CCTV-4, CCTV-5, CCTV-9 and CCTV-News.

India

Almost all news channels in India uses a news ticker. Most of them uses two-band tickers, each having a different purpose.

Some stations, such as Sahara Samay, News Live etc. uses one of its ticker bands for advertising purposes.

Most of the news tickers used in India are scrolling ones; however, some make an exception. For instance, the normal news ticker in CNN-IBN uses a 'flipping' effect, although they use a scrolling-type ticker to display business quotes.

During breaking news broadcasts, CNN-IBN places an alternating BREAKING NEWS word and a news title on the upper band; and the news updates regarding to the news event at the bottom band.

Indonesia

There are two national (broadcast nationally) news channels in Indonesia, Metro TV and TV One, and both occupy news ticker all day. Local (broadcast regionally, usually only cover a city or province) news channels also follow this practice. Other national and local channels, occupy news ticker occasionally, primarily on news programs to show up-to-date news. On other programs, they may use news ticker to show breaking news or simply to endorse advertisements.

Pakistan

GEO News uses a one-band scrolling ticker, with a white text on a blue background. The ticker displays news both in English and in Urdu. When a breaking news ticker is shown, the background becomes red, and the text (also displayed both in English and Urdu) doesn't scroll at all; instead it uses an animation to display the text. The upper band was also added during such event, having a white background over a red text. The upper breaking news band displays an alternating BREAKING NEWS word plus the news event title both in English and in Urdu.

The station sometimes incorporates a second news ticker above the normal ticker during certain special coverage. ARY News , Pakistan largest TV Network with popular coverage in Europe and US also use Ticker for BREAKING NEWS in Red color, latest News in Yellow color and normal news in White color. Ticker is popular form for breaking the News in Pakistan. Daily more than 300 to 400 tickers are being scrolled.

Philippines

GMA-7 was the first Philippine channel to utilise a ticker during news broadcasts. Its ticker usually provides news updates. In the early 2000s, traffic information from Trapik.com was also being shown; now it was discontinued.

GMA-7 regularly use tickers in 24 Oras and Unang Hirit. Saksi also incorporated a news ticker during significant events, such as when a severe storm is approaching the country. During the election period, tickers running with ballot updates were sometimes also placed during telenovela broadcasts.

Q, GMA's sister station, also incorporates news tickers on news programs Balitanghali and News on Q.

It was reported that GMA Pinoy TV broadcasts of Unang Hirit and 24 Oras had their tickers blocked.

ABS-CBN is the next Philippine station to use tickers. ABS-CBN started to have its own ticker by 2003, and it has improved over the years. ABS-CBN has tickers in TV Patrol, Umagang Kay Ganda, Bandila, and News Patrol. Its news channel ANC also has its own news ticker. ANC had also a news ticker since 2005, also usually placed a stock market ticker provided by the Philippine Stock Exchange (it was actually a java applet superimposed on the lowerthird) above the usual news ticker. the stock ticker only appears on Mornings@ANC and Business Nightly.

Their tickers usually have a current time placed on either the left or the right side of the bar; alongside with the running news information.

Other networks which uses news tickers were TV5, NBN, RPN, IBC, UNTV 37 and Net 25, most especially during their own respective news broadcasts.

Malaysia

News tickers are being used in Astro Awani (in the form of a "flipper" ticker) and Bernama TV. While Astro Awani keeps their ticker going during commercial breaks, Bernama TV does not. It is the case for news programs on TV1, TV2, TV3, NTV7, and TV9.

Singapore

In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia uses news ticker. The ticker features news headlines and, in the event of breaking news, there will be an additional line for the latest news updates.

Thailand

Thailand television always have news ticker in different ways since the 90's.

Vietnam

News tickers started using in Vietnam since June 5, 2010 (main updates to the news programs) on VTV1 only in news program at 6:00, 12:00 and 19:00, along with other updates such as current time, new news room, new news logo.

North America

United States

Though modern and efficient news tickers were not popularized in the United States until September 11, 2001, the first record of a news ticker as part of a regular broadcast is from ''NBC's Today'' show on its debut edition, January 14, 1952. Without the benefit of computer-generated headlines and digital on-screen graphics, the ticker was vastly different than the one we would know today. The ''Today'' ticker was an actual piece of paper with typewritten headlines superimposed on the lower third of the screen. The ticker was never very successful as a communications tool and was dropped not long thereafter.

By the 1980s, in northern parts of the United States, many local television stations used a ticker placed over morning local and network newscasts to pass along information on school closings due to weather. Severe weather watch and warning information was also commonly run on local station tickers. In both cases, the start of the ticker's cycle was often accompanied by an attention signal, such as warning tones or a small jingle from the station's news theme or network (such as the NBC Chimes).

One of the first networks to regularly utilise a ticker was CNN Headline News. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ticker featured stock prices during the daytime, and sports scores during the evening and weekend. CNBC and forerunner network Financial News Network also debuted a ticker featuring stock prices during business hours. However prior to 1996, these stock tickers could only show preselected stocks making the system highly manual and clumsy. The first fully automated stock ticker to appear on television was in 1996 on the CNNfn network.

By the mid-1980s, ESPN featured an update ticker at the top and bottom of each hour, scrolling up-to-the-minute sports scores and news. By 1996, spin-off network ESPN2 debuted a ticker, dubbed the "BottomLine," which featured non-stop sports scores and news nearly twenty-four hours a day. ESPNEWS, after a 2000 redesign of their on-air look became the first network to keep their ticker going during commercial breaks.

While tickers had been used occasionally by other networks over the years, it was the September 11 attacks of 2001 that made the ticker a ubiquitous part of the television news experience. Needing a way to provide a continuous stream of vital but repetitive emergency information to viewers, Fox News Channel placed a ticker on-screen at 10:49 a.m. CNN launched its own ticker at 11:11 a.m., and MSNBC started one at approximately 2:00 p.m. Although the need for attack-related tickers lasted only a few weeks, the management at all three major U.S. news channels quickly decided that news tickers would help increase viewership amongst viewers with the ability to process multiple simultaneous streams of information. As a result, the tickers have been permanent features on all three channels ever since, except during some documentary programming, presidential speeches, or other selected programs.

In recent years, American cable news networks have used their news ticker to let viewers offer their opinions on the stories being covered, or depending on the occasion, sending messages to friends. During its coverage of New Year's Eve celebrations in Times Square in New York City, Fox News lets viewers text well-wishes to family and friends for later broadcast on the news ticker. CNN also used its ticker during Rick Sanchez's news hour on ''CNN Newsroom'' to give their opinions on stories that Sanchez was covering at that moment.

Fox News Channel

Fox News Channel, an American sister channel to Sky News, was the first news network in the United States to debut a permanent news ticker, at 10:49 a.m, on the morning of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The ticker featured yellow-lettered sentences on a black band, with a general "Fox" logo in between them. From 2001 to 2004, the ticker featured an Helvetica Narrow font, after which it was replaced by a normal Helvetica font that is seen to this day. For a certain period in 2007, the letters were colored blue, but beginning with the September 24, 2007 edition of the ''Fox Report'', the letters returned to a yellow color. For a time in late 2007 and 2008, the ticker's band was translucent before going back to a black band. In 2008, a specific "Fox News" logo was placed between the ticker's sentences. Fox News' ticker is only removed from the air during the network's reruns of ''Fox News Sunday'' and late-night airings of the talk show ''Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld''.

CNN

Less than half an hour after the debut of Fox News' ticker during the 9/11 attacks, CNN launched its own, at 11:11 a.m. The ticker became a staple on the network for the next seven years. It was given only a few, minor changes during its run, and always featured yellow-lettered sentences on a black band, with the CNN logo in between them. This made the ticker quite similar to the Fox News ticker. On Headline News (now HLN), CNN's sister channel, the ticker was the same except for a blue band, not black. CNN/U.S. and Headline News discontinued the ticker with the introduction of new on-screen graphics on December 15, 2008. It was replaced by a "flipper" ticker which had already been in use previously only on CNN International. CNN's tickers are only removed during episodes of ''CNN Presents'' or ''CNN Special Investigations Unit''.

During Election Day, an "election bar" is coupled with the news ticker to show the current statuses of candidates. It is the only time that CNN's ticker remains running and visible during commercial breaks.

MSNBC

MSNBC, the cable counterpart of NBC News, was the last cable news network to debut a ticker on 9/11, at 2:00 p.m. Like Fox News and CNN, MSNBC's ticker had yellow letters, but the ticker's band was slightly transparent. When the network's on-screen graphics were re-vamped in 2006, the ticker was also changed. The new ticker had white letters, and the band was dark gray. The MSNBC ticker is seen during the network's morning and daytime broadcasts, but is removed during live prime-time broadcasts of ''The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell'', ''Hardball'' and ''The Rachel Maddow Show''. The ticker is also absent during broadcasts of ''MSNBC Documentaries'', and during the daytime shows that show a "rundown banner" (''The Daily Rundown'' and ''The Dylan Ratigan Show'').

The ticker was changed on June 29, 2009 to a flipper-style ticker similar to that of CNN, coinciding with the beginning of high-definition broadcasts on MSNBC.

CNBC

CNBC, a business news network operated by NBC and MSNBC parent company General Electric, uses a special ticker to monitor the values of securities and indexes on the stock market. This ticker has been employed by the network since its inception in 1989. CNBC uses two tickers on its lower-third: an upper ticker with a white band and a lower ticker with a dark-blue band. The white ticker monitors market and commodity summaries, while the blue ticker monitors stocks. The tickers run at slightly different speeds. The blue ticker also reports news headlines and weather forecasts. CNBC's graphics also show a rotating ticker, partitioned into three segments, showing index and security prices. These tickers also appeared and visble during CNBC's prime-time programming, along with paid programming, after the exchanges have closed. Computers at that time could not keep up with the full stock feed and as such the ticker could only show preselected stocks making the system highly manual and clumsy. The first fully automated stock ticker to appear on television was in 1996 on the CNNfn network.

CNNfn

CNNfn, a business news newtork operated by CNN, was the first to create a fully automated stock ticker for the television. Until 1996, computers were not able to maintain the entier stock feed in memory to enable delaying everything by 15 minutes. Previous tickers implementations were preselected subsets of the feed and could not automatically select stocks of interest without manual intervention. Working with SGI and Standard and Poor's data feed, Nils B. Lahr, a developer at CNNfn, developed the first system that could delay the entire stock market while also displaying it dynamically on television as a ticker. This was a major advancement as the viewers, for the first time, understood that the ticker represented all available stocks and thus would refelct any vital changes without manual intervention or pre-selected stock selections.

Other Tickers

The morning shows of the three main broadcast networks in the United States -- ''Today'' on NBC, ''Good Morning America'' on ABC, and ''The Early Show'' on CBS -- display their own tickers during their programs. However, in some markets, local network affiliates display their own tickers over the network's. In the case of ''Today'', no ticker may be seen depending on the market.

The Weather Channel, a weather-centric cable news channel co-owned by NBC Universal, Blackstone Group and Bain Capital, uses a ticker which (as of 2010) displays the current temperature in the viewer's area, forecasted conditions, and the current time by time zone (EST-PST). During severe weather, the ticker turns from blue and gold to a red background, with a beeping alert noise and a ticker indicating a severe weather warning or watch being issued within range of the viewer's location by the National Weather Service. Local television affiliates may air severe warnings from the National Weather Service by way of a ticker, accompanied by a beeping noise and an automated voice message. The ticker may appear at the lower-third or upper-third of the screen, depending on the station. Viewers on satellite receivers do not receive this ticker on their broadcasts, as it is inserted at the cable head-end for cable television viewers and is localized for that area.

Trinity Broadcasting Network, or TBN, an evangelical Christian network based in Costa Mesa, California, employs an on-screen digital feature much like a ticker during its ''Praise the Lord'' and ''Behind the Scenes'' shows. The ticker features white italicized letters on a band displaying a swirling mix of blue colors. Instead of news, TBN's ticker typically announces special events and program tapings at TBN studios. The tickers last the entire length of ''Behind the Scenes'' episodes, but are more prudently used during ''Praise the Lord'' episodes.

For music and music video channels, the usage of ticker has varied. ''IMX'' (later ''Daily Download''), which ran from 2003-2006 on Fuse TV, used a ticker to display the current scores (or "stock value") of bands, albums, music videos and TV offerings according to the online game played by users of IMX's website; the values of the properties were influenced by current Billboard charts and concert sales, among other criteria. MTV, since 2008, features a music ticker for the musical works and artists used in commercials.

Canada

Like United States, tickers are used usually only on 24-hour news channels such as CBC Newsworld and CTV News Channel.

Current uses

The presentation of headlines or other information in a news ticker has become a common element of many different news networks. The use of the ticker has been different on a number of different channels:

financial news channels use two or more tickers progressing at different speeds, displaying stock prices and business headlines.

Networks with a focus on sports often use a slightly different system, where scores and status of current and finished games are displaced one by one, along with minor sports highlights.

News networks commonly use a setup in which news headlines are scrolled across the bottom half of the screen, though some variations have formed, such as CNN International presenting them without a scrolling effect, and showing one headline at a time.

Usage of the scroller has also grown in a number of local news stations, used during hours of severe weather to provide information about storms and areas effected by them, in addition to other uses, such as presented school delays and cancellations during winter weather in some regions, and the presentation of headlines alike to the general news networks.

Due to their prevalence currently, they have been occasionally been made targets of pranks and vandalism. For example, News 14 Carolina used a ticker where viewers could submit relevant information such as school closings or traffic delays via telephone or Internet, and in February 2004 the system was exploited to display humorous messages, including the infamous "All your base are belong to us."

References in popular culture

The use of news tickers has also been parodied on a number of programs, including an episode of ''The Simpsons'' from 2003 (''Mr. Spritz Goes to Washington''), as well as a sketch on ''Saturday Night Live''. Films such as ''Austin Powers in Goldmember'' sometimes place jokes within news crawls seen on screen. ''The Onion'' News Network uses a parody ticker to offer jokes in its online newscasts. The Australian show ''CNNNN'' went a step further: although it featured a joke news ticker throughout the show, one episode had a news ticker summarizing the initial news ticker, as well as one for the sight impaired, which covered the whole screen.

Musician Chamillionaire used a news ticker in the music video for Hip Hop Police announcing the arrests of famous musicians.

Building news tickers

The most famous news ticker display is the "zipper" that circles One Times Square in New York City. ''The New York Times'' erected the first such display in 1928, and now several buildings in midtown Manhattan feature such a display. A similar display appears on the exterior of the Fox News/News Corporation headquarters in the west extension of Manhattan's Rockefeller Center. Another ticker, displaying the latest stock details, is also located in Times Square.

The Reuters buildings at Canary Wharf and in Toronto have news tickers and stock tickers for the NYSE, NASDAQ and LSE. The Toronto building's ticker also shows TSX quotes.

When NBC renovated 10 Rockefeller Center to accommodate the ''Today'' show in 1994, a red-LED ticker was added to the perimeter of the building at the juncture of the first and second floors. The ticker is visible to spectators in Rockefeller Plaza and passersby on West 49th Street and updates continuously, even when the show is off the air.

In Australia, The Seven Network has a ticker that wraps around The Seven News Headquarters in Martin Place. This ticker is identical to the ticker that airs on Seven Early News, Seven Morning News & Seven News at 4.30.

See also

Digital on-screen graphic

Lower third

Ticker tape

External links

DMOZ news tickers

Tutorials on how to make online news ticker in Javascript

Category:Digital media Category:Television news Category:Television terminology

de:Nachrichtenticker he:טיקר חדשות nl:Lichtkrant ja:L字型画面 pl:Ticker fi:Uutisnauha zh:字幕跑馬燈

name	Sophie Milman
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
born	1984 in Ufa, Russia
instrument	VocalsPiano
genre	JazzPop Standards
occupation	SingerSongwriter
years active	2004–present
label	Linus Entertainment
website	www.linusentertainment.com/
religion	Jewish
notable instruments	}}

Sophie Milman is a Russian-born jazz vocalist who currently lives in Canada. After emigrating from Russia in the early 1990s, Milman, who is of Jewish heritage, spent most of her childhood years in Israel where she listened extensively to jazz. Her self-titled debut album was released on October 12, 2004, in Canada via Linus Entertainment and in 2006 in the United States on Koch.

Milman is a student of commerce at the University of Toronto.

She won 2008 Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year for ''Make Someone Happy''.

Her recording of "So Long, Your Fool" is used in commercials for Air Wick Winter Collection candles.

Milman is married to lawyer, professor, and musician Casey Chisick, who was also the executive producer on Milman's albums ''Make Someone Happy'' (2007) and ''Take Love Easy'' (2009), as well as her concert DVD ''Live in Montreal'' (2008).

Discography

2004: ''Sophie Milman''

2007: ''Live at The Winter Garden Theatre''

2007: ''Make Someone Happy''

2008: ''Live In Montreal''

2009: ''Take Love Easy''

! Year

! Title

! Label

! Songs

2004

Sophie Milman

Linus

# Agua de Beber

I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby>I Can't Give You Anything but Love

Guilty (1931 song)>Guilty

# My Baby Just Cares for Me

# Back Home To Me

The Man I Love (song)>The Man I Love

# Lonely In New York

# I Feel Pretty

# La Vie en Rose

# My Heart Belongs to Daddy

Dark Eyes (song)>Ochi Chornye (Dark Eyes)

# This Time of the Year

2007

Live at The Winter Garden Theatre

Linus

# Whatever Lola Wants (ft. Jesse Cook)

# My Baby Just Cares For Me

# Ochi Chornye (Dark Eyes)

Bye Bye Love (The Everly Brothers song)>Bye Bye Love

2007

Make Someone Happy

Linus

# People Will Say We're in Love

# Something In The Air Between Us

# Rocket Love

# So Long, You Fool

Fiddler on the Roof>Matchmaker, Matchmaker

# Like Someone in Love

# Make Someone Happy

Bein' Green>(It's Not Easy) Bein' Green

# Reste (Stay)

Fever (1956 song)>Fever

# Undun

# It Might as Well Be Spring

# Eli, Eli (A Walk To Caesarea)

# Stay (bonus track)

# Save Your Love For Me (bonus track)

2008

Live In Montreal

E1

# It Might as Well Be Spring

# People Will Say We're in Love

# Something in the Air Between Us

# Rocket Love

# So Long, You Fool

# (It's Not Easy) Bein' Green

# Ochi Chornye

# Reste (Stay)

# Fever

# Matchmaker, Matchmaker

# Undun

# Bye Bye Love

# Eli, Eli

2009

Linus

Beautiful Love (1931 song)>Beautiful Love

# Take Love Easy

# I Concentrate On You

# Day In, Day Out

# Be Cool

# My One and Only Love

# I Can't Make You Love Me

# That Is Love

Love for Sale (song)>Love for Sale

# I'm On Fire

# Triste

# 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover

# Where Do You Start?

Down with Love (song)>Down With Love (Bonus Track on iTunes)

The Best Is Yet to Come (song)>The Best Is Yet to Come (duet with Michael Kaeshammer, bonus track on iTunes)

References

External links

Sophie Milman's official website

Record label

Audio interview with Sophie Milman, November 2007

Clark Center Friday, January 15, 2010

Category:1980s births Category:Living people Category:Jewish Canadian musicians Category:Jewish singers Category:Canadian female singers Category:Canadian jazz singers Category:Women in jazz Category:Juno Award winners Category:Israeli Jews Category:Russian Jews Category:Russian emigrants to Israel Category:Israeli emigrants to Canada Category:Canadian people of Russian descent Category:People from Ufa

de:Sophie Milman es:Sophie Milman ja:ソフィー・ミルマン pt:Sophie Milman ru:Милмэн, Софи

alt	A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson
alias	Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop
birth date	August 29, 1958
birth place	Gary, Indiana, U.S.
death date	June 25, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	Vocals
genre	R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
years active	1964–2009
label	Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions
associated acts	The Jackson 5
relatives	Janet Jackson (sister)
website	}}

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled ''This Is It'', Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.

The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.

Move to Epic and ''Off the Wall'' (1975–81)

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.

''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona. ;Bibliography

George, Nelson (2004). ''Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection'' booklet. Sony BMG.

Further reading

External links

Michael Jackson at MTV

FBI file on Michael Jackson

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