Zaleplon (marketed under the brand names Sonata and Starnoc) is a sedative/hypnotic, mainly used for insomnia. It is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic from the pyrazolopyrimidine class. In terms of adverse effects zaleplon appears to offer little improvement compared to both benzodiazepines and other non-benzodiazepine Z-drugs.

Sonata (US) is manufactured by King Pharm. of Bristol, TN; Starnoc has been discontinued in Canada. It is only ever prescribed privately (rarely) in the United Kingdom; with Zopiclone being the preferred Z-Drug by the NHS.

Clinical uses

Zaleplon is effective in the treatment of insomnia where difficulty in falling asleep is the primary complaint. Zaleplon, unlike many other hypnotic drugs, does not interfere with sleep architecture and can be administered for up to 5 weeks without the risk of dependence or rebound insomnia upon discontinuation.

Zaleplon is also effective in the treatment of middle of the night insomnia without causing residual hangover effects.

Zaleplon has advantages over benzodiazepines in that it does not disrupt sleep architecture unlike benzodiazepines which whilst inducing sleep actually worsen the quality of it.

Side-effects

The side effects of zaleplon are similar to the side effects of benzodiazepines, although with less next-day sedation,

Zaleplon may cause hallucinations, abnormal behavior, severe confusion, day-time drowsiness, dizziness or lightheadedness, unsteadiness and/or falls, double vision or other vision problems, agitation, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain, depression, muscle weakness, tremor, vivid or abnormal dreams and memory difficulties or amnesia.

Zaleplon is habit-forming, meaning addiction or drug dependence may occur. Stopping this medication suddenly after prolonged or frequent use may cause withdrawal effects such as mood changes, anxiety, restlessness or rebound insomnia.

Some evidence suggests that Zaleplon tolerance and rebound effects may be less frequent than with other nonbenzodiazepine Z-drugs in its class.

Special precautions

The elderly are more sensitive to the adverse effects of zaleplon such as cognitive side effects. Zaleplon may increase the risk of falls in the elderly. It should not be used in pregnancy and lactation, in patients with a history of alcohol or drug abuse, psychotic illness or depression.

Elderly

An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that there is considerable evidence of the effectiveness and durability of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all ages and that these interventions are underutilized. Compared with the benzodiazepines, the nonbenzodiazepine (including zaleplon) sedative-hypnotics appeared to offer few, if any, significant clinical advantages in efficacy or tolerability in elderly persons. It was found that newer agents with novel mechanisms of action and improved safety profiles, such as the melatonin agonists, hold promise for the management of chronic insomnia in elderly people. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics for insomnia lacks an evidence base and has traditionally been discouraged for reasons that include concerns about such potential adverse drug effects as cognitive impairment (anterograde amnesia), daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of these agents remain to be determined. It was concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment and the most appropriate management strategy for elderly persons with chronic insomnia. Unlike non-selective benzodiazepine drugs and zopiclone which distort the sleep pattern zaleplon appears to induce sleep without disrupting the natural sleep architecture.

A meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials which compared benzodiazepines against Zaleplon or other Z Drugs such as zolpidem and zopiclone, has found that there are few clear and consistent differences between Zaleplon and the benzodiazepines in terms of sleep onset latency, total sleep duration, number of awakenings, quality of sleep, adverse events, tolerance, rebound insomnia and daytime alertness.

Zaleplon has a pharmacological profile similar to benzodiazepines, that is characterized by an increase in SWDS with rapid onset of hypnotic action. Zaleplon is a full agonist for the benzodiazepine α1 receptor located on the GABA_A receptor ionophore complex in the brain, with lower affinity for the α2 and α3 subtypes. It selectively enhances the action of GABA similar to but more selectively than benzodiazepines. Zaleplon, although not benzodiazepine-like in chemical structure induces sedative-hypnotic, anticonvulsant and anticonflict effects via its binding to the central nervous system (CNS) type benzodiazepine receptors. The elimination half life of zaleplon is 1 hour. Absorption is rapid. Zaleplon can be classed as an ultra short acting sedative hypnotic drug for the treatment of insomnia characterised by difficulty in falling asleep. Zaleplon increases EEG power density in the delta frequency band and a decrease in the energy of the theta frequency band. In tests on rabbits zaleplon shows drowsy pattern of spontaneous EEG characterized by high-voltage slow waves and desynchronization of hippocampal theta waves and an increase in the energy of the delta frequency band on the spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram.

Chemistry

Pure zaleplon in its solid state is a white to off-white powder that has very low solubility in water as well as low solubility in alcohol and propylene glycol. It has a partition coefficient in octanol/water that is constant (log PC = 1.23) when the pH range is between 1 and 7.

Pharmacokinetics

Zaleplon is primarily metabolised by aldehyde oxidase, and its half-life can be affected by substances which inhibit or induce aldehyde oxidase. Taken orally, zaleplon reaches full concentration in approximately one hour. It is extensively metabolised, into 5-oxo-zaleplon and 5-oxo-desethylzaleplon (the latter via desethylzaleplon), with less than 1% of it excreted intact in urine.

Interactions

Cimetidine, rifampicin and thioridazine cause interactions with zaleplon.

Recreational use

Zaleplon (Sonata) has a relatively high potential to be abused. Often this use involves a different delivery method (insufflating) to induce effects faster.

The effects of Zaleplon are similar to those of many other benzodiazepines but the fast-acting nature and short half-life of the chemical mean that high dosages set on much more quickly and last for short periods of time (usually from 45 to 60 minutes). Insufflating the drug causes effects to happen even more quickly, and last for even shorter periods of time, with some loss of yield as Zaleplon is not entirely water soluble. Anterograde amnesia is very common, and can cause one to lose track of the amount of Zaleplon already ingested, causing them to ingest more than originally planned.

See also

Nonbenzodiazepine

Zolpidem

Zopiclone

References

Category:Pyrazolopyrimidines Category:Nitriles Category:Acetanilides

Name	Goldie
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Clifford Joseph Price
Alias	Goldie, Rufige Kru
Born	September 19, 1965Walsall, West Midlands, England
Instrument	Vocals
Genre	ElectronicDanceDrum and bassJungle
Occupation	Actor, Disc jockey
Years active	1992–present
Url

Clifford Joseph Price, better known as Goldie (born 19 September 1965, Walsall, West Midlands, England) is an English electronic music artist, disc jockey, visual artist and actor. He first gained widespread public attention for his innovations in the jungle and drum and bass music genres, having previously gained more limited exposure for his work as a graffiti artist. His acting credits include the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, Guy Ritchie's Snatch and the British soap opera EastEnders. Most recently he has appeared in a number of celebrity reality television shows including Celebrity Big Brother UK, Strictly Come Dancing and Come Dine With Me.

Biography

Early life

He is of Jamaican and Scottish heritage. He was put up for adoption and raised in child-care homes and by several foster parents. Price was a member of the breakdance crew Westside, based in the Whitmore Reans and Heath Town areas of Wolverhampton, in the 1980s. He later joined a breakdance crew called the Bboys, and made his name as a graffiti artist in the West Midlands.

His artwork around Birmingham and Wolverhampton was featured heavily in Afrika Bambaataa's documentary Bombing. He took part in the largest ever British graffiti art battle alongside Bristol artist Robert "3D" Del Naja, who later formed Massive Attack. He is mentioned for his graffiti in the book Spraycan Art by Henry Chalfant and James Prigoff, which contained several samples of his art.

He moved to the US due to graffiti projects and also started selling grills (gold teeth) in New York and Miami, he continued this business after his return to the UK in 1988. The track has since then been repeatly misattributed to Price himself, perhaps due to subsequent use of the 'Rufige' moniker for his own ambitions.

His releases Killa Muffin b/w Krisp Biscuit and the Dark Rider EP were released under the alias, Rufige Cru. Recently, he has used the alias Rufige Kru to release collaborations with other producers such as Heist.

His track Terminator, released under the name Metalheadz in 1992, was a hit in the jungle scene and is noted for pioneering the use of timestretching. The album fused the breakbeats and basslines common in jungle with orchestral textures and soul vocals by Diane Charlemagne. The album's title track was a 21-minute symphonic piece. "Inner City Life", a track taken from the album reached number 39 in the UK Singles Chart. described as a coming-of-age story of a young paintbrush artist and in 2006 announced the soundtrack as his new album. The album was released via the Metalheadz website in 2008. The film has not been released.

Price is known for his work as the leader of the Rufige Kru. The group has no fixed members and has included drum and bass producers such as Technical Itch, Heist, Cujo, Agzilla Da Ice, Danny J, Doc Scott and Rob Playford.

Acting career

Price has appeared in several films, most notably the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and Guy Ritchie's Snatch. He also played gangster Angel Hudson, in the British soap opera EastEnders (2001–2002). Price starred in Everybody Loves Sunshine (1999) (aka B.U.S.T.E.D - United States title) with David Bowie.

Television appearances

In the late 1980s Price appeared on Central Weekend, a Friday evening topical debate show on Central TV, promoting graffiti as an artform. He had a small documentary made about his art on Central TV's Here and Now programme featuring Pogus Caesar's photographs of New York. He appeared on various young peoples TV shows as part of breakdance crew, the Bboys from Wolverhampton. In 1995 he appeared on Passengers as well as a Channel 4 documentary about himself in 1998.

His next TV appearance was hosting Crime Business on the digital TV channels Bravo and ftn, as well as presenting The World's Deadliest Gangs on Bravo in 2001.

Price appeared on the second series of Celebrity Big Brother UK in 2002. He was the first celebrity to be "evicted". He was scheduled to appear in The Games, a UK reality TV show on Channel 4 in 2006 but during training for the water-ski jump event, he fractured his femur, and was unable to take part in the show. He was replaced by Adam Rickitt. In 2009 he was reported to be suing the producers of the show for damages as a result of the injury.

During August and September 2008 the BBC broadcast Maestro, a reality television show in which eight celebrities, including Price, learned to conduct a concert orchestra. Price placed second, behind Sue Perkins.

On July 31, 2009 the first of a two-part television programme Classic Goldie was broadcast showing how, in the wake of his success in the Maestro programme, he learns to write a score for a large orchestra and choir. The resulting composition entitled Sine Tempore (Timeless) and commissioned by the BBC, was performed at two children's Promenade concerts in the Royal Albert Hall on 1 and 2 August 2009, a concert which featured music connected with Charles Darwin and the creation and evolution of the world.

He appeared on Celebrity Mastermind on 27 December 2009 and came fourth behind Paul O'Grady, Gail Emms and Loyd Grossman. On September 11, 2010, he was announced as part of the line-up in Strictly Come Dancing and on 10 October, he became the first celebrity to leave the show.

On December 22, 2010 he appeared in a Celebrity Come Dine with me Christmas Special.

On 26 March 2011, he appeared on the first episode of a three part reality television series, Goldie's Band – By Royal Appointment, in which he leads a group of music experts as they conduct a nationwide search for young talented musicians, and select and intensively coach twelve, who collaborate to create some musical pieces for a performance at Buckingham Palace.

Art

In 2007 Goldie returned to the art world with an art exhibition 'Love Over Gold', which ran at the Leonard Street Gallery. In 2008 he teamed up with Pete Tong to provide much of the artwork for Tong's new Wonderland club night at Eden nightclub in San Antonio, Ibiza.

Goldie had an exhibition in Berlin between 13 and 26 June 2008. In April 2009, Goldie's 'Kids Are All Riot' exhibition took place in Shoreditch, London. His screenprint 'Apocalypse Angel' was released to coincide with this recent restrospective of the artist's prolific works and originals.

Personal life

In the 1990s, Price had a relationship with drum and bass artist Kemistry, who died in a car accident in 1999. Goldie appeared on 20 June 2009, with his girlfriend of two years, Mika on ITV1's All Star Mr and Mrs with Phillip Schofield and Fern Britton. As of 2010, he is married to Mika.

As of 2006, he lived in a country house in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, which he bought in 1998. On September 3, 2010 Goldie received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Design from the University of Wolverhampton.

On September 7, 2010, Goldie's 23 year old son Jamie Price was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum tariff of 21 years, for murder. Price was convicted after stabbing a man to death on August 24, 2008. The victim was a member of a rival gang.

Strictly Come Dancing performances

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | Week # ! rowspan="2" | Dance/song ! colspan="5" | Judges' score ! rowspan="2" | Result |- ! width="10%" |Hallwood ! width="10%" |Goodman ! width="10%" |Dixon ! width="10%" |Tonioli ! width="10%" |Total |- |- |1 |Cha-Cha-Cha / TiK ToK |3 |6 |6 |5 |20 |N/A |- |- |2 |Foxtrot / The Business Of Love |6 |7 |7 |6 |26 |Eliminated |}

Selected album discography

Selected singles discography

:* "Inner City Life" (as Goldie presents Metalheadz) - FFRR 1994 - UK #39 :* "Angel" - FFRR 1995 - UK #41 :* "Jah" / "Deadly Deep Subs" (Remixes) - Razors Edge 1996 :* "State Of Mind" - FFRR 1996 :* "Digital" (as Goldie featuring KRS One) - FFRR 1997 - UK #13 :* "The Shadow" (As Rob & Goldie) - Moving Shadow 1997 :* "Everything" - Power Fly 1997 :* "Kemistry V.I.P." / "Your Sound" (Remixes) - Razors Edge 1997 :* "Moving Shadow 100" - Rhythm Republic 1997 :* "Tempertemper" (as Goldie featuring KRS One) - FFRR 1998 - UK #13 :* "Believe" - FFRR 1998 - UK #36 :* "Angel III" / "Sinister" (The remixes) - Razors Edge 2004 :* "Say You Love Me" - Metalheadz 2005 :* "Monkey Boy / Special Request" - Metalheadz 2007 :* "Malice In Wonderland" (promo) - Metalheadz 2007 :* "Vanilla" - Metalheadz 2007

Selected mix discography

:* INCredible Sound of Drum'n'Bass – (1999) :* Goldie.co.uk – (2001) :* MDZ.04 – (2004) :* Drum and Bass Arena: The Classics – (2006) :* Watch the Ride – (2008)

References

External links

Goldie - biting through – Interview by Jan Goodey

Create your own luck – Inspiring Interview with world renowned DJ/Producer/Musician/Actor and Artist Goldie

The War is Over – Mixmag Interview by Tony Marcus

Saturnz Return – Mixmag Interview by Matthew Collin about the release of his album Saturnz Return.

Goldie - Headz Will Roll Interview by Tim Colman

Goldie - 2008 art exhibition

Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Big Brother UK contestants Category:Black British actors Category:Black British musicians Category:English drum and bass musicians Category:English electronic musicians Category:English people of Jamaican descent Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:People from Wolverhampton Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants