:''This page is about ethnic Portuguese people. For information on the ethnic make-up of people in Portugal see Demographics of Portugal.''

Group	Portuguese people ''Portugueses''
Poptime	17 million
Popplace	11,000,000
Region1
Pop1	5,000,000 (Brazilians eligible for Portuguese citizenship)
Region3
Pop3	1,471,549 (Portuguese ancestry)
Region4
Pop4	798,837
Region5
Pop5	550,000
Region6
Pop6	500,000
Region7
Pop7	415,000
Region8
Pop8	300,000
Region9
Pop9	193,299
Region10
Pop10	170,000
Region11
Pop11	126,651
Region12
Pop12	56,000
Region13
Pop13	54,490
Region14
Pop14	54,355 (Portuguese ancestry)
Region15
Pop15	50,000 (Portuguese ancestry)
Region16
Pop16	38,000
Region17
Pop17	30,000
Region18	Rest of Europe
Pop18	30,822
Region19	Asia
Pop19	30,000
Region20	Rest of the Americas
Pop20	24,776
Region21	Rest of Africa
Pop21	8,965
Langs	Portuguese
Rels	Predominantly Roman Catholic
Related	Galicians and other Spaniards, other Western Europeans, other Portuguese speaking peoples }}

The Portuguese () are a white caucasian ethnic group native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe and bordering the North Atlantic ocean. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.

Due to the large historical extent of the Portuguese Empire and the colonization of territories in Africa, Asia and the Americas, as well as historical and recent emigration, Portuguese communities can be found in many diverse regions, and a large Portuguese diaspora exists.

Ancestry

Historical origins

The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe, Western Europe and the Western Mediterranean.

The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.

Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, links modern Iberians to the populations of much of Western Europe and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe. Recent books published by geneticists Bryan Sykes, Stephen Oppenheimer and Spencer Wells have argued the large Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberian influence in the modern day Irish, Welsh and Scottish gene-pool as well as parts of the English. Indeed, Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b (of Paleolithic origin) is the most common haplogroup in practically all of the Iberian peninsula and western Europe. Within the R1b haplogroup there are modal haplotypes. One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reaches 33% generally and higher than 90% in some of the northern regions of the country.

The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Iberia, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the demic diffusion model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.

Starting in the 3rd millennium BC as well as in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. These were later (7th and 5th Centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as Celts.

Eventually, urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as Tartessos, influenced by the Phoenician colonization of coastal Mediterranean Iberia, with strong competition from the Greek colonization.

These two processes defined Iberia's, and Portugal's, cultural landscape - Mediterranean towards the southeast and a Continental in the northwest, as historian José Mattoso describes it. Given the origins from Paleolithic and Neolithic settlers as well as Indo-European migrations, one can say that the Portuguese ethnic origin is mainly a mixture of pre-Roman Pre-Indo-Europeans (such as, in other parts of Iberia, the Iberians, Tartessians and Aquitanians), Pre-Celtic, Proto-Celtic and Celtic peoples, producing peoples such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania, the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici and the Cynetes of the Alentejo and the Algarve.

The Romans were an important influence on Portuguese culture, considering the Portuguese language itself derives from Latin.

Other influences included the Phoenicians/Carthaginians (small semi-permanent commercial coastal establishments in the south before 200 BC), the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans (both migrated to North Africa, while some were partially integrated by the Visigoths and Suevi), and the Visigoths and Suevi (including the Buri, permanently established in the early 5th century), along with, in the period of the Al-Andalus, numbers of Arabs and Berbers, Saqaliba (people of Slavic origin) and Jews who also settled in what is today Portuguese territory.

The ancestry of modern Portuguese has been influenced by the many people which have passed on its territory throughout history. Overall, these people include the Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula (such as the Lusitanians, Calaicians, Celtici, Cynetes and other minor local tribes as the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi and Zoelae), Romans, Vandals, Suebi and Buri, Visigoths, Alans, Vikings, Saqaliba (Slavs), Moors (Berbers and, Arabs), and Jews (Sephardim or Marranos).

Most Berber/Arab people and the Jews were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista, by the repression of the Inquisition and the repopulation by Christians.

During the Reconquista many crusaders settled in Portugal, settlers also came from Burgundy and Flanders, set in mainland Portugal and later in the Azores and Madeira (Descobrimentos).

For the Y-chromosome and MtDNA lineages of the Portuguese and other peoples see this map and this one.

Other historical influences

The "Moors" in Iberia: Genetic Research

There exists a number of studies which focus on the genetic impact of the eight centuries (less than six in Portugal) of Muslim influence in the Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus) on the genetic make up of the Iberian population. Recent studies show minor genetic relationships between some regions in Iberia and some North African populations as a result of this period of history. Iberia is the region in Europe which has the most significant presence of E-M81, U6 and Haplotype Va, although this influence may be the result of ancient demic processes that predate the Islamic presence, and may constitute the result of some common western Mediterranean population background. In Portugal, North Africans Y-DNA haplogroups (especially the typically North West African Y-chromosome haplotypes E-M81) are found at a total frequency of 7.1 %. Some mtDNA studies also found evidence of the characteristic North African haplogroup U6 especially in northern Portugal. Although the absolute frequency of U6 is low (4-6%), Gonzalez et al. 2003 estimated a possible North African ancestry proportion of 27% in North Portugal, because U6 is not a common lineage in North Africa itself. However, one study using different genetic markers reached different conclusions. In an autosomal study by Spínola et al. 2005 that analysed the HLA genes (inherited from all ancestors instead of the paternal or maternal direct lineages) in hundred of individuals in Portugal showed that the Portuguese population has been genetically influenced by other Europeans and North Africans, via several ancient historic immigrations. According to the authors, North and South Portugal show more similarity to North Africans in opposition to Centre which appears closer to other Europeans because North Portugal seems to concentrate, probably due to the pressure of Arab expansion, an ancient genetic pool originated from several North Africans and other Europeans, influences throughout millenniums while South Portugal shows a North African genetic influence, possibly of recent origin by means of Berbers accompanying Arab expansion.

Middle-Eastern genetic markers in Iberia

According to a recent study that was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics in December 2008 by Adams et al., about 30 percent of modern Portuguese (23.6 in the north and 36.3 in the south) have DNA reflecting what can be a male Sephardic Jewish ancestry and about 14 % (11.8 in the north and 16.1% in the south) have a probable Moorish ancestry. Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants. In agreement with the historical record, analysis of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is more ancient than the Moorish one. In fairness, the results of this study have never been duplicated and the methodology used has come under substantial criticism, even by some of the geneticists involved in the project.

African genetic markers in Iberia

Portugal is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of Sub-Saharan origin. In 2003, a study by Brehm at al. which analysed 525 Portuguese individuals reported mtDNA L haplogroups at 11.8% in the south (the region makes up only 9% of the entire Portuguese population) 8.1% in the center, 3.3% in the north and also found a significant Sub-Saharan imprint in the Autonomous regions of Portugal, with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in Madeira and 3.4 % in the Azores In a 2005 study by Pereira et al. that analysed 549 Portuguese individuals, sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups were found at rates of 11.38% in the south, 5.02% in the center and 3.21% in the north. Additionally, Madeira had a slave population for some time, composed of Black-Africans, Gaunches and a variety of Berbers and Arabs.

Regarding male lineages, Beleza et al. (2005–2006) recorded only 0.3% Sub-Saharan Y-DNA frequencies in a nationwide sampling of nearly 700 participants.

Autosomal (full ancestry) Sub-Saharan influences were recently estimated at only 3.2% in Portugal by Moorjani et al. 2011. In the same study, for comparison, Italy recorded a country total of 3.8%, Sardinia 2.9% and Spain 2.4%.

African mtDna (L and U6 haplogroups) per region

50 155 123 203 160 203 187 239 188 179 75

align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"	Portuguese region
Portugal, Alcacer do Sal	|	6.00%	22.00%	28.00%	Pereira 2010
Portugal, Madeira	|	3.90%	12.90%	16.80%	Brehm 2003
Portugal, South	|	1.63%	11.38%	13.01%	Pereira 2005
Portugal, South	|	0.49%	10.84%	11.33%	Achilli 2007
Portugal, Coruche	|	0.62%	8.7%	9.32%	Pereira 2010
Portugal, Center	|	2.46%	6.40%	8.87%	Achilli 2007
Portugal, North	|	5.35%	3.21%	8.56%	Pereira 2005
Portugal, Center	|	2.51%	5.02%	7.53%	Pereira 2005
Portugal, North	|	4.26%	3.19%	7.45%	Achilli 2007
Portugal, Açores	|	1.70%	3.40%	5.10%	Brehm 2003
Portugal, Pias	|	0.00%	3.9%	3.9%	Pereira 2010

NOTE-1: Haplogroup frequencies do not determine phenotype nor admixture. They are very general genetic snapshots, primarily useful in examining past population group migratory patterns. Only autosomal DNA testing can reveal admixture structures and impact on phenotype, since it allows for the analysis of thousands of alleles from both maternal and paternal sides.

NOTE-2 U-6 is North African and L is Sub-Saharan African.

NOTE-3 Concerning results from Pereira (2010), given its unique and complex history, Alcacer do Sal must be considered as a genetic isolate and the above listed frequencies cannot be at all treated as representative of the indigenous Portuguese population. This particular community was socially segregated for many centuries due to it being part of a malaria zone and, more importantly, it was populated by social outcasts, including ex-slaves (Black Africans, Arabs / Berbers and mixed race individuals) as well as people who suffered from leprosy and various diseases perceived to be contagious. As a consequence of this, Alcacer do Sal's population was forced to practice endogamy, since it were shunned by neighboring groups.

General traits

Modern Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and their ancestry is very similar to other western and southern European peoples, particularly from Spain, with whom they share ancestry and have some cultural proximity. It is largely consistent with the geographic position of the western part of the Iberian peninsula, located on the extreme southwest of continental Europe. There are clear connections with Atlantic Europe and Western Europe as well as parts of the Western Mediterranean. Dark to medium brown hair and brown and hazel eyes predominate in a majority of Portuguese people. However, light brown and blond hair and blue or green eyes are also found with regular frequency. Chestnut and auburn-colored hair types occur generally. Light, true red hair (meaning red shades that are non-auburn) is seen on occasion.

Well designed field pigmentation studies by Tamagnini (1916, 1936), Correa (1919) and others recorded national average fair hair ("blondism") frequencies of between 18 and 20%. Approximately 11% are legitimate blond shades, mainly medium to ash blond, and the remainder light brown. True red hair (ginger) amounts to approximately 3%. However, there are higher percentages of individuals with auburn and dark red-brown shades. Light eyes run between 25-30% for the Portuguese, according to recently published pigmentation maps of Europe (see P. Frost, 2006).

Demography

Demographics of Portugal

There are around 10.2 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a total population of 10.75 million (estimate).

Native minority languages in Portugal

A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Mirandese language, close to Leonese in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso and Mogadouro - even if all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese.

An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran, spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain, and Portugal).

Ethnic minorities in Portugal

People from the former colonies (namely Brazil, Africa - Afro-Portuguese, and parts of India) have, in the last two to three decades, migrated to Portugal. More recently, a great number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the third biggest ethnic minority ), are also migrating to Portugal. There is also a small Chinese minority.

In addition, there is a small minority of Gypsies (''Ciganos'') of about 40,000 people and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 persons (some Ashkenazi, the majority Sephardi, such as the Belmonte Jews).

The Portuguese diaspora

{| align="right" border="1" |-

! Country

! Total |- | ''Total'' | ''5,485,373'' |- | Europe | 1,806,292 |- | France | 798,837 |- | United Kingdom | 500,000 |- | Germany | 170,000 |- | Switzerland | 152,826 |- | Spain | 126,651 |- | Luxembourg | 54,490 |- | Belgium | 38,000 |- | Rest of Europe | 28,422 |- | Americas | 3,281,853 |- | United States | 1,471,549 |- | Brazil | 1,000,000 |- | Venezuela | 550,000 |- | Canada | 415,000 |- | Guyana | 50,000 |- | Bermuda | 2,400 |- | Rest of the Americas | 24,776 |- | Africa | 731,228 |- | South Africa | 300,000 |- | Angola | 367,908 |- | Mozambique | 54,355 |- | Rest of Africa | 8,965 |- | Asia | 30,000 |- | Oceania | 56,000 |} In the whole world there are easily more than one hundred million people with recognizable Portuguese ancestors, due to the colonial expansion and worldwide immigration of Portuguese from the 16th century onwards to India, the Americas, Macau and East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia and Africa. Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to emigration more than any West European country except Ireland. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States. About 40 million Brazilians have relatively recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese. Significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in: (see table)

Portuguese Sephardic Jews (mostly descendants) are also important in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil and Turkey.

In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, and California. In the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years (see Portuguese Americans and Luso Americans), Australia and New Zealand also have Portuguese communities (see Portuguese Australian, Portuguese New Zealander). Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940 (see Portuguese Canadians). Argentina (See Portuguese Argentine and Cape Verdean Argentine) and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. So has Chile where an estimated 50,000 descendants live, as the country's maritime industries attracted a small number of Portuguese as well. . Portuguese fishermen, farmers and laborers dispersed across the Caribbean, especially Bermuda (3.75% to 10% of the population), Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891), Trinidad, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the island of Barbados where there is high influence from the Portuguese community.

In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged white emigration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, there were up to 1 million Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to Brazil and south to South Africa.

As of 1989, some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States.

Portuguese constitute 13% of the population of Luxembourg. In 2006 there were estimates to be over half a million people of Portuguese origin in the United Kingdom (see Portuguese in the United Kingdom), this is considerably larger than the around 50,000 Portuguese born people alone residing in the country in 2001 (however this figure doesn't include British born people of Portuguese descent). In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 20% and 3% respectively. The British capital London is home to the largest number of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.

As a result of interracial marriage and cultural influence, there are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, most notably in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (see Kristang people), Barbados, Aruba, Curaçao, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana), Equatorial Guinea and Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers).

Portuguese ancestry in the Brazilian population

Portuguese immigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500, until present day in 1990Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
	Decade
Nationality	1500-1700	1701-1760	1808-1817	1827-1829	1837-1841	1856-1857	1881-1900	1901-1930	1931-1950	1951-1960	1961-1967	1981-1991
Portuguese	100,000	600,000	24,000	2,004	629	16,108	316,204	754,147	148,699	235,635	54,767	4,605

The Portuguese were the largest European immigrant population in Brazil. In colonial times, over 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, and most of them came during the gold rush . They managed to be the only significant European population to populate the country during colonization. The Portuguese immigration was strongly marked by the predominance of men (colonial reports from the 16th and 17th centuries almost always report the absence or rarity of Portuguese women). The multiplication of descendants of Portuguese settlers happened through miscegenation with Black and Indian women. In fact, in colonial Brazil the Portuguese men competed for the women, because even among the African slaves the female component was a minority. This explains why the Portuguese men left more descendants in Brazil than the Amerindian or African men did. The Indian and African women were "dominated" by the Portuguese men, preventing men of color to find partners with whom they could have children. Added to this, White people had a better quality of life and therefore a lower mortality rate than the Black and indigenous population. Then, even though the Portuguese immigration during colonial Brazil was small (5 million Indians estimated at the beginning of colonization and 3 to 6 million Africans brought since then, compared to the descendants of the over 600,000 Portuguese immigrants) the "White" population (whose ancestry was predominantly Portuguese) was as large as the Black population in the early 19th century.

After independence from Portugal in 1822, around 1.7 million Portuguese settled in Brazil. Portuguese immigration to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries was marked by its concentration in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The immigrants went mostly to urban centers (which made them different from other immigrants in Brazil, who were attracted to rural areas of the country). Portuguese women appeared with some regularity among immigrants, with percentage variation in different decades and regions of the country. However, even among the more recent influx of Portuguese immigrants in the turn of the 19th century, there was a prevalence of 80% of men among them. The Portuguese were different from other immigrants in Brazil, like the Germans, or Italians who brought many women along with them (even though the proportion of men was higher in any immigrant community). Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men married mainly Portuguese women. Female immigrants rarely married Brazilian men. In this context, the Portuguese had a rate of endogamy which was higher than any other European immigrant community, and behind only the Japanese among all immigrants.

Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many British Americans in the United States, who will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans").

In 1872, there were 3.7 million Whites in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Native American ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1.5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio is, still today, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself.

Genetic studies also confirm the strong Portuguese genetic influence in Brazilians. According to a study, at least half of the Brazilian population's Y Chromosome comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, most of them may come from Portuguese ancestors. On the other hand, 33% Amerindian and 28% African contribution to the total mtDNA of white Brazilians was found

It was estimated that around five million Brazilians can acquire Portuguese citizenship, due to the last Portuguese nationality law that grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals.

See also

Genetic history of Europe

Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula

European ethnic groups

Romance languages

Portuguese Africans

* Portuguese Angolans

* Portuguese Mozambicans

* Portuguese South Africans

Portuguese-Brazilians

Portuguese Luxembourger

Portuguese of Black African ancestry

Portuguese British

Portuguese Americans

Portuguese Canadians

References

External links

Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)

Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series

Category:Ethnic groups in Europe Category:Romance peoples

af:Portugese ar:برتغاليون az:Portuqallar be:Партугальцы be-x-old:Партугальцы bg:Португалци ca:Portuguesos cv:Португалсем ceb:Portuges cs:Portugalci de:Portugiesen eo:Portugaloj ko:포르투갈인 hr:Portugalci id:Bangsa Portugis os:Португайлаг адæм it:Portoghesi kk:Португалдар lv:Portugāļi lt:Portugalai hu:Portugálok ms:Portugis nl:Portugezen ja:ポルトガル人 nn:Portugisarar pl:Portugalczycy pt:Portugueses ro:Portughezi ru:Португальцы sk:Portugalčania sl:Portugalci sr:Португалци sh:Portugalci fi:Portugalilaiset uk:Португальці vi:Người Bồ Đào Nha zh:葡萄牙人

Group	Germans in the United Kingdom''Deutsche im Vereinigten Königreich''
Pop	German-born residents266,136 (2001 Census)295,000 (2009 ONS estimate)German nationals112,000 (2009 ONS estimate)
Popplace	Throughout the UK
Langs	English, German
Rels	Christianity: Roman Catholicism, Protestantism: Lutheranism, Anglicanism
Related	}}

German migration to the United Kingdom has been taking place for hundreds of years. Today, there are many Germans living in the United Kingdom, and many Britons have German ancestry, including the British royal family. While the German-born are one of the UK's largest foreign-born groups, many are British nationals, rather than German nationals who were born in Germany to British military personnel based there.

History

Germans have resided in the United Kingdom throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons were partly from what is now Germany, and created the notion of England as a Germanic country. Likewise, the English language was descended from their dialects. The Anglo-Saxons arrived in what later became England from the 440s. Examples include the Hanseatic merchants of the Middle Ages and also the sixteenth-century Protestant refugees who emigrated to Britain to flee the instability caused by the religious wars following the Reformation. By the end of the seventeenth century, a significant German community had developed, consisting mostly of businessmen, mainly from Hamburg; sugar bakers and other economic migrants.

In 1709-1710, thousands of Germans from the Palatinate, which had been invaded by French forces and suffered a severe winter, also migrated to England. Queen Anne's government had invited them, with the plan to settle Germans in the North American colonies. Some stayed in the London area. In 1714, George I, a German-speaking Hanoverian prince of mixed British and German descent, ascended to the British throne, founding the House of Hanover. Every subsequent British monarch until Edward VII in the Twentieth century would take a German spouse. While Edward VII did not take a German spouse, his wife was a Danish princess of pure German ancestry. His son would marry a British noble woman of pure German ancestry, and his great-granddaughter would marry a Greek prince of predominantly German ancestry. The British Royal family retained the German surname Saxe-Coburg-Gotha until 1917 when, in response to the anti-German feelings of World War I, it was legally changed to the English-sounding 'Windsor'. Even today, the Royal family is sometimes parodied as being 'German'.

In terms of religion, St Georges, a Lutheran Church dating from 1762-3, is the oldest German church in the UK. The congregation was founded by Dederich Beckmann, a wealthy sugar boiler and cousin of the first pastor. It served as a religious centre for generations of German immigrants who worked in the East End sugar refineries, and meat and baking trades until the First World War. During the Nazi period in Germany, St George's pastor Julius Rieger set up a relief centre for Jewish refugees from Germany, who were provided with references to travel to England. The leading theologian and anti-Nazi activist Dietrich Bonhoeffer was also associated with the work of St George’s when Bonhoeffer was pastor at the nearby St Paul’s church between 1933 and 1935.

Population and distribution

The 2001 UK Census recorded 266,136 German-born people, making them the fourth-largest foreign-born group after Irish, Indians and Pakistanis. A large proportion of these people are thought to be the children of British military based in Germany at the time of their birth, who have since returned to the UK with their families. Wiltshire, Colchester, North Yorkshire and Aldershot, which are all home to significant army populations, had a combined German-born population of 12,000. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2009, there were 295,000 German-born people living in the UK but only 112,000 German nationals. Other than in areas with army bases, German-born population clusters are found in west London, particularly around Richmond, where there is a German school.

German British influence

German Britons and German speakers have contributed to numerous areas in British life, especially in establishing powerful family dynasties. There are also areas and buildings named after famous Germans, such as Holbein Place in Central London, named after the Renaissance painter Hans Holbein the Younger, as well as the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, an independent museum in Bath dedicated to the life and works of the famous astronomer William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus in 1781. In music, George Frideric Handel, one of the greatest composers of the Baroque era in the 18th century, was commissioned to write four anthems for the coronation ceremony of King George II. He became a subject of the British crown in 1727. In business & commerce, Germans have also been highly successful. Backes & Strauss, the world's oldest Diamond company was founded in 1789 by German businessmen Georg Carl Backes and (later on) Max Strauss. In 1818 Johann Heinrich Schröder founded with his brother, the London-based firm Schroders, today one of the world's largest investment banks. In 1851 Paul Julius Reuter founded the Reuters news agency, now one of the large financial media organisations in the world. Ekkehard von Kuenssberg was the founder and president of the Royal College of General Practitioners. As far as influential families go, the Freuds (present in the UK today via Lucian, Clement and Matthew) can trace their roots back to Germany and have the Freud Museum named in honour of family patriarch Sigmund. John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, founded the Astor dynasty in England. The Battenberg family's roots go back to Prince Louis of Battenberg who became a British subject, and whose immediate descendants were his youngest son Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and his grandson Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and husband of Queen Elizabeth II.

Famous Britons with German ancestry

References

External links

The Goethe Institute London

Reassessing what we collect website – German London

German Historical Institute London

+ United Kingdom United Kingdom Category:Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin

name	In the Street
type	Studio album
artist	Village People
cover	inthestreet1983.jpg
released	1983
recorded	Media Sound,New York, 1982
genre	Disco, Funk, Old school hip hop
length	37:13
label	Casablanca Records
producer	Jacques Morali, Henri Belolo
reviews	* Allmusic [ link]
last album	''Fox on the Box''(1982)
this album	''In the Street''(1983)
next album	''Sex Over the Phone''(1985) }}

''In the Street'' is an album by the Village People. It features both original cop Victor Willis and the cop currently in the group Ray Simpson as lead singers. The G.I. Alex Briley also sings the lead for one song, and the re-release in 1999 featured the bonus track America with Miles J. Davis singing the lead vocals. ''Fox on the Box ''and ''In the Street'' contain the same songs, but ''Fox on the Box'' was released by RCA Records in 1982 and ''In the Street'' by Casablanca Records a year later.

Track listing

#"Fox on the Box" — 3:43 #"In the Street" — 4:47 #"Lonely Lady" — 3:54 #"Everybody Loves the Funk" — 4:28 #"Success" — 5:58 #"Spaced Out" — 5:32 #"Play Bach" — 4:37 #"Radio Freak" — 3:09 #"America" — 3:43 (Bonus track on 1999 CD release)

Category:1983 albums Category:Village People albums

es:In the Street

Name	Village People
Img size	300 px
Landscape	yes
Background	group_or_band
Origin	New York City, United States
Genre	Disco
Years active	1977–present
Label	Casablanca RecordsBlack ScorpioRCAPolygram
Website	www.OfficialVillagePeople.com
Current members	Felipe RoseAlex BrileyDavid "Scar" HodoG. Jeff OlsonEric AnzaloneRay Simpson
Past members	Victor WillisRandy JonesGlenn HughesRay Stephens Mark LeeMiles Jaye DavisPy DouglasBill WhitefieldAlex Timmerman Angel Morales
Notable instruments	}}

Village People is a concept disco group that formed in the United States in 1977, well known for their on-stage costumes depicting American cultural stereotypes, as well as their catchy tunes and suggestive lyrics.

Prior to what would eventually became the popular line-up, the original Village People (which appeared on American Bandstand and in the video for "San Francisco") were: Victor Willis (the police officer character), Felipe Rose (the Native American), Alex Briley (the G.I.), Mark Mussler – construction worker, Dave Forrest – cowboy, Lee Mouton – leatherman/biker, and Peter Whitehead - nondescript. Auditions were later held to replace members Mussler, Forrest, Mouton and Whitehead with Randy Jones (cowboy), Glenn Hughes (biker), and David Hodo (construction worker). For the release of "In the Navy", Willis and Briley appeared as an admiral and a sailor, respectively.

Originally created to target disco's gay audience by featuring popular gay fantasy personas, the band's popularity quickly brought them into mainstream. Village People scored a number of disco and dance hits, including their trademark "Macho Man", "Go West", the classic club medley of "San Francisco (You've Got Me) / In Hollywood (Everybody is a Star)", "In the Navy", "Can't Stop the Music", and their biggest hit, "Y.M.C.A.".

They have sold upwards of 100 million records world-wide.

History

1977–1979

The group was the creation of Jacques Morali, a French musical composer. He had written a few dance tunes when he was given a demo tape recorded by singer/actor Victor Willis. Morali approached Willis and told him, "I had a dream that you sang lead on my album and it went very, very big". Willis agreed to sing on the first album, ''Village People''.

It was a success, and demand for live appearances soon followed. Morali and his business partner, Henri Belolo (under the collaboration Can't Stop Productions), hastily built a group of dancers around Willis to perform in clubs and on Dick Clark's ''American Bandstand''. As Village People's popularity grew, Morali, Belolo and Willis saw the need for a permanent "group." They took out an ad in a music trade magazine which read: "Macho Types Wanted: Must Dance And Have A Moustache."

Morali literally bumped into the first recruit, Felipe Rose (Native American), on the streets of Greenwich Village. Rose was a bartender who wore jingle bells on his boots. He was invited to take part in the sessions for the first album. Alex Briley (who started as an athlete, but eventually took on the soldier persona) was Willis' friend. The others, Mark Mussler (construction worker), Dave Forrest (cowboy), Lee Mouton (leatherman) and Peter Whitehead (one of the group's early songwriters) appeared on American Bandstand and in the video for the group's first hit, "San Francisco (You Got Me)". They were later replaced by David Hodo, Randy Jones and Glenn Hughes, who all had more experience as actors/singers/dancers. Hughes had first been spotted as a toll collector at the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel.

Because Morali could not speak English, songwriters Phil Hurtt and the aforementioned Whitehead were brought in to write the lyrics for the first album. However, Willis wrote the lyrics to the group's biggest hits such as "Y.M.C.A." "Macho Man," "Go West" and "In the Navy," and for other Can't Stop Productions hit acts such as Ritchie Family and Patrick Juvet). Likewise, Gypsy Lane (the Village People band) and their conductor, Horace Ott, provided much of the musical arrangements for Morali, who did not play any instruments.

The band's name references New York City's Greenwich Village neighborhood, at the time known for having a substantial gay population. Morali and Belolo got the inspiration for creating an assembly of ''American man'' archetypes based on the gay men of The Village who frequently dressed in various fantasy attire.

The hit song "Macho Man" put them on the musical map, and their 1978 anthem "Y.M.C.A." gave them one of the most recognizable hits of the 1970s.

In 1979, the United States Navy considered using "In the Navy" in a recruiting advertising campaign on television and radio. They contacted Belolo, who decided to give the rights for free on the condition that the Navy help them shoot the music video. Less than a month later, Village People arrived at the San Diego Naval base. The Navy provided them with a warship (USS Reasoner (FF-1063)), several aircraft, and the crew of the ship. The Navy later canceled the campaign.

Their fame reached its peak in 1979 when Village People made several appearances on ''The Merv Griffin Show'' and appeared with Bob Hope to entertain the U.S. troops. The group was also featured on the cover of ''Rolling Stone'', Vol. 289, April 19, 1979. Willis left the group at the end of an international tour in 1979, and the group's decline began.

1980–1985

Ray Simpson, brother of Valerie Simpson (of Ashford & Simpson), stepped into Willis' shoes in time for the group's highly anticipated 1980 feature film ''Can't Stop the Music'', directed by Nancy Walker, written by Allan Carr and Bronte Woodard, music and lyrics by Jacques Morali (although Willis penned the lyrics to ''Milkshake'' and ''Magic Night'') and starring Steve Guttenberg, Valerie Perrine, Jean-Claude Billmaer, Bruce Jenner, and Village People. By the time it was released, however, disco had waned and the movie won the Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay prizes at the 1980 Golden Raspberry Awards in March 1981 and was nominated in almost all the other categories. Despite that, the song ''Can't Stop the Music'' became a Club Play chart hit and moderate radio hit. However, it too (Can't Stop the Music, the song) was nominated for Worst Original Song by the 1981 Razzies, and flopped by Village People standard in that it never obtained gold status as a single or album. The soundtrack also featured the talents of "David London", who under his real name Dennis "Fergie" Frederiksen went on to become the future lead singer of Toto and one of the main contributors to the Village People's next album. The movie itself has since gone on to become a cult favorite, developing a worldwide fan base.

The group was one of the featured guests on a November 22, 1980 episode of ''Love Boat'', (7th episode of season 4), entitled "Secretary to the Stars/Julie's Decision/The Horse Lover/Gopher and Isaac Buy a Horse". At the end of 1980, cowboy Randy Jones left the group and was replaced by Jeff Olson.

In 1981, with the popularity of disco fading and New Wave music on the rise, Village People replaced its on-stage costumes with a new look inspired by the New Romantic movement, and released the New Wave album ''Renaissance''. It only attracted minor, mostly negative attention and produced no hits.

Victor Willis returned to the group briefly in late 1981 for the album ''Fox on the Box'', which was released in 1982 only in Europe but did have limited release in the United States in 1983 under the title ''In the Street''. Miles Jaye had briefly taken over for Ray Simpson as lead singer by 1983 and contributed an extra track to ''In the Street''. Mark Lee replaced David Hodo in 1982.

Their last album containing new material, the 1985 dance/Hi-NRG release ''Sex Over the Phone'', was not a huge commercial success, but it fared better in sales and club play than their ''Renaissance'' album. In recent years, "Sex Over the Phone" has become a cult classic. Recently, an Associated Press declared "Sex Over the Phone" to be the Citizen Kane' of music videos." The ''Sex'' album featured yet another new lead singer, Ray Stephens. Py Douglas came in to sub for Stephens for some of the group's live appearances in 1985.

In 1985, the group took a hiatus but reunited in 1987 with the line-up of Randy Jones, David Hodo, Felipe Rose, Glenn Hughes, Alex Briley and Ray Simpson.

Since 1988 the group has managed itself under the name ''Sixuvus Ltd.''.

1990s to present

November 15, 1991: Village People founder Jacques Morali dies from AIDS in Paris, France.

1993: the group makes a guest appearance on the hit show ''Married With Children'' in the episode "Take My Wife, Please".

1994: Village People join the German national football team to sing its official World Cup '94 theme ''Far Away in America''.

1994: Cowboy Randy Jones sings Greg Brady's part on a punk cover of The Brady Bunch classic ''Time to Change''.

1995: Eric Anzalone replaces Glenn Hughes as the Leatherman/Biker.

1996: Village People appears with Kelsey Grammer, Rob Schneider, and other cast members during the end-credits sequence of the film ''Down Periscope''.

2000: The group releases new material under the name ''Amazing Veepers.''

2001: Felipe Rose appears as himself on the game show ''To Tell the Truth''.

March 4, 2001: original member Glenn Hughes (Leatherman) dies from lung cancer in New York City.

2004: Village People perform as the opening act for Cher on her Farewell Tour until it ends in April 2005. It was a highly successful tour for both artists.

May 7, 2004: Original Cowboy Randy Jones marries Will Grega, his boyfriend of 20 years.

September 4, 2006: Village People perform on Jerry Lewis' MDA Telethon.

August 31, 2007: Victor Willis gives his first live concert in 28 years in Las Vegas.

October 23, 2007: Village People perform on the NBC game show ''The Singing Bee''.

November 17, 2007: Victor Willis weds long-time love, Karen, a lawyer and executive.

July 15, 2008: At the Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Yankee Stadium, Village People perform "Y.M.C.A." with the Yankees grounds crew during the 7th inning stretch.

September 12, 2008: Village People receive star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

September 3, 2010: Village People perform at the American Music Festival in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

August 16, 2011: Victor Willis files notices of copyright termination for his portion of the songs (as lyricist) under the 1976 copyright act which allows recording artists and writers to reclaim their master recordings and publishing rights initially granted to record companies and publishers after 35 years.

Cultural references

Due to their easily recognizable characters, the group have frequently been imitated or parodied in films, television series, video games and music. Numerous covers and homages of their songs have been recorded. The stereotypical masculine characters, particularly the leather-clad biker character with a horseshoe moustache, have also become a widespread pop culture icons associated with male gay culture and ''YMCA'' has become something of an anthem of the LGBT community.

The song "In the Navy" was featured in an episode of ''The Muppet Show''.

In the film ''Wayne's World 2'', Wayne and his friends disguise themselves as members of the Village People in order to spy on Wayne's girlfriend; Wayne dresses as a construction worker, Garth as a cop, Neil as a leather-clad biker and Terry as a sailor. They are then chased into a men's club where they are mistaken as the real Village People.

A 1993 episode of ''Married with Children'' had Peg disguising herself as the Indian, along with Kelly as the sailor, Bud as the construction worker and Jefferson as the biker in order to appease angry Halloween party guests of Marcy's, and a joke being they could only lip synch to one song, YMCA, as that was the sole Village People album Marcy owned. When the real Village People appear at the party, they start their concert with YMCA, causing the enraged women who were sick of the song to pelt them with toilet paper.

In 1995, a parody of the Village People was seen on the CGI show ReBoot with the group the Small Town Binomes singing "BSnP", a parody of "Y.M.C.A." They were seen in the ReBoot episode "Talent Night" and each individual was modeled after a singer from the Village People using the show's common Binome characters. Their song "BSnP" was a jab at ABC network's Broadcast Standards and Practices organization, which frequently edited content from the show which they deemed not suitable for its younger viewers (lyrics included "Oh, it's fun to play in a non-violent way").

In the episode of ''3rd Rock from the Sun'' titled "Frankie Goes to Rutherford", the character Dick begins to frequent a gay bar which he thinks is a bar for undercover aliens. At the end all of the alien characters don different costumes for different reasons (Dick as a construction worker, Tom as a sailor, Harry as an Indian and Sally as a leather clad biker). They are joined on the porch roof by Don in his police uniform as Village People songs play.

In the film ''The Producers'', the number "Keep It Gay" ends with a dance routine that features The Village People, or close look-alikes. Matthew Broderick's character Leo refers to them in the next scene.

In a 2010 episode of ''The Cleveland Show'' called "Buried Pleasure", police officers are riding jet skis along with other police officers trying to bust Holt, to the beat of YMCA. Later in the episode when a police officer is tackled, the Village People cop jumps on top and says, "Dog Pile".

In 2010 the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis dedicated "Macho Man" to Garrett Reisman.

Discography

Main albums

rowspan="2"	Year	Album Title	Chart Positions		Label
! style="width:50px;"	US R&B;
	1977	''Village People (album)	Village People''			rowspan="6"
''Live and Sleazy''
	1980	''Can't Stop the Music (album)	Can't Stop the Music''
	1981	''Renaissance (Village People album)	Renaissance''			rowspan="2"
	1982	''Fox on the Box''
	1983	''In the Street''				Casablanca Records>Casablanca''
	1985	''Sex Over the Phone''				''Powerworks''

Compilations and other albums

''Live: Seoul Song Festival'' (1984)

''Greatest Hits'' (1988)

''Greatest Hits '89 Remixes'' (1989)

''The Best of Village People'' (1994)

''The Very Best Of'' (1998)

''20th Century Masters, The Millennium Collection ... The Best of Village People'' (2001)

Singles

"San Francisco (You've Got Me)" (1977) UK #45

"Village People" (1977)

"I Am What I Am" (1978)

"Macho Man" (1978) U.S. #25

"Y.M.C.A." (1978) UK #1; U.S. #2

"In the Navy" (1979) UK #2; U.S. #3

"Go West" (1979) UK #15, U.S. #45

"Ready for the 80's" (1979) U.S. #52

"Sleazy" (1979)

"Can't Stop the Music" (1980) UK #11; AUS #1

"Magic Night" (1980)

"Do You Wanna Spend the Night" (1981)

"5 O'Clock in the Morning" (1981)

"Sex Over the Phone" (1985) UK #59

"Livin' In The Wildlife" (1989)

"Far Away in America" (1994)

Lineup

The Village People have had a number of lineup changes over the years.

Original "People"

Alex Briley – G.I./Sailor

Mark Mussler – Construction Worker, 1977 (prior to Hodo)

Dave Forrest – Cowboy, 1977 (prior to Jones)

Lee Mouton – Leatherman, 1977 (prior to Hughes)

Peter Whitehead – (co-songwriter with Belolo, Phil Hurtt & Morali) in 1977; briefly performed onstage with the group

Felipe Rose – Native American

Victor Willis – Cop/Admiral (original lead singer/writer)

Replacement "People"

Eric Anzalone – Leatherman/Biker since 1995

David Hodo – Construction Worker

Glenn Hughes – Leatherman/Biker (deceased)

Randy Jones – Cowboy

G. Jeff Olson – Cowboy 1980–1985, 1991–present

Ray Simpson – Lead vocalist/Policeman 1980–1982; 1987–present

Miles Jaye – Policeman 1983–1984. He was the lead vocalist on the ''In the Street'' bonus track "America" and "Live: Seoul"

Ray Stephens – Policeman 1985. Lead vocalist on ''Sex Over The Phone''. He died in 1990

Py Douglas – Policeman (briefly replaced Ray Stephens in some television appearances during their 1985 European tour promoting album ''Sex Over the Phone'')

Mark Lee – Construction Worker, 1982–1985

Bill Whitefield – Construction Worker 2002 and 2003

Alex Timmerman – G.I. 2004

Angel Morales – Native American (stand-in for original member Felipe Rose at some concerts in 2008–2009)

Current "People"

Eric Anzalone – Leatherman/Biker

Alex Briley – G.I./Sailor

David Hodo – Construction Worker

G. Jeff Olson – Cowboy

Felipe Rose – Native American

Ray Simpson – Lead vocalist/Policeman

See also

List of number-one dance hits (United States)

List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

List of artists who reached number one in Ireland

References

External links

Village People Home Page

Official Randy Jones Website

Interview with Henri Belolo

Official Miles Jaye Website

Official Victor Willis Website

Official Felipe Rose Website

Village People at Rolling Stone

Village People Channel on Youtube from the record label

Felipe Rose on their Walk Of Fame Star with Maynard ABC Australia

Category:Musical groups established in 1977 Category:American disco musicians Category:American dance music groups Category:Bands with fictional stage personas Category:Disco groups Category:Hi-NRG groups Category:LGBT-themed musical groups

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