Islamic studies is an ambiguous term with one connotation in a traditional near-Eastern context and another in a Western context. In a Muslim context, "Islamic studies" can be an umbrella term for all virtually all of academia, both originally researched and as defined by the Islamization of knowledge. It includes all the traditional forms of religious thought, such as Kalam (Islamic theology) and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and also assimilates fields generally considered to be secular in the West, such as Islamic science and Islamic economics.

In a non-Muslim context, Islamic studies generally refers to the historical study of Islam, Muslim culture, Muslim history and Islamic philosophy. Academics from diverse disciplines participate and exchange ideas about predominantly Muslim societies, past and present. In spite of their non-religious approach, some non-Muslim scholars have written works which are widely read by Muslims. Before 1980, such non-Muslim scholars in this field had been called "''Islamicists''" and their discipline came under the field often called Oriental studies, now often Asian studies. Many universities offer academic degrees on the subject of Islamic studies.

Themes

It greatly aids understanding of list of Islamic terms in Arabic especially as used in early Muslim philosophy, since these provide the ontology upon which all sects of Islam later built.

History

Islamic history presents several instances in which foreign ideas have intruded within the world view of Muslim civilizations, ideas which have in more than one instance been secular in the sense defined above. The first set of historical circumstances in the career of islam concerned the Arab environment where islam was finally revealed. There were many "pagan" Arabian practices and traditions such as blood-feuds, absolute allegiance to the tribe and cults of idol worship which were banned in the universal perspective of Islam. (Chapter 4, Islamic Studies, by:Nasar S)

The field of Islamic history includes the early development of the Islamic faith, as well as its continuation into the different rulers and denominations of the Islamic civilization, and confluence of its philosophy and history where these affected each other:

Historiography of early Islam

Muslim historians

* Sociology in medieval Islam

Timeline of Muslim history

* Caliphate

* Muslim conquests

* Islamic Golden Age

* Early Islamic philosophy

* Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe

* Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance

Philosophy

Islamic philosophy is a part of Islamic studies. It is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faith, reason or philosophy, and the religious teachings of Islam. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim philosopher.

It is divided in fields like:

Early Islamic philosophy

* Avicennism

* Averroism

Modern Islamic philosophy

* Sufi philosophy

* Transcendent theosophy

List of Muslim philosophers

Illuminationist philosophy

Islamic ethics

Islamic metaphysics

* Sufi metaphysics

Theology

''Kalam'' (علم الكلام) is one of the "religious sciences" of Islam. In Arabic the word means "discussion", and refers to the Islamic tradition of seeking theological principles through dialectic. A scholar of ''kalam'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim''.

Islamic eschatology

Mysticism

Sufism () is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).

It might also be referred to as Islamic mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on exoteric aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of truth or God through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies a number of cultures, philosophies, central teachings and bodies of esoteric knowledge.

Law

Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like:

the study of sharia law

Islamic economics

Islamic finance

Islamic commercial law

Islamic family law

Qur'an and Hadith studies

Key distinctions include those between fiqh, hadith and ijtihad.

Sciences

Islam and science is science in the context of traditional religious ideas of Islam, including its ethics and prohibitions. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim scientist

This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context. Certain liberal movements in Islam eschew the practice of Islamic science, arguing that science should be considered separate from religion as it is today in the West. As in Catholicism however, believers argue that the guiding role of religion in forming ethics of science cannot be ignored and must impose absolute constraints on inquiry.

Qur'an and science

Islamic creationism

Science in medieval Islam examines the full range of scientific investigation in the Muslim world, whether performed within a religious or secular context. Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the Middle Ages, especially during the Islamic Golden Age, which is considered a major period in the history of science.

Timeline of Islamic science and engineering

Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam

Astronomy in medieval Islam

* Islamic astrology

Inventions in medieval Islam

* Inventions in the modern Islamic world

Islamic sociology

* Sociology in medieval Islam

Mathematics in medieval Islam

Medicine in medieval Islam

* Ophthalmology in medieval Islam

Physics in medieval Islam

Psychology in medieval Islam

Art

Islamic calligraphy

Islamic pottery

Muslim music

Islamic art, a part of the Islamic studies, has throughout history has been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque, and calligraphic designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art, Islamic art does not include depictions of human beings. The lack of portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, including the Prophet, as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to idolatry. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism. Over the past two centuries, especially given increased contact with Western civilization, this prohibition has relaxed.

Literature

Arabic literature

* Arabic epic literature

Islamic poetry

* Arabic poetry

Persian literature

This field includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of the Middle East and other areas that are or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as Hebrew, Turkish, Persian, Armenian and Uzbek.

Architecture

Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam. Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence.

It is very common to mistake Persian Architecture for Islamic Architecture and thus advisable to read both articles.

Sociology and psychology

Psychology in medieval Islam

Sociology in medieval Islam

Sufi psychology

Comparative religion

Islamic comparative religion is the study of religions in the view of Islam. This study may be undertaken from a conservative Muslim perspective, which often sees Judaism and Christianity as having been originally similar to Islam, and later developing away from the root monotheist religion. However, some liberal movements within Islam dispute the conservative view as being ahistorical; they claim that Islam is the end-result rather than the origin point of monotheist thought.

Islam and Christianity

Islam and Jainism

Islam and Judaism

* Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400)

Economics

Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society, it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions. In doing so, Islamic economists hope to produce a more "Islamic society". However, liberal movements within Islam may deny the need for this field, since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law.

Islamic banking

Islamic economics in the world

Journals

''Die Welt des Islams'' (Brill)

''Islamic Law and Society'' (Brill Publishers|Brill)

''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'' (Routledge)

''Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies'' Open access (Lancaster University)

''Journal of Islamic Studies'' (Oxford University Press)

''The Muslim World'' (Blackwell Publishing)

''Studia Islamica'' (Maisonneuve & Larose)

''Pax Islamica'' (Mardjani Publishing House)

See also

The Islamic College

List of Islamic studies scholars

List of Islamic terms in Arabic

Madrasah

Muslim scholars

Ahsan-Ul-Uloom

Notes

External links

Islamic University Jamia Arabia Ahsan-Ul-Uloom

College of Da’wa and Usul-ud-Din at Umm Al Qura University

Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies

European Institute of Human Sciences and Islamic Sharia

Zwemer Center for Muslim Studies

Network for Islamic Studies

Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies

MA degree in Islamic Studies through distance learning

Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University

Article from ''The University of Chicago Chronicle''

Study Islamic Business in Indonesia

A history of Islamic culture

Islamic Civilization

Institute of Ismaili Studies

Muslim Philosophy

Portal for Islamic studies according to Quran and Sunnah per Ahl as Sunnah wal Jamah - Salaf as Salih

Reading Quran

Digital Islam: A research project on the Middle East, Islam, and digital media.

Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies

Islamology site for Islamic References

Category:Interdisciplinary fields Category:Islamic politics and Islamic world studies Category:Medieval studies by field Category:Asian studies

ar:دراسات إسلامية ast:Estudios islámicos bs:Islamske nauke cs:Islamistika de:Islamwissenschaft dv:އިސްލާމީ ތަޢުލީމު es:Estudios islámicos fr:Sciences islamiques it:Islamistica ka:ისლამოლოგია ms:Pengajian Islam nl:Islamologie pl:Islamistyka ru:Исламоведение sk:Islamistika sv:Islamologi ur:اسلامیات

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
Name	Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips
Birth name	Dennis Bradley Philips
Birth date	January 07, 1947
Birth place	Kingston, Jamaica
Occupation	Islamic preacher
Religion	Sunni Islam
Website	www.bilalphilips.com
Footnotes	}}

Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips (born Dennis Bradley Philips January 7, 1947) in Jamaica is a contemporary Islamistic scholar, teacher, speaker, and author, resident in Qatar. He appears on Peace TV, which is a 24-hour Islamic satellite TV channel broadcasted to many countries around the world. According to Investigative Project on Terrorism he follows a strong anti-Western agenda and is connected to radical and terrorist Islamistics.

Biography

Education

Philips was born January 7, 1947 in Jamaica, but grew up in Canada, where he converted to Islam in 1972. He received his B.A. degree from the Islamic University of Medina and his M.A. in Aqeedah (Islamic Theology) from the King Saud University in Riyadh, then to the University of Wales, where he completed a PhD in Islamic Theology in the early 1990's. Philips comes from a family of educators, as both his parents were teachers and his grandfather was a Christian minister and Bible scholar.

Islamic Information Center

In 1994 he founded (and continues to direct) an Islamic Information Center, now known as Discover Islam, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Islamic Online University

The Islamic Online University has been founded by Dr. Bilal Philips as a completely tuition-free institution that is offering an online intensive, undergraduate, and graduate courses in Islamic Studies. The university offers a four year bachelor of arts degree in Islamic studies program.

The IOU was initially launched in 2001 from UAE with an offering of a few short courses. After a five year interlude, it was restarted in 2007 from Qatar with a greater offering of completely free short courses.

Controversies

In an interview given, Philips accused the Australian authorities of "blindly following American allegations and unsubstantiated false accusations" claiming that investigations in the UK, Canada and Australia had found no evidence that he was in any way connected with terrorism. In this interview, he also pointed out that he had not entered the USA since 1995, characterizing media claims that he had been deported in 2004 as an "outright lie". Philips also called the statement that he was an "unindicted co-conspirator” in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing "really a joke", claiming that it was based on a "supposedly leaked report" of over 100 prominent Muslims who were never charged. In April 2011 he has been banned from re-entering Germany as persona non grata.

At a conference in Toronto during the city's Pride Parade on July 3, 2011, Philips briefly reiterated his view that homosexuals caught in the act should be executed in countries governed by Islamic law.

Publications

Books

'' Fundamentals of TAWHEED (Islamic Monotheism) International Islamic Publishing House; ISBN 9960964809 '' The Evolution of Fiqh (Islamic Law & The Madh-habs) International Islamic Publishing House (Edited by Bradley Philips); ISBN 9960672867 '' True Message of Jesus Christ Islamic Book Services 2006; ISBN 8172313608 '' Purpose of Creation 84pp, Islamic Book Services 2002; ISBN 8172313586 '' Funeral Rites International Islamic Publishing House; ASIN 9960850846 '' Polygamy in Islam Islamic Book Services; ISBN 8172317158 '' Islamic Studies Al-Basheer 2002; ISBN 1898649197

Videos

Sundry videos at LightUponLight.com

See also

List of Da'ees

Dawah

Islam in Canada

Zakir Naik

Jamaal al-Din M. Zarabozo

Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno

References

External links

Bilal Philips' official website

Bilal Philips' Blog

Bilal Philips audio and video lectures

Interview with Bilal Philips on Famous Muslims

Lecture: Hardening of the Heart

Bilal Philips' Islamic Online University

Category:Converts to Islam Category:Canadian Muslims Category:Canadian people of Jamaican descent Category:Alumni of the University of Wales Category:Living people Category:1947 births Category:Muslim scholars Category:Islamic studies scholars Category:21st-century imams Category:Salafis

ar:بلال فيلبس da:Bilal Philips de:Bilal Philips ms:Bilal Philips ur:بلال فلپس

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
Name	Nouman Ali Khan
Religion	Sunni Islam }}

Nouman Ali Khan is the CEO and founder of Bayyinah, an Arabic educational institution in the United States.

His early education in Arabic started in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and continued in Pakistan. His serious Arabic training began in 1999 in the United States. He has been teaching Modern Standard and Classical Arabic at various venues for several years with over 10,000 students nationwide. Nouman Ali Khan preaches the religion of Islam through his video speeches. He also frequently speaks at Islamic Circle of North America Conventions about Islam, family, and other life topics.

His students have been taking notes of his works on blogs such as; LinguisticMiracle, and others. He is a very eloquent speaker who certainly knows how to get the message across. As a new modern speaker the youth find him easy to listen to and find religion engaging.

References

Category:American Muslims Category:Living people

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	Omar Suleiman
office	16th Vice President of Egypt
president	Hosni Mubarak
term start	29 January 2011
term end	11 February 2011
predecessor	Hosni Mubarak*
successor	Constitution Suspended
office2	Director of the General Intelligence Directorate
president2	Hosni Mubarak
term start2	22 January 1993
term end2	31 January 2011
predecessor2	Nour El Dien Afeefy
successor2	Murad Muwafi
birth date	July 02, 1936
birth place	Qena, Egypt
party	Independent
alma mater	Egyptian Military AcademyFrunze Military AcademyAin Shams UniversityCairo University
religion	Sunni Islam
footnotes	*Office vacant from 14 October 1981 – 29 January 2011.
allegiance	Egypt
branch	Army
serviceyears	1954–present
rank	Lieutenant General
battles	North Yemen Civil WarSix-Day WarOctober War }}

Omar Suleiman (, ; born 2 July 1936) is a former Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer. A leading figure in Egypt's intelligence system since 1986, Suleiman was appointed to the long-vacant Vice Presidency by then-President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011. On 11 February 2011, Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and ceased being Vice President; governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council, of which Suleiman is not a member. A new head of intelligent services was appointed by the ruling Supreme Council. Suleiman withdrew from the political scene and did not appear in public after announcing Mubarak's resignation.

Millions of Egyptian citizens involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place. Human rights groups tied Suleiman’s career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses, and asserted that many Egyptians "see Suleiman as Mubarak II." Torture victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he personally tortured a detainee during his career in intelligence. In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home.

Early life and education

Suleiman was born in Qena in Upper Egypt. In 1954 at the age of 19, he moved to Cairo to enroll in Egypt's prestigious Military Academy. He received additional military training in the Soviet Union at Moscow's Frunze Military Academy. He participated in both the Six-Day and October wars. In the mid-1980's, Suleiman earned additional degrees, including a bachelor's degree from Ain Shams University and a master's degree from Cairo University, both in political science. A fluent English speaker, Suleiman was transferred to military intelligence, where he worked on Egypt-United States relations.

Intelligence career

Suleiman became deputy head of military intelligence in 1986, and its director in 1991. In 1993, he became the chief of the Egyptian General Intelligence Service (EGIS). In 1995, he is said to have insisted that President Mubarak ride in an armored car during a visit to Ethiopia. A would-be assassin fired on the vehicle, but Mubarak escaped without injury due to the added precautions. His name only became known in later years, breaking the tradition of keeping the name of the Egyptian head of Intelligence a secret known only to senior government officials. It was released in the media around 2000.

In his role as Director of EGID, the British newspaper the Daily Telegraph called him "one of the world's most powerful spy chiefs". In 2009, Foreign Policy magazine ranked him as the Middle East's most powerful intelligence chief, ahead of Mossad chief at the time Meir Dagan.

According to diplomatic cables leaked to Wikileaks, Suleiman pledged in 2007 to Yuval Diskin of the Israeli Security Agency (ISA) to "cleanse" Sinai of Palestinian arms smugglers.

Commentary on disrupting Palestinian elections

Suleiman promised Israel in 2005 that he would prevent Hamas from gaining control over Gaza in the 2006 Palestinian elections, according to a US diplomatic cable. Amos Gilad, head of the Israeli Defense Ministry's Diplomatic-Security Bureau, and Suleiman discussed their common fear of Hamas winning the Palestinian elections set for January 2006. Suleiman asserted to Gilad that there "will be no elections in January. We will take care of it." Suleiman did not elaborate as to how Egypt would stop the Palestinian elections from taking place. Suleiman was separately quoted as saying Gaza could "go hungry, but not starve."

The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that Suleiman feared Hamas rule in Gaza would bolster the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Gilad requested that the U.S. closely hold this information and said he did not know how the Egyptians could prevent the elections from taking place but that the "only people the Palestinians can trust now are the Egyptians."

CIA "rendition" program

Suleiman was directly implicated in the controversial CIA "rendition" program. Journalist Stephen Grey in his work, ''Ghost Plane'', states that after taking over as intelligence director, Suleiman oversaw an agreement with the US in 1995 that allowed for suspected militants to be secretly transferred to Egypt for questioning. Although Suleiman's Egyptian Intelligence was required to provide "assurances" that prisoners handed over through this program would not be subjected to torture, at least one CIA officer testified that such assurances from them were unofficially regarded as being as worthless as "a bucket of warm spit".

Suleiman was accused of complicity in the torture of Al-Qaeda suspects in Egypt, particularly the case of Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, who was captured and handed over to Suleiman. The information al-Libi gave under torture was cited by US officials in the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as evidence of a connection between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Al-Libi later retracted his confession.

Political career

Suleiman is seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood. Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, he preferred suits to military uniforms and is seen as a major link between Egyptian political and military elites. Due to his role in the regional political scene and the lack of an alternative candidate acceptable to Hosni Mubarak, some speculated that Suleiman would succeed Mubarak as President. In particular, he is seen as the choice of the Egyptian military establishment. Suleiman denied any intent to run for election to the office. On 29 January 2011, he was named Vice President of Egypt during the civil unrest, ending a vacancy in the position that lasted almost 30 years. He was sworn in two days later.

On 5 February 2011, a senior Egyptian security source denied reports of an assassination attempt on Omar Suleiman, saying there was no truth to them at all. Fox News reported that an unnamed official in the Obama Administration asserted there was an assassination attempt on Suleiman "soon after Suleiman was appointed", and claimed that it took the form of an attack on Suleiman's motorcade. Wolfgang Ischinger, host of the Munich Security Conference and originator of the incorrect allegations, later said he "was led to believe that we had a confirmed report but in fact we didn't" and also added that the information had come from an "unsubstantiated source." Later on 24 February 2011, Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul-gheit confirmed that Suleiman had survived an assassination attempt on February 4, when a group of unidentified men opened fire on Suleiman's car from a stolen ambulance in Cairo.

According to an interview with the Egyptian ambassador to the United States on February 10, 2011, Omar Suleiman became the de facto President of Egypt after President Mubarak transferred his power to Suleiman. The following day Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council. According to the Egypt State Information Service, Suleiman subsequently ceased holding the office of Vice President.

Public image and perception

Al Jazeera describes Omar Suleiman as the unelected Vice President of Egypt, ''éminence grise'' to President Hosni Mubarak, and point man for Egypt's secret relations with Israel. Jane Mayer of The New Yorker notes that Suleiman remains controversial because he "has headed the feared Egyptian general intelligence service" and also describes his role in allowing controversial torture methods under US rendition programs which may have generated bad intelligence.

In turn, Suleiman blamed journalists for the current uprising in Egypt. "I actually blame certain friendly nations who have television channels, they're not friendly at all, who have intensified the youth against the nation and the state," Suleiman said in a TV address. "They have filled in the minds of the youth with wrongdoings, with allegations and this is unacceptable. They should have never done that. They should have never sent this enemy spirit," he said. The Committee to Protect Journalists replied that "it is stupefying that the government continues to send out thugs and plainclothes police to attack journalists and to ransack media bureaus". State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said "we have traced it to elements close to the government, or the ruling party," and said "I don't know that we have a sense how far up the chain it went."

Domestic

Bloomberg reported that Suleiman "lacks the support where he now needs it most: the streets of Cairo". “The Egyptians don’t want Mubarak and they don’t want Suleiman,” said Chayma Hassabo, a researcher on Arab political movements at Cedej, a Cairo-based research center. Al Jazeera wrote Suleiman "does not have a high opinion of Islam in politics, and is not shy about telling Western audiences the lengths he will go to allow his security services to keep the Muslim Brotherhood and their offshoots at bay."

The young guard in Egypt is opposed to Suleiman running the country without elections taking place. Students, union activists and opposition bloggers within Egypt all remain opposed to Suleiman. Veteran Egyptian journalist Nadia abou el-Magd said it comes down to the protesters. "They that made revolution and they are in the position to impose their conditions," said el-Magd, who works for the newspaper Al-Ahram and The Associated Press. "They don't see that ... anybody else is in a position to impose their conditions on them."

In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new Vice President of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power, I think it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today".

United States

Diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks suggested Suleiman enjoyed a strong relationship with the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA). “Our intelligence collaboration with Omar Soliman is now probably the most successful element of the relationship” with Egypt, said a 2006 U.S. diplomatic cable that used an alternative transliteration of his name, which also described Suleiman as Mubarak’s ''consigliere'' on foreign policy.

In an op-ed for AlJazeera, Lisa Hajjar opines that Egyptian-born Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib, "who was innocent of any ties to terror or militancy", was seized from a bus by Pakistani security forces and suspended from a hook and electrocuted repeatedly at American behest. "His fingers were broken and he was hung from metal hooks. At one point, his interrogator slapped him so hard that his blindfold was dislodged, revealing the identity of his tormentor: Suleiman," Haijar asserts. According to Haijar, Suleiman ordered a guard to murder a shackled prisoner in front of Habib, which he did with a vicious karate kick. After an article of the ordeal appeared in the Washington Post, the American government announced they would not charge Habib and that they would release him to Australia. Habib said he would sue the Egyptian government for his treatment. Tom Malinowski of Human Rights Watch asserts "the Americans knew what was going to happen to people who were rendered to Egypt".

Middle East

Luis Moreno, a U.S. intelligence analyst, wrote that although he deferred to the Embassy in Cairo for Egyptian succession scenario analysis, "there is no question that Israel is most comfortable with the prospect of" Suleiman. David Hacham stated an Israeli delegation led by Defense Minister Ehud Barak was "shocked by Mubarak's aged appearance and slurred speech," when it met him in Egypt. "Hacham was full of praise for Soliman, however." Hacham added that he sometimes spoke to Suleiman's deputy several times a day via a "hotline." Maha Azzam, a fellow at Chatham House, a London-based international affairs research institute, said “the Israelis are happy with Omar Suleiman, he has been pivotal in the peace process, he’s someone they know and someone they can deal with.” Avigdor Lieberman, the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, expressed “his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman".

Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates each repeatedly pressed the United States not to cut loose the Mubarak regime; for example, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed of Abu Dhabi, whom some believe to be the real strongman of the UAE, emphasized the need for “stability” in Egypt. The New York Times reported these countries "worry that a sudden, chaotic change in Egypt would destabilize the region or, in the Arab nations, even jeopardize their own leaders, many of whom are also autocrats facing restive populations."

PressTV, an Iranian state-owned news outlet, reported that Egyptians "associate Omar Suleiman, now the Vice President who was sworn in today, with a new puppet of the US government - someone to maintain hegemony here in this region because, as I mentioned, without Egypt you have no control over the Palestinian territory, especially Gaza; and, of course, the Israeli connection is something to note."

Non-governmental organizations

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch assert Suleiman’s career moved in lockstep with a regime marked by widespread abuses. “Torture is an endemic problem in Egypt and ending police abuse has been a driving element behind the massive popular demonstrations that swept Egypt over the past week,” Human Rights Watch said in a January report.

Human Rights Watch further wrote that "Egyptians, particularly those of us calling for an end to Mubarak's three-decade rule, see Suleiman as Mubarak II, especially after the lengthy interview he gave to state television 3 Feb. in which he accused the demonstrators in Tahrir Square of implementing foreign agendas. He did not even bother to veil his threats of retaliation against protesters." The Committee to Protect Journalists and Freedom House also criticized the Mubarak regime for its violence against protesters and suppression of journalists.

References

Further reading

External links

Pharaohs-in-Waiting, Mary Anne Weaver, ''The Atlantic'', October 2003

The ongoing Omar vs. Gamal Debate, Josh Stacher, ''The Arabist'', 10 February 2005

Israel pinning hopes for Hamas deal in Gaza on Egypt intel chief, Yossi Melman, ''Ha'aretz'', 20 January 2009

Egyptian intelligence chief's Washington agenda, Laura Rozen, ''Foreign Policy'', 21 March 2009

The list: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks, Patrick Devenny, ''Foreign Policy'', 20 July 2009

Egypt's Next Strongman, Issandr Amrani, 17 August 2009

Egypt's Succession Crisis: Omar Suleiman and El Baredei Hold Keys to the Presidency, ''Ikhwanweb.com'', 2 April 2010

'Who is Omar Suleiman?, Jane Mayer, ''The New Yorker'', 29 January 2011

Profile: Omar Suleiman, ''BBC News'', 10 February 2011

"Omar Suleiman, the CIA’s Man in Cairo and Egypt’s Torturer-in-Chief" - video report by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1936 births Category:Ain Shams University alumni Category:Cairo University alumni Category:Directors of intelligence agencies Category:Egyptian generals Category:Government ministers of Egypt Category:Living people Category:People of the 2011 Egyptian revolution Category:Vice Presidents of Egypt

ar:عمر سليمان az:Ömər Süleyman be-x-old:Амар Сулейман bg:Омар Сулейман cs:Umar Sulajmán da:Omar Suleiman de:Omar Suleiman es:Omar Suleiman eo:Omar Sulejman fa:عمر سلیمان fr:Omar Souleiman ko:우마르 술라이만 hy:Օմար Սուլեյման (քաղաքական գործիչ) id:Omar Suleiman it:'Umar Sulayman he:עומר סולימאן ka:ომარ სულეიმანი arz:عمر سليمان nl:Omar Suleiman ja:オマル・マフムド・スレイマン・アル＝リファイ no:Omar Suleiman pl:Omar Suleiman pt:Omar Suleiman ru:Сулейман, Омар fi:Omar Suleiman sv:Omar Suleiman tr:Ömer Süleyman uk:Омар Сулейман zh:奥马尔·苏莱曼

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	The Foundations
background	group_or_band
origin	London, England
genre	Soul
years active	1967–1970
label	Pye, Castle, Uni
past members	1966-1968Eric AllendaleArthur BrownPat BurkeClem CurtisMike ElliottTony GomezTim HarrisPeter MacBethAlan Warner 1968-1970Eric AllendalePat BurkeTony GomezTim HarrisPeter MacBethAlan Warner Colin Young 1970-1971Eric AllendaleSteve BinghamPat BurkeTony GomezTim HarrisAlan Warner Colin Young }}

The Foundations were a British soul band, active from 1967 to 1970. The group, made up of West Indians, White British, and a Sri Lankan, are best known for their two biggest hits, "Baby Now That I've Found You" (a Number One hit in the UK Singles Chart and Canada, and subsequently Top 10 in the US), written by Tony Macaulay and John MacLeod; and "Build Me Up Buttercup" (a number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 in Canada), co-written by Macaulay with Mike d'Abo, at the time the lead vocalist with Manfred Mann. The group was the first multi-racial group to have a number 1 hit in the UK in the 1960s.

The Foundations are notable for being one of the few label acts to successfully imitate what became known as the Motown Sound. In terms of line-up and musical style, they anticipated the sound of the more successful Hot Chocolate. They were in a similar musical vein as Love Affair, who also topped the UK charts in 1968 with their version of Robert Knight's "Everlasting Love". The Foundations signed to Pye, at the time one of only four big UK record companies (the others being EMI with its HMV, Columbia Records, and Parlophone labels; Decca; and Philips who also owned Fontana). the Cabin Boys (led by Tommy Steele's brother, Colin Hicks), and others. Pat Burke, a professional musician, was from the London Music Conservatorium. Eric Allendale had led his own band at one stage as well as having played with Edmundo Ros and being a former member of the Terry Lightfoot and Alex Walsh bands. Alan Warner, the guitarist, was also an experienced musician for his age, having played with numerous semi-pro groups from the age of 16. Bassist Peter Macbeth was a former teacher. Tony Gomez, the keyboard player, was a former clerk, while Clem Curtis had been an interior decorator and professional boxer.

The story of the origins of the Foundations can be somewhat surprising and a bit confusing as to who was responsible for choosing the band's name, and various sources give slightly different accounts of their beginnings. One version is that they were originally called The Ramong Sound, or The Ramongs, and there were two lead singers, Clem Curtis and Psychedelic shock rocker Arthur Brown. Other variations on this are that after they dropped the "Ramong" from their name, they were then called The Foundation Squad or The Foundation Sound. Apparently, Arthur Brown was only a temporary member for about one month, and by the time the Foundations had signed to Pye, he had left the group.

The Foundations actually did come together in Bayswater, London in January 1967. They practiced and played in a basement club called the Butterfly Club, which they ran. While managing the club themselves, they played music nightly, and handled the cooking and cleaning. They would get to bed around 6 or 7 a.m., sleep until 4 p.m., get up and begin again to get ready to open at 8 p.m. Sometimes they barely made enough money to pay the rent, let alone feed themselves. At times, they lived off the leftovers and a couple of pounds of rice. They stayed there until they were eventually forced out by a protection racket gang and then had to move next door to a dingy unused mini-cab office.

Career from 1967

While the biography on Allmusic states that Barry Class was the first to discover them, Alan Warner, the original founding member and lead guitarist of The Foundations and former Ramongs member states that it was actually Fairway who saw them in the dingy office and then introduced them to Class. Either way, both Fairway and Class teamed up to become their managers. Class took care of the business management, while Fairway went out promoting and trying to secure gigs for the group.

When they were at the top spot with "Baby, Now That I've Found You", Fairway commented to ''Melody Maker'' that most management would pull them out of the "bargain priced dates" that were booked for some time. He expressed gratitude to everyone for their support, and said that they would fulfill every engagement for which they had signed. Dopson also noted that Fairway also leaked a story to the media saying that the Foundations had broken up which only served to keep the Foundations name in the news headlines. Fairway and Class eventually introduced them to Pye A&R; man Tony Macaulay. The day Macaulay came to hear them play, he was suffering from what he described as the worst hangover of his life. The band was playing so loud he could not judge how good they were, but he decided to give them a chance.

At first they found progress quite slow, and one of their sax players, Pat Burke, had to drop out of the band and take another job while they went through a rough patch. He did rejoin them again later in 1967.

They did a couple of tours backing The Toys and later Motown Records' Edwin Starr. Curtis doubted if this group called The Toys was the original Toys let alone American. They were noticed by Brian Epstein who added them to the roster of his NEMS Agency but the contract became void when he died.

When "Baby Now That I've Found You" was first released it went nowhere. Luckily the BBC's newly founded BBC Radio 1 were looking to avoid any records being played by the pirate radio stations and they looked back at some recent releases that the pirate stations had missed. "Baby, Now That I've Found You" was one of them. The single then took off and by November was number one in the UK Singles Chart. On the same day PP Arnold was in the studio with Dusty Springfield and Madeline Bell as her backing vocalists.

Around this time after the release of their second single, there were tensions developing between the band and their songwriter/producer, Tony Macaulay. He would not allow them to record any of their own songs. In an interview, the band's organ player, Tony Gomez, told NME Magazine in an interview that he, Peter MacBeth, and Eric Allendale had some ideas that they wanted to put together. Curtis later recalled that Macaulay was a problem. "Tony Macaulay was very talented, but could be difficult to get on with. When we asked to record some of our own material - just as B sides, we weren't after the A side - he called us 'ungrateful' and stormed out of the studio."

Bassist Peter Macbeth left the band in 1969, to join the group Bubastis with Bernie Living, and was replaced by Steve Bingham.

Beginning of 1970 to the breakup in late 1970

After a successful run of hits, The Foundations broke off with their management and a Bill Graham sponsored tour to support The Temptations at the newly opened Copacabana club. This ended up in disaster and the band came back to the UK in low spirits. It had been previously reported in a publicity sheet around early December 1969 that the band had broken away from their manager Barry Class. Jim Dawson who was formerly their agent and Mike Dolan took over the group's affairs. The group's final hits were "Born to Live, Born to Die" which was written by Eric Allendale and Tony Gomez. and "My Little Chickadee", a US only hit which barely made the hot 100. Another member joined the band in 1970. Paul Lockey who had been with Robert Plant in Band Of Joy joined as their bass guitarist.

"My Little Chickadee" proved to be the band's last hit. In spite of releasing "Take A Girl Like You", the title song to the Oliver Reed and Hayley Mills film, and a heavy blues rock song "I'm Gonna Be A Rich Man", the band split in late 1970.

1971 to the end of the 1970s

The last record released in the early 1970s as The Foundations was a single "Stoney Ground" b/w "I'll Give You Love" MCA MCA 5075 1971. By that time the original band had already split up and Alan Warner had been a member of Pluto since joining and helping to form the English progressive rock band in 1970. There would be two more singles released as The Foundations in the mid to late 1970s.

When Curtis returned to the UK, he formed a new version of the group with little success in spite of releasing several singles, but later had a lucrative spell on the 1960s nostalgia circuit. Curtis' re-formed Foundations have on several occasions and among the many musicians to be part of latter day Foundations were Bill and John Springate, the latter becoming a member of The Glitter Band, Derek "Del" Watson, Paul Wilmot (all members of the band "ELEGY") and Roy Carter who later on joined Heatwave.

Also in the 1970s there would be a collaborative attempt between two former members of the Foundations. Original Foundations trombonist Eric Allendale attempted to work with the band's Foundations drummer Tim Harris.

In the mid 1970s, while Clem Curtis and The Foundations were on the road, there was also another Foundations line up that was led by Colin Young who were on the road at the same time, who were playing basically the same material. This eventually led to court action which resulted in Curtis being allowed to bill his group as either The Foundations or Clem Curtis & The Foundations. Young was allowed to bill himself as The New Foundations or Colin Young & The New Foundations. These featured Curtis as the lead singer.

Various sources erroneously state that there was an early 1970s English line up that had nothing, or little to do with, the original Foundations. However, Curtis has been leading a new line up of the Foundations since coming back to the UK and reforming the group in the early 1970s.

1980s to present

In or around the late 1980s Curtis and Alan Warner teamed up to recut "Baby, Now That I've Found You" as well as other hits of The Foundations. Trinidad, West Indies.

Colin Young: lead vocals - b. 12 September 1944, Barbados, West Indies - replaced Clem Curtis in 1968.

Arthur Brown: vocals - b. 24 June 1942 Whitby, Yorkshire, Member for approximately one month in 1967

Alan Warner: lead guitar - b. 21 April 1941, Paddington, west London. Peter Macbeth: bass guitar - b. Peter McGrath, 2 February 1943, Marylebone, North London.

Steve Bingham: bass guitar -

Tim Harris: drums - b. 14 January 1948, St John's Wood, North London - Died ???? Tony Gomez: keyboards - b. 13 December 1938, Colombo, Ceylon - (now Sri Lanka). Pat Burke: tenor saxophone/flute - b. 9 October 1937, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies. Mike Elliott: tenor saxophone - b. 6 August 1929, Jamaica, West Indies. - Left in 1968 Eric Allandale: trombone - b. Eric Allandale Dubuisson, 4 March 1936, Dominica, West Indies — died 23 August 2001.

The Tweeney: vocals - one guest appearance in Nottingham, 2011

Paul Lockey: bass guitar - joined in 1970 for nine months

Guests

Mike D'Abo :piano - b. Michael David D'Abo, 1 March 1944, Betchworth, Surrey. Co-wrote and guested on "Build Me Up Buttercup" contributing piano.

John Mcleod: piano

Clem Curtis & The Foundations

Clem Curtis: vocals

James Colah: keyboards

Michael J. Parlett: saxophone

Alan Warner: guitar

George Chandler: backing vocals

Valentine Pascal: electric guitar

1970s line-up

Clem Curtis: Vocals

Bill Springate: guitar

John Springate: Vocals

Del Watson: Bass

'''Paul Wilmot : Drums

John Paul: ?

1977 line-up

Clem Curtis: Vocals

Leroy Carter

John Savile

Valentine Pascal

Georges Delanbanque

Discography

;Summary of single releases From the bands beginning to their breakup near the end of 1970, the Foundations released ten singles in the UK including two versions of the same song. A good deal of the songs on the singles were composed by Tony Macaulay and John Macleod. They had four significant hits from these plus a minor hit with one of their own compositions, "Born To Live, Born To Die" and another minor hit with "My Little Chickadee" in the United States. There were other titles announced that were either never recorded or were never released. They were "Our Love Went Thataway", "Tear Jerker, Music-worker, You" which was to be released around the same time as "Better By Far" by Lulu and "No Place On Earth Could Find You" In 1971 the single "Stoney Ground" was released. It is believed that this single was actually by Colin Young and his new backing band Development. It seems quite likely as the Colin Young and Development debut single "Any Time At All" pre-dates "Stoney Ground". In the mid and late seventies there were two more singles released under the Foundations name. They were "Where Were You When I Needed Your Love" and "Closer To Loving You" which featured the Northern Soul classic "Change My Life" as the B side. These last two singles to bear the Foundations name featured Clem Curtis once more as the lead vocalist.

;Summary of album releases During the 1960s the Foundations recorded and released four LPs in the United Kingdom. Before its release it was originally announced, in the October 1967 of ''Beat Instrumental Monthly'' that the debut album's title was to be ''Sound Basis''issue. However, when it was released on Pye, it had the title of ''From The Foundations''. The American version of this album, which was released on the UNI label, was given the title of ''Baby, Now That I've Found You''. This album featured Curtis on lead vocals. The next release was in 1968. It was a live LP called ''Rocking The Foundations'', and also featured Curtis on lead vocals plus two instrumentals "The Look of Love" and "Coming Home Baby". Also in 1968, another LP was released on the Marble Arch label. This featured re-recordings of their previous hits and songs, but with Young on vocals instead of Curtis. It also featured a version of "Build Me Up Buttercup". There was also an American album called ''Build Me Up Buttercup''. This was a compilation of Foundations tracks. Side one consisted of tracks from their ''Rocking The Foundations'' album; and side two consisted of "Build Me Up Buttercup", the B side of that single, plus some earlier Foundations tracks. The groups last LP release was in 1969, which featured their hit "In The Bad Bad Old Days", and the minor US hit "My Little Chickadee". Since then there have been various compilations of the Foundations songs, released on both the Golden Hour and PRT labels.

UK singles

"Baby, Now That I've Found You" / "Come On Back to Me" - Pye 7N 17366 - 1967 - UK #1, US #11

"Back On My Feet Again" / "I Can Take Or Leave Your Loving" - Pye 7N 17417 - 1968 - UK #18

"Any Old Time (You're Lonely And Sad)" / "We Are Happy People" - Pye 7N 17503 -1968 - UK #48

"Build Me Up Buttercup" / "New Direction" Pye 7N 17636 - 1968 - UK #2, US #3

"In the Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)" / "Give Me Love" - Pye 7N 17702 - 1969 - UK #8

"Born to Live, Born to Die" / "Why Did You Cry" - Pye 7N 17809 1969 - UK #46

"Baby, I Couldn't See" / "Penny Sir" - Pye 7N 17849 - 1969

"Take A Girl Like You" / "I'm Gonna Be A Rich Man" - Pye - 7N 17904 - 1970

"I'm Gonna be a Rich Man" / "In The Beginning" Pye 7N 17956 - 1970

"Stoney Ground" / "I'll Give You Love" - MCA MKS 5075–1971

"Where Were You When I Needed Your Love" / "Love Me Nice And Easy" - Summit SU 100

"Closer To Loving You" / "Change My Life" - Psycho P 2603–1978

"Baby Now That I've Found You" / "Build Me Up Buttercup" - Old Gold OG9407 - (1979 Re-release)

"Baby Now That I've Found You" / "Build Me Up Buttercup" - Flashback FBS 6 - (1979 Re-release)

"Baby Now That I've Found You" (1989 Re Mix) / "Build Me Up Buttercup" - PRT PYS 24 - 1989

"Build Me Up Buttercup" - CD single - (1998 Re-release) - UK #71

UK albums

''From the Foundations'' - Pye NSPL 18206 - 1967

''Rocking the Foundations'' - Pye NSPL 18227 - 1968

''The Foundations'' - Marble Arch MALS 1157–1968

''Digging the Foundations'' - Pye NSPL 18290 - 1969

''Golden Hour of the Foundations'' (Greatest Hits) - GH 574 - 1973

''Back to the Beat'' - PRT DOW7 - 1983

''Best Of'' - PRT PYL 4003–1987

UK EPs 7"

"It's All Right" - Pye NEP24297 - 1968

"Mini Monster" - Pye PMM.103

UK EPs 12"

"Baby, Now That I've Found You" - Pye Big Deal BD 107 - (4 tracks)

"Baby, Now That I've Found You" - PRT Pyt 24 - 1989 - (3 tracks incl remix)

UK CDs

''Golden Hour Of The Foundations'' - Knight Records KGH CD 104 - 1990

''Strong Foundations'' - The Singles and More - Music Club - MCCD 327 - 1997

''Build Me Up Buttercup'' - Castle Select SELCD 527 - 1998

''Baby, Now That I've Found You'' - Sequel Records - NEECD 300 - 1999

''Build Me Up Buttercup'' (The Complete Pye Collection) [Remastered] - Castle - 2004

US singles

"Baby Now That I've Found You" / "Come On Back To Me" - Uni 55038 - 1967

"Back On My Feet Again" / "I Can Take Or Leave Your Loving" - Uni 55058 - 1968

"Any Old Time (You're Lonely And Sad)" / "We Are Happy People" - Uni 55073 -1968

"Build Me Up Buttercup" / "New Direction" - Uni 55101 - 1968

"In The Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)" / "Give Me Love" - Uni 55117 - 1969

"Born To Live, Born To Die" / "Why Did You Cry" - Uni 55162 - 1969 - UK #46

"My Little Chickadee" / "Solomon Grundy" - Uni 55137 - 1969

"Take A Girl Like You" / "I'm Gonna Be A Rich Man" - Uni 55210 - 1970

"Stoney Ground" / "I'll Give You Love" - Uni 55315 - 1971

"Build Me Up Buttercup" / "Baby, Now That I've Found You" - Eric 192 (Re-release)

US albums

''Baby Now That I've Found You'' - Uni 3016 (Mono)/73016 (Stereo) - 1967

''Build Me Up Buttercup'' - Uni 73043—1968

''Digging The Foundations'' - Uni 73058—1969

Canadian singles

"Baby Now That I've Found You" - Pye 827—1968 - #1

"Back On My Feet Again" - Pye 833 - #29

"Build Me Up Buttercup" - Pye 17636 - #1

"In the Bad Bad Old Days (Before You Loved Me)" - Pye 17702 - #23

References

Reference links and other information

The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown http://www.richieunterberger.com/brown.html

Alex Gitlin Pluto page http://www.alexgitlin.com/npp/pluto.htm

Gary Moberley info http://web.archive.org/web/20091027104142/http://geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Diner/2674/moberley_gary_a.htm

Pluto Website http://www.pluto-rockband.com/70141/info.php?p=2&pno;=0

Alan Warner site page http://www.alan-warner.com/10102/info.php?p=4&pno;=0

Ride Your Pony http://rideyourpony-twighlightzone.blogspot.com/2007/09/group-made-up-of-west-indians.html

Mike D'Abo Foundations http://www.mikedabo.com/foundations.htm

Buddah Records @ Disco-Disco.com http://www.disco-disco.com/labels/buddah.shtml

www.javirunner-brightsideofthemoon.blogspot.com Info on Barry Class

www.tamworthbands.com Info on Barry Class

External links

Clem Curtis & The Foundations web site

Clem Curtis web site

Alan Warner site page

Interview with Clem Curtis

Category:British pop music groups Category:British soul musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1967 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1970 Category:The Foundations Category:Pye Records artists

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