bodyclass	geography
abovestyle	background:#DEB887;
subheader	Ancient Region of Anatolia
above	Caria (Καρία)
label1	Location
data1	Southwestern Anatolia
label2	State existed
data2	11-6th c. BC
label3	Language
data3	Carian
label4	Biggest city
data4	Halicarnassus
label5	Roman province
data5	Asia
data8	300px|Location of Caria in Anatolia }}

Caria (; or Karia) (from Luwian Karuwa meaning "steep country", Ancient Greek, Καρία) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Ionian and Dorian Greeks colonized the west of it and joined the Carian population in forming Greek-dominated states there. The eponymous inhabitants of Caria were known as Carians, and they had arrived in Caria before the Greeks. They were described by Herodotos as being of Minoan descent, while the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians did speak an Anatolian language, which does not necessarily reflect their geographic origin, as Anatolian once may have been widespread. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians or for a people who had preceded them in the region and continued to exist as part of their society in a reputedly second-class status.

Municipalities of Caria

Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns in classical Greece is based entirely on ancient sources. The multiple names of towns and geomorphic features, such as bays and headlands, reveal an ethnic layering consistent with the known colonization.

Coastal Caria

Coastal Caria begins with Didyma south of Miletus, but Miletus had been placed in the pre-Greek Caria. South of it is the Iassicus Sinus (Güllük Körfezi) and the towns of Iassus and Bargylia, giving an alternative name of Bargyleticus Sinus to Güllük Körfezi, and nearby Cindye, which the Carians called Andanus. After Bargylia is Caryanda or Caryinda, and then on the Bodrum Peninsula Myndus (Mentecha or Muntecha), miles from Miletus. In the vicinity is Naziandus, exact location unknown.

On the tip of the Bodrum Peninsula (Cape Termerium) is Termera (Telmera, Termerea), and on the other side Ceramicus Sinus (Gökova Körfezi). It "was formerly crowded with numerous towns." Halicarnassus, a Dorian Greek city, was planted there among six Carian towns: Theangela, Sibde, Medmasa, Euranium, Pedasa or Pedasum, and Telmissus. These with Myndus and Synagela (or Syagela or Souagela) constitute the eight Lelege towns. Also on the north coast of the Ceramicus Sinus is Ceramus and Bargasus.

On the south of the Ceramicus Sinus is the Carian Chersonnese, or Triopium Promontory (Cape Krio), also called Doris after the Dorian colony of Cnidus. At the base of the peninsula (Datça Peninsula) is Bybassus or Bybastus from which an earlier names, the Bybassia Chersonnese, had been derived. It was now Acanthus and Doulopolis ("slave city").

South of the Carian Chersonnese is Doridis Sinus, the "Gulf of Doris" (Gulf of Symi), the locale of the Dorian Confederacy. There are three bays in it: Bubassius, Thymnias and Schoenus, the last enclosing the town of Hyda. In the gulf somewhere are Euthene or Eutane, Pitaeum, and an island: Elaeus or Elaeussa near Loryma. On the south shore is the Cynossema, or Onugnathos Promontory, opposite Symi.

South of there is Peraea, a section of the coast under Rhodes. It includes Loryma or Larymna in Oedimus Bay, Gelos, Tisanusa, the headland of Paridion, Panydon or Pandion (Cape Marmorice) with Physicus, Physca or Physcus, also called Cressa (Marmaris). Beyond Cressa is the Calbis River (Dalyan River). On the other side is Caunus (near Dalyan), with Pisilis or Pilisis and Pyrnos between.

Then follow some cities that some assign to Lydia and some to Caria: Calynda on the Indus River, Crya, Carya, Carysis or Cari and Alina in the Gulf of Glaucus (Katranci Bay or the Gulf of Makri), the Glaucus River being the border. Other Carian towns in the gulf are Clydae or Lydae and Aenus.

Inland Caria

At the base of the east end of Latmus near Selimiye was the district of Euromus or Eurome, possibly Europus, formerly Idrieus and Chrysaoris (Stratonicea), apparently the ethnic center of non-Hellenic Caria. The name Chrysaoris once applied to all of Caria; moreover, Euromus was originally settled from Lycia. Its towns are Tauropolis, Plarassa and Chrysaoris. These were all incorporated later into Mylasa. Connected to the latter by a sacred way is Labranda. Around Stratonicea is also Lagina or Lakena as well as Tendeba and Astragon.

Further inland towards Aydin is Alabanda, noted for its marble and its scorpions, Orthosia, Coscinia or Coscinus on the upper Maeander and Halydienses, Alinda or Alina. At the confluence of the Maeander and the Harpasus is Harpasa (Arpaz). At the confluence of the Maeander and the Orsinus, Corsymus or Corsynus is Antioch on the Maeander and on the Orsinus in the mountains a border town with Phrygia, Gordiutichos ("Gordius' Fort") near Geyre. Founded by the Leleges and called Ninoe it became Megalopolis ("Big City") and Aphrodisias, sometime capital of Caria.

Other towns on the Orsinus are Timeles and Plarasa. Tabae was at various times attributed to Phrygia, Lydia and Caria and seems to have been occupied by mixed nationals. Caria also comprises the headwaters of the Indus and Eriya or Eriyus and Thabusion on the border with the small state of Cibyra.

Pre-Hellenic States and People

The name of ''Caria'' appears in a number of early languages: Hittite ''Karkija'' (a member state of the Assuwa league, ca. 1250 BC), Babylonian ''Karsa'', Elamite and Old Persian ''Kurka''. Allegedly, the region received the name of ''Caria'' from Car, an ancestral hero of the Carians.

Sovereign State Hosting the Greeks

Caria arose as a Neo-Hittite kingdom around the 11th century BC.The coast of Caria was part of the Dorian hexapolis (six-cities) when the Dorians arrived after the Trojan War in the last and southernmost waves of Greek migration to western Anatolia's coastline and occupied former Mycenaean settlements such us Knidos and Halicarnassos (present-day Bodrum). Herodotus, the famous historian was born in Halicarnassus during the 5th century BC. But Greek colonization touched only the coast and the interior remained Carian organized in a great number of villages grouped in local federations.

The ''Iliad'' records that at the time of the Trojan War, the city of Miletus belonged to the Carians, and was allied to the Trojan cause.

Lemprière notes that "As Caria probably abounded in figs, a particular sort has been called Carica, and the words ''In Care periculum facere'', have been proverbially used to signify the encountering of danger in the pursuit of a thing of trifling value." The region of Caria continues to be an important fig-producing area to this day, accounting for most fig production in Turkey, which is the world's largest producer of figs.

Lydian Province

The expansionism of Lydia under Croesus (560-546 BC) incorporated Caria briefly into Lydia before it fell before the Persian advance.

Persian Satrapy

Caria was then incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid empire as a satrapy in 545 BC. The most important town was Halicarnassus, from where its sovereigns reigned. Other major towns were Latmus, refounded as Heracleia under Latmus, Antiochia, Myndus, Laodicea, Alinda and Alabanda.

Halicarnassus was the location of the famed Mausoleum dedicated to Mausolus, a satrap of Caria between 377–353 BC, by his wife, Artemisia. The monument became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and from which the Romans named any grand tomb a ''mausoleum.''

Macedonian Kingdom

Caria was conquered by Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC with the help of the former queen of the land Ada of Caria who had been dethroned by the Persian Empire and actively helped Alexander in his conquest of Caria on condition of being reinstated as queen. After their capture of Caria, she declared Alexander as her heir.

Roman Province

As part of the Roman Empire the name of Caria was still used for the geographic region but the territory administratively belonged to the province of Asia. During the administrative reforms of the 4th century this province was abolished and divided into smaller units. Caria became a separate province as part of the Diocese of Asia.

Christianity was on the whole slow to take hold in Caria. The region was not visited by St. Paul, and the only early churches seem to be those of Laodicea and Colossae (Chonae) on the extreme inland fringe of the country, which itself pursued its pagan customs. It appears that it was not until Christianity was officially adopted in Constantinople that the new religion made any real headway in Caria.

Dissolution under the Byzantine Empire and Passage to Turkish Rule

In the 7th century provinces were abolished and the new theme system was introduced. The region corresponding to ancient Caria was captured by the Turks under Menteşe dynasty in early 13th century.

There are only indirect clues regarding the population structure under the Menteşe and the parts played in it by Turkish migration from inland regions and by local conversions, but the first Ottoman Empire census records indicate, in a situation not atypical for the region as a whole, a large Muslim (practically exclusively Turkish) majority reaching as high as 99 % and a non-Muslim minority (practically exclusively Greek supplemented with a small Jewish community in Milas) as low as one per cent. One of the first acts of the Ottomans after their takeover was to transfer the administrative center of the region from its millenary seat in Milas to the then much smaller Muğla, which was nevertheless better suited for controlling the southern fringes of the province. Still named Menteşe until the early decades of the 20th century, the kazas corresponding to ancient Caria are recorded by sources such as G. Sotiriadis (1918) and S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) as having a Greek population averaging at around ten per cent of the total, ranging somewhere between twelve to eighteen thousand, many of them reportedly recent immigrants from the islands. Most chose to leave in 1919, before the population exchange.

See also

Carians

Carian language

Aphrodisias

Notes

Sources

External links

Livius.org: History and Culture of Ancient Caria

Asia Minor Coins: ancient Greek and Roman coins from Caria

Ancient Caria: In the garden of the sun, CANAN KÜÇÜKEREN, Hürriyet Daily News, 28 March 2011

Category:Carian people Category:Historical regions of Anatolia Category:States and territories established in the 11th century BC Category:6th-century BC disestablishments Category:Ionian colonies Category:Ancient Roman provinces Category:History of Muğla Province Category:History of Aydın Province Category:Praetorian prefecture of the East

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name	Bobby McFerrin
background	solo_singer
birth name	Robert McFerrin, Jr
born	March 11, 1950 Manhattan, New York
instrument	Vocals, piano, bass guitar, clarinet
genre	Jazz, Reggae, World Music, Classical Music
occupation	MusicianSongwriterConductorArrangerProducer
years active	1977–present
label	Manhattan RecordsBlue Note RecordsElektra RecordsSony Classical
associated acts	Chick CoreaHerbie Hancock
website	http://www.bobbymcferrin.com }}

Robert "Bobby" McFerrin, Jr. (born March 11, 1950) is a virtuoso American vocalist and conductor. He is best known for his 1988 hit song "Don't Worry, Be Happy". He is a ten-time Grammy Award winner. He is well known for his unique vocal techniques and singing styles.

Life

Bobby McFerrin was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of operatic baritone Robert McFerrin and singer Sara Copper. Robert Sr. was the first African American to be a regular with New York's Metropolitan Opera. Sara is a former soloist with regional opera companies and in Broadway shows, and is a professor emeritus of music at Fullerton College in Fullerton, California.

Bobby McFerrin married Debbie Green in 1975. They have three children.

McFerrin's song "Don't Worry, Be Happy" was a No. 1 U.S. pop hit in 1988 and won Song of the Year and Record of the Year honors. McFerrin has also worked in collaboration with instrumental performers, including pianists Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, and Joe Zawinul, drummer Tony Williams, and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.

Vocal technique

As a vocalist, McFerrin often switches rapidly between modal and falsetto registers to create polyphonic effects, performing both the main melody and the accompanying parts of songs. He makes use of percussive effects created both with his mouth and by tapping on his chest. McFerrin is also capable of multiphonic singing, as observed in his song "Drive" from the 2005 DVD ''Live in Montreal''.

A notable document of McFerrin's approach to singing is his 1984 album ''The Voice'', the first solo vocal jazz album recorded with no accompaniment or overdubbing.

Career

In 1986, McFerrin was the voice of Santa Bear in ''Santa Bear's First Christmas'', and in 1987 he was the voice of Santa Bear/Bully Bear in the sequel ''Santa Bear's High Flying Adventure''. That same year, he performed the theme song for the opening credits of Season 4 of ''The Cosby Show'', as well as the music for a Cadbury chocolate commercial.

In 1988, McFerrin recorded the hit song "Don't Worry, Be Happy", which brought him widespread recognition across the world. However, the song's success "ended McFerrin's musical life as he had known it," and he began to pursue other musical possibilities – on stage and in recording studios. The song was used in George H. W. Bush's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush's 1988 official presidential campaign song, without Bobby McFerrin's permission or endorsement. In reaction, Bobby McFerrin publicly protested that particular use of his song, including stating that he was going to vote against Bush, and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire, to make the point even clearer.

In 1989, he composed and performed the music for the Pixar short film ''Knick Knack''. The rough cut to which McFerrin recorded his vocals had the words "blah blah blah" in place of the end credits (meant to indicate that he should improvise). McFerrin spontaneously decided to sing "blah blah blah" as lyrics, and the final version of the short film includes these lyrics during the end credits. Also in 1989, he formed a ten-person "Voicestra" which he featured on both his 1990 album ''Medicine Music'' and in the score to the 1989 Oscar-winning documentary ''Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt''. The song "Common Threads" has frequently reappeared in some public service advertisements about AIDS. McFerrin also performed with the Vocal Summit.

As early as 1992, widespread rumors circulated that falsely claimed McFerrin committed suicide. The rumors intentionally made fun of the distinctly positive nature of his popular song "Don't Worry, Be Happy" by claiming McFerrin ironically took his own life.

In 1993, McFerrin sang Henry Mancini's "Pink Panther" theme for the movie ''Son of the Pink Panther''.

In addition to his vocal performing career, in 1994, Mr. McFerrin was appointed as creative chair of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra. He makes regular tours as a guest conductor for symphony orchestras throughout the United States and Canada, including the San Francisco Symphony (on his 40th birthday), the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, the Vienna Philharmonic and many others. In McFerrin's concert appearances, he combines serious conducting of classical pieces with his own unique vocal improvisations, often with participation from the audience and the orchestra. For example, the concerts often end with McFerrin conducting the orchestra in an a cappella rendition of the "William Tell Overture," in which the orchestra members sing their musical parts in McFerrin's vocal style instead of playing their parts on their instruments. For a few years in the late 1990s, he toured a concert version of ''Porgy and Bess'', partly in honor of his father, who sang the role for Sidney Poitier in the 1959 ''film version'', and partly "to preserve the score's jazziness" in the face of "largely white orchestras" who tend not "to play around the bar lines, to stretch and bend". McFerrin says that because of his father's work in the movie, "This music has been in my body for 40 years, probably longer than any other music."

McFerrin also participates in various music education programs and makes volunteer appearances as a guest music teacher and lecturer at public schools throughout the U.S. McFerrin has collaborated with his son, Taylor, on various musical ventures. Taylor has recently been singing, rapping, and playing minimal keyboard accompaniment with Vernon Reid (leader-guitarist of Living Colour) in the eclectic metal-fusion-funk group Yohimbe Brothers.

In 2009, McFerrin and musician-scientist Daniel Levitin served as co-hosts of ''The Music Instinct'', a two-hour award-winning documentary produced by PBS and based on Levitin's best-selling book ''This Is Your Brain On Music''. Later that year, the two appeared together on a panel at the World Science Festival, where McFerrin demonstrated audience participation with the ubiquitous nature of human understanding of the pentatonic scale by singing and dancing, and having the audience sing while following his movements.

In October 2010, Bobby McFerrin appeared on NPR's news quiz show ''Wait, Wait...Don't Tell Me''.

Discography

As leader

''Bobby McFerrin'' (1982)

''The Voice'' (1984)

''Spontaneous Inventions'' (1987)

''Elephant's Child'' (1987)

''Simple Pleasures'' (1988)

''Don't Worry, Be Happy'' (1988)

''How the Rhino Got His Skin/How the Camel Got His Hump'' (1990)

''Medicine Music'' (1990)

''Play'', with Chick Corea, 1992

''Hush'', with Yo-Yo Ma, 1992

''Many Faces of Bird'' (1991)

"The Siamese Cat Song" on ''Simply Mad About the Mouse'' (1991)

''Sorrow Is Not Forever'' (1994)

''Paper Music'' (1995, Doick with the St. Paul Chamber orchestra)

''Bang! Zoom'' (1996)

''The Mozart Sessions'', with Chick Corea, 1996

''Circlesongs'' (1997)

''Mouth Music'' (2001)

''Beyond Words'' (2002) – featuring Chick Corea, Cyro Baptista and Richard Bona

''Konzert für Europa -The Schönbrunn Concert'' (2004)

''VOCAbuLarieS'' (2010)

As sideman

Pharoah Sanders, ''Journey to the One'', 1980

Grover Washington, Jr., ''The Best Is Yet to Come'', 1982

Various Artists, ''The Young Lions'', 1983

Charles Lloyd Quartet, ''A Night in Copenhagen'' (Blue Note, 1984)

Various Artists, ''A Tribute to Thelonius Monk'', 1984

Chico Freeman, ''Tangents'', 1984

Michael Hedges, ''Watching My Life Go By'', 1985

The Manhattan Transfer, ''Vocalese'', 1985

Joe Zawinul, ''Di•a•lects'', 1986

Weather Report, ''Sportin' Life'', 1985

Al Jarreau, ''Heart’s Horizon'', 1988

Quincy Jones, ''Back on the Block'', 1989

Laurie Anderson, ''Strange Angels'', 1989

Gal Costa, ''The Laziest Gal in Town'', 1991

Dizzy Gillespie, ''Bird Songs: The Final Recordings'' (Telarc, 1992), ''To Bird with Love'' (Telarc, 1992)

Jack DeJohnette, ''Extra Special Edition'' (Blue Note, 1994)

Yellowjackets, ''Dreamland'', 1995

George Martin, ''In My Life'', 1998 – on "Come Together" with Robin Williams

En Vogue, Masterpiece Theatre, 2000

Bela Fleck and the Flecktones, ''Little Worlds'', 2003

Chick Corea, ''Rendezvous in New York'', 2003

Wynton Marsalis, ''The Magic Hour'', 2004

size2shoes, 2006 (free track)

Grammys

1985, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Another Night In Tunisia" with Jon Hendricks

1985, Best Vocal Arrangement for two or more voices, "Another Night In Tunisia" with Cheryl Bentyne

1986, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Round Midnight"

1987, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "What Is This Thing Called Love"

1987, Best Recording for Children, "The Elephant's Child" with Jack Nicholson

1988, Song of the year, Best Pop Vocal Performance, male, Record of the year, "Don't Worry, Be Happy"

1988, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, male, "Brothers"

1992, Best Jazz Vocal Performance, "Round Midnight"

References

External links

Bobby McFerrin

Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:African American musicians Category:American conductors (music) Category:American jazz singers Category:California State University, Sacramento alumni Category:Musicians from New York City Category:Grammy Award winners

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name	Carla Bruni-Sarkozy
birth name	Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi
birth date	December 23, 1967
birth place	Turin, Italy
Spouse	Nicolas Sarkozy (m. 2008–present)
Relations	Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (sister)Guillaume Sarkozy (brother-in-law)Olivier Sarkozy (half-brother-in-law)Jean Sarkozy (stepson)
Children	Aurélien Enthoven (by Enthoven)Giulia Sarkozy (by Sarkozy)
nationality	French; Italian
known for	Modelling and singing careers, marriage to French president
occupation	Singer-songwriter, model }}

Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (born Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi, ; 23 December 1967) is an French-Italian songwriter, singer, actress, and former model. She has been married to Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of the French Republic, since February 2008; the couple have a daughter, Giulia, born in October 2011.

Early life

Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi was born in Turin, Italy, and is heiress to the fortune created by the Italian tyre manufacturing company CEAT, founded in the 1920s by her grandfather Virginio Bruni Tedeschi. The company was sold in the 1970s to Pirelli (the brand lives on via its former subsidiary in India, founded in 1958). The family moved to France in 1975, reportedly to escape the threat of kidnapping by the Red Brigades, a Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary group active in Italy in the 1970s. Bruni grew up in France from age seven and attended boarding school in Switzerland. She went to Paris to study art and architecture, but left school at 19 to become a model.

She is legally the daughter of Italian concert pianist Marisa Borini and industrialist and classical composer Alberto Bruni Tedeschi. However, in 2008 Bruni told ''Vanity Fair'' that her biological father is Italian-born, Brazilian grocery magnate Maurizio Remmert, a young classical guitarist who had a six-year affair with her mother. Her sister is actress and movie director Valeria Bruni Tedeschi. She had a brother, Virginio Bruni Tedeschi (1959–4 July 2006), who died from complications of HIV/AIDS.

From her biological father, she has a half-sister, Consuelo Remmert.

Career

1987–1996: early career and modeling

Bruni signed with City Models at age 19. Paul Marciano, president and creative director of Guess? Inc., came across her picture among composite cards of aspiring models and chose her to model with Estelle Lefébure in campaigns for Guess? jeans. Bruni subsequently worked for designers and fashion houses such as Christian Dior, Givenchy, Paco Rabanne, Sonia Rykiel, Christian Lacroix, Karl Lagerfeld, John Galliano, Yves Saint-Laurent, Shiatzy Chen, Chanel and Versace. By the 1990s, Bruni was among the 20 highest-paid fashion models, earning $7.5 million a year. While modeling, Bruni dated Eric Clapton, then Mick Jagger. On 11 April 2008, a 1993 nude photograph of Bruni sold at auction for US$91,000 (€65,093) – more than 60 times the expected price. She was a modeling subject of a 1999 trompe-l'œil wool-knit dress body painting by Joanne Gair that is included in Gair's second book, ''Body Painting: Masterpieces by Joanne Gair''.

1997–2005: music career and debut album

In 1997, Bruni quit the world of fashion to devote herself to music. She sent her lyrics to Julien Clerc in 1999, based on which he composed six tracks on his 2000 album ''Si j'étais elle''.

In 2002, her debut album ''Quelqu'un m'a dit'', produced by Louis Bertignac, was released in Europe with success in Francophone countries. Three songs from the album appear in Hans Canosa's 2005 American film ''Conversations with Other Women'', the song ''Le Plus Beau du quartier'' was used in H&M;'s Christmas 2006 commercial, and the title track was featured in the 2003 movie ''Le Divorce'' and in the 2009 movie ''(500) Days of Summer''. In January 2010, her song "L'amoureuse" was featured in an episode of NBC's ''Chuck'', "Chuck vs. First Class".

In 2005, she wrote the lyrics for ten out of twelve songs for Louis Bertignac's new album ''Longtemps'', and performed two duets with him on the album, ''Les Frôleuses'' and ''Sans toi''. In 2006, Bruni recorded "Those Little Things", an English-language translation of the Serge Gainsbourg song "Ces petits riens" for the tribute album ''Monsieur Gainsbourg Revisited''. She took part in the opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in a parade paying tribute to the Italian flag.

2006–2008: ''No Promises'' and ''Comme si de rien n'était''

Her second album, ''No Promises'' containing poems by William Butler Yeats, Emily Dickinson, W. H. Auden, Dorothy Parker, Walter de la Mare, and Christina Rossetti, set to music, was released in January 2007.

She continued recording after her marriage. She released her third album ''Comme si de rien n'était'' on 11 July 2008. The songs are self-penned except for one rendition of "You Belong to Me" and another song featuring Michel Houellebecq's poem ''La Possibilité d'une île'' set to music. Royalties from the album will be donated to unidentified charitable and humanitarian cause.

2009–present: new studio album and other projects

Bruni sang for Nelson Mandela's 91st birthday on 18 July 2009 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.

In September 2009, she recorded a duet with Harry Connick, Jr. for the French edition of his album ''Your Songs''. They sang the Beatles song "And I Love Her". The album was released in France on 26 October 2009.

Following months of speculation, in a television interview broadcast on 23 November 2009, Bruni revealed that she had accepted a role in a forthcoming Woody Allen film. She admitted her reasoning for embarking on the Paris production; "I'm not an actress at all. Perhaps I'll be completely hopeless but I can't miss an opportunity like this one. When I'm a grandmother I'd like to be able to say I made a film with Woody Allen." The film, ''Midnight in Paris'', was released in 2011; Bruni appeared as a guide at the Musée Rodin, who discusses sculptor Auguste Rodin with the leading characters.

In September 2010, she contributed a cover of David Bowie's "Absolute Beginners" to the War Child charity record We Were So Turned On : a tribute to David Bowie (Manimal Vinyl). They also released the track as a split 7" vinyl split with UK legends, Duran Duran.

Italian singer/songwriter Simone Cristicchi’s entry in the 2010 San Remo Italian Song Festival was the song “Meno Male”, with the chorus lyrics of “Meno male che c’è Carla Bruni” (“Thank goodness for Carla Bruni”). The song appears to mock Bruni and her husband, but Cristicchi stated in an interview for Italian television weekly TV Sorrisi e Canzoni that the song is about “our way of being Italian, [we are] always ready to follow any type of gossip and are uninterested in real problems”. Bruni was to be a guest singer at the 2010 San Remo festival but withdrew from participating, purportedly because she was offended by Cristicchi’s song.

Personal life

Marriage to Nicolas Sarkozy

Bruni met the recently divorced French president Nicolas Sarkozy in November 2007 at a dinner party. After a brief romance they married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The marriage is Bruni's first and Sarkozy's third. Bruni obtained French nationality not long afterwards. She has since made contradictory statements as to whether she still holds Italian nationality as well.

Following her marriage to Sarkozy, in February 2008, Bruni continued accompanying him on state visits, including to the United Kingdom in March 2008, which created a sensation in the international press and the public in the UK and France. She has an office and staff at her disposal in the East wing of the Élysée Palace.

There was controversy on the eve of the state visit to the UK, with the publication by Christie's auction house of a nude photograph of Bruni taken during her career as a model. The photograph sold for $91,000. There was also great interest in Bruni's wardrobe, which was Christian Dior, seen as a diplomatic choice, being a French design house designed by John Galliano, a British designer. Another controversy was the use of a popular photo of the French President and Bruni in the print advertising of Ryanair. The couple was awarded damages by a French court which they donated to ''Les Restos du Cœur'', an organisation which provides meals to the homeless.

In December 2008, Bruni sued the makers of a bag featuring a nude shot of the French first lady taken during her supermodelling youth. Clothes designer Pardon has produced 10,000 of the shopping bags emblazoned with the nude photo taken in 1993, showing Bruni staring at the camera with her crossed hands covering her crotch.

On 19 October 2011, Carla Bruni gave birth to a baby girl, Giulia, in the ''Clinique de la Muette'', in Paris.

Philanthropy and charity work

Involved for years in humanitarian and charity work, Carla Bruni-Sarkozy became world ambassador for the protection of mothers and children against HIV in 2008. In April 2009, she launched the Fondation Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, to promote access to culture and knowledge for all.

In a letter of support to the association People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), she took a position against fur in fashion.

Carla Bruni-Sarkozy is involved in various charitable activities. She gave her royalties for her album ''Comme si de rien n’était'' to the Fondation de France, and supports different events or causes, such as the Born HIV Free campaign, animal rights, the Nelson Mandela foundation, the French association Aides for AIDS research, the French association ''La Chaîne de l'Espoir'' or the association Warchild UK. She also participated in a concert with Stevie Wonder and Aretha Franklin for the 91st birthday of Nelson Mandela, and recorded a song for the album ''We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie''. She is involved in the promotion of young artists, and did a duet with French singer Marc Lavoine for the Prix Constantin, an annual French music prize awarded to newer artists. Furthermore, she supported French guitarist Jean-Pierre Danel's charity album, and sold a self-portrait to the benefit of third-world children. Bruni met the Dalai Lama in August 2008 at Lerab Ling, a Buddhist temple on a hill in Languedoc, France. Bruni received Pope Benedict XVI during his visit to France in September 2008. Bruni visited New York City in September 2008 with her husband, where she attended a meeting on poverty and female mortality with Queen Rania and Wendi Murdoch, met for lunch with First Lady Laura Bush at the Metropolitan Museum of Art for the Symposium on Advancing Global Literacy and attended the General Assembly in the UN with her husband. She also attended state dinners with the Emir of Qatar and wife and with Iraq's president in Paris in 2009. She and Sheikha Mozah (wife of Emir of Qatar) will be working together on the topic of education promotion. Bruni visited Doha on invitation of Sheikha Mozah in November 2009. She also took cause for a woman in Iran, Sakineh Mohammadi-Ashtiani, fighting a death penalty by stoning.

In April 2009, Carla was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III on the occasion of the couple's Spanish State Visit.

In October 2009 she launched CarlaBruniSarkozy.org, a website largely dealing with her philanthropic work.

In January 2010, Carla visited Benin, her second visit as ambassador for The Global Fund. She also received Haitian orphans who survived the Haiti 2010 earthquake and were adopted by French families.

She has been critical of Pope Benedict XVI on the controversial topic of religion and AIDS. According to Le Canard Enchainé, Bruni was asked by Vatican officials not to join her husband in an official visit for fear that the Italian newspapers would reprint racy pictures dating from her modelling career.

In late August 2010, Iran's state-run daily paper Kayhan called Bruni-Sarkozy a 'prostitute' after she had condemned the stoning sentence against Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani for adultery in an open letter, along with several French celebrities. The paper later also called for Bruni to be put to death for supporting Sakineh Ashtiani, and for what the paper described as Bruni's moral corruption and having had extra-marital affairs herself. Even though Kayhan is a state-sponsored paper and it continued its tirade against Bruni along with other state-run Iranian media, Iranian officials tried to distance themselves from that violent stance and openly condemned it, while a spokesman for the French Foreign Ministry criticized the comments as being 'unacceptable'. President Ahmedinejad also condemned the remark made by the paper.

Other relationships

It has been claimed that Bruni has been involved with Louis Bertignac, Mick Jagger, Eric Clapton, Léos Carax, Charles Berling, Arno Klarsfeld, Vincent Perez and former French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius.

The Enthovens

While living with Jean-Paul Enthoven, Bruni fell in love and started an affair with his son, philosophy professor Raphaël Enthoven (the song "Raphäel" from Bruni's album ''Quelqu'un m'a dit'' is named after him), who was at the time married to novelist Justine Lévy, daughter of philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy. Bruni later denied ever having an affair with Raphaël's father in an interview published in Vanity Fair, "I never slept with him, not even a minute."

The affair and the end of her marriage inspired Justine's 2004 book ''Rien de Grave'' (published in English in 2005 as ''Nothing Serious'').

Bruni and Raphaël had a son, Aurélien, in 2001. Bruni told ''Vanity Fair'' that the couple broke up in May 2007 because Raphaël thought their relationship did not have a commitment.

Discography

Year	Album	Peak position																		French sales
		!width="35"	USA	!width="35"	!width="35"		!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"
2003	''[[Quelqu'un m'a dit">France	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"	!width="35"
2003	''[[Quelqu'un m'a dit''	—	—	12	1	—	1	9	4	27	4	5	—	—	—	—	—	14	—	1,200,900
2007		65	—	—	1	1	1	2	1	11	11	6	5	55	47	—	—	2	27	150,000
2008	''Comme si de rien n'était''	58	195	15	1	1	2	6	3	10	14	21	32		31	21	23	15	30	200,000

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1994		Herself	Uncredited
1998		Herself
2009	''Somebody Told Me About. . . Carla Bruni''	Herself	80 minute documentary film
2011	''Midnight in Paris''	Museum guide	Directed by Woody AllenPending—Chlotrudis Award for Best CastNominated—Alliance of Women Film Journalists

Honours

Foreign Honours

: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III

Further reading

References

External links

Official web site (personal site)

Carla Bruni official website (as singer)

Carla Bruni: from catwalk to Elysee – ''Expatica'', 11 February 2008

Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:Audiogram artists Category:English-language singers of France Category:French female models Category:French female singers Category:French people of Italian descent Category:Italian emigrants to France Category:Naturalized citizens of France Category:Nicolas Sarkozy Category:People from Turin Category:Spouses of French presidents

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