name	Flea
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Peter Balzary
birth date	October 16, 1962
birth place	Burwood, Melbourne, Australia
occupation	Musician, vocals, actor
instrument	Bass guitar, trumpet, piano, vocals
genre	Funk rock, alternative rock, punk rock
years active	1983–present
label	Warner Bros. Records, EMI
associated acts	Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fear, Jane's Addiction, John Frusciante, What Is This?, Dead Kennedys, P, The Mars Volta, Atoms for Peace, River Phoenix, Rage Against the Machine, Incubus
notable instruments	Modulus Flea Bass Fender Jazz Bass Music Man StingRay Fleabass Fender Precision Bass }}

Michael Peter Balzary (born October 16, 1962), better known by his stage name Flea, is an Australia-born American bassist, trumpet player and occasional actor. He is best known as the bassist, co-founding member, and one of the composers of the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. Flea is also the co-founder of Silverlake Conservatory of Music, a non-profit organization founded in 2001 to teach music education.

Originally a jazz trumpet prodigy, Flea learned to play bass in high school from a close friend and future Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist Hillel Slovak, who required a bassist for his band Anthym, and soon developed his own style. Flea joined the group, but quit several months later in order to play for the punk rock outfit Fear. He soon rejoined Slovak to form an intended one-off band along with fellow high school alumni Anthony Kiedis and Jack Irons; the impromptu collaboration would ultimately give birth to the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Highly regarded as one of the best rock bass players of all time, his work as a bassist incorporates several musical styles, ranging from aggressive slap bass to more subdued and melodic techniques. Drawing influences from funk music and punk rock, Flea centers his playing on simplicity and minimalism while viewing complexity as a device that should be used in moderation. Aside from the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he has collaborated with many artists, including Jane's Addiction, Atoms for Peace, The Mars Volta, Alanis Morissette and P.

Flea has made numerous forays into acting, appearing in films that span many genres such as ''Back to the Future Part II'' (1989) and ''Part III'' (1990), ''The Chase'' (1994), ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'' (1998), ''My Own Private Idaho'' (1991), ''Suburbia'' (1984) and ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998).

Early life

Flea was born in Burwood, Melbourne, Australia. His father, Mick Balzary, an avid fisherman, often took him fishing. When Flea was five, his family moved to Rye, New York for his father's career. In 1971, his parents divorced and his father returned to Australia. Flea and his siblings stayed with their mother Patricia, who soon remarried to a jazz musician. Flea's stepfather, Walter Abdul Urban (1941–2011), frequently invited musicians to his house, where jam sessions would often take place. The family moved again to Los Angeles, California, where Flea became fascinated with the trumpet. He had no interest in rock music at the time; he idolized jazz musicians like Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong and Dizzy Gillespie. Balzary is of Hungarian and Irish descent.

His stepfather was an "aggressive alcoholic" who eventually became involved in shoot-outs with police. "I was raised in a very violent, alcoholic household," Flea later said, "I grew up being terrified of my parents, particularly my father figures. It caused [me] a lot of trouble later in life." To cope, Flea began smoking cannabis at 13, and became a daily user.

Flea attended Fairfax High School, and was somewhat of an outcast due to his taste in music. However, he soon met Anthony Kiedis, and after a brief confrontation, the two became best friends. Kiedis recalled: "We were drawn to each other by the forces of mischief and love and we became virtually inseparable. We were both social outcasts. We found each other and it turned out to be the longest-lasting friendship of my life." Kiedis turned Flea onto rock music, particularly punk rock. Flea soon adopted his nickname, given to him on a skiing trip in reference to his jumpy and capricious nature.

Career

1984–1990: First four albums

The band's concert repertoire grew to nine songs as a result of months of playing at local nightclubs and bars. The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI. Irons and Slovak however, decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers in order to pursue a "more serious" future with rock band What Is This?. Flea ultimately respected the decision, but felt the band would be lost without them. He and Kiedis hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Iron's and Slovak's places, respectively. Andy Gill, formerly of Gang of Four, agreed to produce their first album. Gill and Sherman clashed with Flea and Kiedis; they continuously argued over music style, sound, and the album's production. Flea himself felt that the album was stiff and "a big mistake", but also admitted "we [he and Kiedis] were just disrespectful and obnoxious". The band's eponymous debut album, ''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'', was released on August 10, 1984 to largely poor critical and commercial review. After a relatively unfruitful tour, Sherman was fired in early 1985. Slovak, who had been contemplating a return to the Chili Peppers, rejoined the group after being encouraged by Flea.

Funk musician George Clinton was hired to produce the band's second album, ''Freaky Styley''. The strong chemistry between Clinton and the Chili Peppers was felt instantly. Flea later referred to Clinton as "the warmest, kindest man in the world". ''Freaky Styley'' was released in August 1985. It received only a bit more attention than ''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'' with roughly 75,000 copies sold by year's end. Flea was somewhat indifferent to the poor album sales as he had recently proposed to girlfriend Loesha Zeviar, who was pregnant with their child. The band hired Michael Beinhorn, their last resort among potential producers, to work on their next album. What Is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy". Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving Flea and Slovak to work on much of the album's material by themselves. Flea and Zeviar married, and she gave birth to their daughter, Clara.

Kiedis was briefly kicked out of the band, and given a month to rehabilitate. Kiedis completed the rehab and rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan''. Flea has referred to the album as "the 'rockingest' record" the band has ever made. ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan'' proved to be far more successful, commercially and critically, than the Chili Peppers' preceding albums; registering at number 148 on the ''Billboard'' 200. Following the ''Uplift'' tour, Slovak's drug use dramatically increased. Flea's relationship with Slovak faded, and Slovak became isolated and depressed. On June 28, 1988, Slovak was found dead of a heroin overdose. Flea reflected: "I didn't really know how to deal with that sadness, and I don't think [Kiedis] knew how to deal with it either." Irons, who was taking Slovak's death particularly hard, left the group.

Flea and Kiedis took some time to collect themselves, but decided to keep the band together. Guitarist DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight and drummer D.H. Peligro were added, and the band entered the studio to record a new album. McKnight soon began to create tension within the group, as his style did not mesh with the rest of the band. Peligro, the former drummer of the punk rock band Dead Kennedys, was a friend of John Frusciante, an eighteen year old guitarist and avid Red Hot Chili Peppers fan. Peligro introduced Frusciante to Flea, and the three jammed together on several occasions. Flea was impressed with Frusciante's skill, and astonished by his knowledge of the Chili Peppers' repertoire. Flea realized that Frusciante could provide the spark McKnight was lacking. McKnight was fired, and Frusciante accepted an invitation to join the band. Peligro was fired shortly thereafter; the Chili Peppers brought in drummer Chad Smith as his replacement. Flea and Zeviar started to grow apart, and he began trying to recreate the memories of his adolescence by smoking marijuana on a daily basis. The Chili Peppers entered the studio, and completed recording of their fourth album, ''Mother's Milk'', in early 1989. Upon release, the album was met with mixed reactions from critics, but received far more commercial attention, peaking at number fifty-eight on the ''Billboard'' 200. After this, Flea made appearances playing the trumpet on Jane's Addiction's 1988 album ''Nothing's Shocking'', and bass on the critically acclaimed 1989 Young MC album ''Stone Cold Rhymin'''. He would also appear in the video for "Bust a Move", the hit single from the same album.

1990–1998: Mainstream success and side projects

The ensuing ''Mother's Milk'' tour put a strain on Flea's marriage. In order to make money, he needed to tour, and therefore spend time away from his family. Furthermore, he and Smith were arrested on charges of battery and sexual harassment after a performance on MTV's coverage of spring break; charges were eventually dropped. The band was, however, attracting over three thousand people per show; ''Mother's Milk'' had been certified as a gold record in early 1990. By the time Red Hot Chili Peppers returned to Los Angeles, Flea and Zeviar agreed to a separation. He tried to put the separation out of his mind by smoking marijuana and having sex with random groupies when the band was on tour for ''Mothers Milk''.

When the tour was over, the Red Hot Chili Peppers severed ties with EMI and signed with Warner Bros. Records. Rick Rubin, who had rejected an opportunity to produce ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan'', agreed to produce their next album. Flea had largely used the principal slap bass technique on the band's preceding four albums, and decided to downplay this style in favor of more conventional, melodic bass lines. To record the album, Rubin suggested a mansion that once belonged to magician Harry Houdini. Flea felt it was "a creatively fertile situation", and decided to bring his daughter Clara with him. He and the rest of the band, excluding Smith, remained inside the house for the entire recording process. When not writing or recording the album, Flea spent a large portion of his time with Frusciante smoking large quantities of marijuana. The emotions Flea felt during the album's recording were like nothing he had ever experienced: When ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' was released on September 24, 1991, it received an overwhelmingly positive critical response. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 200, and went on to sell over seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album's ensuing tour was critically acclaimed—the Chili Peppers commonly performed shows with over twenty thousand in attendance. Seattle-based grunge band Nirvana also toured with them during the West Coast leg of their United States tour. The massive attention the Chili Peppers started receiving, however, caused Frusciante to feel extremely uncomfortable, and he abruptly quit the band during the Japanese leg of the album's tour. The band hired guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the remaining tour dates.

Marshall was fired at the end of the tour, and the band added former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro to record a new album. Kiedis was in the middle of a heroin relapse, which forced Flea to assume the role of lyricist, something he had not yet done. He wrote most of the song "Transcending", and the intro to "Deep Kick". Flea also wrote the lyrics to an entire song; "Pea", in which he both played bass and sang. These three songs appeared on the Chili Peppers' sixth record ''One Hot Minute'', which was released on September 12, 1995. The album received mixed reviews and was significantly less commercially successful than ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik''. The ''One Hot Minute'' tour was ultimately cut short due to various injuries Kiedis and Smith received, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers decided to go on hiatus. Flea began to practice yoga, and slowly decreased his marijuana consumption. Due to the Chili Peppers' inactivity, Flea joined Navarro in a Jane's Addiction reunion tour in 1997, filling in for ex-Jane's Addiction bassist Eric Avery. Rumors spread that the band was breaking up, until Navarro stated otherwise: "I want to clarify that the Chili Peppers are not breaking up ... Flea and I are more than happy to do both projects, time permitting."

Flea also had plans to record a solo album. He asked Chili Peppers manager Lindy Goetz to help him promote the record and his future solo career. Flea eventually abandoned the idea in favor of offering his bass services to other artists. He performed on over forty records from 1995 to 1998, ranging from Alanis Morissette's ''Jagged Little Pill'' to former Minutemen bassist Mike Watt's debut solo album ''Ball-Hog or Tugboat?''. He also worked with Tori Amos and Michael Stipe on a track for the soundtrack to the 1995 Johnny Depp film ''Don Juan DeMarco''. Navarro was fired from the Chili Peppers in 1998, and Flea questioned whether or not the Red Hot Chili Peppers would stay together: "... the only way I could imagine carrying on is if we got John [Frusciante] back in the band." Frusciante had completed drug rehabilitation in 1997 after a severe addiction to heroin and crack cocaine left him on the brink of death. Flea visited Frusciante in early 1998, inviting him back to the Chili Peppers; an emotional Frusciante readily accepted.

1998–2007: ''Californication'', ''By the Way'' and ''Stadium Arcadium''

The band, with Frusciante back on guitar, began writing new songs during the summer of 1998 in Flea's garage. He and Kiedis were less confident in writing the album, after the disappointing results of ''One Hot Minute''. Flea had also recently broken up with his girlfriend of two years, Marissa Pouw, causing him to enter a state of depression, which was only lifted when his daughter, Clara, comforted him after several weeks of crying.

Flea was heavily influenced by electronica during the writing and recording of ''Californication'' and he attempted to emulate this when writing bass lines for the album. ''Californication'' took less than two weeks to record; by contrast, ''One Hot Minute'' took over a year. When ''Californication'' was released on June 8, 1999 it received overwhelmingly positive critical reviews and sold fifteen million copies worldwide—more than ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik''. The Chili Peppers played Woodstock 1999, with Flea playing completely naked—something he would do again at the Reading and Leeds Festivals the same year as well as several other ''Californication'' tour concerts.

Flea felt like the public school system was seriously lacking in exposing children to music by drastically reducing, and sometimes eliminating, art related programs. He founded the Silverlake Conservatory of Music, a school dedicated to help youth progress in music, because of this. "I just wanted to fill the void that public education has cut from their curriculum. They've dropped the ball by cutting out music programs," Flea laments, "I grew up in LA public schools and was in the music department. It was really an important thing for my life, it gave me something to hold onto, and it was an important access for me. Without music I would've gotten into a lot of trouble and there are a lot of kids like me out there. I just wanted to try to provide something like what I got."

Red Hot Chili Peppers spent most of 2001 writing their eighth studio album, ''By the Way''. The entire band began listening to more melodic, textured music that would reflect heavily on the album. Frusciante became the driving force behind ''By the Way'', causing initial strife between him and Flea. If the bassist introduced a funk rhythm into his bass lines, the guitarist would consequently disapprove. ''By the Way'' was released on July 9, 2002 to positive critical reviews. Although not as successful as ''Californication'' or ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'', ''By the Way'' would go on to sell over nine million copies worldwide. The ensuing tour, however, was extremely profitable; the Chili Peppers performed three concerts in London's Hyde Park to over 250,000 attendees and a total gross accumulation of $17.1 million. It became the highest grossing concert at a single venue in history.

After another two year world tour, the Chili Peppers wrote their ninth studio album ''Stadium Arcadium''. Unlike ''By the Way'', both Flea and Frusciante were more musically conjoined when writing the record. They found inspiration in Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, and Eddie Van Halen among others. The double album was ultimately released on May 9, 2006 to generally positive reviews, selling over seven million copies in less than two years. In November 2007, Flea's $4.8 million Corral Canyon home in Malibu was burnt down by a wildfire. The location was not, however, his primary residence and had been vacated pending sales.

2008–present: Chili Peppers hiatus, Flea goes back to school and ''I'm with You''

After the band announced a long hiatus due to exhaustion, Flea enrolled in music classes at the University of Southern California. Beginning in the fall of 2008, the bassist is studying music theory, composition and jazz trumpet. Flea attributes his interest in attending such courses to a newfound desire to widen his appreciation and understanding of music: "it’s so much fun to learn this stuff because I never knew anything. I played trumpet in the school bands. I learned things I liked to play on my trumpet but I didn’t learn why this note goes with this note and why it produces that sound. Or how to create tension in the composition [...] Knowing the structure is really fun." Flea also revealed plans to release a mainly instrumental solo record that was being recorded in his home; guest musicians include Patti Smith and a choir from the Silverlake Conservatory.

Flea is also a part of Radiohead lead singer Thom Yorke's live band with Joey Waronker, Mauro Refosco and Nigel Godrich. The band performed two shows in Los Angeles in early October 2009, including the entirety of Yorke's 2006 solo album, ''The Eraser''. The ensemble adopted the name Atoms for Peace and said they would perform dates leading up to an appearance at the 2010 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.

The Chili Peppers ended their hiatus in October 2009 though were without guitarist John Frusciante, who quit the band in order to pursue other musical interests. Frusciante was replaced by Josh Klinghoffer. The band began rehearsing and writing for their tenth studio album.

In January 2011, Flea set up his own personal Twitter account where he shares his personal feelings and updates from the studio. He has also raised a lot of money for his Silverlake Conservatory of Music school from fans by giving away personally autographed items in return for donations.

On March 18, 2011, recording was completed on the Chili Peppers tenth studio album. The band is currently in the process of choosing a track listing and album title. The new album is due out at the end of August 2011.

On March 20, 2011, Flea ran the LA Marathon to raise money for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music through Crowdrise. Flea was also featured in ''Runner's World'' magazine discussing his preparation for the race.

In April 2011, Flea finished second in an online poll conducted by Contact Music to name the best bass guitarist in rock music. Flea lost to the late John Entwistle of The Who. Rounding out the top five were Paul McCartney, Geddy Lee and Les Claypool.

On April 21, 2011, Flea appeared on the radio show of The Rolling Stones guitarist Ron Wood, giving a interview and jamming with him.

Flea commented about the Chili Peppers new album on April 30, 2011 through his Twitter page, saying the new album is a beautiful thing, a new thing, a warm thing full of love and violence and deep funky grooves for humans.

On June 5, 2011, it was announced that ''I'm with You'', the new Red Hot Chili Peppers album, will be released on August 30.

Flea will appear in the upcoming documentary title ''The Other F Word'', which will air on Showtime and will be released through Oscilloscope Laboratories (a company founded by Adam Yauch). The documentary, which was directed by Andrea Blaugrund Nevins, will focus on a generation of punk rockers and how they have handled fatherhood and how they went from public rebel to domestic authority figure. Mark Hoppus, Jim Lindberg, Art Alexakis and Mark Mothersbaugh will also be featured.

On June 9, 2011, Flea announced that he is giving away a personally customized bass guitar covered with graffiti and a one-on-one bass lesson as a prize in a eBay auction. The auction will benefit ''Style Wars'', a 1983 documentary on early hip hop. The auction will raise money for restoring the film’s negatives. Brad Pitt, James Franco and Spike Jonze also took part in the auction which ended on June 11, 2011.

In June 2011, Flea was voted the second-best bass guitarist of all time by the readers of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, being surpassed only by John Entwistle of The Who.

In a June 23, 2011 interview, Flea discussed the band's return and how he almost quit the Chili Peppers during their hiatus. Flea said that he just felt like he wanted to take two years away just to really look and see if the band was something we should still be doing." "Things had gotten dysfunctional and not fun, even though I thought we were making great records, doing great shows and were a really powerful, mighty thing as a band. I was proud of what we did." "For me, the biggest thing during the time off, and what really made me want to continue doing the band, specifically after decided he didn't want to continue in the band anymore, [was] I just realized, Anthony, man, he's my brother, I love him so much, and we started this band when we were kids. I wanted to keep that going, I never want to let that go. Playing with him is something, even though I can do other things that are exciting and beautiful and I always will do those things and I'll always want to grow and do music outside of the band, the thing that we have is special to us and something that is blood."

Personal life

Family

From 1985 to 1990 Flea was married to Loesha Zeivar (Loesha's name still remains tattooed on Flea's chest). Together they had one daughter, Clara Balzary, who was born in 1988. Clara has been featured in many Chili Peppers books and documentaries including the band's Funky Monks documentary. She also has appeared at many shows and as a child even provided artwork for the band's t-shirts and promotional material. As an adult, Clara was most recently in the short-lived band, The Tints and is also an aspiring artist and photographer, taking the promotional photographs for the new Red Hot Chili Peppers record. Loesha currently works as a Resident Technician at the Pasadena Recovery Center and was featured on the reality series, Celebrity Rehab.

Flea married for the second time in 2005 to model, Frankie Rayder. They had their first child together, Sunny Bebop Balzary, who was born in 2005. John Frusciante is the Godparent of Sunny.

Musical style

Flea has displayed a wide variety of techniques throughout the years, ranging from his initial use of slapping and popping to the more traditional methods he has employed since ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik''. Greg Prato of Allmusic has noted that "by combining funk-style bass with psychedelic, punk, and hard rock, Flea created an original playing style that has been copied numerous times". Flea stated in an interview that he was influenced greatly by Louis Armstrong. Flea has been considered one of the greatest bassists of all time, with Greg Tate of ''Rolling Stone'' saying "if there were a Most Valuable Bass Player award given out in rock, Flea could have laid claim to that bitch ten years running". The Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan recalls that when he first saw the Chili Peppers in 1984, "Flea was playing so aggressively that he had worn a hole in his thumb and he was literally screaming in pain in-between songs because it hurt so bad. Someone kept coming out and pouring crazy glue into the hole." Flea's sound is also determined by what type of instrument he plays. Before ''Californication'', he did not believe the actual bass held much significance: "what mattered was how you hit them [basses] and your emotional intent, and I still think that's the bottom line." Flea owns a 1961 Fender Jazz Bass, treasuring it for its "old wood sound". He has contributed to the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound not only with the bass but by playing trumpet, as well; it can be heard on several songs, such as "Subway to Venus" and "Taste The Pain" from their fourth album ''Mother's Milk'' or "Torture Me" and "Hump De Bump" from their ninth album ''Stadium Arcadium''.

Technique

Flea's bass playing has changed considerably throughout the years. When he joined Fear his technique centered largely around traditional punk rock bass lines, however he was to change this style when the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed. He began to incorporate a "slap" bass style that drew influence largely from Bootsy Collins. However, this technique caused Flea to receive attention from the music world and was often copied, and he therefore felt it necessary to completely remove slap-bass styles from his repertoire following ''Mother's Milk''. Consequently, ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' saw a notable shift in style as it featured none of his signature technique but rather styles that focused more on traditional and melodic roots. His intellectual beliefs on how to play the instrument were also altered: "I was trying to play simply on ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' because I had been playing too much prior to that, so I thought, 'I've really got to chill out and play half as many notes'. When you play less, it's more exciting—there's more room for everything. If I do play something busy, it stands out, instead of the bass being a constant onslaught of notes. Space is good." During the writing and recording of ''One Hot Minute'', Flea integrated some use of slap-bass progressions, but continued to center his technique around the philosophy of "less is more" rather than complexity: "I can't even think of anything I played that was complex [on the record]; even the slapping stuff is simple. It's original-sounding, and I'm proud of that—but what I played was more a matter of aesthetic choice." This led Flea to alter the way he wrote music by playing alone, instead of the jam sessions that would dictate how the band conceived songs: "[''One Hot Minute''] is the least jam-oriented record we've made. I mean, we definitely jammed on the ideas, but there's only one groove on the whole album that came from a jam, 'Deep Kick'. The rest of it came from my sitting down with a guitar or bass."

Flea became interested in electronica during the ''Californication'' era and he attempted to emulate the same atmosphere given off by synthesizers into his bass playing: "I feel the most exciting music happening is electronica, without a doubt." He ultimately decided against this, acknowledging that, aside from Frusciante, the band was not moving in the same direction. ''Californication'' also saw him incorporate more funk-driven bass lines than he had on ''One Hot Minute''. In ''By the Way'', much of the bass-lines were entirely stripped of funk. Flea felt the chords Frusciante had written were not supportive of his typical technique; furthermore, he does not feel the musical direction of the record was specifically melodic, but instead "... a result of each one of us being who we are. The way we [the band] compose music is a very communal thing."

Influences

Flea's stepfather was in a bebop band that frequently jammed in his presence; he, therefore, became fascinated with the trumpet soon after. Flea credits his continued interest in music to jazz performers like Jaco Pastorius, Miles Davis, Charlie Parker, Louis Armstrong, John Coltrane and Dizzy Gillespie. After Kiedis introduced him to punk and rock, Flea became infatuated with artists such as The Germs, Styx, David Bowie and Defunkt. Flea's early influences before ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' were mainly funk artists like Bootsy Collins, Parliament Funkadelic, Sly & the Family Stone, and The Meters. They would become a notable aspect of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound up to ''Mother's Milk''. Originally, Flea was given the impression by punk bands that one should play as hard and fast as they possibly could, but ultimately rejected this philosophy during ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'': "I was so into being raw [...] it was all bullshit." On ''Californication'' and ''By the Way'', Flea drew influence from electronica, gothic rock bands like The Cure, Joy Division and Siouxsie and the Banshees and New Wave music rather than funk. During ''Stadium Arcadium'' he experienced another shift in interest. Instead of the melodic music he had listened to during the two previous albums, he enjoyed the work of "flashy" guitar players like Jimi Hendrix, Eddie Van Halen, and Jimmy Page, exclusively.

Effects

According to an article in uberproaudio.com, Flea utilizes these effects units for his trademark sound:

BOSS ODB-3 Bass Overdrive

MXR Micro Amp

Electro-Harmonix Q-Tron

Dunlop 105Q Crybaby Bass Wah

Whirlwind D1

Electro-Harmonix Big Muff

Film and television appearances

Flea has pursued a minor acting career since the mid 1980s. His first role was as young punk Razzle in the Penelope Spheeris film ''Suburbia'' (1984). Shortly thereafter he starred alongside the Chili Peppers, who played themselves, in the skate drama ''Thrashin''' (1986). He played the ill-fated punker Milo in another Penelope Spheeris film, ''Dudes'' (1987). He also made an appearance in the Bruce Weber documentary film about the life and career of jazz trumpeter Chet Baker entitled ''Let's Get Lost (film)'' (1988). He portrayed the character Needles in ''Back to the Future Part II'' (1989) and ''Back to the Future Part III'' (1990), though in an interview he referred to ''Part II'' as "a multi-million dollar piece of trash". He played a minor role in the 1991 independent film ''My Own Private Idaho'' as the character Budd. He played a number of minor roles in films throughout the 1990s, including ''Son in Law'' (1993) as a tattoo artist, ''The Chase'' (1994) as a monster truck driver, ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'' (1997) as a hippie, in ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998) as a German nihilist and also the 1998 remake of ''Psycho''. He has also lent his voice to the animated series ''The Wild Thornberrys'' as the character Donnie.

In 1991 the Red Hot Chili Peppers released a black and white film documenting the recording of ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' titled ''Funky Monks''. They have released two video concerts, ''Off the Map'' in 2001 and ''Live at Slane Castle'' in 2003—the latter of which had over eighty thousand attendees. Flea has also appeared in television broadcasts with Red Hot Chili Peppers on several occasions. Several months before Frusciante's departure in 1992, the band performed two songs on ''Saturday Night Live''—Kiedis felt the show was an embarrassment due to the guitarist; he believed that Frusciante purposely played the song out of tune and incorrectly. Later that year, the band appeared in the popular animated comedy ''The Simpsons'' on the episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled". At Woodstock 1994, Kiedis proposed the band perform the first few songs in metallic suits with giant light bulbs placed on their heads. Flea was initially reluctant but eventually agreed: "... when we got to play, the energy of the whole thing took over." In 1992, he guest starred on an episode of ''The Ben Stiller Show''. On the episode, Flea beats Stiller in a game of basketball.

In 2011, Flea will appear in the documentary, Bob and the Monster. The film details the life of musician and drug counselor Bob Forrest.

Flea also appeared in one of the Celebrity Deathmatch episodes.

Discography

References

Notes

External links

Red Hot Chili Peppers official website

Flea on Twitter

Flea on Facebook

Silverlake Conservatory of Music

Silverlake Conservatory of.Music on Facebook

Flea at crowdrise

Category:1962 births Category:Australian film actors Category:Australian male singers Category:Australian people of Hungarian descent Category:Australian people of Irish descent Category:Australian rock bass guitarists Category:Australian rock singers Category:Australian voice actors Category:Backing vocalists Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni Category:Fear (band) members Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jane's Addiction members Category:Living people Category:Musicians from California Category:Musicians from Melbourne Category:Pigface members Category:Red Hot Chili Peppers members Category:What Is This? members

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name	Herb Alpert
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Herbert Alpert
alias	Herb Alpert, Dore Alpert
birth date	March 31, 1935
origin	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	Trumpet, Piano, Vocals
genre	Jazz, Latin, Funk, Pop, R&B;
occupation	Trumpeter, Composer, Arranger, Songwriter, Singer, Record Producer, Record executive, Painter, Sculptor
years active	1957–present (concert touring presently with wife Lani Hall)
spouse	Lani Hall (1974-present) 1 childSharon Mae Lubin (1956-1971) (divorced) 2 children
label	A&M; Records
associated acts	The Tijuana BrassBaja Marimba Band
website	www.herbalpert.com }}

Herbert "Herb" Alpert (born March 31, 1935) is an American musician most associated with the group variously known as Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass, Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass or TJB. He is also a recording industry executive — he is the "A" of A&M; Records (a recording label he and business partner Jerry Moss founded and eventually sold to Polygram). The multi-talented Alpert has also created abstract expressionist paintings and sculpture over two decades, which are on occasion publicly exhibited; and he and his wife are substantial U.S. philantropists through operation of the Herb Alpert Foundation.

Alpert's musical accomplishments include five number one hits, twenty-eight albums on the Billboard charts, eight Grammy Awards, fourteen Platinum albums and fifteen Gold albums. As of 1996, Alpert had sold 72 million albums worldwide. Alpert was the first, and only, recording artist to achieve U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop chart vocal and instrumental recording placements for his 1968 vocal recording (" This Guy's in Love With You") and his 1997 instrumental recording ("Rise").

He is married to recording artist Lani Hall (1974–present), with 1 adult child, aspiring actress Aria Alpert, and was previously married to Sharon Mae Lubin (1956–1971) (divorced) 2 children.

Early life and career

Alpert was born in Los Angeles, California, into a Jewish family of Russian and Romanian origins. His father Louis was from Radomyshl (present-day Ukraine) and although a tailor by trade, was also a talented mandolin player. His mother, Tillie, had her roots in Romania on her father's side; she herself taught violin at a young age. His older brother David was a talented young drummer. Alpert himself began trumpet lessons at the age of eight and played at dances as a teenager. Acquiring an early wire recorder in high school, he experimented on this crude equipment. After graduating from Fairfax High School in 1952, he joined the U.S. Army and frequently performed at military ceremonies. After his service in the Army, Alpert tried his hand at acting, but eventually settled on pursuing a career in music. While attending the University of Southern California in the 1950s, he was a member of the USC Trojan Marching Band for two years. In 1956, he appeared in the uncredited role "Drummer on Mt. Sinai" in the film "Ten Commandments". In 1962, he had an uncredited part in a scene in "Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation" where he played (and performed a solo) in a dance band.

In 1957, Alpert teamed up with Rob Weerts, another burgeoning lyricist, as a songwriter for Keen Records. A number of songs written or co-written by Alpert during the following two years became top twenty hits, including "Baby Talk" by Jan and Dean, "Wonderful World" by Sam Cooke, and "Alley-Oop" by The Hollywood Argyles and by Dante and The Evergreens. In 1960, Alpert began his recording career as a vocalist at RCA Records under the name of Dore Alpert.

"Tell It to the Birds" was recorded as the first release on the Alpert & Moss label Carnival Records. When Alpert and Moss found that there was prior usage of the Carnival name, their label became A&M; Records.

The Tijuana Brass years

Alpert set up a small recording studio in his garage and had been overdubbing a tune called "Twinkle Star", written by Sol Lake, who would eventually write many of the Brass's original tunes. During a visit to Tijuana, Mexico, Alpert happened to hear a mariachi band while attending a bullfight. Following the experience, Alpert recalled that he was inspired to find a way to express musically what he felt while watching the wild responses of the crowd, and hearing the brass musicians introducing each new event with rousing fanfare. Alpert adapted the trumpet style to the tune, mixed in crowd cheers and other noises for ambience, and renamed the song "The Lonely Bull". He personally funded the production of the record as a single, and it spread through radio DJs until it caught on and became a Top Ten hit in 1962. He followed up quickly with his debut album, ''The Lonely Bull'' by "Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass". Originally the Tijuana Brass was just Alpert overdubbing his own trumpet, slightly out of sync. The title cut reached #6 on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart. This was A&M;'s first album (the original number was 101), although it was recorded at Conway Records.

By the end of 1964, because of a growing demand for live appearances by the Tijuana Brass, Alpert auditioned and hired a team of crack session men. No one in Alpert's band was actually Hispanic. Alpert used to tell his audiences that his group consisted of "Four lasagnas, two bagels, and an American cheese": John Pisano (electric guitar); Lou Pagani (piano); Nick Ceroli (drums); Pat Senatore (bass guitar); Tonni Kalash (trumpet); Herb Alpert (trumpet and vocal); Bob Edmondson (trombone). The band debuted in 1965 and became one of the highest-paid acts then performing, having put together a complete revue that included choreographed moves and comic routines written by Bill ("Jose Jimenez") Dana.

The Tijuana Brass's success helped spawn other Latin acts, notably Julius Wechter (long-time friend of Alpert's and the marimba player for the Brass) and the Baja Marimba Band, and the profits allowed A&M; to begin building a repertoire of artists like Chris Montez and The Sandpipers. Wechter would contribute a number of the Brass' original songs, usually at least one per album, along with those of other Alpert friends, Sol Lake and Ervan "Bud" Coleman.

An album or two would be released each year throughout the 1960s. Alpert's band was featured in several TV specials, each one usually centered on visual interpretations of the songs from their latest album - essentially an early type of music videos later made famous by MTV. The first Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass special, sponsored by the Singer Sewing Machine Company, aired on April 24, 1967 on CBS.

Alpert's style achieved enormous popularity with the national exposure The Clark Gum Company gave to one of his recordings in 1964, a Sol Lake number titled "The Mexican Shuffle" (which was retitled "The Teaberry Shuffle" for the television ads). In 1965, Alpert released two albums, ''Whipped Cream (and Other Delights)'' and ''Going Places''. ''Whipped Cream'' sold over 6 million copies in the United States. The album cover featured model Dolores Erickson wearing only what appeared to be whipped cream. In reality, Erickson was wearing a white blanket over which were scattered artfully-placed daubs of shaving cream—real whipped cream would have melted under the heat of the studio lights (although the cream on her head was real). In concerts, when about to play the song, Alpert would tell the audience, "Sorry, we can't play the cover for you." The art was parodied by several groups including one-time A&M; band Soul Asylum and by comedian Pat Cooper for his album ''Spaghetti Sauce and Other Delights''. The singles included the title cut, "Lollipops and Roses", and "A Taste of Honey." The latter won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. ''Going Places'' produced four more singles: "Tijuana Taxi", "Spanish Flea", "Third Man Theme", and "Zorba the Greek". "Tijuana Taxi" and "Spanish Flea" would be used in the 1966 Academy Award-winning animated short ''A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature''.

The Brass covered the Bert Kaempfert tune "Happy Trumpeter" retitling it "Magic Trumpet". Alpert's rendition contained a bar that coincided with a Schlitz beer tune, "When you're out of Schlitz, you're out of beer". ("The Maltese Melody" was another Alpert cover of a Kaempfert original). Another commercial use was a tune called "El Garbanzo", which was featured in Sunoco ads ("They're movin', they're movin', people in the know, they're movin' to Sunoco").

In 1967, the Tijuana Brass did the title cut to the first movie version of ''Casino Royale''.

Many of the tracks from ''Whipped Cream'' and ''Going Places'' received a great deal of airplay; they are frequently used as incidental music in ''The Dating Game'' on the Game Show Network, notably the tracks ''Whipped Cream'', ''Spanish Flea'' and ''Lollipops and Roses''. Despite the popularity of his singles, Alpert's albums outsold and outperformed them on the charts.

Alpert and the Tijuana Brass won six Grammy awards. Fifteen of their albums won gold discs, and fourteen won platinum discs. In 1966 over 13 million Alpert recordings were sold, outselling the Beatles. That same year, the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' recognized that Alpert set a new record by placing five albums simultaneously in the top 20 on the ''Billboard'' Pop Album Chart, an accomplishment that has never been repeated. In April of that year, four of those albums were in the Top 10 simultaneously.

Alpert's only number one single during this period (and the first #1 hit for his A&M; label) was a solo effort: "This Guy's in Love with You" (written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David), featuring a rare vocal. Alpert sang this to his first wife in a 1968 CBS Television special titled ''Beat of the Brass''. The sequence was filmed on the beach in Malibu. The song was not intended to be released, but after it was used in the television special, allegedly thousands of telephone calls to CBS asking about it convinced Alpert to release it as a single, two days after the show aired. Although Alpert's vocal skills and range were limited, the song's unchallenging technical demands suited him. The single debuted in May 1968, topped the national chart for four weeks and ranked among the year's biggest hits. Initially dismissed by the critical cognoscenti and "hip" music-lovers as strictly a housewife's favorite, Alpert's unusually expressive recording of "This Guy's in Love with You" now enjoys appeal well beyond the so-called mainstream. In 1996 at London's Royal Festival Hall, Noel Gallagher (of British rock band Oasis) performed the song with Burt Bacharach. Former Beatle George Harrison has stated that this was one of his favorite recordings.

Life after the Brass

Alpert disbanded the Tijuana Brass in 1969, then released another album by the group in 1971. In 1973, with some of the original Tijuana Brass members and some new members, he formed a group called Herb Alpert and the T.J.B. This new version of the Brass released two albums in 1974 and 1975 and toured. Alpert reconvened a third version of the Brass in 1984 after being invited to perform for the Olympic Games athletes at the Los Angeles Summer Games. The invitation led to the ''Bullish'' album and tour.

In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Alpert enjoyed a successful solo career. He had his biggest instrumental hit, "Rise" (from the album of the same name), which went number one in October 1979 and won a Grammy Award, and was later sampled in the number one 1997 rap song "Hypnotize" by the late rapper Notorious B.I.G. Both "Rise" and "Hypnotize" were written by Alpert's nephew, Randy Badazz Alpert and his friend Andy Armer. "Rise" made Alpert the only artist ever to hit #1 on the ''Billboard'' pop singles charts with both a vocal piece and an instrumental piece. Another Randy Badazz / Andy Armer song, "Rotation", hit #30 on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart. The song "Route 101" off the ''Fandango'' album peaked at number 37 in Billboard in August 1982. In 1987, Alpert branched out successfully to the R&B; world with the hit album ''Keep Your Eye On Me'', teaming up with producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis on "Diamonds" and "Making Love In the Rain" featuring vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith.

Alpert performed the Star-Spangled Banner prior to Super Bowl XXII in San Diego in January 1988. It was the last non-vocal rendition of the national anthem at the Super Bowl to date.

From 1962 through 1992 Alpert signed artists to A&M; Records and produced records. He discovered the West Coast band We Five. Among the notable artists he worked with personally are Chris Montez, The Carpenters, Sérgio Mendes and Brasil '66, Bill Medley, Lani Hall (Alpert's second and current wife), Liza Minnelli and Janet Jackson (featured vocalist on his 1987 hit single "Diamonds"). These working relationships allowed Alpert to place singles in the Top 10 in three different decades (1960s, 1970s, and 1980s).

Alpert and A&M; Records partner Jerry Moss both agreed in 1987 to sell A&M; to PolyGram Records for a reported $500 million. Both would continue to manage the label until 1993, when they left due to frustrations with PolyGram's constant pressure to force the label to fit into its corporate culture. Alpert and Moss then expanded their Almo Sounds music publishing company to produce records as well, primarily as a vehicle for Alpert's music. Almo Sounds imitates the former company culture embraced by Alpert and Moss when they first started A&M.;

Awards and honors

Alpert and Moss received a Grammy Trustees Award in 1997 for their lifetime achievements in the recording industry as executives and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007.

For his contribution to the recording industry, Alpert has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6929 Hollywood Blvd. Moss also has a star on the Walk of Fame. Alpert and Moss were also inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006 as non-performer lifetime achievers for their work at A&M.;

Alpert was referenced in the second show of the third season of ''Get Smart'' where one of the code signals between Maxwell Smart and his contact was "Herb Alpert takes trumpet lessons from Guy Lombardo." Also, a fifth-season episode parodied the entire group as Max and 99 sought to unmask "Herb Talbot and His Tijuana Tin" as KAOS spies.

On 17 September 2010 the TV documentary “Legends: Herb Alpert – Tijuana Brass and Other Delights” premiered on BBC 4.

Recently

Alpert has worked as a Broadway theatre producer, with his production of Tony Kushner's ''Angels in America'' winning a Tony award.

In the 1980s Alpert created The Herb Alpert Foundation and the Alpert Awards in the Arts with The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). The Foundation supports youth and arts education as well as environmental issues and helps fund the PBS series ''Bill Moyers on Faith and Reason''. Alpert and his wife donated $30 million to University of California, Los Angeles in 2007 to form and endow the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music as part of the restructured UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture. He gave $24 million, which included $15 million from April 2008, to CalArts for its music curricula, and provided funding for the culture jamming activists Yesmen.

He is actively overseeing the reissue of his music library. In 2000, Alpert acquired the rights to his music from Universal Music (current owners of A&M; Records) in a legal settlement and began remastering his albums for compact disc reissue. In 2005, Shout! Factory began distributing digitally remastered versions of Alpert's A&M; output, including a new album, ''Lost Treasures'', consisting of unreleased material from Alpert's Tijuana Brass years. In the spring of 2006, a remixed version of the ''Whipped Cream'' album, entitled ''Whipped Cream and Other Delights: Re-Whipped'' was released and climbed to #5 on the ''Billboard'' Contemporary Jazz chart. Alpert's 80's catalog, which includes his two most successful solo albums, 1982's ''Fandango'' and 1987's ''Keep Your Eye on Me'', are still unavailable on CD. He continues to be a guest artist for artists including Gato Barbieri, Rita Coolidge, Jim Brickman, Brian Culbertson, and David Lanz. Apart from the reissues, the ''Christmas Album'' continues to be available every year during the holiday season. On Sérgio Mendes' 2008 album ''Encanto'', Alpert performed trumpet solos backing lead vocals by his wife on the song "Dreamer". It marked the first time Alpert, Mendes and Hall had all performed together on the same song. Most recently, Alpert and his wife (Lani Hall) signed with Concord Records and released a new (live) album in the summer of 2009, ''Anything Goes'', which was Alpert's first release of new material since 1999's ''Herb Alpert and Colors''. A new studio album by Alpert and Hall, ''I Feel You,'' was released in February 2011. Both albums feature tight jazz renditions of pop classics along with a handful of original compositions.

While Alpert continues to play trumpet, he also devotes time to his second career as an abstract expressionist painter and sculptor with group and solo exhibitions around the United States and Europe. The sculpture exhibition “Herb Alpert: Black Totems”, on display at ACE Gallery, Beverly Hills, February through September 2010, brought major media attention to his visual work.

Hit singles

Year	Single	Chart positions
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
1962		6			22
		96
	102
		77	19
	85	19
		68	13
	116	26
style="text-align:left;"	7	1
style="text-align:left;"	47	7
	11	2
	38	9		37
		24	2
	27	4		3
	18	2
	28	5
	19	2
		37	5
	27	1		27
	32	4
	35	1
		51	3
	72	13
	119	36
	1	1		3
	51	2
	45	7
		78	9
	63	5		36
	118
	109	34
		108	14
	74	6		42
1971		114	28
1973		77	22
		84	14
		13
			19
		28
1978				87
	style="text-align:left;"	1	1	4	13
	30	23	20	46
		104	41	65
	50	39	44
			64
			43
	79	22	37
			74
		37	4
		26
		81	14	77
	77
			32
	90	22	52
1985				73
		46		3	19
style="text-align:left;"	5		1	27
	35	21	7
1989				59
1991				40

Discography

(All albums are on A&M; Records and are listed with the original catalog numbers, unless otherwise indicated)

''The Lonely Bull'' (1962) LP-101 (mono)/101S (stereo)

''Volume 2'' (1963) LP-103/SP-103

''South of the Border'' (1964) LP-108/SP-108

''Whipped Cream & Other Delights'' (1965) LP-110/SP-4110

''Going Places'' (1965) LP-112/SP-4112

''What Now My Love'' (1966) LP-114/SP-4114

''S.R.O.'' (1966) LP-119/SP-4119

''Sounds Like...'' (1967) LP-124/SP-4124

''Herb Alpert's Ninth'' (1967) LP-134/SP-4134

''The Beat of the Brass'' (1968) LP 146/SP-4146

''Christmas Album'' (1968) SP-4166; reissued as SP-3113

''Warm'' (1969) SP-4190

''The Brass Are Comin''' (1969) SP-4228

''Greatest Hits'' (1970) SP-4245

''Summertime'' (1971) SP-4314

''Solid Brass'' (compilation) (1972) SP-4341

''Foursider'' (compilation) (1973) SP-3521

''You Smile - The Song Begins'' (1974) SP-3620

''A Treasury of the Award-Winning Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass plus selections from the Baja Marimba Band'' (1974) Longines Symphonette LWS-500-505

''Coney Island'' (1975) SP-4521

''Just You and Me'' (1976) SP-4591

''Greatest Hits Vol. 2'' (compilation) (1977) SP-4627

''Herb Alpert/Hugh Masekela'' (1978) Horizon/A&M; SP-728

''Main Event Live!'' (1978) SP-4727

''Rise'' (1979) SP-4790; reissued as SP-3714

''Beyond'' (1980) SP-3717

''Magic Man'' (1981) SP-3728

''Fandango'' (1982) SP-3731/AyM Discos SP-30001 (Latin market counterpart to A&M; SP-3731)

''Blow Your Own Horn'' (1983) SP-4949

''Noche De Amor'' (1983) AyM Discos SP-37006 (Latin market counterpart to A&M; SP-4949)

''Bullish'' (1984) SP-5022

''Bravio'' (1984) AyM Discos SP-37009 (Latin market counterpart to A&M; SP-5022)

''Wild Romance'' (1985) SP-5082

''Classics Volume 1'' (TJB compilation) (1986) CD-2501

''Classics Volume 20'' (solo compilation) (1987) CD-2518

''Keep Your Eye on Me'' (1987) SP-5125

''Under a Spanish Moon'' (1988) SP-5209

''My Abstract Heart'' (1989) SP-5273

''North on South St.'' (1991) 75021 5345-2

''The Very Best Of Herb Alpert'' (compilation of Tijuana Brass and solo material) (1991)A&M;/PolyGram 82839 7165/2

''Midnight Sun (Herb Alpert album)'' (1992) 75021 5391-2

''Second Wind'' (1996) Almo Sounds AMSD 80005

''Passion Dance'' (1997) Almo Sounds AMSD 80014

''Colors'' (1999) Almo Sounds AMSD 80025

''Definitive Hits'' (compilation of Tijuana Brass and solo material) (2001) A&M;/Universal 06949 0886/2

''Lost Treasures'' (2005) Shout! Factory

''Whipped Cream & Other Delights Rewhipped'' (2006) Shout! Factory

''Rise'' (reissue) (2007) Shout! Factory

''Anything Goes'' (& Lani Hall) (2009) Concord Jazz CJA-31441-02

''I Feel You'' (& Lani Hall) (2011) Concord Jazz 088072327573

Compositions

Herb Alpert's compositions include "A Quiet Tear (Lagrima Quieta)", "Acapulco 1922", "Struttin' With Maria", "Tijuana Sauerkraut", "Sugar Cane", "Side Steppin'", "Rendezvous", "Drivin' Home", "Sneakin' In", "Behind the Rain", "1980", "Slick", "Plucky", "Bean Bag", "For Carlos", "T.K.O.", "Passion Dance", "Slinky", "Apasionado" with Stan Getz and Eddie Del Barrio, "Carmine", "You Smile-The Song Begins", "Make a Wish", "Love Without Words", "Until We Meet Again", "Our Song", "Cat Man Do", "Life Is My Song", "North On South St.", "Rocket to The Moon", and "Stormy Sunday".

See also

20th century brass instrumentalists

''Herb Alpert: Music for Your Eyes'' documentary (2003)

List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)

List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart

List of Number 1 Dance Hits (United States)

List of number-one hits (United States)

List of trumpeters

References

Books

Darryl Lyman: ''Great Jews in Music''. J. D. Publishers, Middle Village, N.Y. 1986.

Stanley Sadie, H. Wiley Hitchcock (Ed.): ''The New Grove Dictionary of American Music''. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, New York, N.Y. 1986.

Colin Larkin: ''The Encyclopedia of Popular Music''. Third edition. Macmillan, New York, N.Y. 1998.

Michael Cuscuna, Michel Ruppi: ''The Blue Note label. A discography''. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. 2001.

Notes

External links

Herb Alpert: Artist & Musician

The Herb Alpert/Tijuana Brass discography

Category:A&M; Records artists Category:American businesspeople Category:American dance musicians Category:American music industry executives Category:American record producers Category:American singers Category:American trumpeters Category:Easy listening music Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni Category:Grammy Award winners Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Romanian-Jewish descent Category:American musicians of Russian descent Category:American musicians of Romanian descent Category:Jewish composers and songwriters Category:Jewish American musicians Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Smooth jazz musicians Category:University of Southern California alumni Category:1935 births Category:Living people

ar:هيرب ألبرت da:Herb Alpert de:Herb Alpert es:Herb Alpert fr:Herb Alpert it:Herb Alpert nl:Herb Alpert ja:ハーブ・アルパート no:Herb Alpert pl:Herb Alpert pt:Herb Alpert ru:Алперт, Герб simple:Herb Alpert fi:Herb Alpert sv:Herb Alpert tr:Herb Alpert uk:Херб Алперт

name	John Donne
birth date	January 21, 1572
birth place	London, England
death date	March 31, 1631
death place	London
occupation	Poet, Priest, Lawyer
nationality	English
genre	Satire, Love poetry, Elegy, Sermons
subject	Love, sexuality, religion, death
movement	Metaphysical Poetry
influences	William Shakespeare
influenced	W. B. Yeats, Ernest Hemingway, T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, W. H. Auden}}

John Donne ( ; 21 January 1572 – 31 March 1631), English poet, satirist, lawyer, and priest, is now considered the preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are notable for their strong and sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially as compared to that of his contemporaries. John Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings, various paradoxes, ironies, dislocations. These features in combination with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax, and his tough eloquence were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of British society and he met that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donne’s poetry was the idea of true religion, which was something that he spent a lot of time considering and theorising about. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic poems and love poems. Donne is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits.

Despite his great education and poetic talents, he lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes and travel. In 1601 Donne secretly married Anne Moore with whom he had 12 children. In 1615 he became an Anglican priest although he did not want to take Anglican orders. He did so because King James I persistently ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of parliament in 1601 and again in 1614.

Early life

John Donne was born in London, England, into a Roman Catholic family at a time when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent, and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donne's father was a respected Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of being persecuted for his religious faith.

Donne's father died in 1576, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Heywood, the responsibility of raising their children. Elizabeth Heywood was also from a recusant Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of Rev. Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator. She was a great-niece of the Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donne’s closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons. Donne was educated privately; however there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits. Donne's mother married Dr. John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children, a few months after Donne's father died. In 1577, his mother died, followed by two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, in 1581.

Donne was a student at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford, from the age of 11. After three years at Oxford he was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years. He was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required of graduates.

In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. In 1592 he was admitted to Lincoln’s Inn, one of the Inns of Court. His brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom Henry betrayed under torture. Harrington was tortured on the rack, hanged until not quite dead, then was subjected to disembowelment. Henry Donne died in Newgate prison of bubonic plague, leading John Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith.

During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although there is no record detailing precisely where he travelled, it is known that he travelled across Europe and later fought with the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cádiz (1596) and the Azores (1597) and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the ''San Felipe''. According to Izaak Walton, who wrote a biography of Donne in 1640: }}

By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton’s London home, York House, Strand close to the Palace of Whitehall, then the most influential social centre in England.

Marriage to Anne More

During the next four years he fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More, and they were married just before Christmas in 1601 against the wishes of both Egerton and George More, Lieutenant of the Tower and Anne's father. This ruined Donne's career and earned him a short stay in Fleet Prison, along with the priest who married them and the man who acted as a witness to the wedding. Donne was released when the marriage was proven valid, and soon secured the release of the other two. Walton tells us that when he wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: ''John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done.'' It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry.

Following his release, Donne had to accept a retired country life in Pyrford, Surrey. Over the next few years he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, depending on his wife’s cousin Sir Francis Wolly to house him, his wife, and their children. Since Anne Donne had a baby almost every year, this was a very generous gesture. Though he practised law and worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity, with a growing family to provide for.

Anne bore him 12 children in 16 years of marriage (including two stillbirths—their eighth and then in 1617 their last child); indeed, she spent most of her married life either pregnant or nursing. The 10 surviving children were named Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (after Donne's patroness Lucy, Countess of Bedford, her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret and Elizabeth. Francis, Nicholas and Mary died before they were ten. In a state of despair, Donne noted that the death of a child would mean one fewer mouth to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time Donne wrote, but did not publish, ''Biathanatos,'' his defence of suicide. His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby. Donne mourned her deeply, including writing the 17^th Holy Sonnet. He never remarried; this was quite unusual for the time, especially as he had a large family to bring up.

Early poetry

Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure, and plague assisted in the creation of a strongly satiric world populated by all the fools and knaves of England. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne. He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment, by claiming "A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this."

Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex. In ''Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed'', he poetically undressed his mistress and compared the act of fondling to the exploration of America. In ''Elegy XVIII'', he compared the gap between his lover's breasts to the Hellespont. Donne did not publish these poems, although did allow them to circulate widely in manuscript form.

Career and later life

Donne was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley in 1602, but this was not a paid position and Donne struggled to provide for his family, relying heavily upon rich friends. The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave him a means to seek patronage and many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially Sir Robert Drury, who came to be Donne's chief patron in 1610. Donne wrote the two ''Anniversaries'', ''An Anatomy of the World'' (1611) and ''Of the Progress of the Soul'', (1612), for Drury. While historians are not certain as to the precise reasons for which Donne left the Catholic Church, he was certainly in communication with the King, James I of England, and in 1610 and 1611 he wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: ''Pseudo-Martyr'' and ''Ignatius his Conclave''. Although James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate him at court and instead urged him to take holy orders. At length, Donne acceded to the King's wishes and in 1615 was ordained into the Church of England.

Donne became a Royal Chaplain in late 1615, Reader of Divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616, and received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Cambridge University in 1618. Later in 1618 he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster, who was on an embassy to the princes of Germany. Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621 Donne was made Dean of St Paul's, a leading (and well-paid) position in the Church of England and one he held until his death in 1631. During his period as Dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen. It was in late November and early December 1623 that he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by the seven-day relapsing fever. During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the title of ''Devotions upon Emergent Occasions''. One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, later became well known for its phrase "for whom the bell tolls" and the statement that "no man is an island". In 1624 he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a Royal Chaplain to Charles I. He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and 160 of his sermons have survived, including the famous Death’s Duel sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631.

Later poetry

Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain, and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more somber and pious tone in his later poems. The change can be clearly seen in "An Anatomy of the World" (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for the Fall of Man and the destruction of the universe.

The poem "A Nocturnal upon S. Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day", concerns the poet's despair at the death of a loved one. In it Donne expresses a feeling of utter negation and hopelessness, saying that "I am every dead thing...re-begot / Of absence, darkness, death." This famous work was probably written in 1627 when both Donne's friend Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and his daughter Lucy Donne died. Three years later, in 1630, Donne wrote his will on Saint Lucy's day (* December), the date the poem describes as "Both the year's, and the day's deep midnight."

The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of the Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature. He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these sermons would come to influence future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway's ''For Whom the Bell Tolls'', which took its title from a passage in Meditation XVII of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton’s ''No Man is an Island'', which took its title from the same source.

Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many men, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally. One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, from which come the famous lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so.” Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death's Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death’s Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death, yet sees hope in salvation and immortality through an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection.

Death

It is thought that his final illness was stomach cancer, although this has not been proven. He died on 31 March 1631 having written many poems, most only in manuscript. Donne was buried in old St Paul's Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him was erected (carved from a drawing of him in his shroud), with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself. Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building.

Style

His work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the Metaphysical poets, a phrase coined in 1781 by the critic Dr Johnson, following a comment on Donne by the poet John Dryden. Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: ''"He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love."'' In ''Life of Cowley'' (from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticism ''Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets''), Johnson refers to the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there "appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets". Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor. However he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, though his more recent revival in the early twentieth century by poets such as T. S. Eliot and critics like F R Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic.

Donne's work suggests a healthy appetite for life and its pleasures, while also expressing deep emotion. He did this through the use of conceits, wit and intellect—as seen in the poems "The Sun Rising" and "Batter My Heart".

Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in "The Canonization". Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass.

Donne's works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns, and subtle yet remarkable analogies. His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death), and religion.

John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne is noted for his poetic metre, which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that "Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging").

Some scholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is his ''Anniversaries'' which were published in 1612 and ''Devotions upon Emergent Occasions'' published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year.

Legacy

John Donne is commemorated as a priest in the calendar of the Church of England and in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 31 March.

Sylvia Plath, interviewed on BBC Radio in late 1962, said the following about a book review of her collection of poems titled ''The Colossus'' that had been published in the United Kingdom two years earlier: "I remember being appalled when someone criticised me for beginning just like John Donne but not quite managing to finish like John Donne, and I felt the weight of English literature on ''me'' at that point."

The memorial to John Donne, modelled after the engraving pictured above, was one of the few such memorials to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and now appears in St Paul's Cathedral, where Donne is buried.

Donne in literature

Donne has appeared in several works of literature:

A dying John Donne scholar is the main character of Margaret Edson's Pulitzer prize-winning play ''Wit'' (1999), which was made into the film ''Wit'' starring Emma Thompson.

Donne's ''Songs and Sonnets'' feature in ''The Calligrapher'' (2003), a novel by Edward Docx.

In the 2006 novel ''The Meaning of Night'' by Michael Cox, Donne's works are frequently quoted.

John Donne appears, along with his wife Anne and daughter Pegge, in the award-winning novel ''Conceit'' (2007) by Mary Novik.

Joseph Brodsky has a poem called "Elegy for John Donne".

The love story of John Donne and Anne More is the subject of Maeve Haran's 2010 historical novel ''The Lady and the Poet''.

An excerpt from "Meditation 17 Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions" serves as the opening for Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom The Bell Tolls".

Marilynne Robinson's Pulitzer prize-winning novel Gilead makes several references to Donne's work.

John Donne is the favourite poet of Dorothy Sayers' fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey, and the Wimsey books include numerous quotations from and allusions to his work.

A quotation from Donne became especially widely known due to serving as the motto (and the source for the title) of Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls".

John Donne's poem 'A Fever' (incorrectly called 'The Fever') is mentioned in the penultimate paragraph of the novel "The Silence of the Lambs" by Thomas Harris.

Donne in pop culture and songs

John Renbourn, on his 1966 debut album ''John Renbourn'', sings a version of the poem, "Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star". (He alters the last line to "False, ere I count one, two, three".)

Tarwater, in their album called ''Salon des Refusés'', have put "The Relic" to song.

Children of Bodom, in the song "Follow the Reaper" reference John Donne's Holy Sonnet 10

Metallica in the song "For Whom the Bell Tolls" reference Meditation 17 from Devotions upon Emergent Occasions

Titus Andronicus, in their 2008 song "Albert Camus", quote from Donne's Holy Sonnet 10

Jethro Tull, in the song "Teacher" uses the line "No man is an Island" from Meditation 17 from Devotions upon Emergent Occasions

Van Morrison pays homage to John Donne in "Rave on John Donne," from his album ''Inarticulate Speech of the Heart.''

''Lost in Austen'', the British mini series based on Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'', has Bingley refer to John Donne when he describes taking Jane to America, "John Donne, don't you know? 'License my roving hands,' and so forth."

In ''Howl's Moving Castle,'' a novel written by Diana Wynne Jones, the poem, "Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star", is used as the basis for a curse on the main character.

Loudon Wainwright III, in his 1986 song ''Hard Day On The Planet'', affirms "A man ain't an island; John Donne wasn't lying"

Indie Rock band mewithoutYou use words from A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning in their song "Everything Was Beautiful, and Nothing Hurt", from their album A-B Life.

Bob Chilcott has arranged a choral piece to John Donne's "Go and Catch a Falling Star".

In the British dark comedy Psychoville, the character David recites a John Donne poem to his dying mother, she asks him if he had just wrote that. He replied "No, John Donne" to which she says, "No David, its John Did", attempting to correct his cockney.

Bibliography

Poetry

''Poems'' (1634)

''Poems on Several Occasions'' (2001)

''Love Poems'' (1905)

''John Donne: Divine Poems (includes the Holy Sonnets), Sermons, Devotions and Prayers'' (1990)

''The Complete English Poems'' (1991)

''John Donne's Poetry'' (1991)

''John Donne: The Major Works'' (2000)

''The Complete Poetry and Selected Prose of John Donne'' (2001)

Prose

''Six Sermons'' (1633)

''Fifty Sermons'' (1649)

''Paradoxes, Problemes, Essayes, Characters'' (1652)

''Essayes in Divinity'' (1651)

''Sermons Never Before Published'' (1661)

''John Donne's 1622 Gunpowder Plot Sermon'' (1996)

''Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions and Death's Duel'' (1999; first published in 1624)

See also

Cleanth Brooks. "The Language of Paradox", ''Literary Theory: An Anthology'' 2nd edition; Julie Rivkan, Michael Ryan (eds) pp. 28–39 (2004)

References

Bald, R. C. ''John Donne: A Life.'', Oxford, 1970

Le Comte, Edward. ''Grace to a Witty Sinner: A Life of Donne'', (Walker, 1965)

Stubbs, John. ''Donne: The Reformed Soul'', Viking, 2006. ISBN 0-670-91510-6

Lim, Kit. ''John Donne: An Eternity of Song'', Penguin, 2005.

Warnke, Frank J. ''John Donne'', (U of Mass., Amherst 1987)

Notes

External links

John Donne at archive.org

Selected works (audio recordings) at LibriVox.org

John Donne at Crossref-it.info

John Donne at Luminarium.org

Poems by John Donne at PoetryFoundation.org

The Literature Network

John Donne's Monument, St Paul's Cathedral

Homepage of the John Donne Society

Donne undone: Review of "John Donne: The Reformed Soul"(John Stubbs), Guardian Unlimited, 22 July 2006, by Andrew Motion.

Selected Poems of John Donne

Complete sermons of John Donne

John Donne: Sparknotes

The Donne Variorum

Digital Donne (digital images of early Donne editions and manuscripts)

Examples of John Donne's poetic forms

Category:1572 births Category:1631 deaths Category:People from the City of London Category:Anglican poets Category:English Anglican priests Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism Category:English poets Category:English songwriters Category:English translators Category:Alumni of Hart Hall, Oxford Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category:Anglican saints Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England Category:Sonneteers Category:Deans of St Paul's Category:Anglo-Welsh poets Category:Prisoners in Fleet Prison

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name	Julian Glover
birth name	Julian Wyatt Glover
birth date	March 27, 1935
birth place	Hampstead, England, United Kingdom
occupation	Actor
years active	1950s–present
spouse	Eileen Atkins (1957–1966)Isla Blair (1968–present)
website	}}

Julian Wyatt Glover (born 27 March 1935) is an English actor best known for such roles as General Maximilian Veers in ''Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back'', the Bond villain Aristotle Kristatos in ''For Your Eyes Only'', and Walter Donovan in ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade''.

Personal life

Glover was born in Hampstead, the son of Honor Ellen Morgan (née Wyatt), a close friend of the novelist Barbara Pym, and Claude Gordon Glover, a BBC radio producer. His half-brother is the musician Robert Wyatt. Glover has been twice married to actresses; Eileen Atkins in 1957 (divorced 1966) and since 1968, Isla Blair, with whom he has a son, actor Jamie Glover, currently starring in the fourth series of ''Waterloo Road'' on the BBC. In 2006, he held the role of Edward Alleyn Club President.

Career

Glover attended Bristol Grammar School in Bristol, England, where he was in the same class as actors Timothy West and Darth Vader actor David Prowse, and also Alleyn's School in Dulwich. Glover trained at the National Youth Theatre and performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company. In the early 1950s, he appeared in several shows at Unity Theatre, London. During the 1960s and 1970s, Glover frequently appeared in British television shows, including ''The Avengers'', ''Doctor Who'', ''The Saint'', ''Strange Report'' and ''Blake's 7''.

Julian Glover also appeared in 1967's ''Quatermass and the Pit'', a Hammer Films adaptation of Nigel Kneale's 1950s BBC television original, in which he portrayed Quatermass' nemesis, Colonel Breen, a military man, initially sceptical of the ancient origin of an archaeologically excavated extraterrestrial spacecraft, who is later ironically in thrall to the murderous energy released from the craft. In 1979, he appeared as the villain, Scaroth, last of the Jagaroth, in the ''Doctor Who'' story ''City of Death'', one of the most popular serials in the original run. He later recorded DVD commentaries for recently rediscovered ''The Crusade'' episode "The Wheel of Fortune" (from the Lost in Time (Doctor Who) DVD set) and ''City of Death''.

Glover also appeared opposite Roger Moore in the episode of ''The Saint'' titled "Invitation to Danger."

He made some of his most notable appearances during the 1980s as the Imperial General Maximilian Veers in ''Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back'' (1980), the ruthless Greek villain Aris Kristatos in the James Bond film ''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981), and the deceptive American Nazi Walter Donovan in ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'' (1989). During the 1980s, he played the leading role in the BBC television drama series, ''By the Sword Divided''.

He voiced the giant spider Aragog in the 2002 film version of ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''.

Glover has been associated with the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf since the 1980s, delivering various forms of staged interpretation. Taking the role of an Anglo-Saxon gleeman or traveller poet he delivers an abridged version of the tale whilst stood around a mead hall hearth. This powerful 11th century Old English text, set in the dark age Germanic world of the Geats, examines Anglo-Saxon concepts of honour and comitatus. The performance is interspersed with Glover rendering selected passages in the original Old English. This adaptation has been shown in documentaries on both the English Language and Anglo-Saxon England. Most recently, it was shown in Michael Wood's documentary 'Beowulf', broadcast during the BBC Poetry Season on BBC Four and BBC Two in 2009.

He recently played the role of Mr. Brownlow in the West End revival of the musical ''Oliver!'' at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

Glover plays a 101-year-old Polish veteran RAF pilot in the short film "Battle for Britain" (2010).

Since 2011 he portrays the character of Grand Maester Pycelle in HBO's ''Game of Thrones'', the TV adaptation of the first volume of George R.R. Martin's fantasy novel series ''A Song of Ice and Fire''.

He is an Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Awards

His performance in the title role of the Royal Shakespeare Company's staging of Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2, at the Barbican Centre in London, earned him the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in 1993.

He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award in 1993 (1992 season) for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Henry V at the Royal Shakespeare Company.

Filmography

''Tom Jones'' (1963) – Lt. Northerton

''Girl with Green Eyes'' (1964) – Malachi Sullivan

''Time Lost and Time Remembered'' (1965) – Dr. Matthew Langdon

''The Alphabet Murders'' (1965) – Don Fortune

''Doctor Who – The Crusade'' (1965) – Richard the Lionheart

''Theatre of Death'' (1966) – Charles Marquis

''Quatermass and the Pit'' (1967) – Col. Breen

''The Avengers'' – The Living Dead (1967) — Masgard

''The Magus'' (1968) – Anton

''Alfred the Great'' (1969) – Athelstane

''The Adding Machine'' (1969) – Shrdlu

''The Last Grenade'' (1970) – Andy Royal

''Wuthering Heights'' (1970) – Hindley Earnshaw

''The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer'' (1970) – Col. Moffat

''Nicholas and Alexandra'' (1971) – Gapon

''Antony and Cleopatra'' (1972) – Proculeius

''Luther'' (1973) – The Knight

''Hitler: The Last Ten Days'' (1973) – Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein

''Dead Cert'' (1974) – Lodge

''Terror on the Britannic'' (1974) – Commander Marder

''The Internecine Project'' (1974) – Arnold Pryce-Jones

''Juggernaut'' (1974) – Commander Marder

''Space: 1999 – Alpha Child'' (1975) – Jarak

''Gulliver's Travels'' (1977) – (voice)

''The Brute'' (1977) – Teddy

''Doctor Who – City of Death'' (1979) – Scaroth/Count Scarlioni

''Invasion'' (1980) – Alexander Dubcek

''Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back'' (1980) – General Maximilian Veers

''For Your Eyes Only'' (1981) – Aristotle Kristatos

''Ivanhoe'' (1982) – King Richard

''Dombey and Son'' – Mr. Dombey

''Heat and Dust'' (1983) – Crawford, the District Collector

''Hearts of Fire'' (1987) – Alfred

''The Fourth Protocol'' (1987) – Brian Harcourt-Smith

''Cry Freedom'' (1987) – Don Card

''Wish Me Luck'' (1987–1989) – Colonel James Cadogan

''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'' (1989) – Walter Donovan

''Tusks'' (1990) – Ian Taylor

''Treasure Island'' (1990) – Dr. Livesey

''Letters, Riddles and Writs'' – Joseph Haydn

''King Ralph'' (1991) – King Gustav

''Power and Lovers'' (1994) – Matthew

''The Chief'' (1995) – Andrew Blake

''The House of Angelo'' (1997) – Sir Robert Willoughby

''Vatel'' (2000) – Prince de Condé

''The Book of Eve'' (2002) – Burt Smallwood

''Two Men Went to War'' (2002) – Col. Hatchard

''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' (2002) – Aragog (voice)

''Troy'' (2004) – Triopas

''Strings'' (2004) – Kahro (English version voice)

''Scoop'' (2006) – Lord Lyman

''Mirrors'' (2008) – Robert Esseker

''The Young Victoria'' (2009) – Duke of Wellington

''Game of Thrones'' (2011) – Grand Maester Pycelle

References

External links

The Strange Case of Springheel'd Jack New audio series starring Julian Glover

Category:1935 births Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:Living people Category:Actors from London Category:Old Bristolians Category:People from Hampstead Category:Royal Shakespeare Company members Category:People educated at Alleyn's School

de:Julian Glover fr:Julian Glover ko:쥴리언 글러버 it:Julian Glover ms:Julian Glover nds:Julian Glover pl:Julian Glover pt:Julian Glover fi:Julian Glover sv:Julian Glover tr:Julian Glover

name	Anthony Kiedis
background	solo_singer
birth date	November 01, 1962
birth place	Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, actor
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Funk rock, alternative rock, punk rock
years active	1983–present
label	Warner Bros. Records, EMI
associated acts	Red Hot Chili Peppers, What Is This?
notable instruments	}}

Anthony Kiedis ( ; born November 1, 1962) is an American vocalist/lyricist and occasional actor best known as the lead vocalist of the Grammy-winning American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. Kiedis spent his youth in Grand Rapids, Michigan with his mother before moving, shortly before his 12th birthday, to Hollywood, California to live with his father. After high school, Kiedis began taking classes at UCLA, but dropped out after losing interest due to substance abuse. After dropping out, Kiedis received an offer to be the opening act for a local band, and enlisted friends Flea, Hillel Slovak, and Jack Irons to assist. The line-up eventually became the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Biography

Early life

Kiedis was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan to John Kiedis, an actor, and Margaret "Peggy" Nobel. In 1965, when he was three years old, his parents divorced. Along with his two half-sisters, Julie and Jenny, and a half-brother, James, Keidis was raised by his mother in Lowell, Michigan. In 1973, when Kiedis was 11 years old, he then moved to Los Angeles, California to be raised by his father. Anthony's father was a drug dealer who introduced him to drugs. With his father's blessing, Anthony lost his virginity at the age of 12 to Kimberly, his father's 18-year-old girlfriend. His back has since improved, although he still has occasional problems. Kiedis recalled: "We were drawn to each other by the forces of mischief and love and we became virtually inseparable. We were both social outcasts. We found each other and it turned out to be the longest-lasting friendship of my life." Kiedis became a significant influence on Flea, exposing him to rock music, particularly punk rock. Kiedis also met Hillel Slovak after seeing him perform with his band Anthym, who invited Kiedis to his house for a snack. Kiedis later described the experience in his autobiography ''Scar Tissue'': "Within a few minutes of hanging out with Hillel, I sensed that he was absolutely different from most of the people I'd spent time with...He understood a lot about music, he was a great visual artist, and he had a sense of self and a calm about him that were just riveting." Slovak, Kiedis, and Flea became best friends and often used LSD, heroin, cocaine, and speed recreationally. Despite his frequent drug use, he excelled in school, often receiving straight A grades. The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI. Irons and Slovak however, decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers in order to pursue a "more serious" future with rock band What Is This?. Flea ultimately respected the decision, but felt the band would be lost without them. Kiedis and Flea hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Iron's and Slovak's places, respectively. Andy Gill, formerly of Gang of Four, agreed to produce their first album. Gill and Sherman clashed with Kiedis and Flea; they continuously argued over music style, sound, and the album's production.

Funk musician George Clinton was hired to produce the band's second album, ''Freaky Styley''. The strong chemistry between Clinton and the Chili Peppers was felt instantly. ''Freaky Styley'' was released in August 1985. It received only a bit more attention than ''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'' with roughly 75,000 copies sold by year's end.

The band hired Michael Beinhorn, their last resort among potential producers, to work on their next album, ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan''. What Is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy". Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving Flea and Slovak to work on much of the album's material by themselves.

Both Kiedis and Slovak struggled with debilitating heroin addictions, which grew worse as the band was preparing to record ''Uplift''. Due to his addiction, Kiedis lacked the motivation to contribute to the band musically, and appeared at rehearsal "literally asleep". He was asked to leave the band in order to undergo drug rehabilitation. During that time, the band won the ''LA Weekly'' Band of the Year award which prompted Kiedis to quit using heroin cold turkey. He visited his mother in Michigan for guidance, who drove him to drug rehabilitation immediately after picking him up from the airport upon seeing his unhealthy appearance. He checked into Salvation Army rehabilitation clinic in Grand Rapids, an experience which he initially detested until he noted that the other people in the clinic were understanding of his struggles and were trying to help him. He moved in with his mother after twenty days at the clinic, a time which marked the first time he was completely abstinent from drugs since he was eleven years old. After Kiedis completed his stint in rehabilitation, he felt a "whole new wave of enthusiasm" due to his sobriety and wrote the lyrics to a new song entitled "Fight Like a Brave" on the flight home. He rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record the group's next album.

Drug addictions

Kiedis often battled with drug addiction, including lengthy addictions to heroin and cocaine, from a very young age. Since his father was an addict, Kiedis was constantly around his drug-using and dealing father, as well as his father's friends, who engaged in the same activities. Some of Kiedis' early drug use came from substances he got from his father, including marijuana, which he first smoked when he was 11 years old. He entered rehab and ended up staying clean for five years but relapsed in 1994 and kept using on and off over the next six years. The last major relapse was instigated by a New Zealand doctor prescribing him Ultram despite Kiedis specifically asking for drugs that are not in the opiate family. To a recovering heroin addict, the synthetic opiate only gave rise to strong cravings. This last relapse, as many previous ones, was to a degree also a byproduct of a tumultuous relationship with a woman. He has reportedly avoided another relapse since December 24, 2000. "It’s easy to be a junkie, but it's not easy to be one of the best guitarists or songwriters of all time," Kiedis said in the March 2007 issue of ''Blender''.

Role in the Red Hot Chili Peppers

Kiedis writes most of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' lyrics. Starting with 1989's ''Mother's Milk'' album, John Frusciante and Flea have written nearly all of the music (excluding melodies) for the Red Hot Chili Peppers, while Kiedis adds lyrics and melodies he hears during instrumental jams by his band mates. Kiedis said in 2006, "Somehow I find songs... in the bigness of what they're doing." His lyrical style has varied over the years. During the band's early years, Kiedis wrote many lyrics detailing his enjoyment of sex, drugs, and life in Los Angeles. As his musical tastes expanded and his outlook on life changed, he began writing songs about a wider spectrum of subjects. His lyrics include many of the same themes as the writings of Charles Bukowski, Kiedis' main literary influence.

His early vocal style with the band primarily consisted of rapping. On ''Mother's Milk'' (1989), Kiedis wrote more melody-driven songs, rather than the basic rhythm and beat style of funk. The first song where Kiedis employed his new melodic style was "Knock Me Down". The melody was actually shaped and performed by guitarist John Frusciante. Upon joining the band, Frusciante sang lead vocals on the song along with Kiedis. ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' in 1991 still saw Kiedis rapping, but he also started singing in songs such as "Under the Bridge", "Breaking the Girl", and "I Could Have Lied". Over the years, Kiedis grew to favor singing over rapping. Kiedis has had many vocal coaches, but none of them had helped him sing "well." In fact, it was not until 1999's ''Californication'' that he felt he could take full control of his voice while singing.

Despite the band's varied lineup, Kiedis remained and tried to keep the group together whenever it was about to fall apart. However, Kiedis himself was fired for around a month somewhere in 1986 because of his drug addiction; he was brought back into the band and stayed clean for, as he recalls, 53 days, after which he began abusing cocaine and heroin again.

Other projects

Using the stage name Cole Dammett (adapted from his father's stage name, Blackie Dammett), Kiedis landed a number of small roles in television and film as a teenager in the late 1970s. His early credits include ''F.I.S.T.'' and the 1978 ABC Afterschool Special ''It's a Mile from Here to Glory''. Resuming his acting work in the 1990s, Kiedis appeared in the 1991 Keanu Reeves/Patrick Swayze vehicle ''Point Break'' playing Tone, a surfer. ''The Chase'', a 1994 movie starring Charlie Sheen as an estranged man trying to escape the cops with a young woman he kidnapped, had Flea and Kiedis playing metalheads who chase Sheen's character in a 4x4 truck and end up crashing.

In 2004, Kiedis published a memoir titled ''Scar Tissue'', which peaked at #1 on the ''New York Times Bestseller List''. He also organized the New American Music Union, a two-day summer music festival set for August 2008 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has assembled a lineup of musicians including Bob Dylan, The Raconteurs, Gnarls Barkley, The Roots, and a second stage featuring college bands. (The lineup did not include Kiedis or the Red Hot Chili Peppers.)

In 2011, Kiedis, along with his son Everly, will appear in the documentary, Bob and the Monster. The documentary details the life and career of musician and drug counselor, Bob Forrest.

On May 11, 2011, Anthony donated a MTV European Music Award that the band had previously won to help raise funds for ongoing relief in devastated areas of Japan, which was hit with an earthquake and tsunami in March 2011.

Upcoming television series

Kiedis is developing a series for HBO based on his unconventional upbringing in Los Angeles. The show is expected to be loosely based on much of Kiedis' autobiography. He has partnered with Catapult 360 partners Marc Abrams and Michael Benson to create the series, titled ''Spider and Son''. Abrams and Benson are scouting for a writer to pen the script, which will center on Kiedis's relationship with his father, Blackie Dammett, who sold many drugs and mingled with rock stars on the Sunset Strip, all while aspiring to get into show business. The show was scheduled to premiere in late 2010 at the very earliest. According to a post by Blackie on his Facebook page, the John Sayles script for the pilot episode was turned over to HBO on May 10, 2010.

Personal life

Kiedis's now ex-girlfriend, model Heather Christie, gave birth to the couple's first child, a son named Everly Bear, on October 2, 2007. According to Kiedis, Everly is named after one of Anthony's favorite bands, The Everly Brothers and the name Bear was something Heather came up with. Kiedis said that the name Bear made sense to him "because he's from me and I feel like I'm part of the bear clan, and I think it's nice to have a little bit of earth in your name." Kiedis split with Christie in June 2008. He had been a vegetarian since the 1980s. He is now vegan since 2008, telling PETA "Soon after I went vegan, I saw some documentary footage of what happens in the factory farming of cows... It sealed the deal." Kiedis regularly practices Vipassana meditation and is a follower of Kabbalah, but says "I don't go for sects and denominations."

Kiedis is a longtime Los Angeles Lakers fan; along with friend and bassist Flea, and former Peppers' guitarist John Frusciante. He has had courtside seats for years.

He is also a fan and collector of Robert Williams. He bought ''Mirror Image with Varicose Eyeballs'', which also appeared in the art show Helter Skelter at the Los Angeles MOCA in 1992 and referred to him in the song "Mellowship Slinky in B-Major".

Selected discography

;Red Hot Chili Peppers

''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'' (1984)

''Freaky Styley'' (1985)

''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan'' (1987)

''The Abbey Road E.P.'' (1988)

''Mother's Milk'' (1989)

''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' (1991)

''One Hot Minute'' (1995)

''Californication'' (1999)

''By the Way'' (2002)

''Stadium Arcadium'' (2006)

''I'm with You'' (2011)

References

External links

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:American male singers Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American punk rock singers Category:American vegans Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni Category:Grammy Award winners Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:People from Grand Rapids, Michigan Category:People from Hollywood Category:Red Hot Chili Peppers members Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni

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