Galway (, ) or
City of Galway (
''Cathair na Gaillimhe'') is a city in
County Galway,
Republic of Ireland. It is the fifth largest and the fastest-growing city in
Ireland. It is also the third largest city within
the Republic and the only city in the
Province of
Connacht. Located on the west coast of Ireland, it sits on the
River Corrib between
Lough Corrib and
Galway Bay. The population of Galway's Borough area is 75,414 according to the 2011 census.
Etymology
The city takes its name from the ''Gaillimh'' river (
River Corrib) that formed the western boundary of the earliest settlement, which was called ''Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe'' ("fort at the mouth of the Gaillimh"). The word ''Gaillimh'' means "stony" as in "stony river" (the mythical and alternative derivations are given in
History of Galway). Historically, the name was written as ''Gallive'', which is closer to the Irish pronunciation.
The city also bears the nickname ''City of the Tribes / Cathair na dTreabh'' because "fourteen tribes" (merchant families) led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term ''tribes'' was often a derogatory phrase in Cromwellian times. The merchants would have seen themselves as Irish gentry, but were loyal to the King. They subsequently adopted the term in defiance to the Cromwellian occupiers of the town.
History
Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe ("Fort at the Mouth (bottom) of the Gaillimh") was constructed in 1124, by the
King of Connacht,
Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156). A small settlement eventually grew up around this fort. During the
Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Galway fort was captured by
Richard Mor de Burgh, who had led the invasion. As the de Burghs eventually became gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the
Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the
walled city.
This led to their gaining complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours. A notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated "From the Ferocious O'Flahertys may God protect us". A by-law forbade the native Irish (as opposed to Galway's Hiberno-Norman citizens) unrestricted access into Galway, saying "neither O’ nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway" without permission. During the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families (12 of Norman origin and 2 of Irish origin). These were the "tribes" of Galway. The city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of those days is ''ceann an bhalla'' ("the head of the wall"), now known as the Spanish Arch, constructed during the mayoralty of Wylliam Martin (1519–20). In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands. Seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of ''Imago Mundi'' "Men of Cathay have come from the west. [Of this] we have seen many signs. And especially in Galway in Ireland, a man and a woman, of extraordinary appearance, have come to land on two tree trunks [or timbers? or a boat made of such?]" The most likely explanation for these bodies is that they were Inuit swept eastward by the North Atlantic Current
During the 16th and 17th centuries Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, perhaps for reasons of survival. However, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege. At the end of the 17th century the city supported the Jacobites in the Williamite war in Ireland and was captured by the Williamites after a very short siege not long after the Battle of Aughrim in 1691. The great families of Galway were ruined, and, having declined owing to the potato famines of 1840–1845, the city did not fully recover until the great economic bubble of the late twentieth century.
Local government
Services such as waste collection, recycling, traffic control, parks and housing are controlled by a fifteen member
city council elected to five year terms by
proportional representation. The City Council is chaired by a
mayor who is elected to a one year term by their fellow councillors. Their role is mainly ceremonial, although they do have the casting vote. The current mayor is Cllr. Michael Crowe who was elected Mayor of Galway on 21 June 2010.
Galway City is part of the Galway West constituency of Dáil Éireann. Its TDs are:
Noel Grealish (Independent). A Native of Cearn Mór.
Derek Nolan (Labour). Galway City based. He is a new TD for Galway West.
Éamon Ó Cuív (Fianna Fáil). Corr na Móna in Conamara based. He is the former Minister for Social Protection.
Brian Walsh (Fine Gael). Galway City based. A native of Mervue.
Seán Kyne (Fine Gael). Based in Moycullen.
Climate
Galway experiences a year-round mild, moist, temperate and changeable climate, due to the prevailing winds of the
North Atlantic Current. The city experiences a lack of temperature extremes, with temperatures below and above being rare. The city receives an average of 1,147 mm (45.2") of
precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year.
Rain is the most common form of precipitation.
Hail,
sleet and
snow are rare, though will sometimes be experienced during particularly cold winters. Galway is also consistently humid, with
humidity normally ranging from 70% to 100%, and this can lead to heavy showers, and even
thunderstorms breaking out when drier east
winds, originating in the
European continent, clash with this humidity, particularly in the late summer. The average January temperature in the city is and the average July temperature is . This means that Galway, like most of Ireland, is said to have a
Maritime Temperate climate (''Cfb'') according to the
Köppen climate classification system.
While extreme weather is rare, the city and county can experience severe windstorms that are the result of vigorous Atlantic depressions that occasionally pass along the north west coast of Ireland. Most of these storms occur between late autumn and early spring. Due to the city's northerly location and its longitude, Galway has long summer days. Daylight at midsummer is before 04:00 and lasts until after 23:00. In midwinter, daylight does not start until 09.00, and is gone by 16:00. Due to its mild and moist climate, Galway supports plantlife not usually found at such high latitudes, such as palm trees and fig trees.
Culture
Galway is known as ''Ireland's Cultural Heart'' (''Croí Cultúrtha na hÉireann'') and is renowned for its vibrant lifestyle and numerous festivals, celebrations and events. Every July, Galway hosts the
Galway Arts Festival which is known for its famous
Macnas parade.
In 2004, there were three dance organisations, ten festival companies, two film organisations, two Irish language organisations, 23 musical organisations, twelve theatre companies, two visual arts groups, and four writers' groups based in the city.
Furthermore, there were 51 venues for events, most of which were specialised for a certain field (e.g. concert venues or visual arts galleries), though ten were described as being 'multiple event' venues. The main squares in the city are Eyre Square (containing John F. Kennedy Park) in the centre of the city, and ''Spanish Parade'' next to the Spanish Arch.
In 2007, Galway was named as one of the eight ''"sexiest cities"'' in the world. A 2008 poll ranked Galway as the 42nd best tourist destination in the world, or 14th in Europe and 2nd in Ireland (behind Dingle). It was ranked ahead of all European capitals except Edinburgh, and many traditional tourist destinations (such as Venice).
Music
Galway has a vibrant and varied musical scene. As in most Irish cities traditional music is popular and is kept alive in pubs and by street performers. Notable bands from Galway include
The Saw Doctors and
The Stunning. Galway Early Music Festival presents European music from the 12th to the 18th century. It encourages not only music, but also dance and costumes. The festival involves both professional and amateur musicians.
Galway Cathedral Recitals is an international series of concerts of classical music which has taken place in Galway Cathedral each July and August since 1994.
The Galway Arts Festival (''Féile Ealaíon na Gaillimhe'') takes place in July. It was first held in 1978 and since then has grown into one of the biggest arts festivals in Ireland. It attracts international artists as well as providing a platform for local and national performers. The festival features parades, street performances and plays, musical concerts and comedy acts. Highlights of the festival tend to be performances by Macnas and Druid, two local performance groups.
The renowned performer and singer Siobhan McCormack currently resides in Galway with well known dancer Michael Flanagan.
Irish language
There are 6870 Irish speakers in Galway city nearly 10% of the population. Galway city has a reputation amongst
Irish cities for being associated with the
Irish language,
music, song and dancing traditions. It is sometimes referred to as the 'Bilingual Capital of Ireland', although like all other cities in the Republic of Ireland, the vast bulk of the city's inhabitants converse mostly in English. The city is well known for its "Irishness", mainly due to the fact that it has on its doorstep the Galway
Gaeltacht. Irish
theatre,
television and
radio production and Irish music form a component of Galway city life, with both
An Taibhdhearc, the National Irish Language Theatre, in Galway city itself, while
TG4 and
RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta headquarters are in the
Connemara Gaeltacht elsewhere in County Galway. Four electoral divisions, or neighbourhoods (out of twenty-two), are designated as
Gaeltachtaí.
NUI Galway also holds the archive of spoken material for the
Celtic languages.
Events
Many sporting, music, arts and other events take place in the city. The largest of these annual events include the
Galway Arts Festival, the
Galway Races, and the
Galway International Oyster Festival. Other events include the
Fleadh Imboilg, Galway Film Fleadh,
Galway African Film Festival and Galway Pride Festival. In 2009 Galway hosted a stopover on the
Volvo Ocean Race.
Galway will host the
Volvo Ocean Race once again, and this time it will be for the finish of the round-the-world competition in early-summer 2012. In June 2010, the Super8 Shots film festival was launched in Galway, the first
Super 8 mm film festival to occur in Ireland.
Media
Broadcasting
Radio
There are three radio stations based in the city -
Galway Bay FM (''95.8 FM'') broadcasts from the city to the whole county;
Flirt FM (''101.3 FM'') the student radio station for
NUIG; and the regional youth station
i102-104fm.
The national radio stations - RTÉ's Radio 1, 2fm, lyric fm, Raidió na Gaeltachta and the independent stations Today FM and Newstalk - are all available in Galway, as is the multi-city service 4fm.
Television
The cable station
City Channel has an opt-out for Galway available throughout the county.
Print
One of the main regional newspapers for the county is The ''
Connacht Tribune'' which prints three titles every week, the ''Connacht Sentinel'' on Tuesday, the ''Connacht Tribune'' on Thursday, and the ''Galway City Tribune'' on Friday. As of January 2007, The Tribune has a weekly readership of over 150,000. Another Galway-based newspaper is the ''Galway Advertiser'',a free paper printed every Thursday with an average of 160 pages and a circulation of 70,000 copies. It is the main paper of the ''Advertiser Newspaper Group'' which distributes 200,000 newspapers per and more week to a variety of other Irish cities and towns. Another free paper, the ''
Galway Independent'', prints on a Tuesday night for Wednesday circulation.
Places of interest
Lynch's Castle on
Shop Street is probably the finest medieval town house in Ireland. It is now a branch of the
Allied Irish Bank.
The Church of Ireland St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church is the largest medieval church still in everyday use in Ireland. It was founded in 1320 and enlarged in the following two centuries. It is a particularly pleasant building in the heart of the old city.
Its Roman Catholic counterpart, the Cathedral of Our Lady Assumed into Heaven and St Nicholas was consecrated in 1965 and is a far larger, more imposing building constructed from limestone. It has an eclectic style, with renaissance dome, pillars and round arches, and a Romanesque portico that dominates the main façade — which is an unusual feature in modern Irish church building. It was suggested by a church in the city of Salamanca in Spain.
Not far from the cathedral stands the original quadrangle building of National University of Ireland, Galway which was erected in 1849 (during An Gorta Mór, the Great Famine) as one of the three colleges of the Queen's University of Ireland (along with Queen's University Belfast and University College Cork). The university holds the UNESCO archive of spoken material for the Celtic languages.
Another of the city's limestone buildings is the Hotel Meyrick, originally the Railway Hotel and then the Great Southern Hotel, built by the Great Southern Railway Company in 1845. Sitting at the southern perimeter of Eyre Square, it is the City's oldest hotel still in operation.
The Spanish Arch in the southwest of the city, was built as an extension to the city walls, a part of which can be seen in the Corrbret Court shopping centre. The remains of the Menlo castle can also be seen, outside the city.
Theatre
Galway has a permanent
Irish language theatre located in the city centre,
Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe, which has produced some of Ireland's most celebrated actors. The
Druid Theatre Company has won international acclaim for its cutting edge production and direction.
There are many theatres in the city including Nun's Island Theatre, The Bank of Ireland Theatre, The Druid Lane Theatre and The Town Hall Theatre, a modern art theatre with two performance spaces opened in 1995 that has a 52 week program covering all aspects of the performing arts including ballets, musicals and operas. It has been the venue for many Irish film premieres, during the Galway Film Fleadh.
Museum
The
Galway City Museum features two parts, "Fragments of a City" and "On Reflection." "Fragments of a City"'s collection is mainly about the heritage of Galway, while "On Reflection" is a collection of the most important Irish artists from the second half of the 20th century. This museum was designed to allow tourists and local visitors to really get to understand and know the city of Galway.
This museum also houses the statue of the famous poet,
Pádraic Ó Conaire which was originally in Kennedy Park, (formerly
Eyre Square), prior to its renovations.
Demographics
Based in the 2006 census, the population of Galway City and its environs is 72,729, of which 72,414 live in the
city limits and 315 live in the city's environs in
County Galway. If the current growth rate continues, the population of the city will hit 100,000 by 2020. Galway City (population inside the city limits) is the third largest in the
Republic of Ireland, and fifth on the island of
Ireland. However, the population of the wider urban area, is fourth largest in the Republic of Ireland (sixth on the island).
Approximately 78% of the population of Galway is white Irish, descended from native Gaelic peoples and Norman settlers. A further 5% are foreign-born Irish. Following an influx of immigrants to Galway during the 2000s, approximately 17% of the population is non-Irish. Slightly more than half of this group are white Europeans, coming from Poland and other Central European and Baltic States, such as Latvia and Lithuania. Smaller numbers of Asian and African immigrants come from East Africa, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and Sri Lanka. In the 2006 Census, 15.4% of the population were aged 0–14, 76.1% were aged 15–64, and 8.5% were aged over 65. 51.9% of the population were female and 48.1% were male.
Economy
Galway City is the capital of
Connacht, and the third largest city in the
Republic of Ireland after
Dublin and
Cork. The city has experienced very rapid growth in recent years. Galway has a strong local economy with complementary business sectors, including manufacturing industry, tourism, retail and distribution, education, healthcare and services that include financial, construction, cultural, and professional.
Most (47%) of the people employed in Galway work in either the commerce or professional sector, with a large number (17%) also employed in manufacturing. Most industry and manufacturing in Galway, like the rest of Ireland, is hi-tech (e.g. ICT, medical equipment, electronics, chemicals, etc.), due to the Celtic Tiger economic boom. Tourism is also of major importance to the city, which had over 2.1 million visitors in 2000, and produced revenue of over €400 million.
Transport
Air
Galway Airport, located east of the city at
Carnmore, has scheduled services connecting Galway to
Waterford in
Ireland;
Edinburgh Turnhouse,
London and
Manchester in
Britain; and a seasonal connection to
Lorient in France. Because the runway is too short to take modern passenger jet aircraft, its operations are limited. Airline that serve the airport is
Aer Arann.
Aerfort na Minna ( west of the city) operates regular flights to each of the
Aran Islands ''(Oileáin Árann)''.
Shannon Airport (90 km) and
Ireland West Airport Knock (86 km) are also within easy reach of the city, both of which have flights around Ireland and to
Britain,
Continental Europe and
North America (from Shannon).
Bus
Buses are the main form of public transport in the city and county. There are fifteen routes in the city operated by
Bus Éireann and Galway City Direct.
Various bus companies also provide links throughout County Galway and nationwide. The main bus and rail station in the city is Ceannt Station. Galway Coach Station, located at Fairgreen, is also a coach transport hub. Scheduled direct and commuter services operate between the Coach Station, Dublin and Dublin Airport, as well as services to Limerick, Cork and Clifden. These are operated by Gobus and Citylink.
Rail
Galway's main railway station is
Ceannt Station (''Stáisiún Cheannt''), which opened in 1851, and was renamed in honour of
Éamonn Ceannt in 1966. A major redevelopment, including a completely new urban district,
Ceannt Station Quarter, has been proposed for the station and adjoining land.
The Midland Great Western Railway reached Galway in 1851, giving the city a direct main line to its Broadstone Station terminus in Dublin. As the 19th century progressed the rail network in Connacht was expanded, making Galway an important railhead. The nearby town of Athenry became a railway junction, giving Galway links to Ennis, Limerick and the south in 1869 and Sligo and the north in 1894. In 1895 the MGW opened a branch line between Galway and Clifden.
The 20th century brought increasing road competition, and this led the Great Southern Railways to close the Clifden branch in 1935. In the 1970s the state railway authority Córas Iompair Éireann closed the Sligo-Athenry-Ennis line to passenger services. It later closed to freight as well. Iarnród Éireann, Ireland's national rail operator, currently runs six return passenger services each day between Galway and Dublin Heuston, also serving intermediate stations. Travel time is just under 3 hours.
Road
Three national primary roads serve the city: the
N17 leading North (
Tuam,
Sligo,
Donegal Town,
Letterkenny and
Derry), the
M6 motorway from the East (
Athlone,
Dublin), and the
N18 from the South (
Shannon Town,
Limerick and
Cork). By 2015, the Galway-
Dublin, Galway-
Limerick and Galway-
Tuam routes will be motorway or
high-quality dual carriageway standard. In addition, there are plans for a semi-
ring road of the city, the
Galway City Outer Bypass, which should also be complete by 2015. There is also an ''Inner City Ring'' (''Cuar Inmheánach'') route that encircles the
city centre, most of which is
pedestrianised.
Galway is considered the gateway to Connemara and the Gaeltacht, including Mám, An Teach Dóite, Cor na Móna, Ros Muc, Bearna and An Cheathrú Rua. The N59 along the western shore of Lough Corrib and the R337 along the northern shore of Galway Bay both lead to this largely rural and highly scenic region.
Waterway
The
River Corrib is by far the most important waterway in Galway and a number of canals and channels were built above and through the city. The purposes of these to divert and control the water from the river, to harness its power and to provide a navigable route to the sea. Of these, there were two major schemes - one between 1848 and 1858 and the other during the 1950s. The canals provided a power source for Galway and were the location of the first industries in the mid-19th century. The Eglinton Canal provided a navigation from the sea (at the
Claddagh Basin) to the navigable part of the river (above the Salmon Weir Bridge). Most of the mills are still used today for various purposes; for instance,
NUI Galway still uses a
water turbine for electricity generation for their building on Nun's Island.
Currently, there are four bridges across the Corrib: the William O'Brien Bridge, the Salmon Weir Bridge, the Wolfe Tone Bridge and the Quincentennial Bridge. There are plans for a fifth bridge as part of the Galway City Outer Bypass project. The Clare River flows from the North of the County Galway, through Tuam, Claregalway into Lough Corrib.
Harbour
Galway is the most central port on the West Coast of Ireland in the sheltered eastern corner of Galway Bay. The harbour can be used by vessels up to and the inner dock can accommodate up to 9 vessels at any one time. Pending approval, Galway Harbour may see major changes, should the €1.5 billion development plan go ahead.
Regular passenger ferry and freight services operate between Galway and the Aran Islands. The islands also have regular links with the towns of Rossaveal and Doolin, which are physically closer but far smaller.
Commuter ferry services have been proposed to the tourism town of Kinvara, on the opposite side of Galway Bay.
Major work in the harbour area was carried out in 2009 to accommodate the stopover of the Volvo Ocean Race. This was one of the biggest events ever to visit Galway.
Education
Two higher education institutions are located in the city, the
National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), and the
Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (G.M.I.T.). The university was founded in 1845 as Queen's College, Galway, and was more recently known as University College, Galway (U.C.G.). The Institute of Technology, in addition to having 2 campuses in Galway City (its administrative headquarters on the Dublin Road and its art campus in Cluain Mhuire), also has campuses in
Castlebar,
Mountbellew and
Letterfrack. According to the 2002 census, 40.8% of residents aged 15 and older in Galway had completed
third level (higher) education, which compares favourably to the national level of 26.0%.
The offices of the Central Applications Office (C.A.O.) are also located in the city, this being the clearing house for undergraduate college and university applications in the Republic of Ireland; a related organisation, the Postgraduate Applications Centre, processes some taught postgraduate courses.
In 2002, there were 27 primary schools and 11 secondary schools in Galway.
Sport
Galway has a diverse sporting heritage, with a history in sports ranging from horse racing, Gaelic games, soccer and rugby to rowing, motorsport, greyhound racing and others. The
Galway Races are known worldwide and are the highlight of the Irish horse racing calendar. Over the years it has grown into an annual festival lasting seven days. In motorsport, the Galway International Rally was the first international rally to be run from the Republic of Ireland. Throughout its history it has attracted star drivers from all over the world. The 2007 event was won by twice World Rally Champions
Marcus Grönholm and
Timo Rautiainen.
The city has hurling and gaelic football teams at all levels, including Father Griffins and St. James GAA. Major football and hurling matches take place at Pearse Stadium in the city. The stadium is also the home of the Salthill-Knocknacarra GAA club which won the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship in 2006.
Galway United, Mervue United and Salthill Devon represent Galway in the League of Ireland. 'The Tribemen', as Galway United are known to their fans, play their home games at Terryland Park. The city also hosts The Umbro Galway Cup, which is held annually at the home of Salthill Devon F.C.. Galway United compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division. Mervue United A.F.C. and Salthill Devon F.C. have recently gained promotion to the First Division.
There are two Senior rugby union teams in the city Galwegians RFC and Corinthians RFC, as well as provincial Connacht Rugby who play in the Magners (Celtic) League and as of 2011 the Heineken Cup, hosting their matches at the Galway Sportsground.
Moycullen Basketball Club have been a flagship basketball club in Galway for a number of years, compete in the National League and are Senior National Cup champions 2008/2009. In the 2009/2010 season they will become the first Galway Gaeltacht team to ever compete in the Superleague. They are situated west of the city. Between Moycullen and Oranmore/Maree Club numerous Irish youth international players have been produced over the last 10 years, who have represented Ireland at European basketball championships. In 2007/2008 Maree won the U-18 men's national cup while Moycullen won the U-20 national title. In the 2010/2011 season Oranmore/Maree Basketball Club's 1991 Men's team retained an undefeated record of over 100 games to go and claim the only National Championship trophy remaining, the U-20 Men's national cup. Titans Basketball Club and Oranmore/Maree Basketball Club also represent Galway in the national league.
The City's first Aussie Rules Club, the Midwest Magpies were formed in January 2010 and play in the Aussieproperty.com Premiership in the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland. The club has had limited success in its first year, but has already had some of its players selected to play on Ireland's Aussie Rules National Team, the Irish Warriors.
Sailing on both sea and lake are popular, as is rowing in the River Corrib with five clubs providing the necessary facilities and organising rowing competitions. These clubs include: Tribesmen Rowing Club, Galway Rowing Club, Coláiste Iognáid ('The Jes') Rowing Club, St. Joseph's College ('The Bish') Rowing Club, and the NUIG Rowing Club.
The Galway Motor Club provides a focus for enthusiasts.
Near the city centre on College Road the Greyhound Stadium has races every Thursday, Friday and Saturday Night. It was refurbished by the Irish Greyhound Board, Bord na gCon, and shares the facility with the Connacht Rugby Team.
Nearby Salthill has three competitive swimming clubs Shark Swimming Club, Laser swimming club and Galway swimming club. There is also a handball and racketball club while there are several martial arts clubs throughout the city.
Twinning
Galway City has eleven
sister cities. The Galway Committee of Sister Cities International was set up in 1977 with the aim of expanding the City's interaction and to engage in a variety of cultural and governmental exchanges with foreign cities. Galway is
twinned with the following places:
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Adopted ship
LÉ Aisling (1996)
See also
Cities in Ireland
History of Galway
Kenny Gallery
List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Galway)
List of cities, boroughs and towns in the Republic of Ireland
List of Galway people
List of RNLI stations
List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland
Sieges of Galway
References
External links
Galway Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Galway City Council (local authority)
Polish website about Galway
Virtual Tour of Galway
Moving Postcards of Galway
Category:Cities in the Republic of Ireland
Category:Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland
Category:University towns
Category:County towns in the Republic of Ireland
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![R348 near Woodlawn, Co. Galway with mixture of finger post and improved signposts. As of 2009[update], directional signposting on some regional roads in Ireland remains poor, with even modern signage usually relying on finger post signposts located directly at junctions.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120520041608/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/6c/79/e72b32757de589e952131ab3f249_medium.jpg "R348 near Woodlawn, Co. Galway with mixture of finger post and improved signposts. As of 2009[update], directional signposting on some regional roads in Ireland remains poor, with even modern signage usually relying on finger post signposts located directly at junctions.")
