A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark, or vegetative substance used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for flavor, color, or as a preservative that kills harmful bacteria or prevents their growth. It may be used to flavour a dish or to hide other flavours. In the kitchen, spices are distinguished from herbs, which are leafy, green plant parts used for flavoring.

Many spices are used for other purposes, such as medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, perfumery, or for eating as vegetables. For example, turmeric is also used as a preservative; liquorice as a medicine; garlic as a vegetable.

Classification and types

List of herbs and spices

This is an extensive list of culinary herbs and spices.

Grouping by plant part

Spices can be grouped as:

Dried fruits or seeds, such as fennel, mustard, and black pepper.

Arils, such as mace.

Barks, such as cinnamon and cassia.

Dried flower buds, such as cloves.

Stigmas, such as saffron.

Roots and rhizomes, such as turmeric, ginger and galingale.

Resins, such as asafoetida.

Common spice mixtures

Baharat (Arab world, and the Middle East in general)

Berbere (Ethiopia and Eritrea)

Chaat masala (India and Pakistan)

Chili powder

Curry powder

Five-spice powder (China)

Garam masala (South Asia)

Harissa (North Africa)

Jerk spice (Jamaica)

Khmeli suneli (Georgia, former U.S.S.R.)

Masala (a generic name for any blend of spices used in South Asia)

Mixed spice (United Kingdom)

Old Bay Seasoning (United States)

Panch phoron (India and Bangladesh)

Pumpkin pie spice (United States)

Quatre épices (France)

Ras el hanout (North Africa)

Shichimi togarashi (Japan)

Vegeta

Za'atar (Middle East)

History

Early history

Humans were using spices in 50,000 BC. The spice trade developed throughout the Middle East in around 2000 BC with cinnamon and pepper, and in East Asia (Korea, China) with herbs and pepper. The Egyptians used herbs for embalming and their need for exotic herbs helped stimulate world trade. The word ''spice'' comes from the Old French word "espice" which became "epice" and which came from the Latin root "spec", the noun referring to appearance, sort, kind ('Species' has the same root.) By 1000 BC, China, Korea and India had medical systems based upon herbs. Early uses were connected with magic, medicine, religion, tradition, and preservation.

Digs found a clove burnt onto the floor of a burned down kitchen in the Mesopotamian site of Terqa, in what is now modern-day Syria, dated to 1700 BC.

In the story of Genesis, Joseph was sold into slavery by his brothers to spice merchants. In the biblical poem Song of Solomon, the male speaker compares his beloved to many forms of spices. Generally, early Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, and Mesopotamian sources do not refer to known spices.

In South Asia, nutmeg, which originates from the Banda Islands in the Molukas, has a Sanskrit name. Sanskrit is the ancient language of India, showing how old the usage of this spice is in this region. Historians believe that nutmeg was introduced to Europe in the 6th century BC.

The ancient Indian epic of Ramayana mentions cloves. The Romans had cloves in the 1st century AD, as Pliny the Elder wrote about them.

Indonesian merchants went around China, India, the Middle East and the east coast of Africa. Arab merchants facilitated the routes through the Middle East and India. This made the city of Alexandria in Egypt the main trading centre for spices because of its port. The most important discovery prior to the European spice trade were the monsoon winds (40 AD). Sailing from Eastern spice growers to Western European consumers gradually replaced the land-locked spice routes once facilitated by the Middle East Arab caravans.

Middle Ages

Spices were among the most demanded and expensive products available in Europe in the Middle Ages, the most common being black pepper, cinnamon (and the cheaper alternative cassia), cumin, nutmeg, ginger and cloves. Given the medieval medicine's main theory of humorism, spices and herbs were indispensable to balance "humors" in food, a daily basis for good health at a time of recurrent pandemics.

Spices were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa, which made them expensive. From the 8th until the 15th century, the Republic of Venice had the monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, and along with it the neighboring Italian city-states. The trade made the region rich. It has been estimated that around 1,000 tons of pepper and 1,000 tons of the other common spices were imported into Western Europe each year during the Late Middle Ages. The value of these goods was the equivalent of a yearly supply of grain for 1.5 million people. The most exclusive was saffron, used as much for its vivid yellow-red color as for its flavor. Spices that have now fallen into obscurity in European cuisine include grains of paradise, a relative of cardamom which most replaced pepper in late medieval north French cooking, long pepper, mace, spikenard, galangal and cubeb.

Early modern period

The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama sailed to India in 1499. Spain and Portugal were not happy to pay the high price that Venice demanded for spices. At around the same time, Christopher Columbus returned from the New World, he described to investors new spices available there.

The military prowess of Afonso de Albuquerque (1453–1515) allowed the Portuguese to take control of the sea routes to India. In 1506, he took the island of Socotra in the mouth of the Red Sea and, in 1507, Ormuz in the Persian Gulf. Since becoming the viceroy of the Indies, he took Goa in India in 1510, and Malacca on the Malay peninsula in 1511. The Portuguese could now trade directly with Siam, China, and the Moluccas. The Silk Road complemented the Portuguese sea routes, and brought the treasures of the Orient to Europe via Lisbon, including many spices.

With the discovery of the New World came new spices, including allspice, bell and chili peppers, vanilla, and chocolate. This development kept the spice trade, with America as a late comer with its new seasonings, profitable well into the 19th century.

In the Caribbean, the island of Grenada is well known for growing and exporting a number of spices, including the nutmeg, which was introduced to Grenada by the settlers.

Handling spices

A spice may be available in several forms: fresh, whole dried, or pre-ground dried. Generally, spices are dried. A whole dried spice has the longest shelf life, so it can be purchased and stored in larger amounts, making it cheaper on a per-serving basis. Some spices are rarely available either fresh or whole, for example turmeric, and must be purchased in ground form. Small seeds, such as fennel and mustard seeds, are used both whole and in powder form.

The flavor of a spice is derived in part from compounds that oxidize or evaporate when exposed to air. Grinding a spice greatly increases its surface area and so increases the rates of oxidation and evaporation. Thus, flavor is maximized by storing a spice whole and grinding when needed. The shelf life of a whole spice is roughly two years; of a ground spice roughly six months. The "flavor life" of a ground spice can much shorter. Ground spices are better stored away from light.

To grind a whole spice, the classic tool is mortar and pestle. Less labor-intensive tools are more common now: a microplane or fine grater can be used to grind small amounts; a coffee grinder is useful for larger amounts. A frequently used spice such as black pepper may merit storage in its own hand grinder or mill.

Some flavor elements in spices are soluble in water; many are soluble in oil or fat. As a general rule, the flavors from a spice take time to infuse into the food so spices are added early in preparation.

Production

{| style="border: 1px solid rgb(153,153,153); padding: 2px;" |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#dfd;"| Production in tonnes. Figures 2003-2004 Researched by FAOSTAT (FAO) |- style="text-align:right;" |align="left"| ||1 600 000||86 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| ||99 000||5 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| ||48 000||3 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| ||45 300||2 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| ||15 500||1 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| Other countries ||60 900||3 % |- style="text-align:right; padding:2px;" |align="left"| Total||1 868 700||100 % |}

Standardization

ISO has published a series of standards regarding the products of the topic. These standards are covered by ICS 67.220.

Research

The Indian Institute of Spices Research, located at Calicut (Kozhikode) in Kerala, India, is exclusively devoted to conduct research on all aspects of spice crops such as black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, garcinia and vanilla.

See also

Condiment

List of herbs and spices

List of Indian spices

Spice trade

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Books

Corn, Charles. ''Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade''. New York: Kodansha, 1999.

:*

Dalby, Andrew. ''Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Freedman, Paul. ''Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination''. New Haven: Yale UP, 2008.

Keay, John. ''The Spice Route: A Histor''y. Berkeley: U of California P, 2006.

Krondl, Michael. ''The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice''. New York: Ballantine Books, 2007.

Miller, J. Innes. ''The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969.

Morton, Timothy. ''Poetics of Spice: Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic''. Cambridge UP, 2000.

Articles

External links

Pungency of spices

*

ar:بهارات ay:Manq'a sumachiri az:Sous bn:সস bs:Začin br:Spis (temz) bg:Подправка ca:Espècia cs:Koření cy:Sbeis da:Krydderi de:Gewürz et:Vürtsid el:Μπαχαρικό es:Especia eo:Spico eu:Espezia fa:ادویه fr:Épice gd:Spìosradh gl:Especia ko:향신료 hi:मसाला hr:Začin io:Spico id:Rempah-rempah is:Krydd it:Spezia (alimento) he:תבלין jv:Rempah-rempah ht:Zepis ku:Biharat lv:Garšviela lb:Gewierzer lt:Prieskonis hu:Fűszer mr:मसाला arz:ليستة التوابل ms:Rempah nl:Specerij ja:香辛料 no:Krydder nn:Krydder nrm:Êpice oc:Espècia (cosina) pl:Przyprawa pt:Especiaria ro:Condiment qu:Q'apachana ru:Вкусовые добавки sah:Тума se:Máistagat scn:Sarsa simple:Spice sk:Korenina sl:Začimba sr:Зачин fi:Mauste sv:Krydda tl:Pampalasa ta:மசாலாப் பொருள் th:เครื่องเทศ tr:Baharat uk:Спеції vi:Gia vị bat-smg:Mėrkals zh:香辛料

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel ''Naked Lunch'', and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in ''U.S. News and World Report'', had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine ''Easyriders'' which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Absentee landlord

Big Brother (''Nineteen Eighty-Four'')

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). ''Random House Dictionary of American Slang''. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex

Name	Mike Relm
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Alias	DJ Floorsweeper
Birth name	Michael Wong
Born	1978
Origin	San FranciscoCalifornia
Instrument	turntables
Genre	Turntablism Hip hop Dance Electronic
Occupation	DJ / VJ
Website	mikerelm.com }}

Michael Wong (born 1978), better known by his stage name Mike Relm, is an American disc jockey, turntablist, and VJ from San Francisco, California. He has performed with notable hip-hop artists Lyrics Born, Money Mark, Gift of Gab, Del tha Funkee Homosapien, and D-Sharp. In 1999 he won the International Turntablist Federation's USA competition. More recently he toured as part of Mike Patton's Peeping Tom project. As a solo artist, Relm is known for live performances which feature a series of audio mashups paired with video images, manipulated in real-time with a turntable-like device (e.g. Pioneer DVJ1000).

Mike Relm toured with Blue Man Group from 2007-2008. He performed at the 2007 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and Bonnaroo, as well as the renowned Audiotistic-Future Sound Festival which featured Outkast and Mos Def. In 2005 he released a DVD called ''Suit Yourself'', which documents his time on the "Fourth Dimensional Rocketships" tour with Gift of Gab. He most recently opened for Diggnation Live at the House of Blues in San Diego, California.

Mike Relm will be part of the ritual at The Voodoo Experience 2011 which is held at City Park in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 28–30, 2011.

Discography

''Radio Fryer'' (self-released, 2005)

''Spectacle'' (Radio Fried Recordings, 2008)

Battle Records

''Jugglin' Jaws'' (JAWZ001-VINYL, Thud Rumble, 2001)

''Aaahs: Session 1'' (WIZ-002, Wizard Record, 2003)

''The Zodyax Scop System''

Videos/Films Featuring Mike Relm

''Scratch'' (Palm, 2000)

''Along Came Polly'' (Universal, 2004)

''Suit Yourself'' (self-released, 2006)

''Clown Alley'': Relm's first film experience.

''Blue Man Group: How to Be a Megastar Live!'' (Blue Man Group/Rhino, 2008)

Albums/Compilations Featuring Mike Relm

''Awaken'' (Electromatrix, 2000)

Other Artistic Credits

''Skratchcon 2000'' (documentary film, Director, Co-Editor; 2000)

References

External links

Official Site

TinyMixTapes review of ''Spectacle''

Category:American musicians of Asian descent Category:American people of Asian descent Category:1978 births Category:Living people

it:Mike Relm

birth date	April 29, 1936
disappeared date
death date
resting place coordinates
ethnicity
occupation	Conductor of western classical music
height
weight
title	Music Director for Life of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
religion
denomination
criminal charge
website

Zubin Mehta (}}; (born April 29, 1936) is an Indian conductor of western classical music. He is the Music Director for Life of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.

Biography

Zubin Mehta was born into a Parsi family in Bombay, India, the son of Mehli and Tehmina Mehta. His father Mehli Mehta was a violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. Mehta is an alumnus of St. Mary's School, Mumbai, and St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Mehta initially intended to study medicine, but eventually became a music student in Vienna at the age of 18, under Hans Swarowsky. Also at the same academy along with Mehta were conductor Claudio Abbado and conductor–pianist Daniel Barenboim.

Mehta's first marriage was to Canadian soprano Carmen Lasky in 1958. They have a son, Mervon and a daughter, Zarina. In 1964, they divorced. Two years after the divorce, Carmen married Zubin's brother, Zarin Mehta, now the Executive Director of the New York Philharmonic. In July 1969, Mehta married Nancy Kovack, a former American film and television actress. Mehta is a permanent resident of the United States, but retains his Indian citizenship.

Conducting career

In 1958, Mehta made his conducting debut in Vienna. The same year he won the International Conducting Competition in Liverpool and was appointed assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. Mehta soon rose to the rank of chief conductor when he was made Music Director of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra in 1960, a post he held until 1967. In 1961, he was named assistant conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic; however, the orchestra's music director designate, Georg Solti, was not consulted on the appointment, and Solti subsequently resigned in protest; soon after, Mehta himself was named Music Director of the orchestra, and held the post from 1962 to 1978.

In 1978 Mehta became the Music Director and Principal Conductor of the New York Philharmonic and remained there until his resignation in 1991, becoming the longest holder of the post.

The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO) appointed Mehta its Music Advisor in 1969, Music Director in 1977, and made him its Music Director for Life in 1981.

Since 1985, Mehta has been chief conductor of the Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence. Additionally, from 1998 until 2006, Mehta was Music Director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. The Munich Philharmonic Orchestra named him its Honorary Conductor. Since 2005, Mehta has been the main conductor (together with Lorin Maazel) of the new opera house of the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències in Valencia.

Mehta conducted the Vienna New Year's Concert in the years 1990, 1995, 1998 and 2007. He has also made a recording of Indian instrumentalist Ravi Shankar's Sitar Concerto No. 2, with Shankar and the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

1990s

In 1990, he conducted the Orchestra del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and the Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in the first ever Three Tenors concert in Rome, joining the tenors again in 1994 at the Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles. In between those appearances he conducted the historic 1992 production of ''Tosca'' in which each act took place in the actual setting and at the actual time specified in the score. This production starred Catherine Malfitano in the title role, Plácido Domingo as Cavaradossi and Ruggero Raimondi as Baron Scarpia. Act I was telecast live from Rome's basilica of Sant'Andrea della Valle on Saturday, July 11, at noon (Central European Daylight Savings Time); act II was telecast later that evening from the Palazzo Farnese at 9:40 p.m.; act III was telecast live on Sunday, July 12, at 7:00 a.m. from the Castel Sant'Angelo, also known as Hadrian's Tomb.

In June 1994, Mehta performed the Mozart Requiem, along with the members of the Sarajevo Symphony Orchestra and Chorus at the ruins of Sarajevo's National Library, in a fund raising concert for the victims of armed conflict and remembrance of the thousands of people killed in the Yugoslav wars. On August 29, 1999, he conducted Mahler Symphony No. 2 (''Resurrection''), at the vicinity of Buchenwald concentration camp in the German city of Weimar, with both the Bavarian State Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, sitting alongside each other. He toured his native country India and home city Mumbai (Bombay) in 1984, with the New York Philharmonic, and again in November–December 1994, with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, along with soloists Itzhak Perlman and Gil Shaham. In 1997 and 1998, Mehta worked in collaboration with Chinese film director Zhang Yimou on a production of the opera ''Turandot'' by Giacomo Puccini which they took to Florence, Italy, and then to Beijing, China, where it was staged, in its actual surroundings, in the Forbidden City with over 300 extras and 300 soldiers. for nine historic performances. The making of this production was chronicled in a documentary called ''The Turandot Project'' which Mehta narrated.

2000s

On November 29, 2005 Mehta appeared with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra performing Bruckner's 8 symphony. On December 26, 2005, the first anniversary of the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Mehta and the Bavarian State Orchestra performed for the first time in Chennai (formerly called Madras) at the Madras Music Academy. This tsunami memorial concert was organised by the Madras German consulate along with the Max-Mueller Bhavan/Goethe-Institut. 2006 was his last year with the Bavarian State Orchestra.

Performance style

Mehta received praise early in his career for dynamic interpretations of the large scale symphonic music of Anton Bruckner, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and Franz Schmidt. His conducting is renowned as being flamboyant, vigorous and forceful.

Honors and awards

Mehta's name is mentioned in the song "Billy the Mountain" on the 1972 album ''Just Another Band from LA'' by Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention.

At the Israel Prize ceremony in 1991, Mehta was awarded a special prize in recognition of his unique devotion to Israel and to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1995, Laureate of the Wolf Prize in Arts.

In 1999, Mehta was presented the "Lifetime Achievement Peace and Tolerance Award" of the United Nations.

The Government of India honoured Mehta in 1966 with the Padma Bhushan and in 2001 with India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan.

In 2005, he was voted the 117th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''Ynet'' to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.

In September 2006 the Kennedy Center announced Mehta as one of the recipients of that year's Kennedy Center Honors, presented on December 2, 2006.

On February 3, 2007, Mehta was the recipient of the Second Annual Bridgebuilder Award at Loyola Marymount University.

In 2007 he received the prestigious Dan David Prize.

Conductor Karl Böhm awarded Mehta the Nikisch Ring – the Vienna Philharmonic Ring of Honor.

Mehta is an honorary citizen of Florence and Tel Aviv. He was made an honorary member of the Vienna State Opera in 1997. In 2001 he was bestowed the title of “Honorary Conductor” of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra and in 2004 the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra awarded him the same title, as did the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in 2006. At the end of his tenure with the Bavarian State Opera he was named Honorary Conductor of the Bavarian State Orchestra and Honorary Member of the Bavarian State Opera, and the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde Wien appointed him honorary member in November 2007.

In October 2008, Mehta received the "Praemium Imperiale" ("World Culture Prize in Memory of His Imperial Highness Prince Takamatsu"), Japan.

On March 1, 2011, Mehta received the 2,434th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Films

Mehta's life has been documented in Terry Sanders' film ''Portrait of Zubin Mehta''. A documentary film about Mehta, ''Zubin and I'', was produced by the grandson of an Israeli harpist who played with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra before Mehta assumed the helm. The filmmaker joins the orchestra on a tour of Mumbai and meets with him for two interviews, in India and Tel Aviv.

Educational projects

In 2009, Mehta established Mifneh (Hebrew for "Change"), a music education program for Israeli Arabs, in cooperation with Bank Leumi and the Arab-Israel Bank. Three schools, in Shfaram, the Jezreel Valley and Nazareth, are taking part in the pilot project.

See also

List of Israel Prize recipients

References

Bibliography

Martin Bookspan and Ross Yockey, ''Zubin: The Zubin Mehta Story''

Renate von Matuschka, ''Die Partitur meines Lebens''.

External links

Official Website

Dan David Prize laureate 2007

Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:People from Mumbai Category:Indian conductors (music) Category:Music directors (opera) Category:Israel Prize special award recipients Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Category:Wolf Prize in Arts laureates Category:Alumni of the Accademia Musicale Chigiana Category:Alumni of the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni Category:Parsi people Category:Indian emigrants to the United States Category:Indian expatriates in Austria Category:Indian expatriates in Israel Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art

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name	Richie Spice
background	solo_singer
birth name	Richell Bonner
origin	Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica
instrument	Vocals
genre	Reggae
notable instruments	}}

Richie Spice (born Richell Bonner on September 8, 1971 in Rock Hall, St. Andrew, Jamaica) is a Jamaican reggae artist. He is a member of the Rastafari movement. Some of his most famous songs include, "Youth Dem Cold", "Groovin' My Girl", "Earth A Run Red", "Marijuana" and "The Plane Land". He is one of the Bonner brothers all of whom are reggae artists, including Pliers and Spanner Banner.

Biography

Spice's first Jamaican single "Killing a Sound" was produced by Dennis "Star" Hayes. This was followed by "Shine" by ace Jamaican record producer/musician Clive Hunt. Spice also teamed up with Hunt for his debut album on the Island Jamaica Label from which came his first major hit "Grooving my girl". His sister, Bridgett Bonner for Bonner Productions Ltd., organized his second album. The album produced hits such as "Earth a Run Red", "Living Ain't Easy", Land of Jamaica "Time So Rough", the aforementioned "Grooving My Girl" and many others.

Having gained popularity in the mid-'90s, Spice has performed at all major shows staged locally namely Reggae Sun Splash (a paid tribute by him to Bob Marley), White River Reggae Bash, Rebel Salute and many others. Spice has opened shows for the likes of Chaka Demus and Pliers, Spanner Banner and Rita Marley on extensive tours of Europe and the United States 1996-1997.

He again toured East North America from June to September 2001. His increased popularity has gained him spots at numerous venues. His most recent projects include performances at Sting held at Jam World St. Catherine (December 26, 2002) and Sting Miami (March 2003).

More recently, a remix of one of his more popular tracks, "Marijuana" by Digital Mystikz's Coki, re-named "Burnin'" has focused more attention to him in the blossoming dubstep scene coming out of the UK. The original version of "Marijuana" also appears on the "These Are Serious Times" modern reggae compilation on XL Recordings.

His song 'Youth Dem Cold' was featured on Grand Theft Auto IV's Massive B Soundsytem 96.9 and the end credits of Attack the Block.

Discography

1999: ''Living Ain't Easy''

2000: ''Universal''

2006: ''Spice In Your Life''

2007: ''In The Streets To Africa'' #6 at Top Reggae Albums 2008: ''Gideon Boot'' #1 at Top Reggae Albums

2009: ''Street Life''

2011: ''Book Of Job''

References

Category:Jamaican reggae musicians Category:Jamaican Rastafarians Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:People from Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica

de:Richie Spice es:Richie Spice fr:Richie Spice sw:Richie Spice ht:Richie Spice nl:Richie Spice pt:Richie Spice sv:Richie Spice