Coordinates | 52°18′44″N104°17′45″N |
---|
|native name | ''Türkmenistan'' |
---|
Conventional long name | Turkmenistan |
---|
Common name | Turkmenistan |
---|
Image coat | Coat_of_Arms_of_Turkmenistan.svg |
---|
Symbol type | Emblem |
---|
National anthem | Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem"Garaşsyz, Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni" |
---|
Official languages | Turkmen |
---|
Languages type | Language of interethnic communication |
---|
Languages | Russian
|
---|
Capital | Ashgabat |
---|
Largest city | Ashgabat |
---|
Government type | Presidential republic Single-party state |
---|
Leader title1 | President |
---|
Leader name1 | Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow |
---|
Area rank | 52nd |
---|
Area magnitude | 1 E11 |
---|
Area km2 | 488,100 |
---|
Area sq mi | 188,456 |
---|
Area footnote | |
---|
Percent water | 4.9 |
---|
Population estimate | 5,110,000 |
---|
Population estimate rank | 112th |
---|
Population estimate year | 2009 |
---|
Population density km2 | 10.5 |
---|
Population density sq mi | 27.1 |
---|
Population density rank | 208th |
---|
Gdp ppp | $31.966 billion |
---|
Gdp ppp year | 2009 |
---|
Gdp ppp per capita | $5,971 |
---|
Sovereignty type | Independence |
---|
Sovereignty note | from the Soviet Union |
---|
Established event1 | Declared |
---|
Established event2 | Recognized |
---|
Established date1 | 27 October 1991 |
---|
Established date2 | 25 December 1991 |
---|
Hdi | 0.669 |
---|
Hdi rank | 87th |
---|
Hdi year | 2010 |
---|
Hdi category | medium |
---|
Currency | Turkmen new manat |
---|
Currency code | TMT |
---|
Country code | TKM |
---|
Time zone | TMT |
---|
Utc offset | +5 |
---|
Time zone dst | ''not observed'' |
---|
Utc offset dst | +5 |
---|
Drives on | right |
---|
Cctld | .tm |
---|
Calling code | 993 |
---|
Demonym | Turkmen
}} |
---|
Turkmenistan ( or , ), also known as
Turkmenia () is one of the
Turkic states in
Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the
Soviet Union, the
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent
Turkic states. It is bordered by
Afghanistan to the southeast,
Iran to the south and southwest,
Uzbekistan to the east and northeast,
Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the
Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010 ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system, which does not meet even the most basic standards of democracy. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
History
The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and checkered history, as armies from one empire after another decamped there on their way to more prosperous territories. The region's written history begins with its conquest by the
Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia, as the region was divided between the
satrapies of
Margiana,
Khorezm and
Parthia.
Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century BC on his way to Central Asia, around the time that the Silk Road was established as a major trading route between Asia and the Mediterranean Region.
Approximately 80 years later, Persia's Parthian Kingdom established its capital in Nisa, now in the suburbs of the capital, Ashgabat. After replacement of the Parthian empire by Persian Sassanids, another native Iranian dynasty, the region remained territory of the Persian empire for several centuries.
In the 7th century AD, Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them Islam and incorporating the Turkmen into the greater Middle Eastern culture. The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of Greater Khorasan, when the caliph Al-Ma'mun moved his capital to Merv.
In the middle of the 11th century, the Turkoman-ruled Seljuk Empire concentrated its strength in the territory of modern Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Khorasan (modern Afghanistan). The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west.
For the next seven centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant inter-tribal wars. Little is documented of Turkmen history prior to Russian engagement. However, from the 13th to the 16th centuries, Turkmen formed a distinct ethnolinguistic group. As the Turkmen migrated from the area around the Mangyshlak Peninsula in contemporary Kazakhstan toward the Iranian border region and the Amu Darya basin, tribal Turkmen society further developed cultural traditions that became the foundation of Turkmen national consciousness.
Between the 17th and 19th centuries, control of Turkmenistan was fought over by Persian Shahs, Khivan Khans, the Emirs of Bukhara and the rulers of Afghanistan. During this period, Turkmen spiritual leader Magtymguly Pyragy reached prominence with his efforts to secure independence and autonomy for his people.
According to Paul R. Spickard, "Prior to the Russian conquest, the Turkmen were known and feared for their involvement in the Central Asian slave trade. The neighboring rural villages of Persia and Afghanistan were the main victims of Turkmen raids, in which groups of armed men on horseback would carry away captives to be sold in the slave markets of Khiva, Bukhara, and Mari."
At this time, the vast territory of Central Asia including the region of Turkmenistan was largely unmapped and virtually unknown to Europe and the Western world. Rivalry for control of the area between the British Empire and Tsarist Russia was characterized as The Great Game. Throughout their conquest of Central Asia, the Russians were met with the stiffest resistance by the Turkmen. By 1894, however, Russia had gained control of Turkmenistan and incorporated it into its empire.
Soviet Union
The rivalry officially concluded with the
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Slowly, Russian and European cultures were introduced to the area. This was evident in the
architecture of the newly formed city of
Ashgabat, which became the capital. The
October Revolution of 1917 in
Russia and the subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the area as the
Turkmen SSR, one of the
six republics of the
Soviet Union in 1924, assuming the borders of modern Turkmenistan.
The new Turkmen SSR went through a process of further Europeanization. The tribal Turkmen people were encouraged to become secular and adopt European-style clothing. The alphabet in use for the Turkmen language was changed from the traditional Arabic script to Latin and finally to Cyrillic (Niyazov later changed the alphabet back to a Latin-based one). However, bringing the Turkmens to abandon their previous nomadic ways in favor of communism was not fully embraced until as late as 1948. Nationalist organizations in the region also existed during the 1920s and the 1930s. The Ashgabat earthquake of 1948 killed over 110,000 people, amounting to 2/3s of the city's population.
The nation policies of the Soviet Union, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s, actually promoted "the invention of turkmen traditions". Turkmen was enjoying preferable treatment in the Soviet administration and educational system and during the Stalin years the republic become more national in form; Turkmen became the official language for example.
Independence
When the
Soviet Union began to collapse, Turkmenistan and the rest of the
Central Asian republics first heavily favored maintaining a reformed version of the state, mainly because they needed the economic power and common markets of the Soviet Union to prosper. Nevertheless, Turkmenistan declared independence on 27 October 1991, albeit one of the last
Soviet republics to secede. Turkmenistan gained official recognition on 25 December 1991, a day before the final dissolution of the Soviet Union. Turkmenistan joined the U.N. the following year.
In 1991, Turkmenistan became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, an international organization of former Soviet republics. However, Turkmenistan reduced its status in the organization to "associate member" in August 2005. The reason stated by the Turkmen president was the country's policy of permanent neutrality.
The former leader of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Saparmurat Niyazov, remained in power as Turkmenistan's leader after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Under his post-Soviet rule, Russian-Turkmen relations greatly suffered. He styled himself as a promoter of traditional Muslim and Turkmen culture (calling himself "Türkmenbaşy", or "leader of the Turkmen people"), but he became notorious in the West for his dictatorial rule and extravagant cult of personality. The extent of his power greatly increased during the early 1990s, and in 1999 he became President for Life.
Niyazov died unexpectedly on 21 December 2006.
In an election on 11 February 2007, Berdimuhamedow was elected president with 89% of the vote and 95% turnout. He was sworn in on 14 February 2007.
Politics
After 69 years as part of the Soviet Union (including 67 years as a union republic), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991.
President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov, a former bureaucrat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR, until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 28 December 1999, Niyazov was declared President for Life of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. No opposition candidates were allowed.
Since the December 2006 death of Niyazov, Turkmenistan's leadership made tentative moves to open up the country. His successor, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, repealed some of Niyazov's most idiosyncratic policies, including banning opera and the circus for being ''"insufficiently Turkmen"''. In education, Berdimuhamedow's government had increased basic education to ten years from nine years, and higher education had been extended from four years to five. He has also increased contacts with the West, which is eager for access to the country's natural gas riches - but fears were mounting that the government would revert to Niyazov's draconian style of rule.
The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, with the President both head of state and head of government. Under Niyazov, Turkmenistan had a single-party system; however, in September 2008, the People's Council unanimously passed a resolution adopting a new Constitution. The latter resulted in the abolition of the Council and a significant increase in the size of Parliament in December 2008. The new Constitution also permits the formation of multiple political parties.
The former Communist Party, now known as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, has been the only one effectively permitted to operate. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned.
Human rights
Turkmenistan has been widely criticised for human rights abuses and has imposed severe restrictions on foreign travel for its citizens. Discrimination against the country's ethnic minorities remain in practice. Universities have been encouraged to reject applicants with non-Turkmen surnames, especially ethnic Russians. It is forbidden to teach the customs and language of the
Baloch, an ethnic minority. The same happens to Uzbeks, though the
Uzbek language used to be taught in some national schools.
According to Reporters Without Borders' 2006 World Press Freedom Index, Turkmenistan had the 3rd worst press freedom conditions in the world, behind North Korea and Burma. It is considered to be one of the "10 Most Censored Countries". Each broadcast under Niyazov began with a pledge that the broadcaster's tongue will shrivel if he slanders the country, flag, or president.
Administrative divisions
Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces or ''welayatlar'' (singular ''welayat'') and one capital city district. The provinces are subdivided into districts (''etraplar'', sing. ''etrap''), which may be either counties or cities. According to the Constitution of Turkmenistan (Article 16 in the 2008 Constitution, Article 47 in the 1992 Constitution), some cities may have the status of ''welaýat'' (province) or ''etrap'' (district).
Division !! ISO 3166-2 !! Capital city!! Area !! Pop (2005)!! Key
|
! Ashgabat City
|
|
Ashgabat |
| | 871,500 |
Ahal Province
| TM-A |
Anau |
| | 939,700 |
1
|
Balkan Province
| TM-B |
Balkanabat |
| | 553,500 |
2
|
Daşoguz Province
| TM-D |
Daşoguz |
| | 1,370,400 |
3
|
Lebap Province
| TM-L |
Türkmenabat |
| | 1,334,500 |
4
|
Mary Province
| TM-M |
Mary, Turkmenistan>Mary |
| | 1,480,400 |
5
|
Climate
It is one of the driest deserts in the world, some places have an average annual precipitation of only . The highest temperature recorded in
Ashgabat is and
Kerki, an extreme inland city located on the banks of the
Amu Darya river, recorded in July 1983, although this value is unofficial. 50.1C is the highest temperature recorded at
Repetek Reserve, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.
Geography
At , Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Spain and somewhat larger than the US state of California. It lies between latitudes 35° and 43° N, and longitudes 52° and 67° E.
Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. The center of the country is dominated by the Turan Depression and the Karakum Desert. The Kopet Dag Range, along the southwestern border, reaches 2,912 meters (9,553 ft) at Kuh-e Rizeh (Mount Rizeh).
The Great Balkhan Range in the west of the country (Balkan Province) and the Köýtendag Range on the southeastern border with Uzbekistan (Lebap Province) are the only other significant elevations. The Great Balkhan Range rises to at Mount Arlan and the highest summit in Turkmenistan is Ayrybaba in the Kugitangtau Range – . Rivers include the Amu Darya, the Murghab, and the Tejen.
The climate is mostly arid subtropical desert, with little rainfall. Winters are mild and dry, with most precipitation falling between January and May. The area of the country with the heaviest precipitation is the Kopet Dag Range.
The Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean.
The major cities include Aşgabat, Türkmenbaşy (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Daşoguz.
Economy
The country possesses the world's fourth-largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. In 1994, the Russian government's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets, and mounting debts of its major customers, in the former Soviet Union, for gas deliveries, contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production, and caused the budget to shift, from a surplus to a slight deficit. Half of the country's irrigated land is planted with cotton, making the country the world's tenth-largest producer of it.
Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its economy. In 2004, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 60%;Privatization goals remain limited.
Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, the value of total exports has risen sharply because of increases in international oil and gas prices. Economic prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty and the burden of foreign debt.
President Niyazov spent much of the country's revenue on extensively renovating cities, Ashgabat in particular. Corruption watchdogs voiced particular concern over the management of Turkmenistan's currency reserves, most of which are held in off-budget funds such as the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund in the Deutsche Bank in Frankfurt, according to a report released in April 2006 by London-based non-governmental organization Global Witness.
According to the decree of the Peoples' Council of 14 August 2003, electricity, natural gas, water and salt will be subsidized for citizens up to 2030; however, shortages are frequent. In addition car drivers are entitled to 120 litres of free petrol a month. Drivers of buses, lorries and tractors can get 200 litres of fuel and motorcyclists and scooter riders 40 litres free. On 5 September 2006, after Turkmenistan threatened to cut off supplies, Russia agreed to raise the price it pays for Turkmen natural gas from $65 to $100 per 1,000 cubic meters. Two-thirds of Turkmen gas goes through the Russian state-owned Gazprom.
Natural gas and export routes
The latest study in May 2011 stated that the South lolotan gas field is now easily as the world's second-largest gas field in terms of gas-in-place. The estimated reserves at South lolotan was about 21 trillion cubic metres. The Turkmenistan Natural Gas Company (
Türkmengaz), under the auspices of the Ministry of Oil and Gas, controls gas extraction in the country. Gas production is the most dynamic and promising sector of the national economy. In 2010 Ashgabat started a policy of diversifying export routes for its raw materials. China is set to become the largest buyer of gas from Turkmenistan over the coming years as a pipeline linking the two countries, through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, reaches full capacity. In addition to supplying Russia, China and Iran, Ashgabat took concrete measures to accelerate progress in the construction of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan and India pipeline (TAPI). Turkmenistan has previously estimated the cost of the project at $3.3 billion.
On 21 May, president
Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov unexpectedly signed a decree stating that companies from Turkmenistan will build an internal East-West gas pipeline allowing the transfer of gas from the biggest deposits in Turkmenistan (Dowlatabad and Yolotan) to the Caspian coast. The East-West pipeline is planned to be around 1000 km long and have a carrying capacity of 30 bn m³ annually, at a cost of between one and one and a half billion US dollars.
Oil
Most of Turkmenistan's oil is extracted by the Turkmenistan State Company (Concern)
Türkmennebit from fields at Koturdepe,
Balkanabat, and
Chekelen near the Caspian Sea, which have a combined estimated reserve of 700 million tons. The oil extraction industry started with the exploitation of the fields in Cheleken in 1909 (by
Nobel brothers) and Balkanabat in the 1930s, then production leaped ahead with the discovery of the Kumdag field in 1948 and the Koturdepe field in 1959. Big part of the oil produced in Turkmenistan is refined in Turkmenbashy and Seidi refineries. Also, oil is exported by tankers through Caspian Sea to Europe via canals.
Energy
Turkmenistan is a net exporter of electrical power to Central Asian republics and southern neighbors. The most important generating installations are the Hindukush Hydroelectric Station, which has a rated capacity of 350 megawatts, and the Mary Thermoelectric Power Station, which has a rated capacity of 1,370 megawatts. In 1992, electrical power production totaled 14.9 billion kilowatt-hours.
Agriculture
Half of the country's irrigated land is planted with
cotton, making the country the world's tenth-largest producer.
Demographics
Most of Turkmenistan's citizens are
ethnic Turkmens with sizeable minorities of
Uzbeks and
Russians. Smaller minorities include
Kazakhs,
Tatars,
Ukrainians,
Armenians,
Azeris, and
Balochis. The percentage of ethnic Russians dropped from 18.6% in 1939 to 9.5% in 1989.
The ''CIA World Factbook'' gives the ethnic composition of Turkmenistan as 85% Turkmen, 5% Uzbek, 4% Russian and 6% other (2003 estimates). According to data announced in Ashgabat in February 2001, 91% of the population are Turkmen, 3% are Uzbeks and 2% are Russians. Between 1989 and 2001 the number of Turkmen in Turkmenistan doubled (from 2.5 to 4.9 million), while the number of Russians dropped by two-thirds (from 334,000 to slightly over 100,000).
Language
Turkmen is the
official language of Turkmenistan (per the
1992 Constitution), although
Russian still is widely spoken in cities as a "language of inter-ethnic communication". Turkmen is spoken by 72% of the population, Russian 12%,
Uzbek 9%, and other languages 7%.
Religion
According to the CIA World Factbook, Muslims constitute 89% of the population while 9% of the population are followers of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the remaining 2% religion is reported as ''non-religious.'' However, according to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, 93.1% of Turkmenistan's population is Muslim. Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through missionary activities. Missionaries were holy men and they often were adopted as patriarchs of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan.
In the Soviet era, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past." Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. However, since 1990, efforts have been made to regain some of the cultural heritage lost under Soviet rule.
Former president Saparmurat Niyazov ordered that basic Islamic principles be taught in public schools. More religious institutions, including religious schools and mosques, have appeared, many with the support of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Turkey. Religious classes are held in both schools and mosques, with instruction in Arabic language, the Qur'an and the hadith, and history of Islam.
President Niyazov wrote his own religious text, published in separate volumes in 2001 and 2004, entitled the Ruhnama. The Turkmenbashi regime required that the book, which formed the basis of the educational system in Turkmenistan, be given equal status with the Quran (mosques were required to display the two books side by side). The book was heavily promoted as part of the former president's personality cult, and knowledge of the Ruhnama is required even for obtaining a driver's license.
The history of Baha'i Faith in Turkmenistan is as old as the religion itself, and Baha'i communities still exist today.
Culture
Education is universal and mandatory through the secondary level, the total duration of which was earlier reduced from 10 to 9 years; with the new President it has been decreed that from the 2007 - 2008 school year on, mandatory education will be for 10 years.
Akhal-Teke horse
Yomut carpet
Turkmen carpet
Islam in Turkmenistan
Merv
Music of Turkmenistan
Turkmen cuisine
Heritage
Mass media
There are a number of newspapers and monthly magazines published in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan currently broadcasts 5 national TV channels through satellite. There are no commercial or private TV stations. Articles published by the state-controlled newspapers are heavily censored and written to glorify the state and its leader.
Internet services are the least developed in Central Asia. Access to internet services are provided by the government's only ISP company "Turkmentelekom". It is estimated that in 2010 there are 80,400 internet users in Turkmenistan or roughly 1.6% of total population.
See also
Central Asian Union
Foreign relations of Turkmenistan
Geok Tepe
International organization membership of Turkmenistan
Military of Turkmenistan
Scouting in Turkmenistan
Transport in Turkmenistan
References
Further reading
''Bradt Travel Guide: Turkmenistan'' by Paul Brummell
''Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan'' by Rafis Abazov
''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew
''The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia'' by Peter Hopkirk
''Tradition and Society in Turkmenistan: Gender, Oral Culture and Song'' by Carole Blackwell
''Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan'' by Adrienne Lynn Edgar
''Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus'' by Robert D. Kaplan
''Unknown Sands: Journeys Around the World's Most Isolated Country'' by John W. Kropf
Rall, Ted. "Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?" New York: NBM Publishing, 2006.
Theroux, Paul, "''Letter from Turkmenistan, The Golden Man, Saparmyrat Nyyazow’s reign of insanity''" New Yorker, 28 May 2007
Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer, ''Turkménistan'', Paris, Non Lieu, 2009.
External links
Turkmenistan at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
; Government
Turkmenistan government information portal
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
; Other
"Chronicles of Turkmenistan". Publication of Turkmen Initiative for Human Rights.
The Turkmenistan Project - weekly news and analysis in English and Russian
Official photo gallery from Turkmenistan and Ashgabat
Category:Central Asian countries
Category:Iranian Plateau
Category:Landlocked countries
Category:Modern Turkic states
Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories
Category:Single-party states
Category:States and territories established in 1991
Category:Member states of the United Nations
ace:Turkmènistan
af:Turkmenistan
als:Turkmenistan
ang:Turcmenistan
ar:تركمانستان
an:Turkmenistán
arc:ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ
roa-rup:Turcmenistan
frp:Turcmènistan
as:তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান
ast:Turkmenistán
az:Türkmənistan
bn:তুর্কমেনিস্তান
zh-min-nan:Turkmenistan
be:Туркменістан
be-x-old:Туркмэністан
bcl:Turkmenistan
bar:Tuakmenien
bo:ཏུརཀ་མེ་ནི་སུཏན།
bs:Turkmenistan
br:Turkmenistan
bg:Туркменистан
ca:Turkmenistan
cv:Туркмени
ceb:Turkmenistan
cs:Turkmenistán
co:Turkmenistan
cy:Turkmenistan
da:Turkmenistan
de:Turkmenistan
dv:ތުރުކުމެނިސްތާން
nv:Tʼóokmen Bikéyah
dsb:Turkmeńska
et:Türkmenistan
el:Τουρκμενιστάν
es:Turkmenistán
eo:Turkmenio
ext:Turkmenistán
eu:Turkmenistan
ee:Turkmenistan
fa:ترکمنستان
hif:Turkmenistan
fo:Turkmenistan
fr:Turkménistan
fy:Turkmenistan
ga:An Tuircméanastáin
gv:Yn Turkmenistaan
gag:Türkmenistan
gd:Turcmanastàn
gl:Turcomenistán - Türkmenostan
gu:તુર્કમેનિસ્તાન
hak:Thú-khû-man-sṳ̂-thán
xal:Йомудин Орн
ko:투르크메니스탄
hy:Թուրքմենստան
hi:तुर्कमेनिस्तान
hsb:Turkmenistan
hr:Turkmenistan
io:Turkmenistan
ilo:Turkmenistan
bpy:তুর্কমেনিস্তান
id:Turkmenistan
ia:Turkmenistan
ie:Turkmenistan
os:Туркмени
is:Túrkmenistan
it:Turkmenistan
he:טורקמניסטן
jv:Turkmenistan
kn:ತುರ್ಕಮೆನಿಸ್ತಾನ್
pam:Turkmenistan
ka:თურქმენეთი
ks:तुर्कमिनिस्थान
csb:Turkmenistan
kk:Түрікменстан
kw:Pow Turkmen
rw:Turukimenisitani
ky:Түркмөнстан
sw:Turkmenistan
kv:Туркменистан
ht:Tirkmenistan
ku:Turkmenistan
lad:Turkmenistan
la:Turcomannia
lv:Turkmenistāna
lt:Turkmėnija
lij:Turkmenistan
li:Turkmenistan
ln:Turkmenistáni
lmo:Turkmenistan
hu:Türkmenisztán
mk:Туркменистан
ml:തുർക്മെനിസ്ഥാൻ
mr:तुर्कमेनिस्तान
arz:توركمينيستان
mzn:ترکمنون
ms:Turkmenistan
mn:Туркменистан
nah:Turcmenistan
na:Turkmenistan
nl:Turkmenistan
ja:トルクメニスタン
pih:Terkmenistaan
no:Turkmenistan
nn:Turkmenistan
nov:Turkmenistan
oc:Turcmenistan
mhr:Туркменистан
uz:Turkmaniston
pa:ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨਿਸਤਾਨ
pnb:ترکمانستان
ps:تورکمنستان
pms:Turkmenistan
nds:Turkmenistan
pl:Turkmenistan
pt:Turquemenistão
crh:Türkmenistan
ro:Turkmenistan
qu:Turkminsuyu
rue:Туркменістан
ru:Туркмения
sah:Түркменистаан
se:Turkmenistan
sa:तुर्कमिनिस्थान
sco:Turkmenistan
sq:Turkmenia
scn:Turkmenistan
simple:Turkmenistan
ss:IThumekhi
sk:Turkménsko
sl:Turkmenistan
szl:Turkmyńistan
so:Turkmenistan
ckb:تورکمانستان
sr:Туркменистан
sh:Turkmenistan
su:Turkménistan
fi:Turkmenistan
sv:Turkmenistan
tl:Turkmenistan
ta:துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்
tt:Төрекмәнстан
te:తుర్కమేనిస్తాన్
th:ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน
tg:Туркманистон
tr:Türkmenistan
tk:Türkmenistan
udm:Туркмения
bug:Turkmenistan
uk:Туркменістан
ur:ترکمانستان
ug:تۈركمەنىستان
vi:Turkmenistan
vo:Turkmenän
fiu-vro:Türkmenistan
war:Turkmenistan
wo:Turkumenistaan
wuu:土库曼斯坦
yi:טורקמעניסטאן
yo:Turkmenistan
diq:Tırkmenıstan
bat-smg:Torkmienėstans
zh:土库曼斯坦