Coordinates	26°16′″N50°09′″N
Official name	Sidon
Native name	صيدا ''Ṣaydā''
Settlement type
Motto
Dot x	|dot_y
Pushpin map	Lebanon
Pushpin label position	bottom
Pushpin mapsize	300
Pushpin map caption	Location in Lebanon
Coordinates region	LB
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Governorate
Subdivision name1	South Governorate
Subdivision type2	District
Subdivision name2	Sidon District
Subdivision name4
Leader title1
Established title
Established title2
Established title3
Established date3
Unit pref	Imperial
Area total km2	7.86
Area land km2
area total km2	7
area metro km2	25
Population total	80000
Population metro	266,000
Population blank1 title	Ethnicities
Population blank2 title	Religions
Population density blank1 sq mi
Timezone	EET
Utc offset	+2
Timezone dst	+3
Elevation footnotes
Elevation ft
Postal code type
Website	www.saida.gov.lb
Footnotes	}}

Sidon or Saïda (, ''''; Phoenician: 12px|צ12px|ד12px|ן, ''Ṣydwn''; ; ; , ''Ṣīḏōn'', ) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate of Lebanon, on the Mediterranean coast, about 40 km (25 mi) north of Tyre and 40 km (25 mi) south of the capital Beirut. In Genesis, Sidon is the son of Canaan the grandson of Noah. Its name coincides with the modern Arabic word for fishery.

Sidon is a city of 200,000 inhabitants who are overwhelmingly Muslims.

History

Sidon has been inhabited since very early in prehistory. The archaeological site of Sidon II shows a lithic assemblage dating to the Acheulean, whilst finds at Sidon III include a Heavy Neolithic assemblage suggested to date just prior to the invention of pottery. It was one of the most important Phoenician cities, and may have been the oldest. From here, and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. Homer praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass, purple dyes, and its women's skill at the art of embroidery. It was also from here that a colonizing party went to found the city of Tyre. Tyre also grew into a great city, and in subsequent years there was competition between the two, each claiming to be the metropolis ('Mother City') of Phoenicia. Glass manufacturing, Sidon's most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, and the production of purple dye was almost as important. The small shell of the Murex trunculus was broken in order to extract the pigment that was so rare it became the mark of royalty.

In AD 1855, the sarcophagus of King Eshmun’azar II was discovered. From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a "king of the Sidonians," probably in the 5th century BC, and that his mother was a priestess of ‘Ashtart, "the goddess of the Sidonians." In this inscription the gods Eshmun and Ba‘al Sidon 'Lord of Sidon' (who may or may not be the same) are mentioned as chief gods of the Sidonians. ‘Ashtart is entitled ''‘Ashtart-Shem-Ba‘al'' '‘Ashtart the name of the Lord', a title also found in an Ugaritic text.

In the years before Jesus, Sidon had many conquerors: Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and finally Romans. Herod the Great visited Sidon. Both Jesus and Saint Paul are said to have visited it too (see ''Biblical Sidon'' below). The city was eventually conquered by the Arabs and then by the Ottoman Turks.

Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors. At the end of the Persian era in 351 BC, it was invaded by the emperor Artaxerxes III and then by Alexander the Great in 333 BC when the Hellenistic era of Sidon began. Under the successors of Alexander, it enjoyed relative autonomy and organized games and competitions in which the greatest athletes of the region participated. In the Necropolis of Sidon, important finds such as the Alexander Sarcophagus, the Lycian tomb and the Sarcophagus of the Crying Women were discovered, which are now on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum in Istanbul.

When Sidon fell under Roman domination, it continued to mint its own silver coins. The Romans also built a theater and other major monuments in the city. In the reign of Elagabalus a Roman colonia was established there, and it was given the name of Colonia Aurelia Pia Sidon. During the Byzantine period, when the great earthquake of AD 551 destroyed most of the cities of Phoenicia, Beirut's School of Law took refuge in Sidon. The town continued quietly for the next century, until it was conquered by the Arabs in AD 636.

On December 4, 1110 Sidon was sacked in the First Crusade by King Baldwin of Jerusalem and King Sigurd of Norway. It then became the centre of the Lordship of Sidon, an important seigneury in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. During the Crusades it was sacked several times: it was finally destroyed by the Saracens in 1249. In 1260 it was again destroyed by the Mongols. The remains of the original walls are still visible.

After Sidon came under Ottoman Turkish rule in the seventeenth century, it regained a great deal of its earlier commercial importance. After World War I it became part of the French Mandate of Lebanon. During World War II the city, together with the rest of Lebanon, was captured by British forces fighting against the Vichy French, and following the war it became a major city of independent Lebanon.

Following the Palestinian exodus in 1948, a considerable number of Palestinian refugees arrived in Sidon, as in other Lebanese cities, and were settled at the large refugee camps of Ein el-Hilweh and Mieh Mieh. At first these consisted of enormous rows of tents, but gradually houses were constructed. The refugee camps constituted de-facto neighborhoods of Sidon, but had a separate legal and political status which made them into a kind of enclaves. At the same time, the remaining Jews of the city fled, and the Jewish cemetery fell into disrepair, threatened by coastal erosion.

Sidon today

Although Sidon in 1900 was a small fishing town of 10,000 inhabitants, studies in 2000 showed a population of 65,000 in the city and around 200,000 in the metropolitan area. The little level land around the city is used for cultivation of some wheat, vegetables and fruits, especially citrus and bananas. The fishing in the city remains active with a newly opened fishery that sells fresh fish by bidding every morning. The ancient basin is transformed into a fishing port while a small quay was constructed to receive small commercial vessels.

Saida International Stadium was inaugurated in 2000 for the Asian Football Confederation's Cup 2000.

The Makab

Near the southern entrance to the city lies a 'rubbish mountain' called the Makab, a 600,000 cubic meter heap that reaches the height of a four-storey building. Originally created to dispose of the remains of buildings destroyed in Israeli air strikes during the 1982 invasion, it is now the main dump for the city. Growing out of the sea, it has become an environmental hazard, with medical waste and plastic bags polluting nearby fishing grounds.

The Ministry of Environment has recently, however, come up a $50,000+ plan to clean the whole area and transform the soon to become "former dump" into a green space, along with other heap's in the country. Qamla beach in Sidon, a coast in close proximity to the Sea Castle, witnessed a large municipal clean up in May 2011 as it was an easy target of rubbish being washed up by the Makab. These plans will revive the city's coasts' former glory and attract tourists who avoided swimming in Sidon's sea before.

Old City

The historical core of Sidon is a Mamluk-era old city that extends between the Sea Castle and the St. Louis Castle. Located on a promontory jutting into the sea, this walled medieval city is very well-preserved and is still inhabited today. The old City resembles a vaulted maze with narrow alleyways and winding streets. Arched pathways connect the different neighborhoods of the city. On street level, numerous souvenir shops and mini-markets can be found with old-thumb|left|Carpenter's Alley inside the Old City fashioned bakeries making crunchy whole-wheat bread, called "Kaak". A lot of the alleys take the name of their residents' occupations like the "Carpenters' Alley" and the "Tailors' Alley". Several mosques dating back to the Umayyad Era are still preserved and are open to the public. A number of TV series and Music Videos have been filmed inside the Old city of Sidon. Being of great historical and architectural significance, the Old City went through a lot of renovations and there is still of restoring to be done.

Administrative divisions

The city of Sidon is administrated by the Municipality of Sidon. The municipality is constituted of a council of 21 members including the City Mayor and his Deputy. It has administrative and financial independence but remains under the control and supervision of the central government, specifically the Ministry of Interior. The municipality's jurisdiction is limited to a region of 786 hectares in area and 5 meters in elevation, while each of the city's suburbs is administrated by its own independent municipal council. Sidon is the center of the Governorate of South Lebanon, and hosts the seat of the Governor of Southern Lebanon. The city is also the center of the Sidon District and the Union of Sidon and Zahrani Municipalities (founded in 1978 and contains 15 municipalities). Sidon hosts the southern regional headquarters of a series of governmental facilities like the Central Bank of Lebanon, Électricité du Liban, Central Telecommunications Station and others. It is also the home of the Justice Palace of South Lebanon in its new headquarters on East Boulevard (the old headquarters were an old Ottoman serial that is currently occupied by the LSF and is planned to be transformed into a cultural center by the municipality).

In the 2000 and 2005 parliamentary elections, the Sidon District along with the Tyre and Bint Jbeil districts formed the first electoral district of South Lebanon. However, in the 2009 elections - and due to the reactivation of the 1960 electoral law - the city of Sidon was separated from its district to form a separate electoral district.

Religion and demographics

Sidon is a conservative city with a vast Sunni Muslim majority. Sunnis make up approximately (80%) of the local population; Shiites and Christians combined make up (20%). Sidon is the seat of the Greek Melkite Catholic Archbishop of Sidon and Deir el Qamar, and has housed a significant Catholic population throughout its history. Sidon also hosts the seats of the Sunni and the Shiite Muftis of South Lebanon.

! Religion	! Voters	! Percent (%)	! Religion	! Voters	! Percent (%)
Sunni	36163	79,7	Latin	82	0.2
Shiite	4888	10.8	Armenian Catholic	38	0.1
Druze	43	0.1	Chaldean	19	0.0
Alawite	2	0.0	Syriac Orthodox	18	0.0
Greek Melkite Catholic	1686	3.7	Syriac Catholic	17	0.0
Maronite	1513	3.3	Assyrian	4	0.0
Greek Orthodox	310	0.7	Copt	1	0.0
Armenian Orthodox	256	0.6	Other Christians	19	0.0
Evangelicals	171	0.4	Unspecified	161	0.4

Main sights

Sidon Sea Castle, a fortress built by the Crusaders in the early 13th century. It is located near the Port of Sidon.

Sidon Soap Museum. It traces the history of the soap making in the region and its different manufacturing steps.

''Khan el Franj'' (“Caravanserai of the French”), built by Emir Fakhreddine in the 17th century to accommodate French merchants and goods in order to develop trade with Europe. This is a typical khan with a large rectangular courtyard and a central fountain surrounded by covered galleries.

Debbane Palace, a historical residence built in 1721, an example of Arab-Ottoman architecture. It is currently in the process of being transformed into the History Museum of Sidon.

Old Souk, a historical vaulted market stretching between the Sea Castle and the Castle of St. Louis.

The Castle of St. Louis (''Qalaat Al Muizz''). It was built by the Crusaders in the 13th century on top of the remains of a fortress built by the Fatimid caliph Al Muizz. It is located to the south of old souks near Murex hill.

Eshmun Temple, dedicated to the Phoenician God of healing. Built in the 7th century BC, it is located in the north of Sidon near the Awali river.

The Ziri, a tiny rocky island located 1.5 km off the coastline of Sidon. In ancient times, it was used as a breakwater for the protection of ships and fleets. The island is a preferred destination for the locals who come here for picnics and swimming. The island is accessed by several ferry boats from the port of Sidon.

Our Lady of Mantara, or Our Lady of Awaiting, a Christian shrine dedicated to the veneration of the Virgin Mary. It is located on a 400 m high green hill overlooking Sidon. The shrine is built on a small cave where it is the believed that the Virgin Mary stayed and prayed while Jesus went preaching in Sidon. The shrine is composed of a Marian tower - with a Bronze statue of Mary on top - and a Large Catholic Basilica, the 3rd largest church in the Middle East.

The Corniche is a seaside promenade that extends for about 7&nsbp;km along the city's coast. The Corniche is a popular destination for walkers, joggers, skaters and bikers. Push cart vendors offer an array of local snacks and drinks.

The Largest Lebanese Flag. On Lebanon's 66th Independence Day, Sidon witnessed the erection of the largest Lebanese flag. The flag is 12 meters long and 6 meters wide, and was erected on a 21 meter high pole. The flag was raised on the intersection of Rafik Hariri Boulevard and Riyad Solh Street, and is easily accessible from the Corniche. The flag was painted by 66 students from the city.

The ''Bahaa El-Dine'' Mosque. Financed by Rafik Hariri and named after his father, the mosque is a 21st-century take on Istanbul's Ottoman Mosques. Located on a roundabout on the city's northern entrance, the mosque is an architectural gem that dots the city's skyline. The mosque with its authentic Arabesque designs, interior Islamic inscriptions, inner courtyards, Mecca-styled minarets and awe-inspiring 36-meter-high dome is a non-miss landmark in the city.

Shopping and entertainment

Sidon contains several shopping venues boasting local and international brands, as well as a handful of food and beverage outlets like the "Spinneys" and "BSAT" supermarkets. Traditional Coffeeshops serving Turkish coffee and the fruit-flavored Hubble Bubble occupy the seafront of the Old City while modern restaurants, especially those that serve Lebanese and Italian cuisine, are centered in the new city. From McDonald's and KFC to Starbucks, Burger King and Pizza Hut, several western chains have opened at least one branch in the city, with more opening in the near future. Traditional Oriental sweets are Sidon's speciality with regionally renowned sweetshops found all over the city.

Shopping is concentrated within two areas: East Boulevard, and the city center. From the high-end designer stores of Pierre Cardin and Christian Dior to stores directed to low and middle-income consumers, clothing stores in Sidon cater to all tastes and needs. Several other international clothing brands could be found in the city. These include ALDO, Jack & Jones, Vero Moda, Springfield, Timberland, Zara, Mango, Pull and Bear, Mothercare, Bossini, H&M;, Benetton, and GS. Some of these stores could be found in the 2 malls in the city, Saida Mall (24,000 sq meters) and Le Mall (12,000 sq meters), aside to kids entertainment facilities, cafes and restaurants.

Sidon also has a large Amusement Park near its southern entrance.

Health

According to 2006 numbers, Sidon contains approximately 1000 beds distributed among 9 hospitals. There is only one public hospital in the city while the rest are all private. The city also contains over a 100 medical clinics. Some of the medical institutions in the city are the among the most prominent in Lebanon. The first Heart-Transpant Operation ever to be performed in Lebanon was in the Hammoud Hospital in Sidon in 1999.

! Hospital	! Type	! Email
Labib Hospital	Private	N/A
Saida Governmental Hospital	Public	N/A
Al Janoub hospital	Private	N/A
Alaeddine hospital	Private	alaeddine_hpaterra.net
South Health Complex	Private	complexehospitalierdusud@chs-hospital.com
Dallaa hospital	Private	dallaahospital@hotmail.com
Al Nakib hospital	Private	N/A
Al Rai Hospital	Private	N/A
Hammoud hospital	Private	dhamoud@cyberia.net.lb
Jebeili hospital	Private	N/A

Education

Sidon is home to numerous educational facilities ranging from public elementary schools to private universities. According to a 2006 study, the city is home to 29 schools that serve a total of 18,731 students: 37% are in public schools, 63% are in private schools. Sidon also contains 10 universities, 5 of which are private universities.

! University	! Faculty	! Type
Lebanese University (LU)	Faculty of Law, Political Science and Public Administration	Public
University of Saint Joseph (USJ)	N/A	Private
American University of Lebanon (AUL)	N/A	Private
Al-Jinan University	N/A	Private
Lebanese University (LU)	Faculty of Public Health	Public
Lebanese University (LU)	Faculty of Literature and human Science	Public
Lebanese University (LU)	Institute of Social Sciences	Public
American University of Science and Technology	N/A	Private
Lebanese American University	N/A	Private
Lebanese University (LU)	Institute of Technology	Public

The Beirut Arab University declared recently that its future Sidon Campus will host its Faculty of Medicine.

Festivals and celebrations

The "Nights of the Khan" festival, consisting of a series of concerts and performances held in the Khan El-Franj in the Old City of Sidon. The festival takes place during the holy month of Ramadan. It is organized by the International Sidon Festivals Committee and the Hariri Foundation. The Festival hosts a wide array of artists and performers; it features Sufi art, poetry recitals, religious song medleys, Folkloric Lebanese and Palestinian dance groups. The festival was frequently attended by the Prime Minister of Lebanon, Tourism Minister, Education Minister, Culture Minister aside to numerous social, political and religious Lebanese figures.

The "Wedding of the City" is a street carnival held in Sidon in the El-Fitr Muslim Holiday. The carnival runs for three consecutive days and is organized by the International Sidon Festivals Committee and the Hariri Foundation. The Carnival takes place on a 300-meter-long section of the Coastal Highway -extending between the Sidon Sea Castle and the Port- that gets closed and transformed into a Pedestrian-only zone. Last summer, the carnival attracted more than 30,000 spectators on its 3rd day. The carnival features European and Local Acrobats, giant floating balloons, exotic dancers, a light and sound show...etc.

Independence Day Celebrations. Sidon played a significant role in Lebanon's quest for Independence in the early 1940s whether through its nationalist politicians or through its citizens' protests and demonstrations demanding Independence. Hence, On the 22nd of November of every year, Sidon celebrates Lebanon's Independence through a series of festivities that involve: a Military Parade in the Barracks of the Lebanese Army, an honorary reception in the city's serial held by the Governor, and a tribute to Sidong's independence figure Adel Osseiran. 2009's Independence day celebrations featured an extra festivity which is the erection of the largest Lebanese flag, on the city's northern entrance.

Oil and petroleum

Sidon serves as the Mediterranean terminus of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, a long oil pipeline that pumps oil from the fields near Abqaiq in Saudi Arabia. The pipeline played an important role in the global trade of petroleum—helping with the economic development of Lebanon—as well as American and Middle Eastern political relations. At the time it was built in 1947, the project was considered ground-breaking and innovative with a maximum capacity of about . After the 1967 Six-Day War and due to constant bickering between Saudi Arabia and Syria and Lebanon over transit fees, the emergence of oil supertankers, and pipeline breakdowns, the section of the line beyond Jordan ceased operation in 1976.

The city is the site of a large-scale oil facility constituting oil-storage tanks, an oil refinery, a thermal power plant and a fuel port. During the Lebanese civil war and the Israeli invasions, the site was bombarded several times either by Israeli war-planes or by Palestinian militia groups which lead eventually to the closure of the site. The oil tank and the refinery are in severe conditions but are now undergoing a massive rehabilitation plan put down by the Ministry of Power and Water Resources, as well as those in Tipoli in the north, to store Lebanon's future oil and natural gas supplies recently discovered offshore. For now, the facilities that still work on the site are the thermal power plant and the fuel port, which the state began to use to import oil after the pipeline ceased work in the 70's.

Politics

The Sectarian division in Sidon is evident. Although the locals have found some sort of understanding to settle together and coexist, the division managed to rise to the surface on several occasions. The city proper is largely occupied by Sunni Muslims, while Christians dwell in the densely populated suburbs, forming an urban belt that encircles the city. Shiite Muslims live in a large hilly terrian that extends south of the city.

This sectarian and demographic division rose to the surface during the Lebanese Civil War when armed clashes erupted between the pro-Palestinian Sunni Muslims and the anti-Palestinian Christians. The clashes ended with the surrender of the Christian front, and the Christians were forced to move to east Beirut. After the war ended in 1990, the Christians have gradually returned to their hometowns.

After the Hariri assassination in 2005, Lebanon was divided between two large coalitions: 14 March Coalition (anti-Syrian) & 8 March Coalition (pro-Syrian). Sidon, being the hometown of Rafik Hariri, supported the anti-Syrian bloc while the rest of the largely Shiite Zahrani region lined with Hezbollah. This sharp division led to severe clashes on 7 May 2008 in Beirut between the Sunnis and the Shiites, with minor altercations extending to Sidon.

In Sidon, the symbols of support for the Sunni contingent in politics manifests itself in large photos of Rafic and Sa'ad Hariri on buildings everywhere, as well as banners with slogans such as 'We will not allow scum to run our country'. In Sidon, Saudi Arabia is the dominant outside influence and it is said that Saudi money keeps the Lebanese economy afloat.

In the 2009 parliamentary elections, Sidong city was declared a separate electoral district in accordance with the 1960 electoral law. 2 Sunni Muslim seats were designated for the representation of the city in the Parliament. The battle was between 2 lists: the first included former Prime Minister Fouad Sanioura and Minister Bahia Hariri, the second list contained only one candidate Osama Saad, son of a prominent political family and Hariri's rival. After a tough battle between the 2 lists, the Pro-Hariri duo swept the city with 24,000 votes.

Archaeology

Sidon I is an archaeological site located to the east of the city, south of the road to Jezzine. An assemblage of flint tools was found by P. E. Gigues suggested to date between 3800 to 3200 BCE. The collection included narrow axes or chisels that were polished on one side and flaked on the other, similar to ones found at Ain Cheikh, Nahr Zahrani and Gelal en Namous. The collection appears to have gone missing from the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut.

Sidon II is said to be "near the church" at approximately fifty meters above sea level. P. E. Gigues suggested that the industry found on the surface of this site dated to the Acheulean.

Sidon III was found by E. Passemard in the 1920s, who made a collection of material that is now in the National Museum of Beirut marked "Camp de l'Aviation". It includes large flint and chert bifacials that may be of Heavy Neolithic origin.

Sidon IV is the tell mound of ancient Sidon with Early Bronze Age (3200 BCE -) deposits, now located underneath the ruined Château de St. Louis and what are also thought to be the ruins of a Roman theatre.

The Biblical Sidon

The Bible describes Sidon in several passages:

It received its name from the "first-born" of Canaan, the grandson of Noah (Genesis 10:15, 19).

The Tribe of Zebulun has a frontier on Sidon. (Gen. 49:13)

It was the first home of the Phoenicians on the coast of Canaan, and from its extensive commercial relations became a "great" city. (Joshua 11:8; 19:28).

It was the mother city of Tyre. It lay within the lot of the tribe of Asher, but was never subdued (Judges 1:31).

The Sidonians long oppressed Israel (Judges 10:12).

From the time of David its glory began to wane, and Tyre, its "virgin daughter" (Isaiah 23:12), rose to its place of pre-eminence.

Solomon entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Sidonians, and thus their form of idolatrous worship found a place in the land of Israel (1 Kings 11:1, 33).

Jezebel was a Sidonian princess (1 Kings 16:31).

It was famous for its manufactures and arts, as well as for its commerce (1 Kings 5:6; 1 Chronicles 22:4; Ezekiel 27:8).

It is frequently referred to by the prophets (Isaiah 23:2, 4, 12; Jeremiah 25:22; 27:3; 47:4; Ezekiel 27:8; 28:21, 22; 32:30; Joel 3:4).

Elijah sojourned in Sidon, performing miracles (1 Kings 17:9-24; ). Jesus visited the "coasts" of Tyre and Sidon (; ) and from this region many came forth to hear him preaching (Mark 3:8; Luke 6:17), leading to the stark contrast in to Korazin and Bethsaida.

From Sidon, at which the ship put in after leaving Caesarea, Paul finally sailed for Rome (Acts 27:3, 4).

Sanchuniathon

The account ascribed to the Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon makes Sidon a daughter of Pontus, son of Nereus. She is said there to have first invented musical song from the sweetness of her voice.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Sidon is twinned with: Constanţa, Romania Sofia, Bulgaria Sochi, Russia

Notable people

Dorotheus (1st century BC) Greek astrologer.

Zeno of Sidon, an Epicurean philosopher of the 1st century BC, who was born in the city of Sidon in Phoenicia.

Fouad Sanioura, former Prime Minister of Lebanon.

Adel Osseiran, co-founder of modern Lebanon.

Rafic Hariri, former Prime Minister and late leader of the Future Movement.

Sheikh Mohamad Osseiran, Jaafari Mufti of Sidon.

Riad Solh, former Prime Minister of Lebanon who also participated in Lebanon's independence from the French.

Takkie El Dine Solh, former Prime Minister, died in Paris.

Sami Solh, former Prime Minister of Lebanon.

Rashid Solh, former Prime Minister of Lebanon.

Raymond Audi, former Minister of Refugees, Siniora former government of Lebanon.

Bahia Hariri, former Minister of Education in the Siniora government of Lebanon. Bahia Hariri is the only sister of the late Prime Minister Rafic Hariri. Presently, Bahia Hariri is a member of the Lebanese Parliament as she was re-elected in June 2009.

Saad Hariri, former Prime Minister of Lebanon.

Maarouf Saad, former deputy representing Sidon in the national parliament and founder of the Popular Nasserite Party. Assassinated in 1975.

Moustapha Saad, son of Maarouf Saad and former deputy representing Sidon in the national parliament.

Ousama Saad, son of Maarouf Saad and current deputy representing Sidon in the national parliament.

References

Additional notes taken from ''Collier's Encyclopedia'' (1967 edition)

External links

Sidonianews (Sidon News Portal)

Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Sidon

Destination Lebanon: Sidon

Fondation Audi (includes a virtual tour of The Soap Museum and other heritage sites in the Old City)

Sam Houston State University: Nicholas C. J. Pappas: The Inscription on the Sarcophagus of the Phoenician King Eshmunazar

Notes on Sidon

Sidon excavations

watch "Isti'mariyah - windward between Naples and Baghdad"

Category:Populated places in the South Governorate Category:Sidon District Category:Populated coastal places in Lebanon Category:Phoenician cities Category:Phoenician sites in Lebanon Category:Hebrew Bible cities Category:Torah cities Category:Hellenistic colonies Category:Ancient cities Category:Roman colonies Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Lebanon Category:Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC Category:Heavy Neolithic sites Category:Archaeological sites in Lebanon Category:Fertile Crescent

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Rabbi Karol Efraim Sidon (born August 9, 1942) is a Czech Rabbi, writer and playwright. He is the current chief rabbi of the city of Prague and of the Czech Republic.

Life

Born and raised in Prague he began studying at the ''Academy of Musical Art'' in Prague in 1960 where he began writing film scripts, and radio plays for Czech public radio - Český rozhlas. Up to 1968 he worked as a producer for Czech puppeteer Jiří Trnka. In the same year, Sidon's first book, "Sen o mém otci" ("Dream about my father") was published, in which the author deals with his being brought up without his Jewish father Alexander Sidon, who perished in the Terezín ghetto (his wife was a Christian). In 1977 he was a signatory to Charter 77. He received the Jiří Kolář prize in 1978.

In 1983 he emigrated to West Germany and converted to Judaism after studying Jewish studies at the Heidelberg university. He became ordained as a Rabbi after studying for a time in Israel. He returned to the Czech republic in 1992, where he became chief rabbi of Prague. He is married to Marcela Třebická, and is the father of the actress Magdalena Sidonová.

Tensions

thumb|left|200px|Karol Sidon in 2006In Prague in 2005 tensions developed between Chabad members and its rabbi Rabbi Manis Barash and Efraim Sidon. The Old New Synagogue in Prague's ancient Jewish Quarter became the scene of an emotional dispute between members of the Chabad movement and locals backing Karol Sidon, chief rabbi of the Czech Republic. The conflict led to violent brawls and hospitalisations on a number of occasions. Sidon was eventually returned to his post. In 2004 Tomáš Jelínek, the director of the community council, incompetently fired Sidon as Rabbi of Prague giving the post to young Chabad rabbi Manis Barash. A grassroots campaign from community members led to the deposition of Jelinek as the community director. Jelinek then asked a religious arbiter in Israel to rule on the case who ruled in favor of Rabbi Barash. Sidon's supporters argued that the case was void since Jelinek had lied to the Judge telling him that the community board had been behind his actions in firing Sidon and appointing Barash. However on 21 November 2005 he was reelected as the chief Rabbi of the city following the protracted dispute with Chabad. Deputy chairman of the community Jakub Roth told the press: "this is part of the local Chabad’s striving to take over the community’s religious life. We have seen an ugly foray of Chabad in their attempt to take over the Old-New synagogue."

Works

''Sen o mém otci'', 1968, (Dream about My Father)

''Sen o mně'', 1970, (Dream about Myself)

''Boží osten'', 1975, (The Sting of God)

''Brány mrazu'', 1977, (Gates of Frost)

''Dvě povídky o utopencích'', 1988, (Two Stories about the Drowned People)

''Gospel podle Josefa Flavia'', 1974, (The Gospel According to Josephus Flavius)

Plays

''Zákon'', 1968, (The Law)

''Labyrint (cirkus podle Komenského),'' 1972, (Labyrinth, Circus According to Comenius)

''Shapira'', 1972, (Shapira)

''Zpívej mi na cestu'', (Sing Me for the Trip)

''Maringotka Zuzany Kočové'', (Caravan of Zuzana Kočová)

Children's books

''Pohádky ze čtyř šuplíčků, 1979, (Fairy Tales from Four Drawers) (appeared under the name of his wife Marcela Třebická).

Filmography

''Bohemia Docta aneb Labyrint světa a lusthauz srdce'' (2000) (Bohemia Docta or Labyrinth of the World and Lusthauz of the Hearh)

''Adam a Gabriel'' (1973) (Adam and Gabriel)

''Dovidenia v pekle priatelia'' (1970) (Goodbye in Hell Friends)

''Ptáčkové, sirotci a blázni'' (1969) (Birds, Orphants and Fools)

''Zběhové a poutníci'' (1968) (Deserters and Pilgrims)

Citations

External links

# German National Library (German)">Literature by Karol Sidon in the catalog of the German National Library (German)

Category:Converts to Judaism Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Czech Jews Category:Czech writers Category:University of Heidelberg alumni Category:Czech Orthodox rabbis Category:Alumni of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague Category:Charter 77 signatories Category:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

cs:Karol Sidon de:Karol Sidon sk:Karol Sidon

Coordinates	26°16′″N50°09′″N
Name	Alexander Oliver
Birth date	November 30, 1744
Death date	September 02, 1828
Birth place	Sherborn, Massachusetts
Death place	Point Pleasant, Ohio
Placeofburial	Clermont County, Ohio
Placeofburial label	Place of burial
Allegiance
Branch	Continental Army
Serviceyears	1775-1783
Rank	Colonel
Unit	13th Massachusetts RegimentJeduthan Baldwin's Artillery Artificer Regiment5th Massachusetts Regiment
Battles	American Revolutionary WarBunker HillSiege of BostonBattle of Valcour IslandBattle of SaratogaBattle of MonmouthBattle of Rhode Island
Relations	Andrew Oliver, Thomas Oliver
Laterwork	Explorer, Founder of Belpre, Ohio }}

Alexander Oliver (November 30, 1744 – September 2, 1828) was an American soldier who fought during the Revolutionary War.

Background and the American Revolution

Oliver was born in Sherborn, Massachusetts, to Launcelot Oliver and Mary Walker. Before the war he married Mary Warner, third cousin of Seth Warner and seventh cousin of George Washington. His decision to fight against the British was very much disliked by part of his family, mainly because his second cousin was Andrew Oliver, a Massachusetts politician who was commissioned to enforce the Stamp Act in Massachusetts, and another cousin more distant this time Thomas Oliver would become Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. He was made a corporal of 13th Massachusetts Regiment raised by Colonel Samuel Brewer, while in the 13th he fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Valcour Island and Battle of Saratoga where he led a group of men to capture general John Burgoyne. Then he was Regimental Quartermaster of Jeduthan Baldwin's Artillery Artificer Regiment, then an Ensign or Second lieutenant in the 5th Massachusetts Regiment, then a Lieutenant, and then a Colonel for Massachusetts. Alexander Oliver was in charge of recruiting men to fight all around Massachusetts. Oliver was a participant in the Boston Tea Party. Alexander was also in George Washington's staff at Dorchester Heights and was near him as they marched into Boston.

He was also the third great grandson of Thomas Oliver one of the first Olivers in the Colonies and a Ruling Elder of the Church of Boston.

Ohio River Expedition

Oliver and major Nathan Goodale were sent with an exploring committee down the Ohio River into the Kanawha River for about six weeks to find out as much information as possible on the area, traveling through present day West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina on the way.

Moving to Ohio

After arriving in Ohio Oliver helped found Belpre, Ohio along with thirteen other Revolutionary War veterans. After leaving Belpre he moved to Point Pleasant, Ohio where he later died.

Family

Oliver had eleven children with Mary Warner; one of his notable descendants is his granddaughter who married Admiral Raphael Semmes.

Citations

Daughters of the American Revolution's "Lineage Book Volume 41" (1928) Pg. 244

Gerald Faulkner Shepard's "The Shepard Families of New England" (1973) Pg. 125

Egbert Cleave's "Cleave's Biographical Cyclopaedia of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons" (1873) Pg. 345

William Thomas Roberts Saffell's "Records of the Revolutionary War: Containing the Military and Financial Correspondence of Distinguished Officers" (1894) Pg. 429

Samuel Crocker Cobb's "An Historical Address Delivered on the Occasion of the Centennial Celebration at Boston, Massachusetts" (1883) Pg. 45

Cornelius Evarts Dickinson and Samuel Prescott Hildreth's "A History of Belpre, Washington County, Ohio" (1920) Pg. 191

See also

Andrew Oliver

Thomas Oliver (Lieutenant Governor)

American Revolutionary War

Seth Warner

References

External links

Wing Family of America, descendants

Category:1744 births Category:1828 deaths Category:Continental Army officers from Massachusetts Category:People from Washington County, Ohio

Coordinates	26°16′″N50°09′″N
name	Salzburg Airport
nativename	W. A. Mozart Airport
nativename-r	LOWS - Salzburg Airport - W. A. Mozart
image-width	200
iata	SZG
icao	LOWS Location of airport in Austria
type	Public
operator	Salzburger Flughafen GmbH
location	Salzburg
elevation-f	1,411
elevation-m	430
coordinates
website	engl.salzburg-airport.com
metric-elev	Y
metric-rwy	Y
r1-number	16/34
r1-length-f	9,022
r1-length-m	2,750
r1-surface	Concrete
stat-year	2009
stat1-header	Total Passengers
stat1-data	1,552,154
stat2-header	Aircraft Movements
stat2-data	19,456
footnotes	Sources: EUROCONTROLPassenger and Movement Statistics from Salzburg Airport }}

Salzburg Airport or W. A. Mozart Airport is the second largest airport in Austria.

''Salzburg Airport'' presents itself as a modern regional airport, which creates jobs and plays an ever increasing role as a strong investor in the economy and the tourist industry. The airport, named after Salzburg-born composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is located west-southwest from the centre of Salzburg and from the Austrian-German border.

The airport is a gateway to Austria's numerous and vast ski areas, including the Ski Amadé region, the largest network of linked ski resorts in Europe.

The airport is jointly owned by the City of Salzburg (25%) and The State of Salzburg (75%). As of 2001 it was valued at € 22,000,000.

Salzburg trolleybus lines 2 and 8, each with service every 10 minutes, connect the airport to the rest of Salzburg's public transportation system. The main station is reachable in about 25 minutes and the inner city in about 30 minutes.

History

Pre-World War II

In 1910, the first powered aircraft taxied on to the new race track in Salzburg-Aigen for the very first time. In 1926, Deutsche Luft Hansa inaugurated the Munich-Salzburg-Bad Reichenhall route. In 1927, the Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck route was started by ÖLAG (Austrian Aviation AG). In one of the earlier incidents Luft Hansa, which flew the London-Brussels-Frankfurt-Munich-Vienna route with Sabena, made a forced landing in Salzburg. 1939 saw the introduction of the Berlin-Prague-Salzburg-Venice and Munich-Salzburg-Klagenfurt-Ljubljana-Rijeka routes which were planned for the summer schedule.

The war years

At the start of World War II, on 1 September 1939, Salzburg Airport was seized and in 1943 the "Luftgaukommando VII" in Munich was put in charge of it. In the autumn of 1944 the newly developed fighter jet Messerschmitt Me 262 appeared. When the United States Air Force first bombed the city of Salzburg on 16 October 1944, with a subsequent 15 air attacks on the city, the airport remained undamaged. Salzburg Airport was the first Austrian airport which managed to become a part of European scheduled traffic again.

Post war

On 1 August 1958, a control tower was put into operation after a 15 month construction period and a new terminal was opened in 1966. While 1978 saw the first landing of a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 it was in 1984 when the first Boeing 767 (Braathens from Norway) and an Air France Concorde first appeared at the airport. The airport reached the target of 1,265,000 passengers in 2000, and British Airways announced flights to Salzburg from London. These flights were cancelled a year later. Also in 2001, low-cost carrier Ryanair landed at Salzburg, its first Austrian destination. This was also the first time an Austrian airport hosted a low-cost carrier. Aer Lingus commenced flights to Salzburg from Dublin for their winter schedule in 2005. In 2006, Ryanair started services to Charleroi, which ended in 2007, and Dublin. They also announced routes to Rome and Istanbul. British Airways restarted flights to London Gatwick Airport on 1 December.

Transportation

The airport is located 3km from the city-center. Regional buses to take you to the city are: Salzburg trolleybus no.2 to Salzburg Hauptbahnhof, Salzburg trolleybus no.8 to Salzburg city centre and Salzburg bus no.27 to Wals/Viehhausen. The route map is available to download here. Salzburg Hauptbahnhof is approximately 10-15 minutes away by bus. In winter Salzburg is a popular getaway for winter sports. The airport offers many transfer services to popular resorts, visit airport website to get contacts.

Facilities

The airport provides these passenger services: left-luggage office and luggage lockers, play area for children together with baby changing failities, an exchange and post offices, a small health centre. Wireless internet service is provided free of charge.

Traffic statistics

+ Passenger statistics for Salzburg Airport	Year !! Total Passengers !! % change
! 2005	1,695,430
2006	1,878,266
2007	1,946,422
2008	1,809,601
2009	1,552,154

Parking

Indoor and outdoor parking facilities are available. There is a parking garage offering 1,921 roofed spaces. Additional 1,230 parking spaces are within 5 minutes from the terminals. Detailed info, parking plans and fees can be found on the airport website.

Future developments

A new terminal for winter ski charter operations (Terminal 2) which only operates on Saturdays has been opened. The new terminal 2 however has very limited passenger facilities both landside and airside and is rather sparse, compared to the original more vibrant terminal 1 offering better facilities. There is a small shop located in the airside of terminal 2. A new 100% hold baggage screening facility and the installation of a brand new baggage sorting system is under development and the airport is now concentrating on landside developments, including the extension of the existing car park structure, which has been doubled in size to accommodate 1,900 cars.

Airlines and destinations

{{airport-dest-list |Aer Lingus | Seasonal Charter: Cork [begins 24 December], Dublin [begins 24 December] |Aeroflot | Seasonal: Moscow-Sheremetyevo |Air Berlin | Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Hamburg |Air VIA | Seasonal: Burgas |Austrian Airlines operated by Tyrolean Airways |Frankfurt, Vienna |Austrian operated by Lauda Air | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Seasonal: Corfu, Dalaman, Santorini, Zakynthos |British Airways | London-Gatwick |Cimber Sterling | Seasonal: Aalborg, Billund, Copenhagen |Cirrus Airlines | Zürich |Czech Airlines | Seasonal: Dublin |EasyJet | London-Gatwick Seasonal: Bristol, Liverpool, London-Luton [begins 17 December] |Estonian Air | Seasonal: Tallinn |Europe Airpost | Dublin |Flybe | Southampton Seasonal: Belfast-City, Dublin [begins 24 December], Exeter |Germanwings | Cologne/Bonn |Jet2 | Seasonal: Edinburgh, Leeds-Bradford, Manchester |Jettime | Seasonal: Copenhagen |Kavminvodyavia | Seasonal: Moscow-Vnukovo |Malmö Aviation | Seasonal: Gothenburg-City, Malmö |Monarch | Seasonal: London-Gatwick, Manchester |Niki | Fuerteventura, Hurghada, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Moscow-Domodedovo [begins 24 December], Palma de Mallorca, Sharm el-Sheikh, Tenerife-South Seasonal charter: Billund, Copenhagen Seasonal: Antalya, Corfu, Heraklion, Ibiza, Kos, Luxor, Rhodes |Norwegian Air Shuttle | Bergen, Copenhagen, Oslo-Gardermoen, Stavanger, Stockholm, Warsaw |Rossiya | Seasonal: St Petersburg |Ryanair | London-Stansted Seasonal: Dublin |Sky Airlines | Antalya |Sky Express | Seasonal: Moscow-Vnukovo |SunExpress | Antalya |TAROM | Seasonal: Bucharest-Henri Coandă |Thomas Cook Airlines | Seasonal: Birmingham, Bristol, London-Gatwick, Manchester |Thomson Airways | Birmingham, Bournemouth, Bristol, Doncaster-Sheffield, East Midlands, Glasgow-International, London-Gatwick, London Luton, London-Stansted, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne Seasonal: Exeter |Transaero Airlines | Seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo |Transavia | Brussels Seasonal: Eindhoven, Rotterdam, Groningen |Tunisair | Seasonal: Monastir |Ukraine International | Seasonal: Kiev-Boryspil |VIM Airlines |Seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo |Vladivostok Air | Charter: Moscow-Vnukovo |Wind Rose Aviation | Seasonal: Kiev-Boryspil |Yamal Airlines | Seasonal: Moscow-Domodedovo }}

References

External links

Salzburg Airport website (English)

Salzburg Airport website (German)

Project of Salzburg Airport Center

Salzburg AviationSpotter more informations about the traffic on the airport, available in german and english

Category:Airports in Austria Airport

da:Salzburg Airport W. A. Mozart de:Flughafen Salzburg es:Aeropuerto de Salzburgo eo:Flughaveno Salzburg fr:Aéroport Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart de Salzbourg it:Aeroporto di Salisburgo ms:Lapangan Terbang Salzburg ja:ザルツブルク空港 pl:Port lotniczy Salzburg ru:Аэропорт Зальцбург имени В. А. Моцарта sl:Letališče Salzburg fi:Salzburgin lentoasema sv:Salzburgs flygplats vi:Sân bay Salzburg zh:萨尔茨堡沃尔夫冈·阿马多伊斯·莫扎特机场

Emeline Michel (born in Gonaïves) is a Haitian singer who has been called "The Joni Mitchell of Haiti, she's the most popular female haitian singer, her best known song is Akiko." She sang a version of Jimmy Cliff's Many Rivers to Cross at Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief.she's a national treasure,her beautiful voice gives hope to haitians..

References

External links

Emiline Michel's official site

Category:Haitian musicians Category:Haitian women Category:People from Gonaïves Category:Living people

ht:Emeline Michel