Group	Polish people ''(Polacy)''
Population	ca. 60 million (est.)
Popplace	36,983,720
Region1
Pop1	8,977,235
Ref1
Region2
Pop2	1,500,000 - 2,000,000
Ref2
Region3
Pop3	1,500,000
Ref3
Region4
Pop4	1,250,000
Ref4
Region5
Pop5	984,565
Ref5
Region6
Pop6	900,000
Ref6
Region7
Pop7	500,000 - 560,000
Ref7
Region8
Pop8	500,000
Ref8
Region9
Pop9	294,549
Ref9
Region10
Pop10	212,800
Ref10
Region11
Pop11	200,000
Ref11
Region15
Pop15	78,340
Ref15
Region12
Pop12	144,130
Ref12
Region13
Pop13	120,000
Ref13
Region14
Pop14	100,000
Ref14
Region16
Pop16	78,305
Ref16
Ref
Region17
Pop17	73,000
Ref17
Region18
Pop18	51,968
Ref18
Region19
Pop19	50,960
Ref19
Region20
Pop20	50,000
Ref20
Region23
Pop23	34,057
Ref23
Region22
Pop22	39,500
Ref22
Region24
Pop24	30,000
Ref24
Region25
Pop25	67,518
Ref25
Region26
Pop26	21,000
Ref26
Region27
Pop27	10,540
Ref27
Region28
Pop28	5,300
Ref28
Region29
Pop29	4,174
Ref29
Region30
Pop30	3,671
Ref30
Region31
Pop31	3,000
Ref31
Region33
Pop33	2,200
Ref33
Region34
Pop34	1,000
Ref34
Region34
Pop35	300
Ref35
Region36	Rest of world
Pop36	1,200 (est.)
Ref36
Languages	Polish
Rels	Predominantly Roman Catholicism, also Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Judaism.
Related-c	related ethno-linguistic people group: Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs }}

thumb|right|180px|The state flag of Poland as used by Polish government and diplomatic authorities The Polish people, or Poles ( ; singular: ''Polak''), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "''Polak''" (masculine) and "''Polka''" (feminine).

The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in seven major historic regions: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.

Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.

Proto-European lineage

Polish people show the characteristic R1a genes of a common Paleolithic male ancestorship at a frequency of 55.9-56.4%. This lineage includes haplotype Eu19 distinguished by M17 lineage. Its frequency increases eastward from south-western France and reaches a maximum in Poland, Hungary, and west Ukraine. They were not racially homogeneous, but composed of mixtures of the types, according to Czekanowski, with a few trivial exceptions. Before 1939 the inhabitants of Poland were divided between four distinct types — the Nordic, Alpine, Mediterranean and Armenoid neighbors or brothers. Some of these types centred around Western Poland, Masovia, Pomerania, Volhynia and Greater Poland. The Mediterranean and Alpine types were mainly represented in Silesia and Lesser Poland.

As a result of genocide on Polish lands, evacuation, repatriation, and expulsion during and after World War II, and territorial changes which were assigned by the Big Three allies to Poland after World War II. as well as the ensuing mass migrations and border shifts, "the population of Poland became one of the most ethnically homogeneous in the world," according to Encyclopædia Britannica. "In addition, minority ethnic identity was not cultivated publicly until after the collapse of communism in 1989." The CIA World Factbook defines the ethnic composition of Poland as being 96.7% Polish with 0.4% Germans, 0.1% Belarusians, 0.1%, Ukrainians, and 2.7% other and unspecified (2002 census). The present-day homogeneity contrasts with the World War II period, informs the U.S. Department of State: "when there were significant ethnic minorities - 4.5 million Ukrainians, 3 million Jews, 1 million Belarusians, and 800,000 Germans." The majority of Poland's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Most Germans left ahead of the Nazi-Soviet front, while most Ukrainians and Belarusians remained in territories incorporated into the USSR. "Small Ukrainian, Belarusian, Slovakian, and Lithuanian minorities reside along the Polish borders, and a German minority is concentrated near the southwest city of Opole."

In the first half of the 16th century, the historian Marcin Kromer in his work ''De Situ Polonia; et gente Polona'' (dedicated to King Henry III of France), wrote: "colors for faces of Polish people (peasants) were white, yellowish or whitish hair, handsome figure, with average height"

The research conducted in 1955 had shown that 55% of Poles have light hair (16-12 scale of Fischer–Saller), and about 72% have light eyes (A-P scale of Fischer–Saller). By the end of the 20th century, heights averaged at 178 cm (5'10") for 20-year-old males, and 166 cm (5'5") for 20-year-old females.

Statistics

Polish people are the sixth largest national group in European Union. Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a total number of around 60 million people worldwide (with roughly 21 million living outside of Poland, many of whom are not of Polish ethnicity, but Polish nationals). There are almost 39 million Poles in Poland alone. There are also Polish minorities in the surrounding countries including Germany, and indigenous minorities in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. There are some smaller indigenous minorities in nearby countries such as Moldova and Latvia. There is also a Polish minority in Russia which includes indigenous Poles as well as those forcibly deported during and after World War II; the total number of Poles in what was the former Soviet Union is estimated at up to 3 million.

The term "Polonia" is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders, officially estimated at around 10 to 20 million. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States, Canada, and Brazil. France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century. In the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation or later Soviet rule.

In the United States a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago, Ohio, Detroit, New York City, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and New England. The highest concentration of Poles in the United States is in New Britain, Connecticut. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II. The number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the fall of Communism in 1989. In Brazil the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State. The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world (after Chicago) and Polish music, dishes and culture are quite common in the region.

In recent years, since joining the European Union, many Polish people have emigrated to countries such as Ireland, where an estimated 200,000 Polish people have entered the labour market. It is estimated that over half a million Polish people have come to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work freely throughout the EU and not just in the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden where they have had limited rights since Poland's EU accession in 2004. The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to a total number of 120,000, making Poles the largest immigrant group in Norway.

Before World War II many Polish Jews became followers of Zionism and subsequently emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. Following the Holocaust, the vast majority of surviving Polish Jews moved to Israel. Poland is the largest single place of origin of Israeli Jews. :''(for ethnic Poles living abroad see Polonia, for those living and working in the United Kingdom see Polish British)''

Culture

The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1000 year history Located in Central Europe, its unique character developed as a result of its geography at the confluence of fellow Central European cultures (German, Western Ukrainian, Czech and Austrian) the Western European cultures (French and Dutch), Southern European cultures (Italian and Turkish), Northern European cultures (Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish) and Eastern European cultures (East Ukrainian and Russian) along cultural influence of the Jewish culture. Confluences were conveyed by immigrants (Jewish, German and Dutch), political alliances (with Lithuania, Hungary, Saxony, France and Sweden), conquests of the Polish state (Ukraine and Latvia) or conquerors of the Polish lands (Tsardom of Russia, Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy, later on Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary).

With origins in the culture of the Lechites, over time Polish culture has been profoundly influenced by its interweaving ties with the Germanic, Latinate and other ethnic groups and minorities living in Poland like the Jews. The people of Poland have traditionally been seen as hospitable to artists from abroad (especially Italy) and open to cultural and artistic trends popular in other European countries. Owing to this central location, the Poles came very early into contact with both civilizations - eastern and western, and as a result developed economically, culturally, and politically. A German general Helmut Carl von Moltke, in his ''Poland. A historical sketch'' (1885), stated that Poland prior to her partitions was "the most civilized country in Europe". In the 19th and 20th centuries the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity, experiencing severe crisis, especially during the II World War and in the coming years. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art, with all its complex nuances.

Language

Polish (język polski, polszczyzna) is a Lechitic languages and the official language of Poland. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of Poland, though numerous languages, speeches and dialects coexist along the standard Polish language. The Encyclopædia Britannica says that "Lekhitic languages, also spelled Lechitic , group of West Slavic languages composed of Polish, Kashubian and its archaic variant Slovincian, and the extinct Polabian language. All these languages except Polish are sometimes classified as a Pomeranian subgroup. In the early Middle Ages, before their speakers had become Germanized, Pomeranian languages and dialects were spoken along the Baltic in an area extending from the lower Vistula River to the lower Oder River. Kashubian and Slovincian survived into the 20th century; there were still a considerable number of native speakers of Kashubian in Poland and Canada in the 1990s. The extinct Polabian language, which bordered the Sorbian dialects in eastern Germany, was spoken by the Slavic population of the Elbe River region until the 17th or 18th century; a dictionary and some phrases written in the language exist".

Religion

Most Poles living in Poland, by far, adhere to the Christian faith, majority belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox, Jehovah's Witnesses, various Protestant and Judaism.

Exonyms

Among the exonyms not native to the Polish people or language are: лях (''lyakh'') used in East Slavic languages. Today, the word ''Lachy'' is used by Eastern Slavs as synonyms for "Poles" and "Poland". The foreign exonyms include also: Lithuanian ''Lenkai'', Hungarian ''Lengyelek'' and Turkish ''Leh'' (now considered obsolete and replaced by ''Polonya''). The former became the basis for Poland exonyms in a number of other Middle Eastern languages, including: Armenian Լեհաստան, ''Lehastan''; Persian, Tajik لهستان, ''Lahestan''.

Polish tribes

The following is a list of Polish tribes—tribes which constituted the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages, at the beginning of the Polish state. Some of them have remained separate ethnicities while others have been assimilated into the culture of Poland. {| cellspacing="10" |- | valign="Top" |

Masovians (Masovia, in Polish "mazowszanie")

*Mazurs (Mazurians) (Masuria, in Polish "mazurzy")

*Kurpie (in Polish "kurpiowie" or "kurpie")

Polans (Polanes, Polanians, in Polish "polanie") (Warta river basin)

*Bambrzy

Silesians (in Polish "ślązacy") (Silesia)

Warmiaks (Warmia, in Polish "warmiacy")

Pomeranians (Farther Pomerania and Pomerelia, in Polish "pomorzanie")

*Kashubians (Cassubians, in Polish "kaszubi")

*Slovincians (in Polish "Słowińcy")

*Kociewiacy

*Borowiacy

Bieżuńczanie

| style="width:5%;"| | valign="Top" |

Bobrzanie

Dziadoszanie

Golęszyce

Goplans (Kuyavia and Pomerania, in Polish "goplanie", or "goplani")

Lędzianie (Lesser Poland, in Polish "lędzianie")

*Lachy Sądeckie

Opolanie (upper Odra, Silesia)

Kujawianie

Pyrzyczanie

Ślężanie (Lower Silesia)

Trzebowianie

Vistulans (Lesser Poland, in Polish "wiślanie")

Gorals (in Polish "górale", i.e. highlanders)

|} : ''See also: Bavarian Geographer, a list of tribes in Central Europe, composed in the 870s.''

See also

Polonization

Polonia

Karta Polaka

Polish nationality law

Demographics of Poland

List of Polish Jews

List of Polish people

Name of Poland (etymology of the demonym)

Pole, Hungarian, two good friends

Poles in Germany

Poles in Lithuania

Poles in Romania

Poles in the former Soviet Union

Polish Americans

Polish Argentine

Polish Australians

Polish Brazilians

Polish British

Polish Canadians

Polish minority in the Czech Republic

Sons of Poland

Antipolonism

Polish Jokes

References

External links

; Other:

Polish Americans

Category:Lechites Category:Ethnic groups in Poland Category:Ethnic groups in Europe Category:Ethnic groups in Russia Category:Ethnic groups in the United States *

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