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![[Paris] Z20500 Melun - Direction Paris Gare de Lyon (Ligne R Transilien)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130127203154im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qTD44hWQSyY/default.jpg "Une Z20500 de la ligne R arrive en gare de Melun, en direction de Paris Gare de Lyon")
![[Paris] Z20500 RER D - Melun direction St Denis](http://web.archive.org./web/20130127203154im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3h3uCtN97Pk/default.jpg "Une Z20500 du RER D part de Melun, en direction de Saint-Denis. La ligne est limitée suite à des travaux sur la partie Nord de la ligne.")
![[Paris] Z20500 Melun direction Montargis (Ligne R Transilien)](http://web.archive.org./web/20130127203154im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GV6dW8ycWFg/default.jpg "Le train de 21h49 est effectué par une Z20500 de la ligne R qui passe à Melun, en direction de Montargis.")
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- Agen
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Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
wn.com/Agen -
Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
wn.com/Ain -
Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
wn.com/Aisne -
Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
wn.com/Ajaccio -
Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
wn.com/Albi -
Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
wn.com/Alençon -
Alfortville
Coordinates: 48°48′18″N 2°25′26″E / 48.805°N 2.4239°E / 48.805; 2.4239
Alfortville (French pronunciation: [al.fɔʁ.vil]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.6 km (4.7 mi) from the center of Paris.
The commune of Alfortville was created on 1 April 1885 by detaching its territory from the commune of Maisons-Alfort.
Alfortville is served by two stations on Paris RER line D: Maisons-Alfort – Alfortville and Le Vert de Maisons.
Alfortville is located at only 500 meters from the metro station Ecole vétérinaire de Maisons Alfort on Paris Métro Line 8
Alfortville is twinned with:
There is also a twinning convention with the Armenian region of Ashtarak since 1993.
Armenian community of Alfortville is very significant. There is an Armenian Apostolic Church located south of the city. It's an important place for the Armenian community, which is very significant in Alfortville.
Alfortville is twinning convention with the Armenian cities of Ashtarak (since 1993), Oshakan (since 2001).
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
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Amillis
Coordinates: 48°44′25″N 3°07′50″E / 48.7403°N 3.1306°E / 48.7403; 3.1306
Amillis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Aubetin, which flows northwestward through the commune.
The inhabitants are Amilissiens.
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Amponville
Coordinates: 48°16′47″N 2°31′50″E / 48.2797°N 2.5306°E / 48.2797; 2.5306
Amponville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Amponvillois.
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Andrezel
Coordinates: 48°36′40″N 2°48′49″E / 48.6111°N 2.8136°E / 48.6111; 2.8136
Andrezel is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Andrezeliens.
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Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Argenteuil
Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°15′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.2500°E / 48.9500; 2.2500
Argenteuil (French pronunciation: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil.
Argenteuil is the second most populous commune in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populous one in the Val-d'Oise department, although it is not its prefecture, which is shared between the communes of Cergy and Pontoise.
The name Argenteuil is recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 697 as Argentoialum, from a Latin/Gaulish root argento meaning "silver", "silvery", "shiny", perhaps in reference to the gleaming surface of the river Seine, on the banks of which Argenteuil is located, and from a Celtic suffix -ialo meaning "clearing, glade" or "place of".
Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century (→ Pierre Abélard, Convent of Argenteuil). The monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution.
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Argentières
Coordinates: 48°39′15″N 2°52′12″E / 48.6542°N 2.87°E / 48.6542; 2.87
Argentières is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Argentiers.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Aubervilliers
Coordinates: 48°54′47″N 2°22′59″E / 48.9131°N 2.3831°E / 48.9131; 2.3831
Aubervilliers (French pronunciation: [obɛʁvilje]) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.2 km (4.5 mi) from the center of Paris.
The town was first mentioned in 1059 as Albertivillare, meaning "estate of Adalbert". On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Aubervilliers was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Ouen. Aubervilliers received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis.
At one time Fnac.com, a subsidiary of Fnac, had its head office in Aubervilliers. In 2008 the head office moved to Ivry-sur-Seine.
Aubervilliers is divided into two cantons:
Aubervilliers has 14 kindergartens, 15 elementary schools, 5 collèges (middle schools), and 4 lycées (high schools). The city also has three private establishments and several specialized institutions. The collèges (middle schools) include Diderot, Rosa Luxemburg, Jean Moulin, Gabriel Péri, and Henri Wallon. The lycées include Lycée Polyvalent D'Alembert, Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Le Corbusier ("Le Corbusier High School of General and Technological Education"), Lycée professionnel Jean-Pierre Timbaud ("Jean Pierre Timbaud Vocational High School"), and Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Henri Wallon ("Henri Wallon High School of General and Technical Education").
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Aufferville
Coordinates: 48°12′56″N 2°36′36″E / 48.2156°N 2.61°E / 48.2156; 2.61
Aufferville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Auffervillois.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Bagnolet
Coordinates: 48°52′09″N 2°25′05″E / 48.8692°N 2.4181°E / 48.8692; 2.4181
Bagnolet is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.2 km (3.2 mi) from the center of Paris. Its inhabitants are called Bagnoletais.
On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Bagnolet was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of Charonne was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Bagnolet, and Montreuil. Bagnolet received a small part of the territory of Charonne.
On 24 July 1867, a part of the territory of Bagnolet was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Romainville and a part of the territory of Pantin to create the commune of Les Lilas.
The town used to be the home of the Château de Bagnolet.
Bagnolet is served by Gallieni station on Paris Metro line 3.
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Balloy
Coordinates: 48°23′50″N 3°08′50″E / 48.3972°N 3.1472°E / 48.3972; 3.1472
Balloy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Balloyeux.
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Barbizon
Coordinates: 48°26′48″N 2°36′20″E / 48.4467°N 2.6056°E / 48.4467; 2.6056
Barbizon is a commune (town) in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France. It is located near the Fontainebleau Forest.
The inhabitants are called Barbizonais.
The Barbizon school of painters is named after the village; Théodore Rousseau and Jean-François Millet, leaders of the school, made their homes and died in the village.
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Barcy
Coordinates: 48°59′53″N 2°55′26″E / 48.998°N 2.924°E / 48.998; 2.924
Barcy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Barciens.
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Bassevelle
Coordinates: 48°55′05″N 3°13′23″E / 48.918°N 3.223°E / 48.918; 3.223
Bassevelle is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Bassevellois.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Beautheil
Coordinates: 48°45′49″N 3°05′16″E / 48.7636°N 3.0878°E / 48.7636; 3.0878
Beautheil is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The river Aubetin flows westward through the southern part of the commune.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Benin
Benin
i/bɨˈniːn/ (formerly, Dahomey), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 9.05 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
The official language of Benin is French, however, indigenous languages such as Fon and Yoruba are commonly spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism, followed closely by Islam, Vodun and Protestantism. Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Bezalles
Coordinates: 48°40′42″N 3°14′38″E / 48.6783°N 3.2439°E / 48.6783; 3.2439
Bezalles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Bezons
Coordinates: 48°55′34″N 2°13′04″E / 48.9261°N 2.2178°E / 48.9261; 2.2178
Bezons is a commune in the north-western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.6 km (7.8 mi) from the centre of Paris.
Bezons is currently served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Bezons is Houilles – Carrières-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. This station is located in the neighboring commune of Houilles, 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from the town centre of Bezons.
The extension of the Tramway Line T2 is scheduled to become operational in 2012. It will greatly enhance the connectivity of Bezons to the Paris public transport network, with the journey time to La Défense business district and transport hub estimated at 12 minutes.
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Blennes
Coordinates: 48°15′30″N 3°01′28″E / 48.2583°N 3.0244°E / 48.2583; 3.0244
Blennes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Blennois.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Boisdon
Coordinates: 48°41′08″N 3°13′32″E / 48.6856°N 3.2256°E / 48.6856; 3.2256
Boisdon is a commune located in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Boissettes
Coordinates: 48°31′17″N 2°36′38″E / 48.5214°N 2.6106°E / 48.5214; 2.6106
Boissettes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Boissettais.
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Bondy
Coordinates: 48°54′08″N 2°28′58″E / 48.9022°N 2.4828°E / 48.9022; 2.4828
Bondy (French pronunciation: [bɔ̃.di]) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.9 km (6.8 mi) from the center of Paris.
The name Bondy was recorded for the first time around AD 600 as Bonitiacum, meaning "estate of Bonitius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
During the Middle Ages Bondy was primarily forest. The forest of Bondy was a well-known haunt of bandits and robbers and was extremely dangerous.
On 3 January 1905, a third of the territory of Bondy was detached and became the commune of Les Pavillons-sous-Bois.
On 30 October 2007, a gas explosion killed one person and injured 47 people.
Bondy and its integration into Paris is the subject of part of the second-last chapter of Graham Robb's book Parisians.
Bondy is divided into two cantons:
Bondy is served by Bondy station on Paris RER line E.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Bougligny
Coordinates: 48°11′46″N 2°39′29″E / 48.1961°N 2.6581°E / 48.1961; 2.6581
Bougligny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Bouglinois.
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Boulancourt
Coordinates: 48°15′34″N 2°26′18″E / 48.2594°N 2.4383°E / 48.2594; 2.4383
Boulancourt is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region.
The inhabitants are known as Boulancourtois.
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Bouleurs
Coordinates: 48°52′58″N 2°54′28″E / 48.8828°N 2.9078°E / 48.8828; 2.9078
Bouleurs is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Bouleurois.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Bransles
Coordinates: 48°09′10″N 2°50′07″E / 48.1528°N 2.8353°E / 48.1528; 2.8353
Bransles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Branslois, Bransloises.
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Brunoy
Coordinates: 48°41′52″N 2°30′16″E / 48.6979°N 2.5044°E / 48.6979; 2.5044
Brunoy is a commune in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 20.6 km (12.8 mi) from the center of Paris.
Inhabitants of Brunoy are known as Brunoyens.
Brunoy is home to Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, which attracts hundreds of students from around the world, most notably from the United States of America and Israel.
The town is twinned with the borough of Reigate and Banstead.
Brunoy is served by Brunoy station on Paris RER line D.
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Bréau
Coordinates: 48°33′44″N 2°52′45″E / 48.5622°N 2.8792°E / 48.5622; 2.8792
Bréau is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Bréautins.
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Cachan
Coordinates: 48°47′31″N 2°19′55″E / 48.7919°N 2.3319°E / 48.7919; 2.3319
Cachan is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the center of Paris.
The prestigious École Normale Supérieure de Cachan is located there.
During the Middle Ages, Cachan was referred to in Medieval Latin texts as Caticantum, later corrupted into Cachentum, Cachant, and then Cachan. Some understand Caticantum as meaning "singing of the cat", "mewing of the cat", but this is not certain. Some others see a connection with the verb "to hunt" (captiare in Vulgar Latin, chacier in Old French).
Cachan was originally a hamlet within the commune of Arcueil, later renamed Arcueil-Cachan. The commune of Cachan was created on 26 December 1922 when it seceded from the commune of Arcueil-Cachan, which was renamed back to Arcueil.
Cachan is served by two stations on Paris RER line B: Arcueil – Cachan and Bagneux.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Carnetin
Coordinates: 48°54′04″N 2°42′20″E / 48.9011°N 2.7056°E / 48.9011; 2.7056
Carnetin is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Carnetinois.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Cerneux
Coordinates: 48°41′38″N 3°20′47″E / 48.6939°N 3.3464°E / 48.6939; 3.3464
Cerneux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The river Aubetin forms part of the commune's southern border.
The inhabitants are called Cernois.
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Cesson
Coordinates: 48°33′48″N 2°36′19″E / 48.5633°N 2.6053°E / 48.5633; 2.6053
Cesson is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Cessonnais.
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Chaintreaux
Coordinates: 48°12′01″N 2°49′14″E / 48.2003°N 2.8206°E / 48.2003; 2.8206
Chaintreaux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Chanterelliens.
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Chalifert
Coordinates: 48°53′19″N 2°46′23″E / 48.8886°N 2.7731°E / 48.8886; 2.7731
Chalifert is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chaliférois.
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Chalmaison
Coordinates: 48°28′58″N 3°15′06″E / 48.4829°N 3.2516°E / 48.4829; 3.2516
Chalmaison is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chalmasonais.
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Chamigny
Coordinates: 48°58′26″N 3°09′07″E / 48.9739°N 3.1519°E / 48.9739; 3.1519
Chamigny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chamignots.
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Champcenest
Coordinates: 48°40′13″N 3°17′00″E / 48.6703°N 3.2833°E / 48.6703; 3.2833
Champcenest is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Champdeuil
Coordinates: 48°37′N 2°44′E / 48.62°N 2.73°E / 48.62; 2.73
Champdeuil is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Media related to Champdeuil at Wikimedia Commons
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Charmentray
Coordinates: 48°56′43″N 2°46′35″E / 48.9454°N 2.7765°E / 48.9454; 2.7765
Charmentray is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Carmentraciens.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Chartrettes
Coordinates: 48°29′24″N 2°42′02″E / 48.49°N 2.7006°E / 48.49; 2.7006
Chartrettes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
During winter the expected temperature for Chartrettes is 0°C- 7°C (33°F- 43°F.) During spring and autumn it's 5°C-11°C (38°F- 58°F.) During summer it has a huge bracket from 7°C- 30°C (44.6°F - 86°F.) It is highly unlikely to snow. It is very humid and sunny. It hardly ever rains and winds reach 32kmh (20 mph).
The inhabitants are called Chartrettois.
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Chartronges
Coordinates: 48°44′47″N 3°16′11″E / 48.7464°N 3.2697°E / 48.7464; 3.2697
Chartronges is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chartrongeais.
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Chatou
Coordinates: 48°53′46″N 2°09′06″E / 48.8961°N 2.1517°E / 48.8961; 2.1517
Chatou is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Chatou is a part of the affluent suburbs of western Paris and is on the northwest side of the Seine river about 14 km (9 mi) from the city's center.
On 31 May 1875, part of the territory of Chatou was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Le Pecq and a part of the territory of Croissy-sur-Seine to create the commune of Le Vésinet. It boasts many bourgeois mansions of every kind of architecture and owned by private individuals.
It is also the host of the Maison Fournaise, a meeting point for Impressionist painters in the past. It was a place where Pierre-Auguste Renoir painted numerous pieces (portraits of the Fournaise family, surrounding landscapes etc.), most notably the Déjeuner des canotiers (Luncheon of the Boating Party) in 1881. The painting is today part of the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C.
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Chauffry
Coordinates: 48°48′47″N 3°10′56″E / 48.8131°N 3.1822°E / 48.8131; 3.1822
Chauffry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Cauffériens.
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Chenoise
Coordinates: 48°36′57″N 3°11′44″E / 48.6158°N 3.1956°E / 48.6158; 3.1956
Chenoise is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France région in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chenoisiens.
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Chenou
Coordinates: 48°09′59″N 2°39′32″E / 48.1664°N 2.6589°E / 48.1664; 2.6589
Chenou is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chenouards.
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Chevrainvilliers
Coordinates: 48°15′00″N 2°37′00″E / 48.2500000°N 2.6167°E / 48.2500000; 2.6167
Chevrainvilliers is a commune in the department in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Caprivillariens.
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Chevru
Coordinates: 48°44′00″N 3°12′00″E / 48.7333°N 3.2000000°E / 48.7333; 3.2000000
Chevru is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Chevrotins.
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Châteaubleau
Coordinates: 48°35′19″N 3°06′30″E / 48.5886°N 3.1083°E / 48.5886; 3.1083
Châteaubleau is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France région in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Castelblotins.
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Citry
Coordinates: 48°58′07″N 3°14′19″E / 48.9686°N 3.2387°E / 48.9686; 3.2387
Citry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Citryats.
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Clamart
Coordinates: 48°48′05″N 2°15′46″E / 48.8014°N 02.2628°E / 48.8014; 02.2628
Clamart (French pronunciation: [kla.maʁ]) is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.7 km (5.4 mi) from the center of Paris.
The town is divided into two parts, separated by a forest: bas Clamart, the historical centre, and petit Clamart with urbanization developed in the 1960s replacing pea fields. The canton of Clamart includes only a part of the commune. The other part of the commune belongs to the canton of Le Plessis-Robinson.
The city name is famous in French gastronomy. A specialty with peas as a side-dish, is called "à la Clamart". Close to Paris and its central marketplace (Les Halles), Clamart's peas were the first of the season.
On 22 August 1962 the French President Charles de Gaulle was the target of an assassination attempt organised by the French paramilitary group of OAS. As de Gaulle's black Citroën official limousine sped through Petit-Clamart it was met by a "barrage of submachine-gun fire". De Gaulle and his entourage, which included his wife, survived the attempt without any casualties or serious injuries while the attempt's perpetrators were subsequently all arrested and put to trial.
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Cocherel
Coordinates: 49°01′16″N 3°06′07″E / 49.021°N 3.1019°E / 49.021; 3.1019
Cocherel is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Collégien
Coordinates: 48°50′16″N 2°40′27″E / 48.8378°N 2.6742°E / 48.8378; 2.6742
Collégien is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Collégeois.
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Colombes
Coordinates: 48°55′25″N 2°15′08″E / 48.9236°N 2.2522°E / 48.9236; 2.2522
Colombes (French pronunciation: [kɔ.lɔ̃b]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.6 km (6.6 mi) from the center of Paris.
On 13 March 1896, 17% of the territory of Colombes was detached and became the commune of Bois-Colombes (literally "Colombes Woods").
On 2 May 1910, 19% of the (reduced) territory of Colombes was detached and became the commune of La Garenne-Colombes.
Thus, the commune of Colombes is now only two-third the size of its territory before 1896.
The city is divided into three cantons:
Colombes is served by three stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: Colombes, Le Stade, and La Garenne-Colombes.
The stadium was built in 1907. Officially named the Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, the Olympic Stadium of Colombes was the site of the opening ceremony and several events of the 1924 Summer Olympics. The arena's capacity was increased to 60,000 for the 1938 World Cup. The stadium lost its importance after the restoration in 1972 of Paris' 49,000-seat Parc des Princes. In the 1990s, three of the four grandstands were torn down due to decay and the stadium's capacity is now down to 7,000.
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Compans
Coordinates: 48°59′39″N 2°39′52″E / 48.9942°N 2.6644°E / 48.9942; 2.6644
Compans is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Compannais.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Coubert
Coordinates: 48°40′16″N 2°41′49″E / 48.6711°N 2.6969°E / 48.6711; 2.6969
Coubert is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Curtibéhardiens.
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Coulommes
Coordinates: 48°53′27″N 2°55′52″E / 48.8908°N 2.9311°E / 48.8908; 2.9311
Coulommes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Coulommiers
Coordinates: 48°49′29″N 3°06′24″E / 48.8247°N 3.1068°E / 48.8247; 3.1068
Coulommiers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.
It is also the name of a cheese of the Brie family produced in and around that city.
Inhabitants of Coulommiers are called Columériens.
Coulommiers was twinned with Leighton Buzzard in 1958. The twinning was renewed in 1982.
Coulommiers has been selected to be the first town in France to go fully digital for its terrestrial television, with analog switch-off in January 2009.
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Coupvray
Coordinates: 48°53′33″N 2°47′38″E / 48.8925°N 2.7939°E / 48.8925; 2.7939
Coupvray (pronounced: [kuvʁɛ]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Coupvray was the birthplace and home of Louis Braille. Braille's home is now a museum.
The Castle of Rohan, built over the period 1596–1602 by Hercule de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, is another visitor attraction, although it is now mostly in ruins. Disneyland Resort Paris is also nearby.
Inhabitants of Coupvray are known as Cupressiens.
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Courbevoie
Coordinates: 48°53′52″N 2°15′11″E / 48.8978°N 2.2531°E / 48.8978; 2.2531
Courbevoie (French pronunciation: [kuʁ.bə.vwa]) is a commune located very close to the centre of Paris, France. The centre of Courbevoie is situated 2 kilometres from the outer limits of Paris and 8.2 km. (5.1 miles) from the center of Paris.
It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, and ranks as the third-best place to live in the Île-de-France region, directly after the neighbouring communes of Levallois-Perret and Neuilly-sur-Seine.
La Défense, Paris's business district hosting the tallest buildings in the metropolitan area, spreads over the southern part of Courbevoie (as well as parts of Puteaux and Nanterre).
The name Courbevoie comes from Latin Curva Via and means "curved highway", allegedly in reference to a Roman road from Paris to Normandy which made a sharp turn to climb the hill over which Courbevoie was built.
Courbevoie is divided into two cantons:
Courbevoie is served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: Courbevoie and Bécon-les-Bruyères.
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Courchamp
Coordinates: 48°38′16″N 3°17′14″E / 48.6378°N 3.2872°E / 48.6378; 3.2872
Courchamp is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Courchampois.
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Courpalay
Coordinates: 48°38′51″N 2°57′32″E / 48.6475°N 2.9589°E / 48.6475; 2.9589
Courpalay is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Courpaliens.
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Courquetaine
Coordinates: 48°40′37″N 2°44′50″E / 48.6769°N 2.7472°E / 48.6769; 2.7472
Courquetaine is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Courquetainois.
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Courtacon
Coordinates: 48°41′46″N 3°17′33″E / 48.6961°N 3.2925°E / 48.6961; 3.2925
Courtacon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The river Aubetin flows westward through the southern part of the commune, forms part of its south-eastern and south-western borders and crosses the village.
The inhabitants are called Courtaconnais.
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Courtry
Coordinates: 48°55′03″N 2°36′11″E / 48.9175°N 2.6031°E / 48.9175; 2.6031
Courtry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Courtrysiens.
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Coutençon
Coordinates: 48°28′15″N 2°59′47″E / 48.470969°N 2.99638°E / 48.470969; 2.99638
Coutençon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Contençonnais.
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Coutevroult
Coordinates: 48°51′47″N 2°51′08″E / 48.8631°N 2.8522°E / 48.8631; 2.8522
Coutevroult is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region ini north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Coutevroultois.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Crisenoy
Coordinates: 48°35′47″N 2°44′40″E / 48.5964°N 2.7444°E / 48.5964; 2.7444
Crisenoy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Crisenoy are called Crisenoyens.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Cucharmoy
Coordinates: 48°35′00″N 3°11′40″E / 48.5833°N 3.1944°E / 48.5833; 3.1944
Cucharmoy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Cély
Coordinates: 48°27′36″N 2°31′57″E / 48.46°N 2.5325°E / 48.46; 2.5325
Cély, also known as Cély-en-Bière, is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Célysiens.
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Dagny
Coordinates: 48°43′00″N 3°10′00″E / 48.7167°N 3.1667°E / 48.7167; 3.1667
Dagny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The river Aubetin flows northwestward through the commune.
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Dampmart
Coordinates: 48°53′07″N 2°44′10″E / 48.8853°N 2.7361°E / 48.8853; 2.7361
Dampmart is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Dampmart are called Dampmartois.
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Darvault
Coordinates: 48°16′18″N 2°43′56″E / 48.2718°N 2.7323°E / 48.2718; 2.7323
Darvault is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Darvault are called Darvaultois.
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Dhuisy
Coordinates: 49°02′21″N 3°09′36″E / 49.0391°N 3.1599°E / 49.0391; 3.1599
Dhuisy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Dhuisy are called Dhuiséens.
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Diant
Coordinates: 48°16′57″N 2°59′37″E / 48.2825°N 2.9936°E / 48.2825; 2.9936
Diant is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Diant are called Daiginiots.
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Dormelles
Coordinates: 48°18′58″N 2°54′05″E / 48.3161°N 2.9014°E / 48.3161; 2.9014
Dormelles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Dormelles was the site of a battle circa 599 between rival Merovingian kings. Chlothar II, ruler of Neustria, faced his cousins, Theuderic II, King of Burgundy, and Theudebert II, King of Austrasia. Chlothar's army suffered a heavy defeat and he fled the field.
Inhabitants of Dormelles are called Dormellois.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Doue
Coordinates: 48°51′56″N 3°09′53″E / 48.8656°N 3.1647°E / 48.8656; 3.1647
Doue is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Doue are called Dovinciens.
Doue is located in eastern Paris basin, in the part of the Brie historically known for Brie lousy. The town is located about halfway between Paris (61 km) and Reims (77 km)2.
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Drancy
Coordinates: 48°56′N 2°27′E / 48.93°N 2.45°E / 48.93; 2.45
Drancy (French pronunciation: [dʁɑ̃.si]) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.8 km (6.7 mi) from the center of Paris.
The name Drancy comes from Medieval Latin Derenciacum, and before that Terentiacum, meaning "estate of Terentius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
In the 17th century, Drancy was divided into two distinct villages: Drancy le Grand and le Petit Drancy. The village is built on the old location of the hamlet of Groslay which was surrounded by the forest of Bondy — hence the name of rue des Bois de Groslay.
The end of nineteenth century was marked by the industrialisation and by the development of rail transports. During the Franco-Prussian war, Le Bourget was the site of an important battle and the castle of Ladoucette in Drancy was destroyed.
During the second world war, Drancy was the site of the Drancy deportation camp where Jews, Gypsies, and others were held before being shipped to the German concentration camps.
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Draveil
Coordinates: 48°41′07″N 2°24′29″E / 48.6852°N 2.408°E / 48.6852; 2.408
Draveil is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 19.1 km (11.9 mi) from the center of Paris.
The former village of Champrosay is now part of the commune.
Inhabitants of Draveil are known as Draveillois.
Draveil is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Draveil is Juvisy station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line C and RER line D. This station is located in the neighboring commune of Juvisy-sur-Orge, 2 km (1.2 mi) from the town center of Draveil.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Ermont
Coordinates: 48°59′32″N 2°15′37″E / 48.9922°N 2.2603°E / 48.9922; 2.2603
Ermont is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 17.2 km (10.7 mi) from the center of Paris. It has some around 28,000 inhabitants, which makes Ermont one of the most important city in Val d'Oise.
Ermont is served by Ermont – Eaubonne station which is an interchange station on Paris RER line C, on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line, and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Ermont is also served by Gare de Cernay station which is an interchange station on Paris RER line C and on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line.
Finally, Ermont is also served by two stations on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line: Ermont – Halte and Gros Noyer – Saint-Prix.
Ermont is twinned with:
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Esbly
Coordinates: 48°54′24″N 2°48′45″E / 48.9067°N 2.8125°E / 48.9067; 2.8125
Esbly is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Esbly are called Esblygeois.
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Esmans
Coordinates: 48°20′57″N 2°58′37″E / 48.3492°N 2.9769°E / 48.3492; 2.9769
Esmans is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Esmans are called Esmanais.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Faremoutiers
Coordinates: 48°48′03″N 2°59′49″E / 48.8008°N 2.9969°E / 48.8008; 2.9969
Faremoutiers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Originally named Evoriacum, Faremoutiers was renamed in honour of Saint Fara, who founded the Abbey of Faremoutiers there in the 620s. It lies in the historical region of Brie.
Inhabitants of Faremoutiers are called Faremontais.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Fontainebleau
Coordinates: 48°24′35″N 2°42′09″E / 48.4097°N 2.7025°E / 48.4097; 2.7025
Fontainebleau (French pronunciation: [fɔ̃tɛnblo]) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located 55.5 kilometres (34.5 mi) south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region; it is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself.
Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 39,713 inhabitants (according to the 2001 census). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.
Fontainebleau is renowned for the large and scenic forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians, as well as for the historical château de Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France, It is also the home of INSEAD, one of the world's most elite business schools; of the École supérieure d'ingénieurs en informatique et génie des télécommunications (ESIGETEL), one of France's grandes écoles; and of a branch of the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, the Paris School of Mines, also one of the elite grandes écoles.
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Fontains
Coordinates: 48°31′33″N 3°00′10″E / 48.5258°N 3.0028°E / 48.5258; 3.0028
Fontains is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Fontains are called Fontenois.
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Forfry
Coordinates: 49°03′27″N 2°50′52″E / 49.0574°N 2.8479°E / 49.0574; 2.8479
Forfry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Fouju
Coordinates: 48°35′05″N 2°46′36″E / 48.5847°N 2.7768°E / 48.5847; 2.7768
Fouju is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Fouju are called Forjaviens.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Fromont
Coordinates: 48°15′22″N 2°30′17″E / 48.2561°N 2.5047°E / 48.2561; 2.5047
Fromont is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Demonym: Fromontais.
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Frétoy
Coordinates: 48°42′14″N 3°11′56″E / 48.7039°N 3.1989°E / 48.7039; 3.1989
Frétoy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the left bank of the Aubetin, which flows westward through the commune.
Inhabitants of Frétoy are called Frétoysiens.
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Fublaines
Coordinates: 48°56′14″N 2°56′12″E / 48.9373°N 2.9366°E / 48.9373; 2.9366
Fublaines is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Fublaines are called Fublainois.
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Féricy
Coordinates: 48°27′34″N 2°48′05″E / 48.4594°N 2.8014°E / 48.4594; 2.8014
Féricy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Féricy are called Fériciens.
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Gagny
Coordinates: 48°53′00″N 2°32′00″E / 48.8833°N 2.5333°E / 48.8833; 2.5333
Gagny is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 14.2 km (8.8 mi) from the center of Paris.
On 20 May 1869, a small part of the territory of Gagny was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Livry-Gargan and a part of the territory of Clichy-sous-Bois to create the commune of Le Raincy.
In 1974, Gagny became twinned with the English towns of Sutton and Bishop Auckland In 1978, Gagny became twinned with Gladsaxe Denmark.
Gagny is served by two stations on Paris RER line E: Gagny and Le Chénay – Gagny.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Garentreville
Coordinates: 48°14′12″N 2°32′59″E / 48.2366°N 2.5497°E / 48.2366; 2.5497
Garentreville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Garentrevillois.
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Gastins
Coordinates: 48°37′46″N 3°01′18″E / 48.6294°N 3.0217°E / 48.6294; 3.0217
Gastins is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Gastinois.
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Gennevilliers
Coordinates: 48°56′00″N 2°18′00″E / 48.9333°N 2.3000°E / 48.9333; 2.3000
Gennevilliers (French pronunciation: [ʒənvilje]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris.
On 9 April 1929, one-fifth of the territory of Gennevilliers was detached and became the commune of Villeneuve-la-Garenne.
Gennevilliers is the site of the main river port of Paris on the Seine river.
Gennevilliers is served by three stations on Paris Métro line 13: Les Courtilles, Les Agnettes and Gabriel Péri. All three are at the border with the commune of Asnières-sur-Seine.
Gennevilliers is also served by two stations on Paris RER line C: Les Grésillons and Gennevilliers.
Gennevilliers was the birthplace of the actress Isabelle Adjani, and the French judoka Pascal Tayot, who won a silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. It is also the birthplace of pole vault bronze medalist and former record holder Thierry Vigneron.
Gennevilliers is twinned with:
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Giremoutiers
Coordinates: 48°50′35″N 3°01′50″E / 48.8431°N 3.0306°E / 48.8431; 3.0306
Giremoutiers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Giremontois.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Gironville
Coordinates: 48°11′09″N 2°31′44″E / 48.1858°N 2.5289°E / 48.1858; 2.5289
Gironville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Gironvillois.
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Gonesse
Coordinates: 48°59′15″N 2°26′58″E / 48.9875°N 2.4494°E / 48.9875; 2.4494
Gonesse is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) from the centre of Paris.
The commune lies immediately north of Le Bourget Airport and southwest of Charles de Gaulle International Airport.
Since Carolingian times, cereals have been grown in Gonesse. In the period of the 12th through the 16th centuries, the cultivation of grain was supplemented by drapery, in particular the production of the coarse woolen material of the gaunace. The commune was an important producer of wheat for the Parisian market in modern times, until the decline of its bakery trade at the end of the 18th century helped feed a strong migration to the capital.
The world's first hydrogen filled balloon — the unmanned Le Globe, launched by Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers on the Champ de Mars in Paris on 27 August 1783 — flew for forty-five minutes and landed in Gonesse, where the reportedly terrified local peasants destroyed it with pitchforks. This caused the government to issue a statement on the harmlessness and the scientific value of such remnants.
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Gouaix
Coordinates: 48°29′11″N 3°17′34″E / 48.4865°N 3.2928°E / 48.4865; 3.2928
Gouaix is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Gouaillons.
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Gouvernes
Coordinates: 48°51′40″N 2°41′43″E / 48.8611°N 2.6953°E / 48.8611; 2.6953
Gouvernes (pronounced: [ɡuvɛːʁn]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Gouverniauds.
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Gravon
Coordinates: 48°24′N 3°07′E / 48.4°N 3.12°E / 48.4; 3.12
Gravon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called the Gravonais.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe (
/ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guercheville
Coordinates: 48°15′37″N 2°33′31″E / 48.2603°N 2.5586°E / 48.2603; 2.5586
Guercheville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Guerchevillois.
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Guermantes
Coordinates: 48°51′19″N 2°42′24″E / 48.8553°N 2.7067°E / 48.8553; 2.7067
Guermantes (pronounced: [ɡɛʁmɑ̃t]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Guermantais.
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Guignes
Coordinates: 48°38′11″N 2°47′59″E / 48.6364°N 2.7997°E / 48.6364; 2.7997
Guignes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Guignois.
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Guyancourt
Coordinates: 48°46′17″N 2°04′26″E / 48.7714°N 2.0739°E / 48.7714; 2.0739
Guyancourt (pronounced: [ɡɥi.jɑ̃.kuʁ]) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the south-western suburbs of Paris 21.2 km (13.2 mi) from the center, in the "new town" of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
The commune of Guyancourt comprises several districts. The first of them, corresponding to the old village, is known as "le village", the others are named:
Although located in the Paris suburbs (in an Anglo-Saxon conception of suburbs), more than half of the territory of the commune of Guyancourt is covered in natural spaces: forests, wood, parks, gardens and ponds.
The site of the city was already inhabited by Neolithic tribes who left hundreds of vestiges such as arrows, flint scrapers, polished axes... which have been recovered in the districts of Bouviers, Troux and Villaroy.
The civilization continued through Roman times, as Mr. Leclère, a farmer, demonstrated in a fortuitous way in 1892 by unearthing an antique ballot box in his field.
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Guérard
Coordinates: 48°49′00″N 2°58′00″E / 48.8167°N 2.9667°E / 48.8167; 2.9667
Guérard is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Guérardais.
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with:
Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Hautefeuille
Coordinates: 48°45′58″N 2°58′06″E / 48.7661°N 2.9683°E / 48.7661; 2.9683
Hautefeuille is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Hautefeuillois.
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Herblay
Coordinates: 48°59′27″N 2°09′59″E / 48.9908°N 2.1664°E / 48.9908; 2.1664
Herblay is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 20.2 km (12.6 mi) from the center of Paris. It is twinned with Yeovil, UK.
Herblay is served by Herblay station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
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Hermé
Coordinates: 48°28′58″N 3°20′48″E / 48.4827°N 3.3468°E / 48.4827; 3.3468
Hermé is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Hermillons.
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Hondevilliers
Coordinates: 48°53′58″N 3°18′33″E / 48.8994°N 3.3092°E / 48.8994; 3.3092
Hondevilliers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Dovinciens.
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Houilles
Coordinates: 48°55′34″N 2°11′21″E / 48.9261°N 2.1892°E / 48.9261; 2.1892
Houilles is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located 14.2 km (8.8 mi) from the center of Paris.
Houilles is served by Houilles – Carrières-sur-Seine station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Until 2000, the command post of French Navy's Ballistic Missile Submarine Force was based at Houilles.
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Héricy
Coordinates: 48°26′50″N 2°45′50″E / 48.4472°N 2.7639°E / 48.4472; 2.7639
Héricy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Héricéens.
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Ichy
Coordinates: 48°12′12″N 2°32′54″E / 48.2033°N 2.5483°E / 48.2033; 2.5483
Ichy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Ichiliens.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Iverny
Coordinates: 49°00′00″N 2°47′18″E / 48.9999°N 2.7883°E / 48.9999; 2.7883
Iverny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Ivernais.
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Jablines
Coordinates: 48°55′01″N 2°45′43″E / 48.9169°N 2.7619°E / 48.9169; 2.7619
Jablines is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Jablinois.
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Jaignes
Coordinates: 48°59′33″N 3°03′07″E / 48.9924°N 3.052°E / 48.9924; 3.052
Jaignes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Jaignaciens.
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Jaulnes
Coordinates: 48°25′04″N 3°16′23″E / 48.4177°N 3.2731°E / 48.4177; 3.2731
Jaulnes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Jaulnois.
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Jossigny
Coordinates: 48°50′19″N 2°45′14″E / 48.8386°N 2.7539°E / 48.8386; 2.7539
Jossigny (pronounced: [ʒɔsiɲi]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Jossignaciens.
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Jouarre
Coordinates: 48°55′38″N 3°07′51″E / 48.9271°N 3.1308°E / 48.9271; 3.1308
Jouarre is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
It is the site of the Jouarre Abbey a Merovingian foundation of Abbess Theodochilde or Telchilde, traditionally in 630, inspired by the visit of Columban, the travelling Irish monk who inspired monastic institution-building in the early seventh century. At Jouarre there was a community of monks as well as nuns, but all were under the rule of the abbess, who in 1225 was granted immunity from interference by the bishop of Meaux, answering only to the pope.
The Merovingian (pre-Romanesque) crypt beneath the Romanesque abbey church contains a number of burials in sarcophagi, notably that of Theodochilde's brother, Agilbert (died 680), carved with a tableau of the Last Judgment and Christ in Majesty, highlights of pre-Romanesque sculpture. In the mid-ninth century the abbey acquired relics of St. Potentien; the relics assembled at Jouarre attracted pilgrims. The reputation of the house stood so high the abbey received a visit from Pope Innocent II in 1131 and was able to house a synod in 1133. The abbess's submission to the bishop of Meaux did not come about until Bossuet held the post in 1690.
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Jutigny
Coordinates: 48°29′55″N 3°14′00″E / 48.4986°N 3.2333°E / 48.4986; 3.2333
Jutigny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Justigniaciens.
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La Courneuve
Coordinates: 48°55′56″N 2°23′48″E / 48.9322°N 2.3967°E / 48.9322; 2.3967
La Courneuve is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 8.3 km (5.2 mi) from the center of Paris.
The history of La Courneuve begins as the rest of the region with the invasion of European tribes and the eventual conquering of the area by the Romans. During the Middle Ages, the area was like many small villages. With its proximity to Paris, the area became a fashionable country destination, with a number of gentry residing there and two notable châteaux, Sainte-Foi and Poitronville. Towards the end of Napoleon's reign, the entire area experienced large population growth. This along with improved methods of farming eventually transformed the area into the major legume producer for the Paris region.
In 1863, the first major industrial enterprise was introduced and the area soon became a strange mix of factories and farmlands. Industrial estates were juxtaposed against bean plantations and that would continue until after World War II.
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La Genevraye
Coordinates: 48°19′15″N 2°44′59″E / 48.3208°N 2.7498°E / 48.3208; 2.7498
La Genevraye is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The commune is traversed by the Lunain river.
Inhabitants are called Genevriens.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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La Tombe
Coordinates: 48°23′16″N 3°05′27″E / 48.3878°N 3.0908°E / 48.3878; 3.0908
La Tombe is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of La Tombe are called Latombiers.
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La Trétoire
Coordinates: 48°52′25″N 3°15′07″E / 48.8736°N 3.2519°E / 48.8736; 3.2519
La Trétoire is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of La Trétoire are called Trétoiriens.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Larchant
Coordinates: 48°17′06″N 2°35′51″E / 48.285°N 2.5975°E / 48.285; 2.5975
Larchant is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region.
Inhabitants are called Liricantois.
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Le Chesnay
Coordinates: 48°49′16″N 2°07′52″E / 48.8211°N 2.1311°E / 48.8211; 2.1311
Le Chesnay is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris 16.7 km (10.4 mi) from the center
On 1 July 1815, Napoleon's Grande Armée fought its last battle in Rocquencourt and Le Chesnay. After the defeat of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, Grouchy's army withdrew to Paris via Namur and Dinant, reaching Paris on 29 June, a few days before the Prussians, who camped at Versailles.
While negotiating the final armistice, Exelmans was ordered to attack the Prussians at Versailles on 1 July 1815. Under attack the Prussians retreated from Versailles and headed east, but were blocked by the French at Vélizy. They failed to re-enter Versailles and headed for Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Their first squadron came under fire at the entrance of Rocquencourt and attempted to escape through the fields. They were forced into a small, narrow street in Le Chesnay and killed or captured. However, the main body of the Prussian army succeeded in reaching Saint-Germain. (From Presentation of Rocquencourt)
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Le Vaudoué
Coordinates: 48°21′28″N 2°31′11″E / 48.3578°N 2.5197°E / 48.3578; 2.5197
Le Vaudoué is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Le Vaudoué are called Valdéens.
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Les Marêts
Coordinates: 48°40′15″N 3°18′48″E / 48.6708°N 3.3133°E / 48.6708; 3.3133
Les Marêts is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Les Mureaux
Coordinates: 48°59′15″N 1°55′02″E / 48.9875°N 1.9172°E / 48.9875; 1.9172
Les Mureaux is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the north-western suburbs of Paris 35.9 km (22.3 mi) from the center.
Les Mureaux is served by Les Mureaux station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Les Mureaux is twinned with:
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Les Écrennes
Coordinates: 48°30′N 2°51′E / 48.5000000°N 2.85°E / 48.5000000; 2.85
Les Écrennes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Les Écrennes are called Écrennois.
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Lescherolles
Coordinates: 48°45′48″N 3°20′46″E / 48.7633°N 3.3461°E / 48.7633; 3.3461
Lescherolles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Lescherollais.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Lissy
Coordinates: 48°37′37″N 2°41′46″E / 48.6269°N 2.6961°E / 48.6269; 2.6961
Lissy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Lizines
Coordinates: 48°31′35″N 3°10′46″E / 48.5264°N 3.1794°E / 48.5264; 3.1794
Lizines is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Lizinois.
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Lognes
Coordinates: 48°50′10″N 2°37′40″E / 48.836°N 2.6278°E / 48.836; 2.6278
Lognes is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France 20.7 km (12.9 mi) from the center of Paris.
The commune of Lognes is part of the Val Maubuée sector, one of the four sectors in the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée.
The inhabitants are called the Lognots.
With 40% of Eastern Asians (essentially Chinese from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam), Lognes is the "first asian town" of France.
Lognes is served by Lognes station on Paris RER line A.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Longperrier
Coordinates: 49°03′08″N 2°39′49″E / 49.0523°N 2.6635°E / 49.0523; 2.6635
Longperrier is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Longperrois.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Luisetaines
Coordinates: 48°28′02″N 3°10′52″E / 48.4672°N 3.1811°E / 48.4672; 3.1811
Luisetaines is a French commune located in the Seine-et-Marne département, in the Île-de-France région.
As of the census of 1999, the village has a population of 208.
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Lutetia
Coordinates: 48°51′N 2°21′E / 48.85°N 2.35°E / 48.85; 2.35
Lutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, Lukotekia before, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul. The Gallo-Roman city was a forerunner of the re-established Merovingian town that is the ancestor of present-day Paris. Lutetia and Paris have little in common save their position where an island, the Île de la Cité, created a convenient ford of the Seine.
The primitive Λουκοτοκία (Strabon), Λευκοτεκία (Ptolemeus), Lutetia (Caesar) maybe contain the Celtic root *luco-t- 'mouse' + -ek(t)ia = 'the mice', Breton logod, Welsh llygod, Irish luch (cf. Bibracte, *bibro 'beaver' + -acti = 'the beavers') or another Celtic root luto-, luteuo- 'marsh', 'swamp' (Gaelic loth 'marsh', Breton loudour 'dirty') like in Lutudarum (Derbyshire, England); Lodève (Luteua); Ludesse (France); Lutitia (Germany), etc.
Somewhere in the immediate area was the chief settlement or oppidum of the Parisii, a Gallic people who settled in the area during the 3rd century BC. However, dendrochronological study of wooden pilings beneath the lowest stratum of the Roman north-south axis date the road's construction after 4 AD, more than fifty years after the Roman pacification of the region.
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Luzancy
Coordinates: 48°58′19″N 3°11′13″E / 48.9719°N 3.1869°E / 48.9719; 3.1869
Luzancy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Luzancéens.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Maincy
Coordinates: 48°33′N 2°42′E / 48.55°N 2.7°E / 48.55; 2.7
Maincy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte is located in the commune.
Inhabitants are called Maincéens.
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Malakoff
Coordinates: 48°49′01″N 2°17′40″E / 48.8169°N 2.2944°E / 48.8169; 2.2944
Malakoff is a suburban commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department southwest of Paris, France. It is located 5 km (3.1 mi) from the centre of the city.
The commune of Malakoff was created on 8 November 1883 by detaching its territory from the commune of Vanves. It is named after the Battle of Malakoff, fought during the Crimean War.
Malakoff is served by two stations on Paris Métro line 13: Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves and Malakoff – Rue Étienne Dolet.
Malakoff is also served by Vanves – Malakoff station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line. This station is located at the border between the commune of Malakoff and the commune of Vanves, on the Vanves side of the border.
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Marchémoret
Coordinates: 49°03′N 2°46′E / 49.05°N 2.77°E / 49.05; 2.77
Marchémoret is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Marchois.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Mauperthuis
Coordinates: 48°46′07″N 3°02′22″E / 48.7686°N 3.0394°E / 48.7686; 3.0394
Mauperthuis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The village is famous for having produced five Musketeers including d'Artagnan, who was made famous in Alexandre Dumas, père's books.[citation needed] The ruined Château d'Artagnan exists today. Much of the land once belonged to the Montesquieu Family.
This one tiny village billeted some of the US Air Service – precursor to today’s great and mighty US Air Force while the men flew out of the adjacent village of Saints. They were in Mauperthuis probably for just short of two months – from July 8 to September 1, 1918 out of the seven months it saw combat.
Two adjacent villages – Saints and Touquin – also play a role in the lives of these men and the US Air Service. The men were based in Touquin from the end of June until July 8, when they moved to Saints. And the men were lodged in Mauperthuis, half a mile from Saints, while they were flying out of Saints.
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Mauregard
Coordinates: 49°02′00″N 2°34′52″E / 49.0334°N 2.5811°E / 49.0334; 2.5811
Mauregard is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Charles de Gaulle International Airport (France's main airport) is partly build on the territory of the commune Mauregard where Terminal 1 and Terminal 3 are located. But the airport gets its name from the nearby Roissy-en-France hosting the biggest part of the airport.
Inhabitants are called Mauregaulois.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Meaux
Coordinates: 48°57′37″N 2°53′18″E / 48.9603°N 2.8883°E / 48.9603; 2.8883
Meaux (French pronunciation: [mo]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located 41.1 km (25.5 mi) east-northeast from the center of Paris. Meaux is a sub-prefecture of the department and the seat of an arondissement. Although it is the most populous commune in the Seine-et-Marne, it is not the capital, which is Melun.
Inhabitants of Meaux are called Meldois.
Meaux is known for Brie de Meaux (a variety of Brie cheese) and the local variety of mustard.
A couple of good festivals, venues for live music and exhibitions:"Musée Bossuet", Music Festival "Musik'elles", recording studios/Concert hall/Alternative culture exhibitions: "Eightball Society Studios").
The town is represented by the CS Meaux association football club.
Meaux is served by Meaux station on the Transilien Paris – Est suburban rail line and on several national rail lines.
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Meilleray
Coordinates: 48°47′25″N 3°25′34″E / 48.7903°N 3.4261°E / 48.7903; 3.4261
Meilleray is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Meillerassiens.
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Meudon
Coordinates: 48°48′27″N 2°14′25″E / 48.8075°N 2.2403°E / 48.8075; 2.2403
Meudon (French pronunciation: [mø.dɔ̃]) is a municipality in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is in the département of Hauts-de-Seine. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris.
The town of Meudon is built on the hills and valleys of the Seine. The wood of Meudon lies for the most part to the west of the town. The northwest part of Meudon, overlooking the Seine, is known as Bellevue ("beautiful view").
At Meudon, the Argile Plastique clay was extensively mined in the 19th century. The first fossil of the European diatryma Gastornis parisiensis was discovered in these deposits by Gaston Planté.
Archaeological sites show that Meudon has been populated since Neolithic times.
The Gauls called the area Mol-Dum (sand dune), and the Romans Latinized the name as Moldunum.
The handsome Galliera Institutions, on the hill of Fleury, were founded by the duchess of Galliera for the care of aged persons and orphans. The buildings were completed in 1885.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Moisenay
Coordinates: 48°33′46″N 2°44′10″E / 48.5628°N 2.7361°E / 48.5628; 2.7361
Moisenay is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Moseniens.
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Montarlot
Coordinates: 48°21′00″N 2°51′00″E / 48.35°N 2.8499°E / 48.35; 2.8499
Montarlot is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montdauphin
Coordinates: 48°51′07″N 3°25′42″E / 48.8519°N 3.4283°E / 48.8519; 3.4283
Montdauphin is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Montdauphinois.
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Montenils
Coordinates: 48°50′38″N 3°28′39″E / 48.8439°N 3.4775°E / 48.8439; 3.4775
Montenils is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Monthyon
Coordinates: 49°00′31″N 2°49′41″E / 49.0086°N 2.8281°E / 49.0086; 2.8281
Monthyon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Lie de residence de Eugene Boch, ami de Vincent van Gogh paint dans le portrait "le peintre aux etoiles". Eugene Boch habita La Villa La Grimpette.
Inhabitants are called Monthyonnais.
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Montmachoux
Coordinates: 48°19′10″N 2°59′38″E / 48.3194°N 2.9939°E / 48.3194; 2.9939
Montmachoux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Montolivet
Coordinates: 48°49′48″N 3°26′25″E / 48.83°N 3.4403°E / 48.83; 3.4403
Montolivet is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Montrouge
Coordinates: 48°49′02″N 2°19′19″E / 48.8172°N 2.3219°E / 48.8172; 2.3219
Montrouge (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.ʁuʒ]) is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km (2.7 mi) from the center of Paris, France. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. After a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years.
There are a number of colorful traditions about the name "Montrouge", but it appears that it in fact comes from the Latin words monte (mountain) and rubeus (red), meaning Red Mountain, because of the reddish color of the earth in this area.
The name of the community was first mentioned in monastery documents in 1194.
Throughout the Middle Ages, the hamlet was home to monasteries and a number of religious orders, while in the 15th century it became the site of quarries used for the reconstruction of Paris. The late sixteenth century saw the plain of Montrouge named "reserve for royal hunts", and during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was known for its windmills, which, sadly, have all now disappeared.
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Montry
Coordinates: 48°53′18″N 2°49′38″E / 48.8883°N 2.8272°E / 48.8883; 2.8272
Montry is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Montéricultois.
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Montévrain
Coordinates: 48°52′30″N 2°44′44″E / 48.875°N 2.7456°E / 48.875; 2.7456
Montévrain is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are known as Montévrinois.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Mormant
Coordinates: 48°36′28″N 2°53′27″E / 48.6078°N 2.8908°E / 48.6078; 2.8908
Mormant is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne departement in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called the Mormantais.
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Mortcerf
Coordinates: 48°47′25″N 2°55′03″E / 48.7903°N 2.9175°E / 48.7903; 2.9175
Mortcerf is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Moressartois.
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Mortery
Coordinates: 48°35′57″N 3°15′40″E / 48.5992°N 3.2611°E / 48.5992; 3.2611
Mortery is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Morterois.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Mouroux
Coordinates: 48°49′20″N 3°02′17″E / 48.8222°N 3.0381°E / 48.8222; 3.0381
Mouroux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called the Mourousiens.
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Nangis
Coordinates: 48°33′20″N 3°00′55″E / 48.5556°N 3.0153°E / 48.5556; 3.0153
Nangis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Azure with nine argent roundels
The inhabitants are called the Nangissiens.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nantouillet
Coordinates: 49°00′08″N 2°42′13″E / 49.0022°N 2.7035°E / 49.0022; 2.7035
Nantouillet is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called the Nantolétains.
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Nemours
Coordinates: 48°16′03″N 2°41′49″E / 48.2674°N 2.697°E / 48.2674; 2.697
Nemours is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Nemours is located on the Loing and its canal, c. 42 km (26 mi) south of Melun, on the Paris-Lyon railway.
Nemours is supposed to derive its name from the woods (nemora) in the midst of which it formerly stood, and discoveries of Gallo-Roman remains indicate its early origin. It was captured by the English in 1420, but derives its historical importance rather from the lordship (afterwards duchy) to which it gave its name. In 1585 a treaty revoking previous concessions to the Protestants was concluded at Nemours between Catherine de' Medici and the Guises.
The church, which dates mainly from the sixteenth century, has a handsome wooden spire. The feudal castle, erected around 1120 was turned into a museum in the 20th century. It has a central keep with four rounded towers.
A statue of the mathematician Bézout (d. 1783), a native of the town, was erected in 1885.
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Noisiel
Coordinates: 48°51′17″N 2°37′44″E / 48.8547°N 2.6289°E / 48.8547; 2.6289
Noisiel is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the eastern suburbs of Paris 20.5 km (12.7 mi) from the center.
The commune of Noisiel is part of the Val Maubuée sector, one of the four sectors in the "new town" of Marne-la-Vallée.
Inhabitants of Noisiel are called Noisiéliens.
Noisiel is served by Noisiel station on Paris RER line
.
Noisiel is synonymous with the name "Menier", famous chocolate makers who built the first automated chocolate production facility in 1825 at a time when the village's inhabitants numbered around 200. The Menier company would prosper and in the 1870s built a complete "town" to accommodate its employees that numbered more than 2000 by the end of the 19th century.
Members of the Menier family were mayors of Noisiel without interruption from May 11, 1871 to November 8, 1959.
The Menier Chocolate factory operated until 1993 and today is a museum and the French head office of the Nestlé company who now own the company. It has been designated by the government of France as a Monument historique and is on the list to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site [1].
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Obsonville
Coordinates: 48°13′06″N 2°33′42″E / 48.2183°N 2.5617°E / 48.2183; 2.5617
Obsonville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Obsonvillois.
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Ocquerre
Coordinates: 49°02′17″N 3°03′27″E / 49.038°N 3.0576°E / 49.038; 3.0576
Ocquerre is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Ocquerrois.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Oissery
Coordinates: 49°04′15″N 2°49′00″E / 49.0707°N 2.8168°E / 49.0707; 2.8168
Oissery is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Ostéraciens.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Othis
Coordinates: 49°04′27″N 2°40′30″E / 49.0741°N 2.675°E / 49.0741; 2.675
Othis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Othissois.
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Ouidah
Ouidah ( /ˈwiːdə/), also Whydah /ˈhwaɪdə/ or Juda, is a city on the Atlantic coast of Benin. The commune covers an area of 364 square kilometres and as of 2002 had a population of 76,555 people.
In local tradition Kpase is supposed to have founded the town. This probably happened towards the end of the sixteenth century. The town was originally known as Glēxwé, literally 'Farmhouse', and was part of the kingdom of Xwéda.
In 1727 the Kingdom of Whydah was captured by the forces of King Agaja of Dahomey.
The Portuguese, English, Dutch, and French all constructed forts in the city to protect their interests in slaving. The Portuguese reached the town they called Ajudá in 1580 and the Portuguese Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá, now housing a museum, dates from 1721 and remained with Portugal until 31 July 1961.
Other attractions in Ouidah include a restored mansion of Brazilian slavers the Maison du Brésil art gallery, a voodoo python temple, an early twentieth century basilica and the Sacred Forest of Kpasse, dotted with bronze statues.
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Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles ( /vɛərˈsaɪ/ vair-SY or /vərˈsaɪ/; French: [vɛʁˈsaj]), or simply Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. In French it is the Château de Versailles.
When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is in a document dated 1038, relating to the village of Versailles. In 1575, the seigneury of Versailles was bought by Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine, who invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles. Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624. Eight years later, Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château. This structure would become the core of the new palace. Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world. Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678, he began to gradually move the court to Versailles. The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.
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Palaiseau
Coordinates: 48°42′52″N 2°14′45″E / 48.7145°N 2.2457°E / 48.7145; 2.2457
Palaiseau is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 16.9 km (10.5 mi) from the center of Paris. Palaiseau is a sub-prefecture of the Essonne department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Palaiseau.
Inhabitants of Palaiseau are known as Palaisiens.
ParisTech has a strong presence in Palaiseau, with two member institutes: the École Polytechnique, France's most prestigious engineering school, and an annex of École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées, which are now located in Palaiseau, on the Plateau de Saclay.
Palaiseau is served by 3 stations on Paris RER line B: Palaiseau, Palaiseau – Villebon and Lozère (this last station is the closest to the famous École Polytechnique). The station Massy-Palaiseau (RER B and RER C) is located in the nearby town of Massy.
Palaiseau is twinned with:
Media related to Palaiseau at Wikimedia Commons
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Pamfou
Coordinates: 48°27′44″N 2°52′19″E / 48.4622°N 2.8719°E / 48.4622; 2.8719
Pamfou is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Pamfoliens.
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Pantin
Coordinates: 48°53′48″N 2°24′06″E / 48.8966°N 2.4017°E / 48.8966; 2.4017
Pantin (French pronunciation: [pɑ̃.tɛ̃]) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.4 km (4.0 mi) from the center of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. Its post code is 93500.
Pantin was once the site of Motobecane's operations. Pantin was portrayed in the award-winning French movie So Long, Stooge (French title: Tchao Pantin) (1983), starring French comedian Coluche.
Pantin borders the Paris inner ring road (périphérique) and is traversed by national routes N2 and N3, as well as the Paris-Strasbourg railway line and the Ourcq canal.
The name Pantin was recorded for the first time in 1067 as Pentini, perhaps from the Roman patronym Pentinus, a variant of Pantaenus or Repentinus, but this etymology is not certain.
On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Pantin was annexed to Paris.
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Penchard
Coordinates: 48°59′11″N 2°51′39″E / 48.9864°N 2.8607°E / 48.9864; 2.8607
Penchard is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Penchardais.
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Poigny
Coordinates: 48°32′20″N 3°17′00″E / 48.5389°N 3.2833°E / 48.5389; 3.2833
Poigny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Its inhabitants are called Pognissiens.
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Poincy
Coordinates: 48°58′07″N 2°56′07″E / 48.9685°N 2.9354°E / 48.9685; 2.9354
Poincy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Pépitois.
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Poissy
Coordinates: 48°55′46″N 2°02′44″E / 48.9294°N 2.0456°E / 48.9294; 2.0456
Poissy is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris 23.8 km (14.8 mi) from the center.
In 1561 it was the site of a fruitless Catholic-Huguenot conference, the Colloquy at Poissy. It is known for hosting successively Automobiles Gregoire, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories, now one of France's largest Peugeot factories. Inhabitants are called Pisciacais.
Poissy is served by Poissy station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Technoparc is a district with economic vocation created in 1990, intended to facilitate the economic diversification of the city; occupying twenty seven hectares in the northeast of the PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, on the verge of the vommune of Achères. He welcomes hundred fifty companies employing 2000 employees. The Charles-de-Gaulle high school and the training center of the employees in pharmacy (ACPPAV) teach 1500 high school students and students. We find there among others two business incubator, a heliport, the Chambre de Commerce Yvelines-Val d'Oise, two hotels, a gymnasium and a municipal technical center.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Pommeuse
Coordinates: 48°49′02″N 3°01′02″E / 48.8172°N 3.0172°E / 48.8172; 3.0172
Pommeuse is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Its inhabitants are called Pommesiens.
Pommeuse is located in the valley of the Grand Morin and on the northern bank of the afore-mentioned valley. Two rivers flow through the commune: the Grand Morin and the Aubetin.
The largest part of the commune is occupied by agricultural land, dedicated to the growth of cereals (mainly corn and wheat), and the farming of cattle. Part of the commune is wooded, notably along the banks of the Grand Morin and on the bank of the valley. A railway line links Pommeuse to Paris in 56 minutes and also reaches out to the town of Coulommiers.
The neighboring communes are :
The word "Pommeuse" signifies bridge over the Morin. The commune was previously named Eboriac and was at the junction of two Roman highways.
The Pommeuse fief was created in 1144.
There were four successive castles or manors. The first dates back to the 11th century, and allowed the lord to perceive a taxe from the people wanting to cross the Morin. This castle was located on a mound overlooking the feodal land. The second castle was surrounded by a mote fed by the Morin, and was severely damaged during the Hundred Years' War. The third castle build around 1480 was based upon a Renaissance type model. It was destroyed during the revolution and its occupants (the De Langlois family) guillotined. The fourth castle still inhabited to this day, was built from 1825 to 1830. It was upon recently still occupied by the De Langlois family.
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Pomponne
Coordinates: 48°53′04″N 2°41′21″E / 48.8844°N 2.6892°E / 48.8844; 2.6892
Pomponne is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Pomponnais.
23 December 1933, the second worst train accident in France occurred in Pomponne with a rear-end collision of Paris-Nancy express and Paris-Strasbourg fast train. 230 people were killed and 300 injured aboard the Nancy express as its 7 wood coaches were smashed. The driver of the Strasbourg train had passed a signal at danger in darkness and fog, but the "Crocodile" acoustic warning system was found to have failed because the contacts had iced over.
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Pontcarré
Coordinates: 48°48′00″N 2°42′19″E / 48.8°N 2.7053°E / 48.8; 2.7053
Pontcarré is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Pontcarréens.
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Provins
Coordinates: 48°33′37″N 3°17′56″E / 48.5604°N 3.299°E / 48.5604; 3.299
Provins is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Provins, a town of medieval fairs, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.
Provins is not the largest city in the arrondissement, but it is the seat. The largest town is Montereau-Fault-Yonne.
The arrondissement has 7 cantons, 125 communes and 112,020 residents. The canton of Provins has 15 communes and 21,000 residents.
Provins was home to one of the Champagne fairs that were crucial to the medieval European economy, when the city was under the protection of Counts of Champagne.
Provins is well known for its medieval fortifications, such as the Tour César (the Caesar Tower) and well-preserved city walls.
The Saint Quiriace Collegiate Church is located here. The Empress Galla Placidia is said to have presented Ancona with the relics of Judas Cyriacus. However, the saint's head was situated at Provins, brought from Jerusalem by Henry I of Champagne, who built a church in this town to display it. It is still at the Saint Quiriace Collegiate Church, although construction work during the 12th century was never completed due to financial difficulties during the reign of Philippe le Bel. A dome was added in the 17th century, and the old families of Provins who lived in the upper town were called "Children of the Dome."[1]
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Puteaux
Coordinates: 48°53′06″N 2°14′20″E / 48.885°N 2.2389°E / 48.885; 2.2389
Puteaux (pronounced [py.to]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located in the heart of the Hauts-de-Seine department 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) from the center of Paris.
La Défense, Paris' business district hosting the tallest buildings in the metropolitan area, spreads over the northern part of Puteaux (the district being also divided between Courbevoie and Nanterre).
The inhabitants of Puteaux are called Putéoliens.
The creation of the city dates from 1148, by Abbot Suger and gave him the name Putiauz. The foundation of Puteaux part of several other towns in the region by Abbot Suger, as Carrières-sur-Seine, Vaucresson or Villeneuve-la-Garenne and aimed to attract people in the region. This appeal was reinforced by certain privileges granted by the Abbot Suger.
The name Putiauz comes from the old French Putel, which means a "quagmire" or "swamp" and was certainly making reference to the condition of the area before its reorganization.
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Pécy
Coordinates: 48°39′24″N 3°04′45″E / 48.6567°N 3.0792°E / 48.6567; 3.0792
Pécy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Péciacquois.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Pézarches
Coordinates: 48°44′15″N 2°59′35″E / 48.7375°N 2.9931°E / 48.7375; 2.9931
Pézarches is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants are called Pézarchois.
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Quiers
Coordinates: 48°36′22″N 2°58′17″E / 48.6061°N 2.9714°E / 48.6061; 2.9714
Quiers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Quierçois.
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Rambouillet
Coordinates: 48°38′40″N 1°49′51″E / 48.6444°N 01.8308°E / 48.6444; 01.8308
Rambouillet (IPA: [ʁɑ̃bujɛ]) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.It is located in the suburbs of Paris 44.3 km (27.5 mi) southwest from the center. Rambouillet is a sub-prefecture of the department.
Rambouillet lies on the edge of the vast Forest of Rambouillet (Forêt de Rambouillet or Forêt de l'Yveline), and is famous for its historical castle, the Château de Rambouillet, which hosted several international summits. Due to its proximity to Paris and Versailles, Rambouillet has long been an occasional seat of government.
Rambouillet is served by the SNCF Rambouillet train station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line to Chartres.
who were born in Rambouillet:
who lived in Rambouillet:
who died in Rambouillet:
Rambouillet is twinned with:
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Rampillon
Coordinates: 48°33′02″N 3°04′00″E / 48.5506°N 3.0667°E / 48.5506; 3.0667
Rampillon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Rampillonnais. It is home to the 13th century church of Sainte Eliphe, with a portal decorated with a "Final Judgement" and a calendar.
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Rebais
Coordinates: 48°50′51″N 3°13′58″E / 48.8475°N 3.2328°E / 48.8475; 3.2328
Rebais is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Resbaciens.
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Recloses
Coordinates: 48°20′55″N 2°38′33″E / 48.3486°N 2.6425°E / 48.3486; 2.6425
Recloses is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Reclosiots.
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Remauville
Coordinates: 48°12′52″N 2°49′27″E / 48.2144°N 2.8242°E / 48.2144; 2.8242
Remauville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Remauvillois.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Romainville
Coordinates: 48°53′02″N 2°26′06″E / 48.884°N 2.435°E / 48.884; 2.435
Romainville is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7.2 km (4.5 mi) from the center of Paris.
On 24 July 1867, a part of the territory of Romainville was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Pantin and a part of the territory of Bagnolet to create the commune of Les Lilas.
Romainville is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest stations to Romainville are Mairie des Lilas station on Paris Métro Line 11 and Bobigny - Pantin - Raymond Queneau station on Paris Métro Line 5. The former is located in the neighboring commune of Les Lilas, 1.4 km (0.87 mi) from the town center of Romainville, and the latter is located in the neighboring commune of Pantin, 1.3 km (0.81 mi) from the town center of Romainville.
There are plans to extend Paris Métro Line 11 beyond its terminus at Mairie des Lilas station, reaching the town center of Romainville and beyond to Rosny-sous-Bois.
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Rouilly
Coordinates: 48°35′32″N 3°16′41″E / 48.5922°N 3.2781°E / 48.5922; 3.2781
Rouilly is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Rubelles
Coordinates: 48°33′32″N 2°40′47″E / 48.5588°N 2.6798°E / 48.5588; 2.6798
Rubelles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Rubelles are called Rubellois.
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Rupéreux
Coordinates: 48°38′11″N 3°19′46″E / 48.6364°N 3.3294°E / 48.6364; 3.3294
Rupéreux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Rupéreux are called Rupérois.
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Réau
Coordinates: 48°37′17″N 2°37′23″E / 48.6213°N 2.623°E / 48.6213; 2.623
Réau is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The inhabitants are called Réaltais.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Sablonnières
Coordinates: 48°52′32″N 3°17′47″E / 48.8756°N 3.2964°E / 48.8756; 3.2964
Sablonnières is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Sammeron
Coordinates: 48°56′51″N 3°04′50″E / 48.9476°N 3.0806°E / 48.9476; 3.0806
Sammeron is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Sammeron are called Sammeronais.
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Samoreau
Coordinates: 48°25′34″N 2°45′18″E / 48.4261°N 2.755°E / 48.4261; 2.755
Samoreau is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Samoreau are called Samoréens.
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Sannois
Coordinates: 48°58′20″N 2°15′28″E / 48.9722°N 2.2578°E / 48.9722; 2.2578
Sannois is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department in Île-de-France in northern France.
Sannois is served by Sannois station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
Sannois is served by the A15 and A115 motorways and the N14 national road between Paris, Pontoise and Normandy.
Sannois is home to the Parc des Sports Michel Hidalgo, where the local football team L'Entente SSG play their home games in France's Championnat National.
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Sarcelles
Coordinates: 48°59′44″N 2°22′51″E / 48.9956°N 2.3808°E / 48.9956; 2.3808
Sarcelles (French pronunciation: [saʁ.sɛl]) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 16.3 km (10.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Sarcelles is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Sarcelles.
In the south of the commune, during the 1950s and 1960s, HLMs were built in order to accommodate pieds-noirs, many of them Jewish, who left Algeria due to the Algerian War of Independence.
Sarcelles is served by Garges – Sarcelles station on Paris RER line D.
It is also served by Sarcelles – Saint-Brice station on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line. This station, although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, lies in fact very near the town center of Sarcelles.
The majority of the inhabitants of the town are pieds-noirs from Northwest Africa who immigrated to France in the 1960s. Sarcelles is also home to a vibrant Jewish community and the largest concentration of Assyrians in France.
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Sartrouville
Coordinates: 48°56′14″N 2°09′52″E / 48.9372°N 2.1644°E / 48.9372; 2.1644
Sartrouville is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. it is located in the north-western suburbs of Paris 17.1 km (10.6 mi) from the center.
In the Middle Ages the name Sartrouville was recorded in Medieval Latin as Sartoris Villa. The origin and meaning of Sartoris Villa is still debated. Some think the name comes from the Roman patronym Saturus (probably a Gallo-Roman landowner) and means "estate (villa) of Saturus". Others believe that the word sartoris comes from the Medieval Latin past participle exsartum ("cleared for cultivation"), from Latin sartum ("hoed"), and means "estate of the land-clearers", probably in reference to the deforestation that took place around Sartrouville in Antiquity or in the Early Middle Ages to enable the cultivation of the land.
Sartrouville is served by Sartrouville station on Paris RER line A and on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.
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Savins
Coordinates: 48°30′40″N 3°12′03″E / 48.5111°N 3.2008°E / 48.5111; 3.2008
Savins is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Savins are called Savinois.
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Sevran
Coordinates: 48°56′00″N 2°32′00″E / 48.9333°N 2.5333°E / 48.9333; 2.5333
Sevran (French pronunciation: [sə.vʁɑ̃]) is a commune in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 16.2 km (10.1 mi) from the center of Paris.
Sevran is home to an important music and dance school, the Espace François Mauriac, also known as the conservatoire de Sevran. Many important French and international musicians have taught there, including Claude Ballif, Allain Gaussin and Vincent Decleire.
Sevran is served by two stations on Paris RER line B: Sevran – Livry and Sevran – Beaudottes.
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Sigy
Coordinates: 48°28′42″N 3°10′51″E / 48.4783°N 3.1808°E / 48.4783; 3.1808
Sigy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Sigy are called Sigyssois.
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Solers
Coordinates: 48°39′28″N 2°43′01″E / 48.6578°N 2.7169°E / 48.6578; 2.7169
Solers is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Solers are called Solersois.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Sourdun
Coordinates: 48°32′13″N 3°20′54″E / 48.5369°N 3.3483°E / 48.5369; 3.3483
Sourdun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Sourdun are called Sourdunois.
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Spelthorne
Spelthorne is a local government district and borough in Surrey, England. It includes the towns of Ashford, Laleham, Shepperton, Staines-upon-Thames, Stanwell and Sunbury. Boroughs adjacent to Spelthorne include Runnymede and Elmbridge in Surrey, the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, the London Borough of Hillingdon to the north, as well as the London Borough of Hounslow and the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the east. The borough is home to a number of large reservoirs, including Queen Mary, Staines and King George VI, all important bird reserves as is Staines Moor, designated an area of outstanding scientific interest.
Spelthorne appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Spelet(h)orne, in Middlesex. Spelthorne was a hundred, an administrative area, where local leaders met about once a month. The Spelthorne hundred also covered East Bedfont, Feltham and Hanworth, all now in the London Borough of Hounslow in Greater London.
The borough was formed in 1974 from Staines Urban District and Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District. The urban districts had originally been part of Middlesex; however in 1965 when much of the rest of Middlesex was absorbed into Greater London these two were instead transferred to Surrey. Its boundary changed in 1995 when Poyle was transferred to Slough in Berkshire. The borough remained inside the Metropolitan Police District, and was not transferred to Surrey Police until the boundary was realigned to Greater London in 2000.
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Stains
Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°23′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.3833°E / 48.9500; 2.3833
Stains is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.6 km (7.2 mi) from the center of Paris.
Stains is served by Pierrefitte – Stains station on Paris RER line D. This station is located at the border between the commune of Stains and the commune of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, on the Pierrefitte-sur-Seine side of the border.
Stains is twinned with:
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Suresnes
Coordinates: 48°52′N 2°13′E / 48.87°N 2.22°E / 48.87; 2.22
Suresnes (French pronunciation: [sy.ʁɛn]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.3 km (5.8 mi) from the center of Paris. The nearest communes are Neuilly-sur-Seine, Puteaux, Rueil-Malmaison, Saint-Cloud and Boulogne-Billancourt. It is also on a tram line giving access to La Defense and its rail services.
Fort Mont-Valérien (Mémorial de la France Combattante) is situated in this commune, and has a beautiful view of Paris and the Eiffel Tower.
In 1974 the Spanish Socialist Workers Party held its 26th Congress in Suresnes (it was illegal in Spain under Franco). Felipe González was elected Secretary General, replacing Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz. González was from the "reform" wing of the party, and his victory signaled a defeat for the historic and veteran wing of the Party. The direction of the party shifted from the exiles to the young people in Spain who had not fought the Spanish Civil War.
Suresnes is served by Suresnes-Mont-Valérien station on the Transilien La Défense and Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail lines.
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Tancrou
Coordinates: 49°00′00″N 3°02′49″E / 49.0°N 3.047°E / 49.0; 3.047
Tancrou is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Tancrou are called Tancrétiens.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Taverny
Coordinates: 49°01′35″N 2°13′39″E / 49.0264°N 2.2275°E / 49.0264; 2.2275
Taverny is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 21.2 km (13.2 mi) from the center of Paris.
Inhabitants are called Tabernacians.
In 1806 the commune of Taverny merged with the neighboring commune of Saint-Leu, resulting in the creation of the commune of Saint-Leu-Taverny.
In 1821 the commune of Saint-Leu-Taverny was demerged. Thus, Taverny and Saint-Leu were both restored as separate communes.
On 30 March 1922, a part of the territory of Taverny was detached and merged with a part of the territory of Montigny-lès-Cormeilles and a part of the territory of Pierrelaye to create the commune of Beauchamp.
1941-1944: The Germans have converted some of these tunnels and have transferred the factory ball bearing SKF south of Paris. No evidence of air attack on the tunnels is Taverny. At the time of the Allied invasion, the manufacture of ball bearings had been started but the Germans destroyed all the equipment before evacuating Paris. U.S. Army when the remains of the plant have been eliminated.
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Thiais
Coordinates: 48°45′54″N 2°23′32″E / 48.765°N 2.3923°E / 48.765; 2.3923
Thiais is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 10.3 km (6.4 mi) from the center of Paris.
The name Thiais comes from Medieval Latin Theodasium or Theodaxium, meaning "estate of Theodasius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
The Austrian writer Joseph Roth, exiled due to his opposition to the Nazi regime, lived at Thiais at the end of the 1930s and is buried at the local cemetery. The tomb of Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin is also there. Expatriate American journalist and novelist William Gardner Smith died there in 1974.
Thiais is served by Pont de Rungis – Aéroport d'Orly station on Paris RER line C. It is also served by Choisy-le-Roi station on Paris RER line C. This station, although administratively located on the territory of Choisy-le-Roi, lies closer to the town center of Thiais than Pont de Rungis – Aéroport d'Orly station does, and is thus used by people in Thiais.
Farhad Mehrad's Grave. Farhad was cremated and is buried in the Thiais.
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Thomery
Coordinates: 48°24′34″N 2°47′04″E / 48.4094°N 2.7844°E / 48.4094; 2.7844
Thomery is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France, between the forest of Fontainebleau and the river Seine.
Inhabitants of Thomery are called Thomeryons.
Over the centuries, Thomery has been home to the Chasselas of Thomery table grapes (different from the Moissac's chasselas) culture performed according to ancestral techniques on high walls. After harvesting, the grapes are disposed in especially designed bottles, filled with water and a charcoal piece, and stored over a period of several months in wine caves or cellars built inside the local houses. This technique allows the grapes to be sold after the Christmas season even as late as Easter with perfectly naturally preserved fruits. This tradition has been extremelly popular in from 19th century to WWII, and was destinated to rich tables in Paris (grapes were sold at Fauchon) and beyond (the Russian Csar court was also delivered). The peak of production was in the 1920s with more than 800 tons of grapes a year cultured over a total 350 km (220 mi) of walls. The vine walls are still present in Thomery and have been classified in 1993 by the Monuments historiques. Nowadays, only a few inhabitants are still running the activity for local consumption.
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Thénisy
Coordinates: 48°29′20″N 3°10′41″E / 48.4889°N 3.1781°E / 48.4889; 3.1781
Thénisy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
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Tigeaux
Coordinates: 48°49′39″N 2°54′04″E / 48.8275°N 2.9011°E / 48.8275; 2.9011
Tigeaux is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Tigeaux are called Tigéens.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Touquin
Coordinates: 48°44′09″N 3°00′45″E / 48.7358°N 3.0125°E / 48.7358; 3.0125
Touquin is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Touquin are called Touquinois.
In one of his flights as a World War 1 flying ace, Snoopy flew over Touquin.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Tousson
Coordinates: 48°20′52″N 2°27′33″E / 48.3478°N 2.4592°E / 48.3478; 2.4592
Tousson is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Tousson are called Toussonnais.
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Trappes
Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 2°00′09″E / 48.7775°N 2.0025°E / 48.7775; 2.0025
Trappes is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris 26.7 km (16.6 mi) from the center in the new town of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
Trappes is served by Trappes station on the Transilien La Défense and Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail lines.
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Trilbardou
Coordinates: 48°56′33″N 2°48′21″E / 48.9425°N 2.8058°E / 48.9425; 2.8058
Trilbardou is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Trilbardou are called Triboulois.
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Trilport
Coordinates: 48°57′25″N 2°56′57″E / 48.9569°N 2.9492°E / 48.9569; 2.9492
Trilport is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Trilport are called Trilportais.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Vanves
Coordinates: 48°49′15″N 2°17′23″E / 48.8208°N 2.2897°E / 48.8208; 2.2897
Vanves is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 5.6 km (3.5 mi) from the center of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe and the tenth in France
On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighboring communes. On that occasion, about a third of the commune of Vanves was annexed to Paris, and forms now essentially the neighborhood of Plaisance, in the 14th arrondissement of Paris.
On 8 November 1883, about half of the territory of Vanves was detached and became the commune of Malakoff.
Vanves is served by Malakoff – Plateau de Vanves station on Paris Métro Line 13. This station is located at the border between the commune of Vanves and the commune of Malakoff, on the Malakoff side of the border.
Vanves is also served by Vanves – Malakoff station on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line.
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Vanvillé
Coordinates: 48°33′22″N 3°06′28″E / 48.5561°N 3.1078°E / 48.5561; 3.1078
Vanvillé is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vanvillé are called Vanvilléens.
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Varreddes
Coordinates: 49°00′03″N 2°55′50″E / 49.00080°N 2.930600°E / 49.00080; 2.930600
Varreddes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Varreddes are called Ravers.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vaucourtois
Coordinates: 48°53′47″N 2°57′11″E / 48.8964°N 2.9531°E / 48.8964; 2.9531
Vaucourtois is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vaucourtois are called Vaucourtois.
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Vendrest
Coordinates: 49°02′50″N 3°05′41″E / 49.0472°N 3.0947°E / 49.0472; 3.0947
Vendrest is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vendrest are called Vendrestois.
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Vignely
Coordinates: 48°55′51″N 2°48′36″E / 48.9308°N 2.81°E / 48.9308; 2.81
Vignely is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vignely are called Vigneliens.
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Villebéon
Coordinates: 48°12′33″N 2°56′27″E / 48.2092°N 2.9408°E / 48.2092; 2.9408
Villebéon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villebéon are called Villebéonais.
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Villecerf
Coordinates: 48°19′38″N 2°50′51″E / 48.3272°N 2.8475°E / 48.3272; 2.8475
Villecerf is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villecerf are called Villecerfois.
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Villejuif
Coordinates: 48°47′31″N 2°21′49″E / 48.7919°N 2.3636°E / 48.7919; 2.3636
Villejuif (pronounced: [vilʒɥif]) is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 7 km (4.3 mi) from the centre of Paris.
Villejuif is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 7: Villejuif – Léo Lagrange, Villejuif – Paul Vaillant-Couturier, and Villejuif – Louis Aragon.
Villejuif has many hospitals on its territory :
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Villemareuil
Coordinates: 48°55′16″N 2°58′24″E / 48.9211°N 2.9733°E / 48.9211; 2.9733
Villemareuil is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villemareuil are called Villemareuillais.
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Villemaréchal
Coordinates: 48°16′06″N 2°52′09″E / 48.2683°N 2.8692°E / 48.2683; 2.8692
Villemaréchal is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villemaréchal are called Villemarchais.
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Villemomble
Coordinates: 48°53′00″N 2°30′00″E / 48.8833°N 2.5000°E / 48.8833; 2.5000
Villemomble is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.1 km (7.5 mi) from the center of Paris.
Villemomble is served by Le Raincy – Villemomble – Montfermeil station on Paris RER line E.
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Villenoy
Coordinates: 48°56′36″N 2°51′49″E / 48.9433°N 2.8636°E / 48.9433; 2.8636
Villenoy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villenoy are called Villenoyens.
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Villeparisis
Coordinates: 48°57′01″N 2°36′09″E / 48.9503°N 2.6025°E / 48.9503; 2.6025
Villeparisis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris 21.8 km (13.5 mi) from the centre.
Villeparisis is served by Villeparisis – Mitry-le-Neuf station on Paris RER line B.
Inhabitants of Villeparisis are called Villeparisiens.
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Villevaudé
Coordinates: 48°55′06″N 2°39′08″E / 48.9183°N 2.6522°E / 48.9183; 2.6522
Villevaudé is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villevaudé are called Villevaudéens.
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Villuis
Coordinates: 48°24′39″N 3°21′20″E / 48.4108°N 3.3556°E / 48.4108; 3.3556
Villuis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Villuis are called Villuisiens.
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Vimpelles
Coordinates: 48°26′23″N 3°09′57″E / 48.4397°N 3.1658°E / 48.4397; 3.1658
Vimpelles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vimpelles are called Vimpellois.
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Vinantes
Coordinates: 49°00′33″N 2°44′10″E / 49.0092°N 2.7361°E / 49.0092; 2.7361
Vinantes is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Vinantes are called Vinantais.
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Vincennes
Coordinates: 48°50′52″N 2°26′21″E / 48.8478°N 2.4392°E / 48.8478; 2.4392
Vincennes (French pronunciation: [vɛ̃sɛn]) is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the centre of Paris. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe.
The Marquis de Sade was imprisoned in Vincennes fortress in 1777, where he remained (mainly: he escaped for a little over a month in 1778), until February 1784, when Vincennes fortress was closed and de Sade was transferred to the Bastille. In 1929, the commune of Vincennes lost about half of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes, a large part of which belonged to the commune of Vincennes.
In 1849, a test was conducted on Claude-Étienne Minié's invention the Minié ball which would prove successful and years later be adopted by the French army. Vincennes was also the site of some famous European colonial expositions in the 20th century in which fairs were held to showcase artifacts from former European colonies.
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Voinsles
Coordinates: 48°41′29″N 3°00′19″E / 48.6914°N 3.0053°E / 48.6914; 3.0053
Voinsles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Voinsles are called Vincelais.
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Voisenon
Coordinates: 48°34′16″N 2°39′53″E / 48.5712°N 2.6647°E / 48.5712; 2.6647
Voisenon is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department, in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Little village, located 39 kilometres south-east from the center of Paris, Voisenon was mainly known for its 12th century abbey, and then for its renowned local figure, Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon, academician and abbot. Still dedicated to cereal growing, it now enjoys the advantages of its nearest city, Melun, while keeping a country-style atmosphere.
Inhabitants of Voisenon are called Voisenonais.
The etymology is likely to indicate a gaulish presence, but no evidence of this has been found yet.
The first mention of the place appears in the 12th century. During the middle age, Voisenon was the Fusée family's fief and was attached to the crown lands of France.
The Fusée lost the estate in 1790 and 1791.
In 1949, the Château du Jard was given to the Association des paralysés de France, and used as a vocational school for persons with motor disability.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Voulangis
Coordinates: 48°51′05″N 2°53′57″E / 48.8514°N 2.8992°E / 48.8514; 2.8992
Voulangis is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Voulangis are called Voulangeois.
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Voulton
Coordinates: 48°37′06″N 3°20′03″E / 48.6183°N 3.3342°E / 48.6183; 3.3342
Voulton is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Voulton are called Voultonais.
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Voulx
Coordinates: 48°16′54″N 2°58′09″E / 48.2817°N 2.9692°E / 48.2817; 2.9692
Voulx is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Voulx are called Voulxois.
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Yerres
Coordinates: 48°43′02″N 2°29′17″E / 48.7171°N 2.4881°E / 48.7171; 2.4881
Yerres is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 18.3 km (11.4 mi) from the center of Paris.
Inhabitants are called Yerrois.
Yerres lies in the North-Eastern part of Essonne and bordering the Val-de-Marne département. The town extends on both sides of the valley through which flows the river Yerres. The highest point is the wooded Mont Griffon, which reaches an altitude of 116 m, while the lowest point is at only 30 m above sea level.
In 1860 the father of Gustave Caillebotte bought an estate on the banks of the river Yerres and the famous impressionist painted around 80 paintings there, until the sale of the estate in 1879. The most famous paintings the artist made in Yerres are Portraits à la campagne, Baigneurs, Bords de l'Yerres, Canotiers ramant sur l'Yerres. The estate and its magnificent garden are now owned by the town an open to visitors.
The first parish of Yerres could well date back to the 12th century. At that time a wooden church stood on the spot where the current church building stands. Throughout the years the church had different patron saints: Saint Lupus, Saint Vincent (a tribute to the many vineyards the town formerly counted), Saint Fiacre and now Saint Honestus. The church that can be seen in the town center was probably built in the 13th century but later modified.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Yèbles
Coordinates: 48°38′17″N 2°46′18″E / 48.6381°N 2.7717°E / 48.6381; 2.7717
Yèbles is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Yèbles are called Ebuliens.
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Échouboulains
Coordinates: 48°27′48″N 2°53′55″E / 48.4633°N 2.8987°E / 48.4633; 2.8987
Échouboulains is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Échouboulains are called Échouboulinois.
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Égligny
Coordinates: 48°25′37″N 3°07′15″E / 48.4269°N 3.1208°E / 48.4269; 3.1208
Égligny is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Égligny are called Églignyciens.
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Égreville
Coordinates: 48°10′41″N 2°52′19″E / 48.1781°N 2.8719°E / 48.1781; 2.8719
Égreville is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Égreville are called Égrevillois.
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Élancourt
Coordinates: 48°47′05″N 1°57′32″E / 48.7847°N 1.9589°E / 48.7847; 1.9589
Élancourt is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris 30.6 km (19.0 mi) from the center, in the "new town" of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
Élancourt is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Élancourt is La Verrière station on the Transilien La Défense and Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail lines. This station is located in the neighboring commune of La Verrière, 1.4 km (0.9 mi) from the town center of Élancourt.
France Miniature is a tourist attraction in Élancourt featuring scale models of major French landmarks and monuments in an outdoor park.
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Émerainville
Coordinates: 48°48′39″N 2°37′25″E / 48.8108°N 2.6236°E / 48.8108; 2.6236
Émerainville (pronounced: [emʁɛ̃vil]) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Inhabitants of Émerainville are called Émerainvillois.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Épisy
Coordinates: 48°20′00″N 2°47′15″E / 48.3333°N 2.7875°E / 48.3333; 2.7875
Épisy is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The Lunain river flows into the Loing in the commune.
Inhabitants of Épisy are called Épisiens.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
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Bertrand Grospellier
Bertrand Grospellier (French pronunciation: [bɛʁtʁɑ̃ ɡʁopɛlje]; born February 8, 1981 in Melun), also known as ElkY (/ˈɛlki/) is a poker player and former pro gamer from France who has won a World Poker Tour (WPT), a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet and a European Poker Tour (EPT) title. He is a Team PokerStars Pro and he currently resides in London, England.
Grospellier was one of the top ranked StarCraft players in the world, having placed second in the World Cyber Games in 2001 and continuing his career in South Korea in the years subsequent including a fourth place finish in a Ongamenet Starleague. By 2002, he picked up the newly released WarCraft III: Reign of Chaos and garnered success by finishing second in the televised Ongamenet WarCraft Retail League before retiring.
He has turned his attention to professional poker the last few years. Grospellier is a member of Team PokerStars. He was the first person ever to reach "Supernova" and "Supernova Elite" statuses on PokerStars - having earned 100,000 player points in just 2 weeks and 1,000,000 player points in 4 and a half months, respectively.
wn.com/Bertrand_Grospellier -
Chimène Badi
Chimène Badi, also known by her mononym Chimène is French singer (born October 30, 1982 in Melun, Seine-et-Marne).
Chimène Badi was born in Melun, in the Paris suburbs but she spent her entire childhood in the south-west of France, growing up in Villeneuve-sur-Lot with her parents, Chérifa and Mohammed, her sister, Déborah, and her brother, Karim. Her sister Déborah encouraged her to persevere with her singing and Chimène went on to hone her vocal style still further, performing at family parties and regional song contests from the age of six.
Chimène also made her mark at her school's end-of-year shows, wowing the audience with her confident vocal performance. Teachers barely recognised Chimène who, when she was off stage, was a notoriously shy pupil, given to daydreaming and complexes about her appearance. Meanwhile, Chimène plugged away at her studies, going on to obtain a "BEP" in agribusiness.
She did not win the French reality TV show, Popstars, but Badi released her first single Entre Nous in 2003, which reached number 1 in the French charts. An album of the same name reached number 4 in domestic charts, and became the 5th best selling French album of 2003.
wn.com/Chimène_Badi -
Granddi Ngoyi
Granddi N'Goyi Majundu (born 17 May 1988 in Melun, Seine-et-Marne) is a French football player of Congolese descent who currently plays for French club Nantes on loan from Paris Saint-Germain in Ligue 2.
N'Goyi was born to DR Congolese parents in Melun, a suburb of the French capital Paris, began his career in the youth ranks of capital club Paris Saint-Germain. In 2007 he graduated to the first-team and moved on 7 January 2009 on loan to Clermont Foot.
Despite being of Congolese parents, N'Goyi represented the land of his birth, France at the UEFA European Under-19 Championship.
N'Goyi was handed the number 13 shirt for the tournament, and played all four games the French took part in. He was one of the French penalty takers in the semi-final match against Spain, and scored his penalty, although the Spaniards went on to win 4–2.
In October 2008 he was called up to represent DR Congo, along with Paris Saint-Germain team mates Larrys Mabiala and Youssouf Mulumbu for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against rivals Malawi.
wn.com/Granddi_Ngoyi -
Hugh Capet
Hugh Capet (c. 939 – 24 October 996), called in contemporary sources "Hugh the Great" (Latin: Hugo Magnus), was the first King of the Franks of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the Carolingian Louis V in 987 until his death.
The son of Hugh the Great, Duke of France, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler, Hugh was born in 939. His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Île-de-France. His grandfather had been King Robert I. His grandmother Beatrice was a Carolingian, a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois. This makes him the great-great-great-great-great grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy. King Odo was his grand-uncle and King Rudolph the son-in-law of his grandfather, King Robert I. Hugh was born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the reigning nobility of Europe. But for all this, Hugh's father was never king. When Rudolph died in 936, Hugh the Great organised the return of Louis d'Outremer, son of Charles the Simple, from his exile at the court of Athelstan of England. Hugh's motives are unknown, but it is presumed that he acted to forestall Rudolph's brother and successor as Duke of Burgundy, Hugh the Black, from taking the French throne, or to prevent it from falling into the grasping hands of Herbert II of Vermandois or Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy.
wn.com/Hugh_Capet -
Jacques Amyot
Jacques Amyot (30 October 1513 – 6 February 1593), French Renaissance writer and translator, was born of poor parents, at Melun.
He found his way to the University of Paris, where he supported himself by serving some of the richer students. He was nineteen when he became M.A. at Paris, and later he graduated doctor of civil law at Bourges. Through Jacques Colure (or Colin), abbot of St. Ambrose in Bourges, he obtained a tutorship in the family of a secretary of state. By the secretary he was recommended to Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry, and through her influence was made professor of Greek and Latin at Bourges. Here he translated Theagene et Chariclée from Heliodorus (1547), for which he was rewarded by Francis I with the abbey of Bellozane.
He was thus enabled to go to Italy to study the Vatican text of Plutarch, on the translation of whose Lives (1559–1565) he had been some time engaged. On the way he turned aside on a mission to the Council of Trent. Returning home, he was appointed tutor to the sons of Henry II, by one of whom (Charles IX) he was afterwards made grand almoner (1561) and by the other (Henry III) was appointed, in spite of his plebeian origin, commander of the Order of the Holy Spirit.
wn.com/Jacques_Amyot -
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
wn.com/Julius_Caesar -
Normans
The Normans (in French: Normands) were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. Their identity emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and gradually evolved over succeeding centuries.
They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman or Norman-French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great fiefs of medieval France. The Normans are famed both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture, and their musical traditions, as well as for their military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland.
wn.com/Normans -
Pierre Certon
Pierre Certon (ca. 1510-1520 – February 23, 1572) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was a representative of the generation after Josquin and Mouton, and was influential in the late development of the French chanson.
Most likely he was born in Melun, but he lived most of his life in Paris. The earliest records of his life date from 1527, when he was in the service of the king. In 1530 he was charged with playing ball at Notre Dame Cathedral as well as refusing to go to a service, both dangerous irreverences which almost cost him prison time—but he was young enough to be forgiven. From this event a birthdate between 1510 and 1520 can be inferred. In 1536 he became a master of choristers at the Sainte-Chapelle (choir), and he remained at this post, with a few additional benefices, for the rest of his life.
Another post he held late in his life—concurrently with his activity in Paris—was as canon at the cathedral in Melun. He seems to have helped organize many grand entertainments, and doubtless composed many of his works for them. Most likely he was a close friend of the more famous composer Claudin de Sermisy, as evidenced by his dedications, notes, and the poignant lament he wrote for his death in 1562, which was closely modeled on the similar work by Josquin for the death of Johannes Ockeghem.
wn.com/Pierre_Certon -
Robert II of France
Robert II (27 March 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious (French: le Pieux) or the Wise (French: le Sage), was King of the Franks from 996 until his death. The second reigning member of the House of Capet, he was born in Orléans to Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.
Immediately after his own coronation, Robert's father Hugh began to push for the coronation of Robert. "The essential means by which the early Capetians were seen to have kept the throne in their family was through the association of the eldest surviving son in the royalty during the father's lifetime," Andrew W. Lewis has observed, in tracing the phenomenon in this line of kings who lacked dynastic legitimacy. Hugh's claimed reason was that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II of Barcelona, an invasion which never occurred, and that the stability of the country necessitated a co-king, should he die while on expedition.Ralph Glaber, however, attributes Hugh's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility. Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the claims of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's "plan" to campaign in Spain. Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December 987. A measure of Hugh's success is that when Hugh died in 996, Robert continued to reign without any succession dispute, but during his long reign actual royal power dissipated into the hands of the great territorial magnates.
wn.com/Robert_II_of_France -
Samir Beloufa
Samir Beloufa (Arabic: سمير بلوفة) (born 27 August 1979 in Melun, Seine-et-Marne) is a French-Algerian football player for the Swedish side Helsingborgs IF of the top Allsvenskan league. He transferred to Helsingborg from the Belgium club Westerlo in March 2007. He also played with Mouscron and Germinal Beerschot in Belgium. In Italian Serie A he played with AC Milan for season 1997-98 and for Monza in Serie B.
In November 2008, his contract with Helsingborg was not extended and he is currently out of club.
Beloufa has made nine appearances for the Algeria national football team since 2004. He was part of the Algerian 2004 African Nations Cup team, who finished second in their group in the first round of competition before being defeated by Morocco in the quarter-finals.
wn.com/Samir_Beloufa -
Steven Mouyokolo
Steven Stefan Fabrice Mouyokolo (born 24 January 1987) is a French footballer who plays as a defender for Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Mouyokolo was born in Melun, France to Congolese parents. He began his senior football career at Ligue 2 side LB Châteauroux. He made his way up to the first team in 2006, but never made a first team appearance for the club, and In 2007 he joined fellow Ligue 2 side FC Gueugnon. He made 22 first team appearances for his new club, and his impressive displays from central defence earned him a move to US Boulogne, also of Ligue 2.
The defender made a bright start to the 2008–09 Ligue 2 season, helping his team to second in the table by December. His performances caught the attention of English Premier League teams Newcastle United, Wigan Athletic, Middlesbrough, Bolton Wanderers and Arsenal.
However, it was Hull City who agreed a fee with Boulogne for the defender on 30 January 2009, but the transfer would not take place until the summer. Mouyokolo officially signed a four-year deal for his new club on 2 June 2009, after helping his former club to promotion to French Ligue 1 for the first time in their history. He scored to earn a 1–1 draw against eventual champions Chelsea on 2 February 2010, but was part of the team that ended up relegated to The Championship.
wn.com/Steven_Mouyokolo -
Willy Boly
Willy Boly (born 3 February 1991 in Melun) is a French football player who plays for French club Auxerre in Ligue 1. He plays as a central defender and is a former graduate of the Clairefontaine academy. Boly is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16, under-17, and under-19 level. In February 2011, he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Auxerre with an option for a fourth year. Two months later, Boly made his professional debut in a league match against Toulouse. On 24 April, he scored his first professional goal in a 1–1 draw with Lens.
wn.com/Willy_Boly -
Yvan Kibundu
Yvan Kibundu (born March 26, 1989 in Melun, France) is a French football player. Currently, he plays for Ligue 2 club Tours FC.
He played first for the Chamois Niortais and scored his first goal for this club in the 2–1 Coupe de la Ligue defeat to Créteil on September 3, 2008.
wn.com/Yvan_Kibundu
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Melun Gaston Tunc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Melun Nord Hommage a la Cité Gaston Tunc 77 000 Melun Seine et Marne
http://wn.com/Melun_Gaston_Tunc
Melun Nord Hommage a la Cité Gaston Tunc 77 000 Melun Seine et Marne
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 1592
- author: UnknowLourd
Melun / Paris Gare de Lyon (RerD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Dimanche 20 Janvier, neige de prévu en IDF, prévu pour faire 2Aller/Retour Melun-Paris. Dès le premier la neige tombe bien, j'ai décidé donc de vous faire partager la vue depuis le cabine de ces voies enneigés sur cet axe !
http://wn.com/Melun_Paris_Gare_de_Lyon_RerD
Dimanche 20 Janvier, neige de prévu en IDF, prévu pour faire 2Aller/Retour Melun-Paris. Dès le premier la neige tombe bien, j'ai décidé donc de vous faire partager la vue depuis le cabine de ces voies enneigés sur cet axe !
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 49
- author: RerDriver
Appartement 3 pièces à vendre, Melun 77, 185000€
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
INFO ICI : smrtvst.co - Proche MELUN - Exclusivité l'Adresse, membre de l'AMEPI. Dans le centre de Melun, à 5 min à pied de la place Saint Jean, dans une résidence de standing, venez découvrir ce F3 en excellent état offrant de belles prestations avec un balcon et une vue dégagée surplombant Melun. Parking et cave. FAI. (Prix : 185000€ FAI) • AGENCE : L'Adresse Concept Premium (Guignes) Téléphone : 01.64.06.31.32 Site internet : www.conceptpremium.com • ANNONCE : • Type de bien : Appartement • Surface : 53m² • Nb de pièce : 3 • N° de mandat : • DPE : 425 kWhep / m².an • GES : 24 kgéqCO2 / m².an • Prix : 185 000€ FAI
http://wn.com/Appartement_3_pièces_à_vendre,_Melun_77,_185000€
INFO ICI : smrtvst.co - Proche MELUN - Exclusivité l'Adresse, membre de l'AMEPI. Dans le centre de Melun, à 5 min à pied de la place Saint Jean, dans une résidence de standing, venez découvrir ce F3 en excellent état offrant de belles prestations avec un balcon et une vue dégagée surplombant Melun. Parking et cave. FAI. (Prix : 185000€ FAI) • AGENCE : L'Adresse Concept Premium (Guignes) Téléphone : 01.64.06.31.32 Site internet : www.conceptpremium.com • ANNONCE : • Type de bien : Appartement • Surface : 53m² • Nb de pièce : 3 • N° de mandat : • DPE : 425 kWhep / m².an • GES : 24 kgéqCO2 / m².an • Prix : 185 000€ FAI
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- author: agenceconceptpremium
Vidéo Officielle FlashMob Auchan Melun 21 mai 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Voici la vidéo du FlashMob Auchan Melun dansé par les collaborateurs du magasin dans l' allée centrale de notre magasin le Samedi 21 mai 2011 ; La chorégraphie est signée Cédric, Lui même accompagné de Béatrice pour le duo. Encore bravo à Tous, ce moment passé ensemble était très sympa ; à bientôt pour le tournage de notre Lipdub... Eric,
http://wn.com/Vidéo_Officielle_FlashMob_Auchan_Melun_21_mai_2011
Voici la vidéo du FlashMob Auchan Melun dansé par les collaborateurs du magasin dans l' allée centrale de notre magasin le Samedi 21 mai 2011 ; La chorégraphie est signée Cédric, Lui même accompagné de Béatrice pour le duo. Encore bravo à Tous, ce moment passé ensemble était très sympa ; à bientôt pour le tournage de notre Lipdub... Eric,
- published: 25 May 2011
- views: 40843
- author: TapisRouge77
GTA V : Melun City - Trailer 2 (Parodie)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com Le premier trailer : www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/GTA_V_Melun_City_Trailer_2_Parodie
www.facebook.com Le premier trailer : www.youtube.com
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 6242
- author: MisterJDay
morsay appel la police de melun sur violvocal.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
morsay en direct de www.violvocal.com essaye de dragué une flic de melun
http://wn.com/morsay_appel_la_police_de_melun_sur_violvocalcom
morsay en direct de www.violvocal.com essaye de dragué une flic de melun
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 73568
- author: frenchcannulard
Le dernier train de Jean Marc à Melun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Arrivée à Melun du dernier train de Jean-Marc le 25-02-2012.
http://wn.com/Le_dernier_train_de_Jean_Marc_à_Melun
Arrivée à Melun du dernier train de Jean-Marc le 25-02-2012.
- published: 25 Feb 2012
- views: 40778
- author: PADRERD
Course de Cote de Tréchy 77 - ASA Melun - 16.09.2012 - Team91 - Kien
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Membres Team91 : Fredy Alexi Jr. Philou Kévin CBR JéZu DiMix CraBy Pierre SylvainDRIFT Kien Pilotes + voitures : PERCHER Vincent DAF 66 JOUAS Denis Golf GTI 3 COCHIN Jacques Opel Kadett MORIN Alain Ginetta Classic C 1 JOUAS Dominique Golf GTI TAN Olivier R5 Alpine LARUE Marc BMW 323 PAILLAS Didier Porsche 911 COCHIN Jacques Porsche 910 70 PAUPETTE Jonathan AX F2000 68 MICHEL Benoît CLIO Williams F2000 67 CARRIER Eric 206 RC F2000 66 DORANGE Fabien Alfa Roméo F2000 65 HEMET Joël GT Turbo F2000 64 REBOIS Didier A 310 F2000 63 JARILLOT Mickaël 205 GTI F2000 61 RICHER Franck Rallye 2 FC 60 GUERAULT Philippe R8 GORDINI FC 59 CLECH Ludovic Simca 1000 FC 58 PRAT Daniel Rallye 3 FC 56 LAJOIE Gérard Rallye 2 FC 55 BRISSE BONNET Alain Rallye 2 FC 53 SIMONNET Rodolphe A 110 FC 51 NOBLESSE Raymond AX GTI FN 50 VALLET Fabrice 106 XSI FN 49 GATEAU Didier AX Sport FN 48 LIHOREAU Loïc AX GTI FN 46 BOUREILLE Christian CLIO RS FN 45 DOMINIQUE Olivier CLIO RS FN 44 NOIRMAIN Gilles 306 S16 FN 42 BRAZEY Jean-Claude BMW M3 FN 41 KOEHLER Alain Croix BMW M3 FN 40 ONUSPI Jean-Marc BMW M3 FN 39 BANAZIAC Patrick SUBARU FN 37 VIGNAC Frédéric 205 Rallye A 1 137 BEYER Aurélia 205 Rallye A 1 35 LAFAYE Reinold SAXO 16 VTS A 2 34 TUERO Luis 106 S16 FA 2 134 TUERO Patricia 106 S16 FA 2 33 LANGELEZ Jean-François C 2 FA 2 32 RESTELLINI Dominique 306 KC A 3 31 SONZOGNI Cédric Mégane Cup A 3 30 DEREMONT David Clio CUP A 3 28 JOB Daniel Opel GT 2 27 LANGUMIER Alain Nissan GT 2 25 BOILLOT Jérôme PRM C/CM 1 24 ...
http://wn.com/Course_de_Cote_de_Tréchy_77_ASA_Melun_16092012_Team91_Kien
Membres Team91 : Fredy Alexi Jr. Philou Kévin CBR JéZu DiMix CraBy Pierre SylvainDRIFT Kien Pilotes + voitures : PERCHER Vincent DAF 66 JOUAS Denis Golf GTI 3 COCHIN Jacques Opel Kadett MORIN Alain Ginetta Classic C 1 JOUAS Dominique Golf GTI TAN Olivier R5 Alpine LARUE Marc BMW 323 PAILLAS Didier Porsche 911 COCHIN Jacques Porsche 910 70 PAUPETTE Jonathan AX F2000 68 MICHEL Benoît CLIO Williams F2000 67 CARRIER Eric 206 RC F2000 66 DORANGE Fabien Alfa Roméo F2000 65 HEMET Joël GT Turbo F2000 64 REBOIS Didier A 310 F2000 63 JARILLOT Mickaël 205 GTI F2000 61 RICHER Franck Rallye 2 FC 60 GUERAULT Philippe R8 GORDINI FC 59 CLECH Ludovic Simca 1000 FC 58 PRAT Daniel Rallye 3 FC 56 LAJOIE Gérard Rallye 2 FC 55 BRISSE BONNET Alain Rallye 2 FC 53 SIMONNET Rodolphe A 110 FC 51 NOBLESSE Raymond AX GTI FN 50 VALLET Fabrice 106 XSI FN 49 GATEAU Didier AX Sport FN 48 LIHOREAU Loïc AX GTI FN 46 BOUREILLE Christian CLIO RS FN 45 DOMINIQUE Olivier CLIO RS FN 44 NOIRMAIN Gilles 306 S16 FN 42 BRAZEY Jean-Claude BMW M3 FN 41 KOEHLER Alain Croix BMW M3 FN 40 ONUSPI Jean-Marc BMW M3 FN 39 BANAZIAC Patrick SUBARU FN 37 VIGNAC Frédéric 205 Rallye A 1 137 BEYER Aurélia 205 Rallye A 1 35 LAFAYE Reinold SAXO 16 VTS A 2 34 TUERO Luis 106 S16 FA 2 134 TUERO Patricia 106 S16 FA 2 33 LANGELEZ Jean-François C 2 FA 2 32 RESTELLINI Dominique 306 KC A 3 31 SONZOGNI Cédric Mégane Cup A 3 30 DEREMONT David Clio CUP A 3 28 JOB Daniel Opel GT 2 27 LANGUMIER Alain Nissan GT 2 25 BOILLOT Jérôme PRM C/CM 1 24 ...
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 860
- author: laTeam91
[Paris] Z20500 Melun - Direction Paris Gare de Lyon (Ligne R Transilien)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Une Z20500 de la ligne R arrive en gare de Melun, en direction de Paris Gare de Lyon
http://wn.com/_Paris_Z20500_Melun_Direction_Paris_Gare_de_Lyon_Ligne_R_Transilien
Une Z20500 de la ligne R arrive en gare de Melun, en direction de Paris Gare de Lyon
- published: 26 Nov 2012
- views: 1272
- author: billy69150
[Paris] Z20500 RER D - Melun direction St Denis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Une Z20500 du RER D part de Melun, en direction de Saint-Denis. La ligne est limitée suite à des travaux sur la partie Nord de la ligne.
http://wn.com/_Paris_Z20500_RER_D_Melun_direction_St_Denis
Une Z20500 du RER D part de Melun, en direction de Saint-Denis. La ligne est limitée suite à des travaux sur la partie Nord de la ligne.
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 1150
- author: billy69150
[Paris] Z20500 Melun direction Montargis (Ligne R Transilien)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Le train de 21h49 est effectué par une Z20500 de la ligne R qui passe à Melun, en direction de Montargis.
http://wn.com/_Paris_Z20500_Melun_direction_Montargis_Ligne_R_Transilien
Le train de 21h49 est effectué par une Z20500 de la ligne R qui passe à Melun, en direction de Montargis.
- published: 25 Nov 2012
- views: 761
- author: billy69150
Gare de Melun à Paris Gare de Lyon, trajet entier, direct en Transilien Z20500..wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:17
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Trajet entier de la gare de Melun à Paris gare de Lyon, vue passager, direct en Transilien Z50200 (27 minutes).
http://wn.com/Gare_de_Melun_à_Paris_Gare_de_Lyon,_trajet_entier,_direct_en_Transilien_Z20500wmv
Trajet entier de la gare de Melun à Paris gare de Lyon, vue passager, direct en Transilien Z50200 (27 minutes).
- published: 25 Oct 2012
- views: 208
- author: photo92700
Melun Contest !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:27
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Contest amateur au skatepark de Melun sponsorisé par Dude skateboard, Soma et Sk8.net. Musiques : - Trolol - Men Without Hats - "Safety Dance" - too short - "blow the whistle" - Motorhead - "Ace Of Spades" - Lady dont tek no - "BTM"
http://wn.com/Melun_Contest_!
Contest amateur au skatepark de Melun sponsorisé par Dude skateboard, Soma et Sk8.net. Musiques : - Trolol - Men Without Hats - "Safety Dance" - too short - "blow the whistle" - Motorhead - "Ace Of Spades" - Lady dont tek no - "BTM"
- published: 04 May 2012
- views: 2798
- author: BAFSTOCK
Freestyle Loup Dlaa Tess Melun Nords
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Lnx Botcho Raams Juskoov
http://wn.com/Freestyle_Loup_Dlaa_Tess_Melun_Nords
Assas WebTV : zoom sur le centre MELUN de l'université Panthéon-Assas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Assas_WebTV_zoom_sur_le_centre_MELUN_de_l'université_Panthéon-Assas
Balade à bicyclette de Faverges Annecy Paris :Etape 8 Bagneaux Melun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Balade à bicyclette de Faverges Annecy Paris :Étape 7 Bagneaux Melun de Bagneaux sur Loing le canal du Loing Moret dur Loing saint mammes la seine le chemin de halage Vulaine sur seine, maison musée de Stéphane Mallarmé, maisons styles 1930 Silos à grain de Melun Bière de brie de courpalay
http://wn.com/Balade_à_bicyclette_de_Faverges_Annecy_Paris_Etape_8_Bagneaux_Melun
Balade à bicyclette de Faverges Annecy Paris :Étape 7 Bagneaux Melun de Bagneaux sur Loing le canal du Loing Moret dur Loing saint mammes la seine le chemin de halage Vulaine sur seine, maison musée de Stéphane Mallarmé, maisons styles 1930 Silos à grain de Melun Bière de brie de courpalay
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 47
- author: claude Bandiera
(Transilien R) Z5600 Thomery à Melun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:05
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
pour voir de Melun a Paris lyon cliquer sur ça:www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Transilien_R_Z5600_Thomery_à_Melun
pour voir de Melun a Paris lyon cliquer sur ça:www.youtube.com
- published: 27 Dec 2012
- views: 24
- author: olili975
4ème édition du Master de Fleuret Melun Val de Seine (2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Le temps d'un week-end, Melun : Capitale mondiale de l'escrime ! Le Cercle d'Escrime et la Communauté d'Agglomération Melun Val de Seine vous offrent un avant goût des Jeux Olympiques de Londres, à l'occasion de la 4ème édition du Master de Fleuret Melun Val de Seine, qui se déroulera à la Salle des Fêtes de Melun le samedi 31 mars 2012, et de la 43ème édition du Challenge Revenu le 31 mars et le 1er avril 2012. En savoir plus : www.escrime-cemvs.com www.melunvaldeseine.fr
http://wn.com/4ème_édition_du_Master_de_Fleuret_Melun_Val_de_Seine_2012
Le temps d'un week-end, Melun : Capitale mondiale de l'escrime ! Le Cercle d'Escrime et la Communauté d'Agglomération Melun Val de Seine vous offrent un avant goût des Jeux Olympiques de Londres, à l'occasion de la 4ème édition du Master de Fleuret Melun Val de Seine, qui se déroulera à la Salle des Fêtes de Melun le samedi 31 mars 2012, et de la 43ème édition du Challenge Revenu le 31 mars et le 1er avril 2012. En savoir plus : www.escrime-cemvs.com www.melunvaldeseine.fr
- published: 22 Feb 2012
- views: 1426
- author: FleuretMVS
Un enfant de Melun recite le coran machallah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Un enfant de Melun recite le coran machallah
http://wn.com/Un_enfant_de_Melun_recite_le_coran_machallah
Un enfant de Melun recite le coran machallah
- published: 16 Jan 2012
- views: 2703
- author: gladiateur0205
Tatouage artistique, piercing Melun 77 - Liberty Tattoo Art
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
www.liberty-tattoo-art.com Votre nouveau de salon de tatouage Liberty Tattoo Art, a ouvert ses portes à Melun (77) ! Notre boutique est située dans le cœur piétonnier de la ville, à l'entrée de la rue Jacques Amyot. Découvrez chez nous un véritable univers de création et de conseil, grâce à notre expertise dans le domaine du dessin (Beaux-Arts). Quelle que soit votre demande ou votre idée, nous la réaliserons ! Tatouage, création, recouvrement, piercing, maquillage permanent... Découvrez toutes nos prestations en cliquant sur les onglets ! Chez Liberty Tattoo Art, c'est clean ! Nous mettons un point d'honneur à respecter des normes d'hygiène hospitalières strictes, avec l'utilisation d'un matériel à usage unique. Alors n'hésitez plus ! Véritables initiés des arts de la peau, néophytes ou simples curieux, nous vous accueillons du mardi au samedi de 10h à 19h non stop. Pour les mineurs, une autorisation parentale est obligatoire. Le salon accepte les chèques et espèces.
http://wn.com/Tatouage_artistique,_piercing_Melun_77_Liberty_Tattoo_Art
www.liberty-tattoo-art.com Votre nouveau de salon de tatouage Liberty Tattoo Art, a ouvert ses portes à Melun (77) ! Notre boutique est située dans le cœur piétonnier de la ville, à l'entrée de la rue Jacques Amyot. Découvrez chez nous un véritable univers de création et de conseil, grâce à notre expertise dans le domaine du dessin (Beaux-Arts). Quelle que soit votre demande ou votre idée, nous la réaliserons ! Tatouage, création, recouvrement, piercing, maquillage permanent... Découvrez toutes nos prestations en cliquant sur les onglets ! Chez Liberty Tattoo Art, c'est clean ! Nous mettons un point d'honneur à respecter des normes d'hygiène hospitalières strictes, avec l'utilisation d'un matériel à usage unique. Alors n'hésitez plus ! Véritables initiés des arts de la peau, néophytes ou simples curieux, nous vous accueillons du mardi au samedi de 10h à 19h non stop. Pour les mineurs, une autorisation parentale est obligatoire. Le salon accepte les chèques et espèces.
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 3003
- author: Proximedia France
Sur la Ligne R Montereau Melun Z5600 Rénovée
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:44
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
De Motereau à Melun sur la Ligne R en Z5600 rénovée !
http://wn.com/Sur_la_Ligne_R_Montereau_Melun_Z5600_Rénovée
De Motereau à Melun sur la Ligne R en Z5600 rénovée !
- published: 28 Dec 2011
- views: 4189
- author: lildady77
Les indignés de Melun chantent dans les banques de Ponthierry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Les_indignés_de_Melun_chantent_dans_les_banques_de_Ponthierry
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
25 Jan 2013
Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
25 Jan 2013
By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)
photo: UN / Iason Foounten
27 Jan 2013
Libya's upheaval the past two years helped lead to the conflict in Mali, and now Mali's war threatens to wash back and further hike Libya's instability. Fears are growing that post-Moammar Khadafy Libya is becoming an incubator of turmoil, with an overflow of weapons and Islamic jihadi militants operating freely, ready for battlefields at home or abroad ... Already, Libya's turmoil echoes around the region and in the Middle East ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
my SA
09 Dec 2012
MELUN, France — Celebrity watchers might recall some of the details of this special occasion on the other side of the globe ... After the ceremony, the hundreds of guests boarded the buses for the journey to the wedding reception party 35 miles to the southeast at one of France's little-known jewels, the Chateau de Vaux-le-Vicomte, a few minutes outside the town of Melun....(size: 5.9Kb)
noodls
14 Nov 2012
Press release. The Conseil général of Seine-et-Marne and Disneyland. Paris reinforce their partnership in favour of employment. Melun, Wednesday 14 November 2012. Mr. Vincent Eblé (President of the Conseil général of Seine-et-Marne), Mr. Claude Jamet (President of Initiatives 77) and Mr ... Press Contacts ... Responsible for the press relations pole Communication Service- President's cabinet rue des Saints-Pères - 77 010 Melun Cedex ... (noodl....(size: 6.8Kb)
The Guardian
13 Nov 2012
French artists had a mixed record under the occupation ... Photograph ... Later on we see examples of craftwork by prisoners in the camps at Saint Cyprien and Beaune la Rolande (respectively in south-west and central France), drawings by Taslitsky from Melun and Buchenwald, sketches by anonymous artists, and a list of transports leaving Drancy, near Paris, for the extermination camps ... All that mattered was defending the right to create ... ....(size: 7.8Kb)
BBC News
08 Nov 2012
The funeral will be held later for a British boy who drowned while on a family holiday on a French island. Pierre Barnes, from Grantham in Lincolnshire, vanished on 27 October while cycling on Porquerolles ... Pierre's father, Stephen Barnes, said ... "Pierre will be put in the French family tomb ... The family funeral service will be held in a small village on the mainland, not far from Melun, south of Paris ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
BBC News
08 Nov 2012
The funeral will be held later for a British boy who drowned while on a family holiday on a French island. Pierre Barnes, from Grantham in Lincolnshire, vanished on 27 October while cycling on Porquerolles ... Pierre's father, Stephen Barnes, said ... "Pierre will be put in the French family tomb ... The family funeral service will be held in a small village on the mainland, not far from Melun, south of Paris ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
02 Nov 2012
An autopsy conducted on the body of British schoolboy Pierre Barnes confirmed that he had drowned. Pierre Barnes went missing on Porquerolles, prompting a search (AFP/Getty) . 6.26PM GMT 02 Nov 2012 ... Stephen Barnes, Pierre’s father, travelled to the French mainland yesterday (Fri) to begin preparations for his son’s funeral, which will be held in Melun, near Paris, next week. Related Articles ... Pierre Barnes ... Pierre Barnes....(size: 10.6Kb)
The Oklahoman
23 Oct 2012
. By JOHN LEICESTER, The Associated Press .. email ... But Lance Armstrong, seven-time Tour de France winner?. FILE - This July 28, 2002 file photo shows Lance Armstrong, center, waving from the podium as he holds the winner's trophy, along with best sprinter Robbie McEwen, of Australia, right, and best climber Laurent Jalabert, of France, after the 20th and final stage of the Tour de France cycling race between Melun and Paris ... NY153....(size: 9.7Kb)
Signon San Diego
23 Oct 2012
22, 2012 ... McQuaid announced that the federation accepted the U.S ... 22, 2012 ... 22, 2012 ... 22, 2012 ... FILE - This July 28, 2002 file photo shows Lance Armstrong, center, waving from the podium as he holds the winner's trophy, along with best sprinter Robbie McEwen, of Australia, right, and best climber Laurent Jalabert, of France, after the 20th and final stage of the Tour de France cycling race between Melun and Paris ... From 1999 to 2005 ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
noodls
09 Oct 2012
BBC Afrique content on radio and online on bbcafrique.com is produced in London and Dakar as well as in the BBC's bureaux in Abidjan, Bujumbura, Kigali and Kinshasa, delivering the BBC's regional and global news coverage to Francophone audiences in Africa and around the world. Africa No.1 Paris is broadcast in France on 107.5 in Paris, 87.6 in Mantes la Jolie, and 92.3 in Melun ... CEO of Africa No.1 Paris, Dominique Guihot, says ... LN....(size: 4.1Kb)
Jakarta Globe
10 Sep 2012
Paris. Does your laptop clash with your Empire-style interior? No problem. A French entrepreneur has signed up a team of traditional craftsmen to turn out PCs fit for a royal home. Out with dull office-grey plastic — even the slick lines of an iPad ... Once completed the different pieces are assembled like an intricate puzzle in his workshop in Melun southeast of the capital, with tiny gold-plated screws ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Independent online (SA)
07 Sep 2012
Paris - Does your laptop clash with your Empire-style interior? No problem. A French entrepreneur has signed up a team of traditional craftsmen to turn out PCs fit for a royal home. Out with dull office-grey plastic - even the slick lines of an iPad ... Once completed the different pieces are assembled like an intricate puzzle in his workshop in Melun southeast of the capital, with tiny gold-plated screws ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
The Independent
01 Jul 2012
After deciding not to attempt the Pont St Nazaire on our bicycles in a crosswind, we caught a train back to our car and drove north to intercept the Tour near Falaise ... We reached the Gare de Lyon, carried our bikes down to the underworld and caught our RER train (line D, for Melun via St-Fargeau) out through the suburbs to a point beside the Seine where we could set off for Fontainebleau, Burgundy and the south ... Too bad ... Tweet. ....(size: 5.8Kb)
Atlanta Journal
14 Jun 2012
AUSTIN, Texas — For Lance Armstrong, the doping allegations aren't going away. In fact, they're starting all over again ... The U.S ... "I have never doped." ... The U.S ... (AP Photo/Peter Dejong, File) FILE - In this July 28, 2002, file photo, overall leader Lance Armstrong of Austin, Texas, toast team director Johan Bruyneel with a glass of champagne during the final stage of the Tour de France cycling race between Melun and Paris, France ... ......(size: 7.4Kb)
For other uses, see Melun (disambiguation).
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 Melun
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Location within Île-de-France region
Melun
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| Administration | |
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| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Seine-et-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Melun |
| Canton | Melun-Nord and Melun-Sud |
| Intercommunality | Melun – Val de Seine |
| Mayor | Gérard Millet (UMP) (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 37–102 m (121–335 ft) (avg. 54 m or 177 ft) |
| Land area1 | 8.04 km2 (3.10 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 37,835 (2007) |
| - Density | 4,706 /km2 (12,190 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 77288/ 77000 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
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History[link]
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired.[1] Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.[2]
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
Counts of Melun[link]
- Donatus (?-834)
- Bouchard I (956/967–1005), also Count of Vendôme and Count of Paris
Viscounts of Melun[link]
The early viscounts of Melun were listed by 17th and 18th century genealogists, notably Père Anselme. Based on closer reading of the original documents, Adolphe Duchalais constructed this list of viscounts in 1844:[3]
- Salo (c. 993; possibly legendary)
- Joscelin I (c. 998)
- William (possibly c. 1000)
- Ursio (c. 1067–1085)
- William the Carpenter (c. 1094)
- Hilduin, Garin, Ursio II, Jean (unknown dates, possibly not viscounts)
- Adam (c. 1138–1141; married Mahaut, daughter of his predecessor)
- Joscelin II (c. 1156)
The title eventually became an honorary peerage. Such viscounts include Honoré-Armand de Villars and Claude Louis Hector de Villars.
Transport[link]
File:MelunSHIELD.jpg
Melun Shield dating from the 15th century – "Melun (Seine-et-Marne): Azure on a semy-de-lys or a castle with three towers argent. Melun was one of the original strongholds of the royal domain. Motto: fida muris usque ad mures, recalling the siege of 1420 when inhabitants had to eat rats." http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frcitdep.htm
Melun is served by Melun station, which is an interchange station on Paris RER line D, on the Transilien R suburban rail line, and on several national rail lines.
Main sights[link]
The Collegiate Church of Notre-Dame, Melun was the original home of the Melun Diptych.
The nearby chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte is considered a smaller predecessor of Palace of Versailles.
The officers' school of the French Gendarmerie is located in Melun.
People[link]
Melun was the birthplace of:
- Willy Boly footballer
- Pierre Certon (c.1510-1520-1572), composer of the Renaissance (probably born in Melun)
- Jacques Amyot (1513–1593), writer
- Chimène Badi (1982–), singer
- Samir Beloufa (1979–), professional footballer
- Raphael Desroses,basketball player
- Stephane Dondon,basketball player
- Yvan Kibundu, footballer
- Steven Mouyokolo footballer
- Granddi Ngoyi footballer
- Yretha Silete figure skater
- Bertrand Grospellier (1981–), poker player
Education[link]
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) is located in Melun.
Twin towns – sister cities[link]
Melun is twinned with:
Ouidah, Benin
Spelthorne, United Kingdom
Crema, Italy- Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Gallic War vii. 58, 60.
- ^ Meledunum appears in the Antonine Itinerary almost halfway between Lutetia (Paris) and Condate (Rennes) ('Meledunum").
- ^ Adolphe Duchalais, "Charte inedité de l’an 1138, relative à l’histoire des viscomtes de Melun" (Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes vol. 6 no. 6, 1845).
Sources[link]
- INSEE
- Initial text from the "Carpenters' Encyclopedia of Carpenters 2001" Compiled by John R. Carpenter.
- The Viscounts and Counts of Melun are listed in Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, Neue Folge, Volume VII, Tafels 55 & 56.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Melun |
- Paris Region Nobility - Vicomtes de Melun
- Official website (French)
- Tourist office website (French)
- 1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (English)
- French Ministry of Culture list for Melun (French)
- Map of Melun on Michelin (English)
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
