Coordinates	44°25′57″N26°6′14″N
Group	Mulatto
Population	Official population numbers are unknown.
Popplace	Latin America, Caribbean, United States, South Africa, Angola, Cape Verde, Mascarene Islands
Langs	Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Afrikaans, Creole languages, others
Rels	Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic; large Protestant minority); atheism ; other religions
Related	Europeans (mostly Portuguese, Spanish, English, French and Dutch) and African people }}

Mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry. Contemporary usage of the term varies greatly, and the broader sense of the term makes its application rather subjective, as not all people of mixed white and black ancestry choose to self-identify as mulatto. Some reject the term because of its association with slavery and colonial and racial oppression, preferring terms such as "mixed", "biracial" , and "African-American" (in the United States). Mulattos may also be an admixture of Native American, South American native and African Americans according to Henings Statutes of Virginia 1705, which reads as follows: "And for clearing all manner of doubts which hereafter may happen to arise upon the construction of this act, or any other act, who shall be accounted a mulatto, Be it enacted and declared, and it is hereby enacted and declared, That the child of an Indian and the child, grand child, or great grand child, of a negro shall be deemed, accounted, held and taken to be a mulatto." However, today those who are mixtures of Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Black Africans are called Zambos while those who are mixtures of African American and Native American are called Black Indians and sometimes are solely classified or identify as African American.

Etymology

The etymology of the term is uncertain. It may derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word ''mulato'', which is itself derived from ''mula'' (from old Galician-Portuguese, from Latin ''mūlus''), meaning mule, the hybrid offspring of a horse and a donkey.

Some dictionaries and scholarly works trace the word's origins to the Arabic term ''muwallad'', which means "a person of mixed ancestry". ''Muwallad'' literally means "born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up," with the implication of being born and raised among Arabs, but not of pure Arab blood. ''Muwallad'' is derived from the root word ''WaLaD'' (Arabic: ولد direct Arabic transliteration: ''waw, lam, dal''), and it should be kept in mind that colloquial Arabic pronunciation can vary greatly. ''Walad'' means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one." ''Muwallad'' referred to the offspring of Arab men and foreign, non-Arab women. The term ''muwalladin'' is still used in Arabic to describe children of Arab fathers and foreign mothers. According to Julio Izquierdo Labrado, the nineteenth-century linguist Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas, as well as some Arabian sources ''muwallad'' is the etymological origin of ''mulato''. These sources specify that ''mulato'' would have been derived directly from ''muwallad'' independently of the related word ''muladí'', a term that was applied to Iberian Christians who had converted to Islam during the Moorish governance of Iberia in the Middle Ages.

However, the Real Academia Española (Spanish Royal Academy) casts doubt on the ''muwallad'' theory. It states, "The term ''mulata'' is documented in our diachronic data bank in 1472 and is used in reference to livestock mules in ''Documentacion medieval de la Corte del Justicia de Ganaderos de Zaragoza'', whereas ''muladí'' (from ''mullawadí'') does not appear until the 18th century, according to [Joan] Corominas".

Africa

In Portuguese-speaking Africa, the term ''mestiço'' is used officially to describe people of mixed European and African ancestry.

Of São Tomé and Príncipe's 193,413 inhabitants, the largest segment is defined as ''mestiço'' and 71% of the population of Cape Verde is also classified as such. The great majority of their current populations descend from the mixing of the Portuguese that initially settled the islands from the 15th century onwards and the black Africans brought from the African mainland to work as slaves.

In Angola and Mozambique, they constitute smaller but still important minorities; 2% in Angola and 0.2% in Mozambique.

In Namibia a current day population of between 20,000 and 30,000 people, known as Rehoboth Basters, descend from liaisons between the Cape Colony Dutch and indigenous African women. The name Baster is derived from the Dutch word for ‘bastard’ (or ‘crossbreed'). While some people consider this term demeaning, the Basters proudly use the term as an indication of their history.

In South Africa the term Coloured (also known as ''Bruinmense'', ''Kleurlinge'' or ''Bruin Afrikaners'' in Afrikaans) used to refer to individuals who possess some degree of sub-Saharan ancestry, but not enough to be considered Black under the Law of South Africa. In addition to European ancestry, they may also possess ancestry from India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, China and Saint Helena. Besides the extensive combining of these diverse heritages in the Western Cape, in other parts of southern Africa, their development has usually been the result of the meeting of two distinct groups. Thus, in KwaZulu-Natal, most coloureds come from British and Zulu heritage, while Zimbabwean coloureds come from Shona or Ndebele mixing with British and the Afrikaner settlers. Griqua, on the other hand, are descendants of Khoisan and Afrikaner trekboers. Despite these major differences, the fact that they draw parentage from more than one "naturalised" racial group means that they are "coloured" in the southern African context. This is not to say that they necessarily identify themselves as such – with a small number preferring to call themselves "black" or "Khoisan" or just "South African." The Coloureds comprise 8.8% (about 4.4 million people) of South Africa's population.

In Swaziland, although a subdued aspect of their history, many ethnic Swazi descend from mulatto offspring born to native women by way of rape during the British colonial rule of the country.

In Mauritius, Réunion and the Seychelles, there are many people of mixed white and black ancestry. In Mauritius, these are called creoles and in Réunion they are called cafres.

Latin America and the Caribbean

Studies carried out by the geneticist Sergio Pena conclude the average white Brazilian is 80% European 10% Amerindian and 10% African/black. Another study carried out by the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research concludes the average white Brazilian is (>70%) European. Mulattoes represent a significant part of the population of various Latin American and Caribbean countries: Dominican Republic (73%) (all mixed race people), Venezuela (30%), Brazil (49.6% mulattoes, mestizos/mamelucos and blacks), Belize (25%), Cuba (24.86%), Colombia (14%), Haiti (up to 5%).

The roughly 200,000 Africans brought to Mexico were for the most part absorbed by the mestizo populations of mixed European and Amerindian descent. The state of Guerrero once had a large population of African slaves. Other Mexican states inhabited by people with some African ancestry, along with other ancestries, include Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Yucatán.

Other sources cite that more than 50% of Cubans are mulatto, about 40 percent of Brazilian people are mulatto/mestizo, and 67% of Venezuelans mestizo with African ancestry.

In one recent genetic study of 800 Puerto Ricans, 61% had mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from an Amerindian female ancestor, 27% inherited mitochondrial DNA from a female African ancestor and 12% had mitochondrial DNA from a female European ancestor. Conversely, patrilineal input as indicated by the Y chromosome showed that 70% of Puerto Rican males in the sample have Y chromosome DNA from a male European ancestor, 20% inherited Y chromosome DNA from a male African ancestor and less than 10% inherited Y chromosome DNA from male Amerindian ancestor. As these tests measure only the DNA along the matrilineal and patrilineal lines of inheritance, they cannot tell with certainty what percentage of European or African ancestry someone has.

According to an autosomal DNA study conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro, the "pardos" (including mulattos) there were found to be on average over 80% European. "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far greater than the students thought it would be. The "pardos", for example, thought of themselves as 1/3 European, 1/3 African and 1/3 Amerindian before the tests. Along the same vein, it turned out that white students had overestimated their ratio of African and Amerindian genetic ancestry.

Brazil

According to the IBGE 2000 census, 38.5% of Brazilians identified themselves as ''pardo'', i.e. of mixed ancestry. This figure not only includes mulatto people but also includes other multiracial people such as people who have European and Amerindian ancestry (called ''caboclos''). A majority of mixed-race Brazilians have all three origins: European, African, and Amerindian ancestry. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics census 2006 even 42.6% of the Brazilians have identified themselves as ''pardo''.

The term mulatto (''mulato'' in Portuguese) does not carry a racist connotation and is used along with other terms like ''moreno'', light-''moreno'' and dark-''moreno''. These focus more on the skin color than on the ethnicity, although they can refer to hair color alone - e.g. "light-moreno" would be "caucasian brunette". Such terms are also used for other multiracial people in Brazil, and they are the popular terms for the ''pardo'' skin color used on the 2000 official census.

United States of America

Colonial Era

During the European colonization of the Americas, the rape of African slave women was not held to be a crime under Colonial Law. Under chattel slavery white slave masters often compromised their female subjects, producing varying degrees of mulatto offspring. Depending on the offspring's phenotype, they would continue living as slaves (as their mothers), specifically in the Southern United States, mulattoes inherited slave status if their mothers were slaves. Some offspring were afforded the life of passing for white. This practice continued throughout the course of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, involving many generations, producing posterity with varying degrees of sub-Saharan and European genetic ancestry and a very broad range of phenotypes. For example, present day descendants of these offspring can appear solely sub-Saharan in lineage, including having extremely afro-textured hair, or possess purely Nordic physical traits. This type of legacy has produced the debatable sub-Saharan/Caucasian admixture that exists among Americans today, as well as in populations in other parts of the world. As for free mulattoes, in Spanish- and French-influenced areas of the South prior to the Civil War (particularly New Orleans, Louisiana), a number of mulattoes were free and slave-owning. Furthermore, some white slave owners, who continued the legacy of slave rape, were also of mixed ancestry. This posterity, enduring changing social and political climates in American history, often interbred and intermarried among other populations, such as Native Americans; and some resulting from miscegenation, such as Black Indians (''see Melungeon''). These circumstances further contributed to the modern day genetic melting pot in America.

Contemporary Era

Mulatto existed as an official census category until 1930. Although it is sometimes used to describe individuals of mixed European and African descent, it originally referred to anyone with mixed ethnicities; in fact, in the United States, "mulatto" was also used as a term for those who were African American and Native American ancestry during the early census years. Mulatto was also used interchangeably with terms like "turk", leading to further ambiguity when referring to many North Africans and Middle Easterners. In the 2000 United States Census 6,171 Americans self-identified with mulatto ancestry.

In addition, the term "mulatto" was also used to refer to the offspring of whites who intermarried with South Asian indentured servants brought over to the British American colonies by the East India Company. For example, a Eurasian daughter born to an South Asian father and Irish mother in Maryland in 1680 was classified as a "mulatto" and sold into slavery. Although still in use by many including mulattoes themselves, in the last half century the term mulatto has fallen out of favor among some people and may be considered offensive by some in the United States. Today among a number of people the preferred terms are generally biracial, multiracial, mixed-race, and multiethnic.

See also

Afro Argentine: Colonial racial categories

Afro-American peoples of the Americas

Afro-Hispanic people

Afro-Latin American

Cafres

Casta

Chindian

Cholo

Melungeon

Multiracial

Tragic mulatto

Latin Americans

Rhineland Bastard

Colonial references

Fernandinos

Quadroon, Octoroon, Quintroon, and Hexadecaroon

Métis

Mestizo

Zambo

Afro-European clans

Sherbro Hubbards

Sherbro Tuckers

Sherbro Caulkers

Sherbro Rogerses

Sherbro Clevelands

References

Further reading

Ho, Engseng, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the ''muwallad'' in the region The term ''muwallad'', used primarily in reference to those of 'mixed blood,' is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information.

External links

An article on the mulatto depictions in fiction

At Race Relations, in depth research on Mulattos

Encarta's breakdown of Mulatto people (Archived 2009-11-01)

Category:African American history Category:Ethnic groups in Latin America Category:History of the United States Category:Latin American caste system Category:Native American history Category:Portuguese loanwords Category:Multiracial affairs

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Coordinates	44°25′57″N26°6′14″N
name	Tyra Lynn Banks
birth name	Tyra Lynn Banks
birth date	December 04, 1973
birth place
occupation	Model Actress AuthorSinger
height
haircolor	brown
eyecolor	brown
measurements	34D-24-35½
years active	1991–present
website	typeF.com
agency	IMG Models
salary	$90 million (2011) }}

Tyra Lynn Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American model, media personality, actress, occasional singer, author and businesswoman. She first became famous as a model, appearing twice on the cover of the ''Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue'' and working for Victoria's Secret as one of their original Angels. Banks is the creator and host of the UPN/The CW reality television show ''America's Next Top Model'', co-creator of ''True Beauty'', and host of her own talk show, ''The Tyra Banks Show.''

Early life

Tyra Banks was born in Inglewood, California. She is the daughter of Caroline (née London; now London-Johnson), a medical photographer, and Donald Banks, a computer consultant. She has a brother, Devin, who is five years older. In 1980, when Banks was 6 years old, her parents divorced. Banks attended John Burroughs Middle School and graduated in 1991 from Immaculate Heart High School in Los Angeles. Tyra Banks is one of four African Americans and seven women to have repeatedly ranked among the world's most influential people by ''Time'' magazine.

Career

Modeling

When Banks was 15 years old, she started modeling besides school in Los Angeles. Later, when she was in search of a model agency, she was rejected by four modeling agencies before she got signed by Elite Model Management at age 16. When she got the opportunity to model in Europe, she decided to put college on hold to move to Milan. In her first runway season, she was booked a record of 25 shows at Paris fashion week. She would later grace the covers of ELLE and Vogue Spain. She walked the runways for Chanel, Isaac Mizrahi, Anna Sui and Fendi as well as appearing in ad campaigns for Dolce & Gabbana, Yves Saint Laurent and Ralph Lauren. In the mid-1990's, Banks returned to America to do more commercial modeling.

Banks was the first African American woman on the covers of ''GQ'' and the ''Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue''. In 1997, she received the VH1 award for, "Supermodel of the Year." That same year, she became the first-ever African American chosen for the cover of the Victoria's Secret catalog. She is one of the original Victoria's Secret Angels.

In 2010, Banks re-signed with her former modeling agency IMG Models. Banks is now a contributor of Vogue Italia's website.

Move into television and film

Banks's television career began on the fourth season of ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', in which she played lead character Will Smith's old friend Jackie Ames. She made seven appearances in the series. Other TV credits include ''Felicity'', ''All That'', ''MADtv'', ''Nick Cannon's Wild 'n Out'' (in which she was featured as a special guest host and team captain) and ''The Price Is Right'' (guest-starring as a "Barker's Beauty"). She also appeared as a guest in the animated talk show ''Space Ghost Coast to Coast'' in an episode entitled "Chinatown."

Tyra Banks started her own production company, ''Bankable Productions'' (previously named, "Ty Ty Baby Productions"; she did not rename it till the second cycle of ''America's Next Top Model''), which produced ''The Tyra Banks Show'', ''America's Next Top Model'' and the 2008 movie ''The Clique''.

Banks is the hostess, judge and executive producer of The CW Television Network show ''America's Next Top Model''. In addition, she hosted ''The Tyra Banks Show'', a daytime talk show aimed at younger women, which premiered on September 12, 2005, and ran until May 28, 2010.

In 2008, Banks won the Daytime Emmy Award for her work and production on ''The Tyra Banks Show''., and won for the second time in a row for outstanding, informative talkshow. In 2010, Oprah Winfrey congratulated Tyra Banks for a good job done on her talk-show for inspiring and mentoring young women.

In late-January 2008, Banks got the go-ahead from The CW Television Network to start work on a new reality television series based on fashion magazines called ''Modelitha''. The show premiered on October 22, 2008.

Banks's first big screen role came in 1994, when she co-starred in the drama ''Higher Learning''. She then co-starred with Lindsay Lohan in the Disney film ''Life-Size'', playing a doll named Eve who comes to life and has to learn how to live in the real world. Other notable roles include ''Love Stinks'' (1999), ''Love & Basketball'' (2000), ''Coyote Ugly'' (2000) and ''Halloween: Resurrection'' (2002). She and Miley Cyrus poke fun at the excesses of the Hollywood lifestyle with a battle over a pair of shoes in ''Hannah Montana: The Movie'' (2009).

Banks appeared in the fourth episode of the third season of ''Gossip Girl'' playing Ursula Nyquist, a larger-than-life actress who works with Serena.

Music

Banks has appeared in several music videos, including Michael Jackson's "Black or White", Tina Turner's "Love Thing", Mobb Deep's "Trife Life", George Michael's "Too Funky" (with supermodels Linda Evangelista and Cindy Crawford ) and Lionel Richie's "Don't Wanna Lose You". In 2004, she recorded her first single, "Shake Ya Body," which had a music video featuring the final six contestants on ''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 2''. The video was world-premiered on UPN, but the single turned out to be a failure.

Banks released a single with NBA player Kobe Bryant, entitled "K.O.B.E.," which was performed on NBA TV. She also has a single on the soundtrack to Disney Channel's Original Movie ''Life-Size'' called "Be A Star."

Books

thumb|upright|Banks in Santa Monica on September 14, 2011Banks announced in May 2010 that she would be writing a novel, titled ''Modelland'', loosely based on her own modelling experience. Published September 2011, it is the first of a planned three-part series. On an interview with ''Good Morning America'', Banks stated that ''Modelland'' is the story of four girls who are accepted into an "exclusive" modelling school in the world of Modelland. Her first novel, Modelland, hit the New York Times best seller list in October 2011.

In 1998, Banks authored a book entitled ''Tyra's Beauty, Inside and Out''.

Website

In March 2011, Banks launched her fashion and beauty website called "typeF.com", which she co-created with Demand Media.

Other

In 2011, Banks enrolled in the nine-week-long Owner/President Manager Program (OPM) at Harvard Business School's open-enrollment extension school. Banks passed the Executive Education Training Program in February 2012.

Philanthropy

In 1999, Tyra Banks established the TZONE program, which aimed at leadership and life skills development. Banks acts as the patron for TZONE. She has also established the Tyra Banks Scholarship, a fund aimed at providing African-American girls the opportunity to attend her alma mater, Immaculate Heart High School. In 2005, TZONE transformed from a camp into a public charity, the Tyra Banks TZONE Foundation.

Filmography

''Love Stinks ''Love & Basketball'' ''Halloween: Resurrection'' ''Mr. Woodcock'' ''Tropic Thunder'' ''Hannah Montana: The Movie'' ''MADtv'' ''America's Next Top Model'' ''American Dreams'' ''The Tyra Banks Show'' ''Gossip Girl (TV series) ''Mexico's Next Top Model'' ''Vietnam's Next Top Model''

colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"

Film

! Film

! Role

! Notes

1995

''Higher Learning''

Deja

1999

|

Holly Garnett

rowspan=3

2000

|

Kyra Kessler

''Life-Size''

Eve Doll

''Coyote Ugly (film)

Coyote Ugly''

Zoë

rowspan=2

2002

|

Nora Winston

''Eight Crazy Nights''

Victoria's Secret Gown

2007

|

Herself

Cameo

2008

|

Herself

Cameo

2009

|

Herself

Cameo

colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;">Television

! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes

1993

''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air''

Jackie Ames

*Where There's a Will, There's a Way: Part 1

*Where There's a Will, There's a Way: Part 2

*All Guts, No Glory

*Father of the Year

*Blood Is Thicker Than Mud

*Fresh Prince After Dark

*Take My Cousin... Please

*You've Got to Be a Football Hero

rowspan=2

1999

Jane Scott

*A Good Egg

*Kissing Mr. Covington

*One Ball, Two Strikes

''Just Shoot Me!''

Herself

*Nina Sees Red: Part 1

*Nina Sees Red: Part 2

2000

|

Katisha Latisha Parisha Farisha Johnson

TV series

*Episode #5.17

*Episode #5.25

2003–present

|

Host

Reality TV series created, judged and hosted by Banks

rowspan=2

2004

|

Carolyn Gill

TV series

*Chasing the Past

''All of Us''

Roni

*O Brother, Where Art Thou?

2005–2010

|

Host

Talk show

2009

Gossip Girl''||

Ursula Nyquist

TV series,season 3

*Dan de Fleurette

2011

|

Guest judge

Reality TV Series

*Episode Finale in ''Mexico's Next Top Model, Cycle 2''

rowspan=3

2012

|

Guest judge

Reality TV Series

*Episode Finale in ''Vietnam's Next Top Model, Cycle 2''

''Shake It Up (TV series)

Shake It Up''

Miss Burke

List of Shake It Up episodes#ep37>Parent Trap It Up"

''Top Model po-russki''

Guest judge

*Episode Finale in ''Top Model po-russki, Cycle 3''

References

External links

''The Tyra Banks Show'' website

''The New York Times'' Profile/Interview

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:African American businesswomen Category:African American film actors Category:African American female models Category:African American female singers Category:African American television personalities Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople Category:American female models Category:American game show hosts Category:American television producers Category:American television talk show hosts Category:GLAAD Media Award winners Category:Models from California Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area

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Coordinates	44°25′57″N26°6′14″N
name	Dr. John
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Malcolm John Rebennack, Jr.
alias	Dr. John CreauxMac Rebennack
birth date	November 21, 1940
origin	New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
instrument	Vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar
genre	Blues, rock, New Orleans R&B;
occupation	Vocalist, musician
years active	1950s–present
label	Atco, Blue Note
associated acts	John Mayall's Bluesbreakers
website	http://www.nitetripper.com/
notable instruments	}}

Malcolm John "Mac" Rebennack, Jr. (born November 21, 1940), better known by the stage name Dr. John (also Dr. John Creaux), is an American singer/songwriter, pianist and guitarist, whose music combines blues, pop, jazz as well as Zydeco, boogie woogie and rock and roll.

Active as a session musician since the late 1950s, he came to wider prominence in the early 1970s with a wildly theatrical stage show inspired by medicine shows, Mardi Gras costumes and voodoo ceremonies. Rebennack has recorded over 20 albums and in 1973 scored a top-20 hit with the jaunty funk-flavored "Right Place, Wrong Time," still perhaps his best-known song.

The winner of five Grammy awards, Rebennack was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by singer John Legend on Monday, March 14, 2011.

Early life and career

Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, his professional musical career began there in the 1950s. He originally concentrated on guitar and he gigged with local bands including Mac Rebennack and the Skyliners, (Paul Staele/Dennis "Bootsie" Cuquet, drums; Earl Stanley, bass; Charlie Miller, trumpet; Charlie Maduell, sax; Roland "Stone" LeBlanc, vocals), Frankie Ford and the Thunderbirds, and Jerry Byrne and the Loafers. He had a regional hit with a Bo Diddley-influenced instrumental called "Storm Warning" on Rex Records in 1959. During these days he was an A&R; man producing, with Charlie Miller, monophonic singles on 45s for Johnny Vincent and Joe Corona for such local labels as ACE, RON, RIC and others. For these sessions he oversaw A&R; and the rhythm section while Miller wrote the horn arrangements and headed up the horns. It was a productive team until Miller decided to move to New York and to study music formally.

Rebennack's career as a guitarist came to an end when his left ring finger was injured by a gunshot while he was defending singer/keyboardist Ronnie Barron, his bandmate, Jesuit High School classmate, and longtime friend. After the injury, Rebennack concentrated on bass guitar before making piano his main instrument; pianist Professor Longhair was an important influence on Rebennack's piano stylings.

He moved to Los Angeles in 1963 where he became a "first call" session musician on the booming Los Angeles studio scene in the 1960s and 1970s, providing backing for Sonny & Cher (and some of the incidental music for Cher's first film, ''Chastity''), and for Canned Heat on their albums ''Living the Blues'' (1968) and ''Future Blues'' (1970), and many other acts.

1968-1971: Dr. John, the Night Tripper

Beginning in the late 1960s, Rebennack gained fame as a solo artist after adopting the persona of "Dr. John, The Night Tripper". Dr. John's act combined New Orleans-style rhythm and blues with psychedelic rock and elaborate stage shows that bordered on voodoo religious ceremonies, including elaborate costumes and headdress (reflecting and presumably inspired by Screamin' Jay Hawkins's stage act). The name "Dr. John" came from a legendary Louisiana voodoo practitioner of the early 19th century. On the earliest Dr. John records, the artist billing was "Dr. John, The Night Tripper", while the songwriting credits billed him as "Dr. John Creaux". Within a few years the "Night Tripper" subtitle was dropped, and Rebennack resumed using his real name for writing and producing/arranging credits.

''Gris-Gris'', his 1968 debut album combining voodoo rhythms and chants with the New Orleans music tradition, was ranked 143rd on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Three more albums, 1969's ''Babylon'', 1970's ''Remedies'', and 1971's ''The Sun, Moon, And Herbs'' were released in the same vein of ''Gris-Gris'', but none of them have enjoyed the popularity of his first album.

During early-to-mid-1969, Dr. John toured extensively, backed by supporting musicians Richard "Didymus" Washington (congas), Richard Crooks (drums), David Leonard Johnson (bass), Gary Carino (guitar), and singers Eleanor Barooshian, Jeanette Jacobs from the Cake, and Sherry Graddie. A second lineup formed later in the year for an extensive tour of the East Coast with Crooks and Johnson joined by Doug Hastings (guitar) and Don MacAllister (mandolin). Also in 1969, Dr. John contributed to the ''Music From Free Creek'' "supersession" project, playing on three tracks with Eric Clapton. Washington and Crooks also contributed to the project.

By the time ''The Sun, Moon, and Herbs'' was released, he had gained a notable cult following, including artists such as Eric Clapton and Mick Jagger, who both took part in the sessions for that album. This album would serve as a transition from his Night Tripper voodoo, psychedelic persona to one more closely associated with traditional New Orleans R&B; and funk. His next album, ''Dr. John's Gumbo'', proved to be a landmark recording which is one of his most popular to this day; with drummer Fred Staehle serving as the band's backbone.

1972-1974: ''Gumbo'', ''In the Right Place'', and ''Desitively Bonnaroo''

Along with ''Gris-Gris'', Dr. John is perhaps best known for his recordings during 1972-1974. 1972's ''Dr. John's Gumbo'', an album covering several New Orleans R&B; standards with only one original, is considered a cornerstone in New Orleans music. In his 1994 autobiography, ''Under a Hoodoo Moon'', Dr. John writes, "In 1972, I recorded ''Gumbo'', an album that was both a tribute to and my interpretation of the music I had grown up with in New Orleans in the 1940s and 1950s. I tried to keep a lot of the little changes that were characteristic of New Orleans, while working my own funknology on piano and guitar." The lead single from the album, "Iko Iko", broke into the Billboard top 40 singles chart. In 2003, ''Dr. John's Gumbo'' was ranked number 402 on ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It also earned a place on ''Offbeat'' magazine's 1999 listing of the Top 100 Louisiana CDs.

With ''Gumbo'', Dr. John expanded his career beyond the psychedelic voodoo music and theatrics that had driven his career since he took on the Dr. John persona, although it has always remained an integral part of his music and identity. It wasn't until 1998's ''Anutha Zone'' that he would again concentrate on this aspect of his music wholly for a full album. "After we cut the new record," he writes, "I decided I'd had enough of the mighty-coo-de-fiyo hoodoo show, so I dumped the Gris-Gris routine we had been touring with since 1967 and worked up a new act—a Mardi Gras revue featuring the New Orleans standards we had covered in ''Gumbo''."

In early 1973 Thomas Jefferson Kaye produced an album featuring a collaboration with Dr John, Mike Bloomfield and John Paul Hammond. This album, ''Triumvirate'', was recorded in Columbia Studios, San Francisco, and Village Recorders, Los Angeles.

In 1973, with Allen Toussaint producing and The Meters backing, Dr. John released the seminal New Orleans funk album, ''In the Right Place''. In the same way that ''Gris-Gris'' introduced the world to the voodoo-influenced side of his music, and in the manner that ''Dr. John's Gumbo'' began his career-long reputation as an esteemed interpreter of New Orleans standards, ''In the Right Place'' established Dr. John as one of the main ambassadors of New Orleans funk. In describing the album, Dr. John states, "The album had more of a straight-ahead dance feel than ones I had done in the past, although it was still anchored solid in R&B.;" It rose to #24 on the Billboard album charts, while the single "Right Place Wrong Time" landed at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. A second single, "Such a Night," peaked at #42. Still in heavy rotation on most classic rock stations, "Right Place Wrong Time" remains his single most recognized song. Artists such as Bob Dylan, Bette Midler, and Doug Sahm contributed single lines to the lyrics, which lists several instances of ironic bad luck and failure.

Dr. John attempted to capitalize on ''In the Right Place'''s successful formula, again collaborating with Allen Toussaint and The Meters for his next album, ''Desitively Bonnaroo'', released in 1974. Although similar in feel to ''In the Right Place'', it failed to catch hold in the mainstream like its predecessor. It would be his last pure funk album until 1994 with ''Television'', although like his voodoo and traditional New Orleans R&B; influences, funk has continued to heavily influence most of his work to the present day, especially in his concerts. While Dr. John stated in an interview during 1990s that he'd like to work with Toussaint again for a full album, this has yet to come to fruition.

In the mid-1970s Dr. John began an almost twenty-year-long collaboration with the R&R; Hall of Fame/Songwriters Hall of Fame writer Doc Pomus to create songs for Dr. John's releases ''City Lights'' and ''Tango Palace'' and for B. B. King's Stuart Levine-produced ''There Must Be a Better World Somewhere'', which won a Grammy for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording in 1982. Dr. John also recorded "I'm On a Roll," the last song written with Pomus prior to Pomus' death in 1991, for the now out-of-print Rhino/Forward Records 1995 tribute to Pomus titled ''Til the Night Is Gone: A Tribute to Doc Pomus'' that also included covers of Pomus-penned songs by Bob Dylan, John Hiatt, Shawn Colvin, Brian Wilson, the Band, Los Lobos, Dion, Rosanne Cash, Solomon Burke and Lou Reed. According to Doc Pomus' daughter, Dr. John and her father were very close friends as well as writing partners; Dr. John delivered one of a number of eulogies and performed with singer Jimmy Scott at Pomus' funeral on March 17, 1991, in New York City.

On Thanksgiving Day 1976 he performed at the farewell concert for the Band, which was filmed and released as ''The Last Waltz''. In 1979, he collaborated with the legendary Professor Longhair on Fess's (another nickname for Henry Byrd) last recording "Crawfish Fiesta" as a guitarist and co-producer. The album was awarded the first W.C. Handy Blues Album of the Year in 1980, and was released shortly after Longhair's death in January, 1980.

Later work

By the mid-1970s, Rebennack began focusing on a blend of music that touched on blues, New Orleans R&B;, Tin Pan Alley standards and more.

In 1975 Dr. John's manager, Richard Flanzer, hired legendary producer Bob Ezrin. "Hollywood Be Thy Name" was recorded live at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, California. The studio was transformed into a New Orleans nightclub for the sessions.

In 1981 and 1983 Dr. John recorded two solo piano albums for the Baltimore-based Clean Cuts label. In these two classic recordings Dr. John plays many of his own compositions and demonstrates that he can play boogie woogie masterfully.

He has also been a prominent session musician throughout his career, playing piano on the Rolling Stones' 1972 song "Let It Loose", as well as backing Carly Simon and James Taylor in their duet of "Mockingbird" in 1974 and Neil Diamond on 1976's ''Beautiful Noise''. He also contributed the song "More and More" to Simon's ''Playing Possum'' album. He played on three songs on Maria Muldaur's 1973 solo debut album, including his composition "Three Dollar Bill". He sang on four songs and played piano on two on Maria's 1992 "Louisiana Love Call". He was co-producer on Van Morrison's 1977 album ''A Period of Transition'' and also played keyboards and guitar. He performed on the March 19, 1977 episode of NBC's ''Saturday Night Live''. He played keyboards on the highly successful 1979 solo debut album by Rickie Lee Jones and has toured with Willy DeVille and contributed to his ''Return to Magenta'' (1978), ''Victory Mixture (''1990), ''Backstreets of Desire'' (1992), and ''Big Easy Fantasy'' (1995) albums. His music has been featured in many films including "Such a Night" in ''Colors'' in 1988. In 1992 Dr. John released the album "Goin' Back to New Orleans" which included many classic songs from New Orleans and many great New Orleans based musicians like Aaron Neville, the Neville brothers, Al Hirt and Pete Fountain backed up Dr. John on this album. He performed as the first American artist ever, at the Franco Follies festival '92 located in La Rochelle,France, also including a friend of the Dr. Laramy Smith.

Dr. John has also done vocals for Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits' "Luv dat chicken..." jingle, as well as the theme song ("My Opinionation") for the early-1990s television sitcom ''Blossom''. A version of "Do You Know What It Means To Miss New Orleans" with Harry Connick, Jr. was released on Connick's album ''20'' and VHS ''Singin' & Swingin''' in 1990.

His movie credits include Martin Scorsese's documentary ''The Last Waltz'' (in which he joins the Band for a performance of his song "Such a Night"), the 1978 Beatles-inspired musical "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", and ''Blues Brothers 2000'' (in which he joins the fictional band the Louisiana Gator Boys to perform the songs "How Blue Can You Get" and "New Orleans"). His version of the Donovan song "Season of the Witch" was also featured in this movie and on the soundtrack.

He also wrote and performed the score for the film version of John Steinbeck's "Cannery Row" released in 1982. In 1993, his hit song "Right Place Wrong Time" was used extensively in the movie ''Dazed and Confused''.

Dr. John has also been featured in several video and audio blues and New Orleans piano lessons published by Homespun Tapes. In addition to the instructional value, there is historical context about many other blues artists. Other documentary film scores include the New Orleans dialect film ''Yeah You Rite!'' (1985) and ''American Tongues'' in 1987.

Between July and September 1989 the "Doctor" toured in the first Ringo Starr and His All-Starr band alongside Levon Helm, Rick Danko, Nils Lofgren, Jim Keltner, Joe Walsh, Billy Preston and Clarence Clemons. The tour produced the 1990 live album ''Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band''. In 1997, he appeared on the charity single version of Lou Reed's "Perfect Day". In the same year, he played piano on the Spiritualized song "Cop Shoot Cop...", from their critically acclaimed album ''Ladies and Gentlemen We Are Floating in Space''.

He recorded the live album ''Trippin' Live'' with drummer Herman Ernest, David Barard, bass, Tommy Moran, guitar, trumpeter Charlie Miller, tenor Red Tyler, and baritone sax Ronnie Cuber.

In September 2005 he performed Fats Domino's "Walkin' to New Orleans," to close the ''Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast'' telethon. This was for the relief of Hurricane Katrina victims; following the devastation of his hometown of New Orleans.

In November 2005, he released a four-song EP, ''Sippiana Hericane'', to benefit New Orleans Musicians Clinic, Salvation Army, and the Jazz Foundation of America. On February 5, 2006, he joined fellow New Orleans native Aaron Neville, Detroit resident Aretha Franklin and a 150-member choir for the national anthem at Super Bowl XL as part of a pre-game tribute to New Orleans. On February 8, 2006, he joined Allen Toussaint, Bonnie Raitt, The Edge, and Irma Thomas to perform "We Can Can" as the closing performance at the Grammy Awards.

On May 12, 2006, Dr. John recorded a live session at Abbey Road Studios for ''Live from Abbey Road''. His performance was aired alongside those of LeAnn Rimes and Massive Attack on the Sundance Channel in the USA and Channel 4 in the UK.

On July 30, 2006, Dr. John performed a solo piano benefit for New Orleans composer and arranger Wardell Quezergue (King Floyd's "Groove Me") at a New Orleans Musicians Relief Fund benefit at the Black Orchid Theatre in Chicago. Special guest Mike Mills of R.E.M. was in attendance, along with an all-star funk band.

Dr. John performed the theme music to the Fox drama ''K-Ville''. He also performed and co-produced the theme song for the PBS children's show ''Curious George.''

In 2007, Dr. John accepted an invitation to contribute to ''Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino''. He contributed his version of Domino's "Don't Leave Me This Way".

In January 2008, Mac Rebennack, Dr. John, was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. Later, in February, he performed at All-Star Saturday Night, part of the NBA All-Star Weekend hosted by New Orleans.

In the 2009 Disney film ''The Princess and the Frog'', Dr. John sings the opening tune, "Down in New Orleans".

He reigned as King of the Krewe du Vieux for the 2010 New Orleans Mardi Gras season.

Dr. John played keyboards and had a major role in shaping Gregg Allman's 2011 album ''Low Country Blues'' which was produced by T Bone Burnett.

In 2011 he collaborated with Hugh Laurie on the song 'After You've Gone' on his album Let Them Talk

In 2011 Dr. John, Allen Toussaint and The Meters performed the classic album, Desitively Bonnaroo at the Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee as part of the festival's tenth year celebration. The name of the festival was inspired by the album.

Cover versions

Dr. John's song "I Walk On Gilded Splinters" was covered in 1969 by Marsha Hunt and produced by Tony Visconti; and in July 1970 by Johnny Jenkins, whose supporting musicians included slide guitarist Duane Allman and drummers Butch Trucks and Jai Johanny Johanson; Allman also performed on ''Ton Ton Macoute'', the album that contained it. Allman Brothers bass guitarist Berry Oakley also appeared on other tracks on the album). "I Walk on Gilded Splinters" was also covered in the 1970s by Humble Pie on their album ''Performance Rockin' the Fillmore'', and is track 3 on Paul Weller's 1995 album ''Stanley Road''. Widespread Panic and The Allman Brothers Band also perform this song regularly.

Discography

As leader

''Gris-Gris'' (1968) (Atco, SD 33-234)

''Babylon'' (1969)

''Remedies'' (1970) (Atco, SD 33-316)

''The Sun, Moon & Herbs'' (1971) (Atco, SD 33-362)

''Gumbo'' (1972)

''In the Right Place'' (1973) (Atco, SD 7018)

''Desitively Bonnaroo'' (1974) (Atco, SD 7043)

''Hollywood Be Thy Name (1975) (UA-LA552G)

''City Lights'' (1978)

''Tango Palace'' (1979) (Horizon, SP-740)

''Dr. John Plays Mac Rebennack Vol. 1'' (1981)

''Dr. John Plays Mac Rebennack Vol. 2 (The Brightest Smile in Town)'' (1983)

''In a Sentimental Mood'' (1989)

''ZuZu Man'' (1989) (Trip Records TLP-9518)

''Goin' Back to New Orleans'' (1992)

''Television'' (1994)

''Afterglow'' (1995)

''Trippin Live''

''Anutha Zone'' (1998)

''Duke Elegant'' (2000)

''Creole Moon'' (2001)

''N'Awlinz: Dis Dat or d'Udda'' (2004)

''Sippiana Hericane'' (2005)

''Mercernary'' (2006) (Blue Note 54541)

''The City That Care Forgot'' (2008)

''Tribal'' (2010)

With Bluesiana Triangle

''Bluesiana Triangle'' (Windham Hill, 1990)

''Bluesiana Triangle II'' (Windham Hill, 1991)

Other contributions

''Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band'', Ringo Starr (EMI, 1990), Rykodisc RALP-10190 (CD: Rykodisc RCD-10190)

''Boogie to Heaven'' Gayle Wynters, featuring Dr. John and Roger Kellaway (VWC Records, 1995)

''Perfect Day'' BBC corporate film and charity release in 1997 - featuring, amongst others, Dr John Perfect Day (Lou Reed song)

''Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino'' (Vanguard, 2007) ''Let Them Talk'' (Warner Bros. Records, 2011)

Recognition

Grammy Awards

1989 Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo Or Group - Makin' Whoopee

1992 Best Traditional Blues Album - Goin' Back To New Orleans

1996 Best Rock Instrumental Performance - SRV Shuffle

2000 Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals - Is You Is, Or Is You Ain't (My Baby)

2008 Best Contemporary Blues Album - City that Care Forgot

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

2011 Performer

References

Further reading

''Under a Hoodoo Moon: the Life of Dr. John the Night Tripper'' by Dr. John (Mac Rebennack) and Jack Rummel, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. ISBN 0-312-10567-3

External links

Official website

Animated commercials sung by Dr. John

[ Allmusic]

2008 Concert Review

Category:1940 births Category:American blues singers Category:American male singers Category:American blues pianists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Living people Category:New Orleans R&B; musicians Category:Jesuit High School alumni Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:Boogie-woogie pianists Category:Musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:American session musicians Category:The Wrecking Crew members Category:Blues Hall of Fame inductees Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Contemporary blues musicians Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Louisiana Voodoo

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John Henrik Clarke (January 1, 1915 — July 16, 1998), born John Henry Clark, was a Pan-Africanist American writer, historian, professor, and a pioneer in the creation of Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in the late 1960s.

He was Professor of African World History and in 1969 founding chairman of the Department of Black and Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He also was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of African History at Cornell University’s Africana Studies and Research Center. In 1968 along with the Black Caucus of the African Studies Association, Clarke founded the African Heritage Studies Association.

An autodidact, Clarke documented the histories and contributions of African peoples in Africa and the diaspora using an Afrocentric perspective.

Early life and education

Born as the eldest child 1 January 1915 in Union Springs, Alabama to sharecroppers John (Doctor) and Willie Ella (Mays) Clark. He renamed himself John Henrik (after rebel playwright Henrik Ibsen) and adding an "e" to his surname Clarke, as a symbol. Counter to his father's wishes for him to be a farmer, Clarke left Alabama in 1933 by freight train and went to Harlem, New York, where he pursued scholarship and activism.

Career

In 1933 Harlem had drawn, through the Great Migration, a concentration of African Americans, many of whom figured in the Harlem Renaissance. Clarke developed as a writer and lecturer during the Great Depression years. He joined study circles like the Harlem History Club and the Harlem Writers' Workshop. He studied history and world literature at New York University, at Columbia University and at the League for Professional Writers. He was an autodidact whose mentors included the scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. At the age of 78 Clarke obtained a doctorate from the then non-accredited Pacific Western University (now California Miramar University) in Los Angeles. The New York Times noted that Clarke's ascension to professor emeritus at Hunters College was "unusual...without benefit of a high school diploma." The Times also acknowledged that "nobody said Professor Clarke wasn't an academic original", but nonetheless referred to him using the honorific prefix "Mr." rather than "Dr.".

Prominent during the Black Power movement, Clarke advocated for studies on the African-American experience and the place of Africans in world history. He challenged academic historians and helped shift the way African history was studied and taught. Clarke was "a scholar devoted to redressing what he saw as a systematic and racist suppression and distortion of African history by traditional scholars." When some of the scholarship he championed was dismissed by many historians, Clarke imparted to them the biases of Eurocentric views.

He was memorialized for devoting "himself to placing people of African ancestry 'on the map of human geography'." Clarke said "History is not everything, but it is a starting point. History is a clock that people use to tell their political and cultural time of day. It is a compass they use to find themselves on the map of human geography. It tells them where they are, but more importantly, what they must be."

Besides teaching at Hunter College and Cornell University, Clarke was active in creating professional associations to support the study of black culture. He was a founder and first president of the African Heritage Studies Association, which supported scholars in areas of history, culture, literature and the arts. He was a founding member of other organizations to recognize and support work in black culture: the Black Academy of Arts and Letters and the African-American Scholars' Council.

His writing included six scholarly books and many scholarly articles. He edited anthologies of black writing, as well as his own short stories, and more general interest articles. He was co-founder of the ''Harlem Quarterly'' (1949–51), book review editor of the ''Negro History Bulletin'' (1948–52), associate editor of the magazine ''Freedomways'', and a feature writer for the ''Pittsburgh Courier'' and the ''Ghana Evening News''.

Marriage and family

Clarke had three children with his first wife, Eugenia Evans Clarke. At his death he was survived by his second wife, Sybille Williams Clarke, and his two children Nzingha Marie and Sonni Kojo. A third child (Lillie) preceded him in death.

He is buried in Green Acres Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.

Legacy and honors

1985 - Faculty of the Africana Studies and Research Center at Cornell University named the John Henrik Clarke Library after him.

1995 - Carter G. Woodson Medallion, Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History

2002 - Molefi Kete Asante listed Dr. John Henrik Clarke on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

Citations

External links

"The John Henrik Clarke Virtual Museum", National Black United Front Web Site

"In Memory of John Henrik Clarke", Hunter College, City University of New York

John Henrik Clarke bibliographies from Cornell University

IMDB.com entry on the film ''John Henrik Clarke: A Great & Mighty Walk''

Additional reading

"John Henrik Clarke: His People’s Historian", ''Black Collegian''

"From SBA to SIA: A Great And Mighty Walk", AfricaWithin.com

See also

Ivan van Sertima

Category:1915 births Category:1998 deaths Category:New York University alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Hunter College faculty Category:African American academics Category:African American writers Category:American historians Category:Historians of Africa Category:Pan-Africanism Category:People from Columbus, Georgia Category:People from Union Springs, Alabama Category:Religious skeptics

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