In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. The metropolitan state is the state that owns the colony. In Ancient Greece, the city that founded a colony was called the metropolis. Mother country is a reference to the metropolitan state from the point of view of citizens who live in its colony. There is a United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.

A colony is mostly ruled by another state or can be run independently. Unlike a puppet state or satellite state, a colony has no independent international representation, and its top-level administration is under direct control of the metropolitan state.

The term "informal colony" is used by some historians to describe a country which is under the ''de facto'' control of another state, although this description is often contentious.

Definitions

The word Colony comes from the Latin word colōnia. This in turn derives from the word colōnus, which means colonist but also implies a farmer. Cologne is an example of a settlement preserving this etymology. Other, less obvious settlements that began as Roman colonia include cities from Belgrade to York. A telltale sign of a settlement once being a Roman Colony is a city centre with a grid pattern. The terminology is taken from architectural analogy, where a column pillar is beneath the (often stylized) head capital, which is also a biological analog of the body as subservient beneath the controlling head (with 'capital' coming from the Latin ''caput'', meaning 'head'). So colonies are not independently self-controlled, but rather are controlled from a separate entity that serves the capital function.

Roman colonies first appeared when the Romans conquered neighbouring italic peoples. These were small farming settlements that appeared when the Romans had subdued an enemy in war. A colony could take many forms, as a trade outpost or a military base in enemy territory, but its original definition as a settlement created by people migrating from a home territory became the modern definition.

Colonies in ancient civilizations (examples)

''See Colonies in antiquity.''

Alexandria formed as a Greek colony

Carthage was a Phoenician colony

Cyrene was a colony of the Greeks of Thera

Durrës formed as a Greek colony

Marseille formed as a Greek colony

Cologne formed as a Roman colony, and its modern name refers to the Latin term "Colonia".

Modern colonies (examples, organized alphabetically)

Angola: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1975.

Australia: In 1770 some of the eastern coastline of Australia is claimed as British territory by the British explorer, Lieutenant James Cook. The First Fleet was sent to Australia to start a penal colony in 1788. Eventually, Australia became a Federation in 1901.

Brazil: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1822.

Hong Kong was a British colony from 1841 to 1997, and Macau was a Portuguese colony from 1557 to 1999. Both are now Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China.

Starting in the 16th century, parts of modern India belonged to Portugal and were collectively known as Portuguese India until 1961. Parts of India were also under the direct control of the government of the United Kingdom between 1858 and 1947. ''See also Crown colony.''

Indonesia was a Dutch colony for 350 years, from 1600 to 1945/49, occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.

Mozambique: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1975.

The Philippines, previously a colony of Spain from 1521}} to 1898, was a colony of the United States from 1898 to 1946. During World War II between 1942 and 1945, it was occupied by the Japanese forces.

Portuguese Guinea: a colony of Portugal across several centuries. Independent since 1974.

Taiwan was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples closely related linguistically, culturally and genetically to the Filipino people and more distantly to the Polynesians. In the 13th century, people from Song Dynasty had been migrating to Taiwan - however, the migration was small due to the island's harsh terrain and hostile local tribes. From 1895 to 1945, Taiwan was a colony of Japan. For a brief period prior to that, Taiwan was a province of the Qing Dynasty, and previously part of the Fujian Province for two centuries from the 1680s. Before Chinese Republicans settled on Taiwan, Mao Zedong encouraged the Taiwanese to seek independence in order to undermine the power of the government of Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-shek. In the 17th century, Taiwan was a Dutch colony for 37 years before the Southern Ming Dynasty assumed authority of rule by defeating the Dutch. Since 1945 Taiwan has been governed by the Republic of China, first from the mainland, and then after the communist revolution on mainland China, as a government-in-exile.

The United States, originally thirteen distinct English (or British, if founded after the Acts of Union of 1707) colonies in British America. The Colony of Virginia, later to become the U.S. states of Virginia, Kentucky and West Virginia, was the first of the thirteen colonies and was under English and then British rule from 1607 until 1783, at least nominally. The United States also founded their own colonies in both the Atlantic and Pacific regions, such as Madisonville on the island of Nuku Hiva in 1813 and Monrovia in the 1821.

Current colonies (examples)

Today, the colonizing European and North American powers hold few colonies in the traditional sense of the term, with the exceptions listed below. However, the Channel Islands are not UK colonies but a remnant of the Duchy of Normandy. Some of the former colonies have been integrated as dependent areas or have closer integration with the country.

Of Africa: Río de Oro/Western Sahara is considered the last colony in Africa.

Of Chile:

Easter Island is a special territory incorporated to Chile. Today, natives have full rights as Chilean citizens.

Of France:

The French Overseas Departments are called integral regions and are considered by some to be modern-day colonies of France.

*French Guiana

*Guadeloupe

*Martinique

*Réunion

*Mayotte

Of Indonesia:

West Papua

Of the United Kingdom:

The British Overseas Territories - such as the British Virgin Islands and Falkland Islands - are former Crown Colonies. Many of the larger, populated territories, have their own political systems but are still under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and are managed by Governors.

Of the United States: Similar to Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States Virgin Islands are considered by some to have a colonial relationship with the United States because their citizens are subject to the laws of the United States Congress passed without their consent. These territories, along with Puerto Rico, are known as unincorporated territories. Puerto Rico's subjection to US sovereignty is considered by many countries to constitute a colonial imposition because Puerto Ricans are subject to laws passed by the United States Congress without their consent, due to constitutional exclusion from electoral participation in elections of the officials that hold ultimate sovereignty over their national government, and because its population does not enjoy the full citizenship rights of the United States Constitution. According to the US President's Task Force Report on the Political Status of Puerto Rico the US may dispose of Puerto Rico by transferring it to another sovereign country as a mere disposition of property. In a recent letter addressed to then-United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, the then-governor of Puerto Rico, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, accused the US of having deceived the United Nations and the international community in 1953, when it succeeded in having the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognized as a provisional decolonized status subject to continued monitoring; Acevedo Vilá stated that it was ironic that this is the position taken by the Government of Iran and that the Governor of Puerto Rico will soon feel forced to support Iran's claims regarding the US government's alleged-hypocritical actions with regards to Puerto Rico's "colonial" status. In 2006, The UN General Assembly Special Committee on decolonization approved a draft resolution that calls on the US to expedite the process to allow Puerto Ricans to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence. H.R. 1230, The Puerto Rico Self-Determination Act of 2007, introduced in the US Congress on February 28, 2007, would recognize the right of the People of Puerto Rico to call a Constitutional Convention through which the people would exercise their natural right to self-determination, and it would establish a mechanism for congressional consideration of such decision.

Of New Zealand:

Tokelau is a colony of New Zealand.

See also

United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories

Space colonization

Settler colonialism

Crown colony

Proprietary colony

Commonwealth

Colony (song)

References

External links

Non-Self-Governing Territories Listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002

Siberia : History (covers Siberia as Russian colony)

Category:Colonialism Category:Administrative divisions

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name	Damien Dempsey
alt	Damien Dempsey
background	solo_singer
origin	Dublin, Ireland
instrument	Guitar
genre	Irish, folk, traditional, Reggae
occupation	Singer-songwriter, guitarist
years active	1995–present
label	UFO Music, Planet, Sony BMG
website
notable instruments	}}

Damien Dempsey (born 1975) is an Irish singer and songwriter who mixes traditional Irish folk with contemporary lyrics to deliver social comment on the positive and negative aspects arising from Ireland's Celtic Tiger society.

Early life

Born and raised in Donaghmede, a Northside suburb of Dublin, his earliest musical influences came from the post-pub musical sessions that were held in his parents house when he was a toddler.

Upon completing secondary school at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, he attended the Ballyfermot "Rock School" for 2 years. There he studied musical performance and management and his first EP, "The Contender" was released in 1995 on the school's record label.

Musical career

His first commercial single "Dublin Town" was released in 1997, and reached number 18 in the Irish music charts. The Irish music magazine "Hot Press" praised the single, remarking that it was "..an underground anthem for disaffected youth and closet balladeer alike". His first full length album, titled "They Don't Teach This Shit In School" was released in 2000 and contained a re-recorded version of this song.

His next release, in 2002, the "Negative Vibes EP" featured Sinéad O'Connor on the title track and led to an invitation to support Sinéad on her 2002/2003 Irish, UK, and European tour.

Damien's second full-length album, "Seize the Day", was released in May 2003 in Ireland on Clear Records via Sony and entered the charts in its first week of release at No. 5. It has since achieved double-platinum sales.

In 2004 Dempsey toured extensively headlining his own shows as well as supporting Bob Dylan during the Irish leg of his European tour and making his debut appearances at The Fleadh and Womad.

He has earned the support of his peers, particularly Morrissey, who invited Damien to support him on various UK and Irish dates as well as his autumn 2004 US tour. Morrissey went on to sign Damien to his label (Attack), and "Seize the Day" had its U.S. release in October 2004.

His third album, "Shots", simultaneously released in Ireland and the UK in March 2005 entered the Irish album charts at #19.

At Oxegen 2006, on the main stage on Saturday afternoon, the Dempsey said that Patrick Pearse would be "turning in his grave" at the state of modern Ireland. This sparked off controversy.

He supported British folk-rock band The Levellers on their UK tour in the spring of 2006 as well as playing at The Levellers' music festival Beautiful Days in August 2006.

Damien's first live album,"Live at The Olympia" was released June 2006 in Ireland and the UK. The album was recorded at Dublin's Olympia Theatre on 15 December 2005.

"Shots" was released in the U.S. on the United For Opportunity label in June 2006 and Damien undertook a coast to coast tour.

On the Fleadh 2007 tour Damien, along with Sharon Shannon's Big Band, toured Ireland and the UK with Willie Nelson.

His fourth studio album, "To Hell or Barbados" released in June 2007, entered the Irish album chart at No. 2. An extended version of the album, which included a bonus CD featuring previously unreleased and rare tracks, was released in Ireland via Sony BMG in November 2007.

Dempsey's fifth studio album, a covers album entitled ''The Rocky Road'', was released on 6 June 2008 in Ireland via Sony BMG, with a UK release via IRL on 9 June 2008 and on August 26 via United For Opportity. The lead single "A Rainy Night In Soho", a cover of the Pogues' original, was released on 30 May 2008.

Discography

''They Don't Teach This Shit in School'' (2000)

''Seize the Day'' (2003)

''Shots'' (2005)

''To Hell or Barbados'' (2007)

''The Rocky Road'' (2008)

Between The Canals

The Irish crime film Between the Canals was Dempsey's debut performance as an actor. He played the fictional Dublin crime boss Paul Chambers. The film has been well received by critics. The Irish Times stated that the film "has all the raw, angry energy of the great man’s roaring songs." The film is due to be released in cinemas in March 2011.

Documentary

A documentary, ''It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story'', by independent filmmaker Dara McCluskey, that followed Damien's career progression up to the release of "Seize the Day", was broadcast on Ireland's national television station RTÉ and shown at film festivals in Ireland and New York. It shows how far Damien Dempsey has come in becoming a Platinum selling artist ("It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story" 52 Minute Documentary online).

Awards and nominations

name	Damien Dempsey
awards	6
nominations	11
meteorw	6
meteorn	11 }}

Nominated in 4 categories in the 2004 Irish Meteor Music Awards, Damien walked away with two, the only 2004 double winner. In 2006 and 2007, Damien added to his collection of Meteor Awards when he won Best Irish Male. Nominated in 2 categories in the Irish Meteor Awards 2008 and won “Best Folk/Traditional”.

Meteor Music Awards

|- | rowspan="4"| 2004 | rowspan="3"| Damien Dempsey | Best Folk/Traditional Act | |- | Best Irish Country/Roots Artist | |- | Best Irish Male | |- | ''Seize the Day'' | Best Irish Album | |- | rowspan="2"| 2006 | Damien Dempsey | Best Irish Male | |- | ''Shots'' | Best Irish Album | |- | 2007 | Damien Dempsey | Best Irish Male | |- | rowspan="2"| 2008 | rowspan="2"| Damien Dempsey | Best Folk/Traditional Act | |- | Best Irish Male | |- | rowspan="2"| 2009 | rowspan="2"| Damien Dempsey | Best Folk/Traditional Act | |- | Best Irish Male |

References

External links

United for Opportunity (Record label's artist information page)

Fleming Artists (U.S. Booking Agent's artist information page]

cluas.com (Early career interview with Damien Dempsey)

''It's All Good: The Damien Dempsey Story'' (Documentary by Dara McCluskey)

Category:Living people Category:Irish folk singers Category:Irish male singers Category:Irish pop singers Category:Irish singer-songwriters Category:Music from Dublin (city) Category:People from County Dublin Category:1975 births

ga:Damien Dempsey

Name	Saul Williams
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Saul Stacey Williams
Born	February 29, 1972
Genre	Hip hop, Spoken word, poetry, electronic, Industrial hip hop
Occupation	PoetWriterSingerMusicianActorVoice Actor
Instrument	Vocals
Associated acts	Trent Reznor, Serj Tankian, Zack de la Rocha, Thavius Beck, Atari Teenage Riot, Buckethead
Website	Official Site }}

Saul Stacey Williams (born February 29, 1972) is an American poet, writer, actor and musician known for his blend of poetry and alternative hip hop and for his leading role in the 1998 independent film ''Slam''.

Biography

The youngest of three children, Williams was born in Newburgh, New York. He attended Newburgh Free Academy for high school, where he would write his song "Black Stacey." After graduating from Morehouse College with a B.A. in acting and philosophy, Williams moved to New York City to earn a Master's Degree at New York University in acting. There, he found himself at the center of the New York cafe poetry scene.

Williams and artist Marcia Jones began their relationship in 1995 as collaborative artists on the Brooklyn performance art and spoken word circuit. Their daughter, Saturn, was born in 1996. His collection of poems ''S/HE'' is a series of reflections on the demise of the relationship. [Marcia Jones], a visual artist and art professor, created the cover artwork for The Seventh Octave, images through-out S/HE in response to Williams, and set designed his 2001 album ''Amethyst Rock Star''. Saturn has recently been performing with her father on his 2008 concert tour .

On his 36th birthday, February 29, 2008, Williams married his girlfriend of five years, actress Persia White. Williams met White in 2003 when he made a guest appearance on the TV show ''Girlfriends'' as a poet named Sivad. (1993). On January 17, 2009, White announced via her MySpace blog that she and Williams were no longer together.

Williams is a vegan.

Career

By 1995, he had become an open mic poet and, in 1996, he won the title of Nuyorican Poets Cafe's Grand Slam Champion. The documentary film ''SlamNation'' follows Williams and the other members of the 1996 Nuyorican Poets Slam team (Beau Sia, Mums da Schemer and Jessica Care Moore) as they compete in the 1996 National Poetry Slam held in Portland, Oregon.

The following year, Williams landed the lead role in the 1998 feature film ''Slam.'' Williams served as both a writer and actor on the film, which would win both the Sundance Festival Grand Jury Prize and the Cannes Camera D'Or (Golden Camera) and serve to introduce Williams to international audiences.

Williams was at this time breaking into music. He had performed with such artists as Nas, The Fugees, Christian Alvarez, Blackalicious, Erykah Badu, KRS-One, Zack De La Rocha, De La Soul, and DJ Krust, as well as poets Allen Ginsberg and Sonia Sanchez. After releasing a string of EPs, in 2001 he released the LP ''Amethyst Rock Star'' with producer Rick Rubin and in September 2004 his self-titled album to much acclaim. He played several shows supporting Nine Inch Nails on their European tour in summer 2005, and has also supported The Mars Volta.

Williams was also invited to the Lollapalooza music festival in Summer 2005. The Chicago stage allowed Williams to attract a wider audience. He also appeared on NIN's album ''Year Zero'', and supported the group on their 2006 North American tour. On the tour Williams announced that Trent Reznor would co-produce his next album.

This collaboration resulted in 2007's ''The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!''. This album was available only at the website niggytardust.com until a physical CD of the album was issued. The physical release included new tracks and extended album artwork. The first 100,000 customers on the website had the option to download a free lower-quality audio version of the album. The other option was for users to pay $5 to support the artist directly and be given the choice of downloading the higher-quality MP3 version or the lossless FLAC version. The material has been produced by Trent Reznor and mixed by Alan Moulder. It was Reznor who said that, after his own recent dealings with record labels, they should release it independently and directly.

As a writer, Williams has been published in ''The New York Times'', ''Esquire'', ''Bomb Magazine'' and ''African Voices'', as well as having released four collections of poetry. As a poet and musician, Williams has toured and lectured across the world, appearing at many universities and colleges. In his interview in the book, ''Words in Your Face: A Guided Tour Through Twenty Years of the New York City Poetry Slam'', Williams explained why he creates within so many genres, saying:

Williams is a vocal critic of the War on Terrorism and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; among his better-known works are the anti-war anthems "Not In My Name" and "Act III Scene 2 (Shakespeare)". In early 2008, a Nike Sparq Training commercial featured Williams' song "List of Demands (Reparations)".

In a November 2008 interview with Wired.com, Williams talked about his forthcoming projects:

In January 2009, he released "NGH WHT - The Dead Emcee Scrolls with The Arditti Quartet", a reading of his 2006 poetry book of the same name. This collaboration with Thomas Kessler (who also set '',said the shotgun to the head'' to music) is released with two payment options: listeners may download Chapters 18-22 of the 27-minute composition for free (in mp3 format), or for $6, can download the entire 33-chapter composition in lossless .aif format, along with the isolated vocal and quartet multitrack stems. The entire paid download totals in size at 563 Megabyte.

He currently resides in Paris, France.

Saul has recently released a new song 'Explain My Heart' from his forthcoming album Volcanic Sunlight. Williams showcased the album at London's Hoxton Bar Kitchen on January 26, 2011. Livemusic.fm interviewed Williams on the evening and made a subsequent film. Artist Alex Templeton-Ward produced the film. When Williams was asked what the point of poetry was he said "I'm making this up, I have no idea but here we go, I think that it would be to express, to share, to relieve, to explore", "for me poetry offers some what of a cathartic experience. I am able to move through emotions and emotional experience particularly, you know, break-ups, difficulties in all the things that I may face, whether that is with an industry or a loved one or whomever, there needs to be an infiltration process, like you have a window open over there. That is the purpose of poetry - it is the window that opens that allows some air in, some other insight, some other possibility so we can explore all that we feel, all that we think but with the space to see more than what we know, because there is so much more than we know.", "If I didn't open myself to the possibilities of the unknown then I would be lost."

Discography

Albums/EPs

''Penny for a Thought / Purple Pigeons'' (2000)

''Amethyst Rock Star'' (2001)

''Not in My Name'' (2003)

''Saul Williams'' (2004)

''The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!'' (2007)

''NGH WHT - The Dead Emcee Scrolls with The Arditti Quartet'' (2009)

''Volcanic Sunlight'' (2011)

Guest and compilation appearances

"Twice the First Time" on ''Eargasms - Crucialpoetics Vol. 1'' (1997)

"Elohim (1972)" on ''Black Whole Styles'' (1998)

"Ohm" on ''Lyricist Lounge, Volume One'' (1999)

"Coded Language" on ''Coded Language'' by DJ Krust (1999)

"Spongebob Squarepants" (2001)

"Release" with Lyrics Born and Zack De La Rocha on ''Blazing Arrow'' by Blackalicious (2002)

"Time (Jungle) (Temple Of Soul Mix)" on ''Nublu Sessions'', mixed by Wax Poetic (2003)

"Sent from Sandy Shores" (with Sacajawea) on ''Dreams of Water Themes'' by Adventure Time (2003)

''"Wake up Show Freestyles"'' by Sway and King Tech (2004)

"Three Fingers" on ''Enter the Chicken'' by Buckethead & Friends (2005)

"Sea Lion (Extended)" (with Will Oldham) on "Sea Lion" by Sage Francis (2005)

"Mr. Nichols" on ''Sound Mirrors'' by Coldcut (2006)

"April Showers, April Tears" on ''¿What'' by Stuart Davis (2006)

",said the shotgun to the head" on ''Thomas Kessler'' by Thomas Kessler (2006)

"Survivalism" and "Me, I'm Not" on ''Year Zero'' by Nine Inch Nails (2007)

"Gunshots By Computer" and "Survivalism" on ''Y34RZ3R0R3M1X3D'' by Nine Inch Nails (2007)

"Lyrical Gunplay" on ''Thru'' by Thavius Beck

"Dance Of The Dead" on ''The Unbound Project, Vol. 1'' a compilation benefit album for Mumia Abu-Jamal

"List Of Demands" on Nike Sparq Commercial

"Black Stacy Remix" ft. Nas

"U Can Do It" (with Maeckes) on "KIDS" by Maeckes (2010)

"Dance or Die" on ''The ArchAndroid'' by Janelle Monáe (2010)

Bibliography

''The Seventh Octave'', 1998, Moore Black Press ISBN 0-9658308-1-0

''She'', 1999, MTV/Pocketbooks ISBN 0-671-03977-6

'',said the shotgun to the head'', 2003, MTV/Pocketbooks ISBN 0-7434-7079-6

''The Dead Emcee Scrolls'', 2006, MTV/Pocketbooks ISBN 1-4165-1632-8

Mentioned in Raine Maida's song "One Second Chance" off his 2007 Solo Album - "The Hunters Lullabye"

Filmography

''Downtown 81'' (voice) (1981/2000)

''Underground Voices'' (1996)

''Slam'' (1998)

''SlamNation'' (1998)

''I'll Make Me a World'' (1999)

''King Of The Korner'' (2000)

''K-PAX'' (2001)

''The N Word'' (2004)

''Lackawanna Blues'' (2005)

References

External links

Official Site

Saul Williams at Discogs

Category:1972 births Category:African American actors Category:African American musicians Category:African American poets Category:African American performance poets Category:American activists Category:American anti–Iraq War activists Category:American film actors Category:American poets Category:American rappers Category:American television actors Category:American vegans Category:Anti-corporate activists Category:Copyright activists Category:Integral art Category:Living people Category:Morehouse College alumni Category:Actors from New York Category:Musicians from New York Category:People from Newburgh, New York Category:Slam poets Category:Urban fiction Category:American spoken word artists

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