Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
title	Granta
editor	John Freeman
category	Literary magazine
total circulation	"almost 50,000"
circulation year	2006
frequency	Quarterly (irregular)
publisher	Sigrid Rausing
firstdate	Relaunch: 1 September 1979
language	English
founded	1889
country	United Kingdom
based	London
website	www.granta.com }}

''Granta'' is a literary magazine and publisher in the United Kingdom whose mission centers on its "belief in the power and urgency of the story, both in fiction and non-fiction, and the story’s supreme ability to describe, illuminate and make real." In 2007, ''The Observer'' stated, "In its blend of memoirs and photojournalism, and in its championing of contemporary realist fiction, Granta has its face pressed firmly against the window, determined to witness the world.

History

''Granta'' was founded in 1889 by students at Cambridge University as ''The Granta'', edited by R. C. Lehmann (who later became a major contributor to ''Punch''). It was started as a periodical featuring student politics, badinage and literary efforts. The name is an older form of what is today called the River Cam, the river that runs through the town. An early editor of the magazine was R. P. Keigwin, the English cricketer and Danish scholar.

In this form the magazine had a long and distinguished history. The magazine published juvenilia of several writers who later became well known, including: Bertram Fletcher Robinson; Michael Frayn; Ted Hughes; John Simpson; A. A. Milne; Sylvia Plath; and Stevie Smith.

Rebirth

During the 1970s the publication, faced with financial difficulties and increasing levels of student apathy, was rescued by a group of interested postgraduates. In 1979, it was successfully relaunched as a magazine of "new writing", with both writers and audience drawn from the world beyond Cambridge. Bill Buford (who wrote ''Among the Thugs'' originally as a project for the journal) was the editor for its first 16 years in the new incarnation; Ian Jack followed him, editing Granta from 1995 until 2007. In April 2007 it was announced that Jason Cowley, editor of the ''Observer Sport Monthly'', would succeed Jack as editor in September 2007. Cowley redesigned and relaunched the magazine and launched a new website; in September 2008 he became editor of the ''New Statesman'', and Alex Clark, a former deputy literary editor of ''The Observer'', succeeded him as the publication's first female editor. In late May 2009, Clark left the publication, and John Freeman, the American editor, took over.

As of September 2004, Granta's circulation was 46,831. It now publishes, approximately quarterly, a distinctive mix of fiction, personal history, reportage and inquiring journalism and documentary photography.

Ownership

In 1994, Rea Hederman, owner of ''The New York Review of Books'' took a controlling stake in the magazine. In October 2005, control of the magazine was bought by Sigrid Rausing.

Granta Books

Like the magazine, Granta's book publishing imprint, puts literary integrity before commerciality. Its stated aim is to publish work that "stimulates, inspires, addresses difficult questions, and examines intriguing periods of history." Owner Sigrid Rausing has been vocal about her goal to maintain these standards for both the magazine and the book imprint, telling the ''Financial Times'', "[Granta] will not publish any books that could not potentially be extracted in the magazine. We use the magazine as a yardstick for our books... We are no longer going to look at what sells as a sort of argument, because it seemed to me that we were in danger of losing our inventiveness about what we wanted to do.” Authors recently published by Granta Books include Simon Gray, Michael Collins, Anna Funder, Olga Tokarczuk and Tim Guest.

Granta Best of Young British Novelists

In 1983, ''Granta ''(issue #7) published a list of 20 young British novelists as names to watch out for in the future. Since then, the magazine has repeated the exercise in 1993 (issue #43) and in 2003 (issue #81). In 1996 (issue #54), Granta also published a similar list of promising young American novelists, which was repeated during 2007 (issue #97). In 2010 issue #113 was dedicated to the best young Spanish language novelists. Many of the selections have been extremely prescient, with at least 12 of those listed either winning or being short-listed for major literary awards such as the Man Booker Prize and Whitbread Prize.

The inclusion of Adam Thirlwell and Monica Ali on the 2003 list caused some controversy, as neither had yet actually published a novel . Thirlwell's debut ''Politics'' later met with mixed reviews, although Ali's ''Brick Lane'' found much success.

More controversy ensued when Dan Rhodes contacted everyone else on the 2003 list to try to get them to make a joint statement in protest against the Iraq war, which was gaining momentum at the time. Not all the writers responded, becoming one of the reasons Rhodes almost decided to quit writing altogether . ;1983

Martin Amis

William Boyd

Maggie Gee

Kazuo Ishiguro

Adam Mars-Jones

Salman Rushdie

Julian Barnes

Ursula Bentley

Pat Barker

Buchi Emecheta

Ian McEwan

Shiva Naipaul

Graham Swift

Rose Tremain

Clive Sinclair

Alan Judd

Philip Norman

A. N. Wilson

Christopher Priest

Lisa St Aubin de Terán

;1993

Kazuo Ishiguro

Hanif Kureishi

Ben Okri

Esther Freud

Caryl Phillips

Will Self

Iain Banks

Adam Lively

Helen Simpson

Tibor Fischer

Nicholas Shakespeare

Philip Kerr

Lawrence Norfolk

Louis de Bernieres

A. L. Kennedy

Alan Hollinghurst

Candia McWilliam

Anne Billson

Adam Mars-Jones

Jeanette Winterson

;2003

Monica Ali

Nicola Barker

Rachel Cusk

Peter Ho Davies

Susan Elderkin

Philip Hensher

A. L. Kennedy

Hari Kunzru

Toby Litt

David Mitchell

Andrew O'Hagan

David Peace

Dan Rhodes

Ben Rice

Rachel Seiffert

Zadie Smith

Adam Thirlwell

Alan Warner

Sarah Waters

Robert McLiam Wilson

Granta Best of Young American Novelists

;1996

Sherman Alexie

Madison Smartt Bell

Ethan Canin

Edwidge Danticat

Tom Drury

Tony Earley

Jeffrey Eugenides

Jonathan Franzen

David Guterson

David Haynes

Allen Kurzweil

Elizabeth McCracken

Lorrie Moore

Fay Myenne Ng

Robert O'Connor

Chris Offutt

Stewart O'Nan

Mona Simpson

Melanie Rae Thon

Kate Wheeler

;2007

Daniel Alarcon

Kevin Brockmeier

Judy Budnitz

Christopher Coake

Anthony Doerr

Jonathan Safran Foer

Nell Freudenberger

Olga Grushin

Dara Horn

Gabe Hudson

Uzodinma Iweala

Nicole Krauss

Rattawut Lapcharoensap

Yiyun Li

Maile Meloy

ZZ Packer

Jess Row

Karen Russell

Akhil Sharma

Gary Shteyngart

John Wray

Granta Best of Young Spanish Language Novelists

;2010

Andrés Barba

Oliverio Coelho

Federico Falco

Pablo Gutiérrez

Rodrigo Hasbún

Sonia Hernández

Carlos Labbé

Javier Montes

Elvira Navarro

Matías Néspolo

Andrés Neuman

Alberto Olmos

Pola Oloixarac

Antonio Ortuño

Patricio Pron

Lucía Puenzo

Andrés Ressia Colino

Santiago Roncagliolo

Samanta Schweblin

Andrés Felipe Solano

Carlos Yushimito

Alejandro Zambra

Recent contributors

Recent contributors to the magazine include:

Martin Amis

Julian Barnes

Saul Bellow

Bill Bryson

Peter Carey

Raymond Carver

Angela Carter

Bruce Chatwin

Tony Earley

James Fenton

Richard Ford

Martha Gellhorn

Nadine Gordimer

Jennifer Haigh

Stewart Home

Milan Kundera

Doris Lessing

Barry Lopez

Ian McEwan

Gabriel García Márquez

Jayne Anne Phillips

Arundhati Roy

Salman Rushdie

George Steiner

Graham Swift

Paul Theroux

Frederic Tuten

Mario Vargas Llosa

Edmund White

Jeanette Winterson

Tobias Wolff

Binyavanga Wainaina

Every issue since the relaunch is still in print. Older issues are widely available in used bookstores, as well as directly from the publisher. The publishers state that some of them — ''Travel'' (issue 10) and ''The Family'' (issue 37), for example — are "significant contributions to the literature of the English language."

See also

List of Granta issues

References

Further reading

External links

Granta official website

Official site for Best of Young American Novelists 2007

Category:British literary magazines Category:Digests Category:Publications established in 1889 Category:Publications associated with the University of Cambridge

sv:Granta

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
{{infobox writer | name	Paul Auster | image Paul Auster BBF 2010 Shankbone.jpg | caption Auster at the 2010 Brooklyn Book Festival | imagesize | pseudonym Paul Queen Paul Benjamin | birth_name Paul Benjamin Auster | birth_date February 03, 1947 | birth_place Newark, NJ, United States | death_date | death_place | occupation Novelist and poet | nationality American | period 1974 – present | genre Absurdist fiction, crime fiction, mystery fiction | subject | movement Postmodernism | influences Michel de Montaigne, William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Herman Melville, Henry David Thoreau, James Joyce, Maurice Blanchot, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Jorge Luis Borges, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Samuel Beckett, Franz Kafka, Paul Celan, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Kurt Vonnegut, Albert Camus, Raymond Chandler, Raymond Carver, Dashiell Hammett, Knut Hamsun, Charles Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, Edgar Allan Poe, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Jabès | influenced Michael Chabon, Jonathan Lethem, Jason Thornberry, Christopher Moore, Bill Bryson, Steven Wright, Steven Hall, Hideo Kojima | signature
website	}}

Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947) is an American author known for works blending absurdism, existentialism, crime fiction and the search for identity and personal meaning in works such as ''The New York Trilogy'' (1987), ''Moon Palace'' (1989), ''The Music of Chance'' (1990), ''The Book of Illusions'' (2002) and ''The Brooklyn Follies'' (2005).

Biography

Auster was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Jewish middle class parents of Polish descent Samuel and Queenie Auster. He grew up in South Orange, New Jersey and graduated from Columbia High School in adjoining Maplewood. After graduating from Columbia University in 1970, he moved to Paris, France where he earned a living translating French literature. Since returning to the U.S. in 1974, he has published poems, essays, novels of his own as well as translations of French writers such as Stéphane Mallarmé and Joseph Joubert.

He and his second wife, writer Siri Hustvedt, were married in 1981, and they live in Brooklyn. Together they have one daughter, Sophie Auster. Previously, Auster was married to the acclaimed writer Lydia Davis. They had one son together, Daniel Auster.

He is also the Vice-President of PEN American Center.

Writing

Following his acclaimed debut work, a memoir entitled ''The Invention of Solitude'', Auster gained renown for a series of three loosely-connected detective stories published collectively as ''The New York Trilogy''. These books are not conventional detective stories organized around a mystery and a series of clues. Rather, he uses the detective form to address existential issues and questions of identity, space, language and literature, creating his own distinctively postmodern (and critique of postmodernist) form in the process. Comparing the two works, Auster said, "I believe the world is filled with strange events. Reality is a great deal more mysterious than we ever give it credit for. In that sense, the ''Trilogy'' grows directly out of ''The Invention of Solitude''.

The search for identity and personal meaning has permeated Auster's later publications, many of which concentrate heavily on the role of coincidence and random events (''The Music of Chance'') or increasingly, the relationships between men and their peers and environment (''The Book of Illusions'', ''Moon Palace''). Auster's heroes often find themselves obliged to work as part of someone else's inscrutable and larger-than-life schemes. In 1995, Auster wrote and co-directed the films ''Smoke'' (which won him the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay) and ''Blue in the Face''. Auster's more recent works, ''Oracle Night'' (2003), ''The Brooklyn Follies'' (2005) and the novella ''Travels in the Scriptorium'' have also met critical acclaim.

Themes

According to a dissertation by Heiko Jakubzik at the University of Heidelberg, two central influences in Paul Auster's writing are Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis and the American transcendentalism of the early to middle 19th century, namely amongst others Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

In short Lacan's theory declares that we enter the world through words. We observe the world through our senses but the world we sense is structured (mediated) in our mind through language. Thus our subconscious is also structured as a language. This leaves us with a sense of anomaly. We can only perceive the world through language, but we have the feeling of something missing. This is the sense of being outside language. The world can only be constructed through language but it always leaves something uncovered, something that cannot be told or be thought of, it can only be sensed. This can be seen as one of the central themes of Paul Auster's writing.

Lacan is considered to be one of the key figures of French poststructuralism. Some academics are keen to discern traces of other poststructuralist philosophers throughout Auster's oeuvre - mainly Jacques Derrida, Jean Baudrillard and Michel de Certeau - although Auster himself has claimed to find such philosophies 'unreadable'.

The transcendentalists believe that the symbolic order of civilization separated us from the natural order of the world. By moving into nature - like Thoreau in ''Walden'' - it would be possible to return to this natural order.

The common factor of both ideas is the question of the meaning of symbols for human beings. Auster's protagonists are often writers who establish meaning in their lives through writing, and they try to find their place within the natural order to be able to live within "civilization" again.

Edgar Allan Poe, Samuel Beckett, and Herman Melville have also had a strong influence on Auster's writing. Not only do their characters reappear in Auster's work (like William Wilson in ''City of Glass'' or Hawthorne's Fanshawe in ''The Locked Room'', both from ''The New York Trilogy''), Auster also uses variations on the themes of these writers.

Paul Auster's reappearing subjects are:

coincidence

frequent portrayal of an ascetic life

a sense of imminent disaster

obsessive writer as central character/narrator

loss of the ability to understand

loss of language

depiction of daily and ordinary life

failure

absence of a father

writing/story telling, metafiction

intertextuality

American History

American Space

Coincidence

Instances of coincidence can be found throughout Auster's work. Auster himself claims that people are so influenced by the continuity among them that they do not see the elements of coincidence, inconsistency and contradiction in their own lives:

Failure

Failure in Paul Auster's works is not just the opposite of the happy ending. In ''Moon Palace'' and ''The Book of Illusions'' it comes from the individual's uncertainty about the status of his own identity. The protagonists start a search for their own identity and reduce their life to the absolute minimum. From this zero point they gain new strength and start their new life and they are also able to regain contact with their surroundings. A similar development can also be seen in ''City of Glass'' and ''The Music of Chance''.

Failure in this context is not the "nothing" - it is the beginning of something all new.

Identity/Subjectivity

Auster's protagonists often go through a process that reduces their support structure to an absolute minimum: They sever all contact with family and friends, go hungry and lose or give away all their belongings. Out of this state of "nothingness" they either acquire new strength to reconnect with the world or they fail and disappear for good.

Reception

"Over the past twenty-five years," opined Michael Dirda in ''The New York Review of Books'' in 2008, "Paul Auster has established one of the most distinctive niches in contemporary literature." Dirda has also extolled his loaded virtues in ''The Washington Post'':

Ever since ''City of Glass'', the first volume of his ''New York Trilogy'', Auster has perfected a limpid, confessional style, then used it to set disoriented heroes in a seemingly familiar world gradually suffused with mounting uneasiness, vague menace and possible hallucination. His plots — drawing on elements from suspense stories, existential récit and autobiography — keep readers turning the pages, but sometimes end by leaving them uncertain about what they've just been through.

Respected literary critic James Wood, however, offers Auster little praise in his piece "Shallow Graves" in the November 30, 2009, issue of The New Yorker:

What Auster often gets instead is the worst of both worlds: fake realism and shallow skepticism. The two weaknesses are related. Auster is a compelling storyteller, but his stories are assertions rather than persuasions. They declare themselves; they hound the next revelation. Because nothing is persuasively assembled, the inevitable postmodern disassembly leaves one largely untouched. (The disassembly is also grindingly explicit, spelled out in billboard-size type.) Presence fails to turn into significant absence, because presence was not present enough.

Awards

1989 Prix France Culture de Littérature Étrangère for ''The New York Trilogy''

1990 Morton Dauwen Zabel Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters

1991 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction finalist for ''The Music of Chance''

1993 Prix Médicis Étranger for ''Leviathan''

1996 Bodil Awards - Best American Film: Smoke

1996 Independent Spirit Award - Best First Screenplay: Smoke

1996 John William Corrington Award for Literary Excellence

2003 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

2006 Prince of Asturias Award for Literature (received in previous years by Günter Grass, Arthur Miller and Mario Vargas Llosa)

2006 Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters for Literature

2007 Honorary doctor from the University of Liège

Published works

Fiction

''Squeeze Play'' (1982) (Written under pseudonym Paul Benjamin)

''The New York Trilogy'' (1987)

*''City of Glass'' (1985)

*''Ghosts'' (1986)

*''The Locked Room'' (1986)

''In the Country of Last Things'' (1987)

''Moon Palace'' (1989)

''The Music of Chance'' (1990)

''Auggie Wren's Christmas Story'' (1990)

''Leviathan'' (1992)

''Mr. Vertigo'' (1994)

''Timbuktu'' (1999)

''The Book of Illusions'' (2002)

''Oracle Night'' (2003)

''The Brooklyn Follies'' (2005)

''Travels in the Scriptorium'' (2006)

''Man in the Dark'' (2008)

''Invisible'' (2009) ''Sunset Park'' (2010)

Poetry

''Disappearances: Selected Poems'' (1988)''

''Ground Work: Selected Poems and Essays 1970-1979'' (1991)''

''Collected Poems'' (2007)''

Screenplays

''The Music of Chance'' (1993)

''Smoke'' (1995)

''Blue in the Face'' (1995)

''Lulu on the Bridge'' (1998)

''The Inner Life of Martin Frost'' (2007) – "The Inner Life of Martin Frost" is a screenplay that is mentioned in Auster's novel `The Book of Illusions.' It's the only film that the protagonist watches of Hector Mann's later, hidden films. It's a simple story of a man meeting a girl, and an intense relationship, and her vanishing.

Essays, memoirs, and autobiographies

''The Invention of Solitude'' (1982)

''The Art of Hunger'' (1992)

''The Red Notebook'' (1995) (The Red Notebook was originally printed in Granta (44)). (1993).

''Hand to Mouth'' (1997)

''Collected Prose'' (contains ''The Invention of Solitude'', ''The Art of Hunger'', ''The Red Notebook'', and ''Hand to Mouth'' as well as various other previously uncollected pieces) (first edition, 2005; expanded second edition, 2010)

Edited collections

''The Random House Book of Twentieth-Century French Poetry'' (1982)

''True Tales of American Life'' (First published under the title ''I Thought My Father Was God, and Other True Tales from NPR's National Story Project'') (2001)

Translations

"The Uninhabited: Selected Poems of Andre du Bouchet" (1976)

''Life/Situations'', by Jean-Paul Sartre,1977 (in collaboration with Lydia Davis)

''A Tomb for Anatole'', by Stéphane Mallarmé (1983)

''Chronicle of the Guayaki Indians'' (1998) (translation of Pierre Clastres' ethnography ''Chronique des indiens Guayaki'')

''The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert'' (2005)

''Vicious Circles: Two fictions & "After the Fact"'', by Maurice Blanchot,1999

Miscellaneous

''The Story of My Typewriter'' with paintings by Sam Messer (2002)

"The Accidental Rebel" (Wed. April 23 article in New York Times)

Other media

On the album ''As Smart as We Are'' by New York band One Ring Zero, Auster wrote the lyrics for the song "Natty Man Blues" based on Cincinnati poet Norman Finkelstein.

In 2005 his daughter, Sophie, recorded an album of songs in both French and English, entitled ''Sophie Auster'', with the band One Ring Zero. The lyrics of three of the songs (in English) are by Paul Auster; and he also provided for the accompanying booklet translations of several French poems which form the lyrics of other songs on the album.

In 1993, a movie adaptation of ''The Music of Chance'' was released. Auster features in a cameo role at the end of the film.

In 1994 ''City of Glass'' was adapted as a graphic novel by artist David Mazzucchelli and Paul Karasik. Auster's friend, noted cartoonist Art Spiegelman, produced the adaptation.

Jazz trumpeter and composer Michael Mantler's album ''Hide and Seek'' uses words by Auster from the play of the same name.

Paul Auster's voice can be heard on the 2005 album entitled ''We Must Be Losing It'' by The Farangs. The two tracks are entitled "Obituary in the Present Tense" and "Between the Lines".

In 2006 Paul Auster directed the film ''The Inner Life of Martin Frost'', based on an original screenplay by himself. It was shot in Lisbon and Azenhas do Mar and starred David Thewlis, Iréne Jacob and Michael Imperioli as well as Auster's daughter Sophie. Auster himself provided the narration, albeit uncredited. The film premiered at the European Film Market, as part of the 2007 Berlinale in Berlin, Germany on February 10, 2007, and opened in New York City on September 7 of the same year.

The lyrics of Fionn Regan's 2006 song ''Put A Penny In The Slot'' mention Auster and his novella ''Timbuktu''.

Austrian composer Olga Neuwirth's composition ''... ce qui arrive ...'' (2004) combines the recorded voice of Paul Auster with ensemble music and live electronics by Markus Noisternig and Thomas Musil (Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics (IEM)). Paul Auster is heard reading from his books ''Hand to Mouth'' and ''The Red Notebook'', either as straight recitation, integrated with other sounds as if in a radio play, or passed through an electronically realized string resonator so that the low tones can interact with these of a string ensemble. A film by Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster runs throughout the work featuring the cabaret artist and actress Georgette Dee.

Paul Auster narrated "Ground Zero" (2004), an audio guide created by the Kitchen Sisters (Davia Nelson and Nikki Silva) and Soundwalk and produced by NPR, which won the Dalton Pen Award for Multi-media/Audio, (2005), and was nominated for an Audie Award for best Original Work, (2005).

In the 2008 Russian film Плюс один (Plus One), the main character is in the process of translating one of Auster's books.

In the 2009 documentary "Act of God", Auster is interviewed on his experience of being struck by lightning as a boy.

See also

Paul is the older cousin of conservative columnist Lawrence Auster.

References

Dirda, Michael. "Spellbound." ''The New York Review of Books'', 4 December 2008.

—. "Strange things begin to happen when a writer buys a new notebook". ''The Washington Post'', 21 December 2003.

Notes

Further reading

Paul Auster, Gérard de Cortanze ''La solitude du labyrinthe''. Paris:Actes Sud, 1997.

Franchot Ballinger ''Ambigere: The Euro-American Picaro and the Native American Trickster''. MELUS, 17 (1991–92), pp. 21–38.

Dennis Barone (ed.): ''Beyond the Red Notebook. Essays on Paul Auster.'' Penn Studies in Contemporary American Fiction. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia (2. ed. 1996)

Dennis Barone ''Auster’s Memory''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 32–34

Charles Baxter ''The Bureau of Missing Persons: Notes on Paul Auster’s Fiction''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 40–43.

Harold Bloom ed. ''Paul Auster.'' Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publ.; 2004.

Martine Chard-Hutchinson ''Paul Auster (1947- )''. In: Joel Shatzky and Michael Taub (eds.). Contemporary Jewish-American Novelists: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997, pp. 13–20.

Alain Chareyre-Méjan, Guillaume Pigeard de Gurbert. ''Ce que Paul Auster n’a jamais dit: une logique du quelconque''. In: Annick Duperray (ed.). L’oeuvre de Paul Auster: approches et lectures plurielles. Actes du colloque Paul Auster. Aix-en-Provence: Actes Sud, 1995, pp. 176–184.

Gérard de Cortanze, James Rudnick: ''Paul Austers New York.'' Gerstenberg, New York; Hildesheim, 1998

Gérard de Cortanze ''Le New York de Paul Auster''. Paris: Les Éditions du Chêne-Hachette Livre, 1996.

Robert Creeley ''Austerities''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 35–39.

Scott Dimovitz, 'Public Personae and the Private I: De-Compositional Ontology in Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy.' ''MFS: Modern Fiction Studies''. 52:3 (Fall 2006): 613-633.

Scott Dimovitz, 'Portraits in Absentia: Repetition, Compulsion, and the Postmodern Uncanny in Paul Auster's Leviathan.' ''Studies in the Novel''. 40:4 (Winter 2008): 447-464.

William Drenttel (ed.) ''Paul Auster: A Comprehensive Bibliographic Checklist of Published Works 1968-1994''. New York: Delos Press, 1994.

Sven Gächter ''Schreiben ist eine endlose Therapie: Der amerikanische Romancier Paul Auster über das allmähliche Entstehen von Geschichten''. Weltwoche (31.12.1992), p. 30.

François Gavillon ''Paul Auster, gravité et légèreté de l'écriture''. Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2000.

Charles Grandjeat ''Le hasard et la nécessité dans l’oeuvre de Paul Auster''. In: Annick Duperray (ed.). L’oeuvre de Paul Auster: approches et lectures plurielles. Actes du colloque Paul Auster. Aix-en-Provence: Actes Sud, 1995, pp. 153–163.

Ulrich Greiner: ''Gelobtes Land. Amerikanische Schriftsteller über Amerika.'' Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1997

Claude Grimal ''Paul Auster au coeur des labyrinthes''. Europe: Revue Littéraire Mensuelle, 68:733 (1990), pp. 64–66.

Allan Gurganus ''How Do You Introduce Paul Auster in Three Minutes?''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 7–8.

Anne M. Holzapfel: ''The New York trilogy. Whodunit? Tracking the structure of Paul Auster’s anti-detective novels.'' Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1996. (= Studien zur Germanistik und Anglistik; 11) ISBN 3-631-49798-9

Beate Hötger: ''Identität im filmischen Werk von Paul Auster.'' Lang, Frankfurt am Main u.a. 2002. (= Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe 30, 84) ISBN 3-631-38470-X Heiko Jakubzik: ''Paul Auster und die Klassiker der American Renaissance''. Dissertation, Universität Heidelberg 1999 (online text)

Bernd Herzogenrath ''An Art of Desire. Reading Paul Auster.'' Amsterdam: Rodopi; 1999

Bernd Herzogenrath ''Introduction''. In: Bernd Herzogenrath. An Art of Desire: Reading Paul Auster. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999, pp. 1–11.

Gerald Howard ''Publishing Paul Auster''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 92–95.

Peter Kirkegaard, ''Cities, Signs, Meanings in Walter Benjamin and Paul Auster: Or, Never Sure of Any of It'' in Orbis Litterarum: International Review of Literary Studies 48 (1993): 161179.

Barry Lewis ''The Strange Case of Paul Auster''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 53–61.

James Marcus ''Auster! Auster!''. The Village Voice, 39 (August 30, 1994), pp. 55–56.

Brian McHale ''Constructing Postmodernism''. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.

Patricia Merivale ''The Austerized Version''. Contemporary Literature, 38:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 185–197.

Christophe Metress ''Iles et archipels, sauver ce qui est récupérable: la fiction de Paul Auster''. In: Annick Duperray (ed.). L’oeuvre de Paul Auster: approches et lectures plurielles. Actes du colloque Paul Auster. Aix-en-Provence: Actes Sud, 1995, pp. 245–257.

James Peacock ''Carrying the Burden of Representation: Paul Auster's The Book of Illusions.'' Journal of American Studies, 40:1 (April 2006), pp. 53–70.

Werner Reinhart: ''Pikareske Romane der 80er Jahre. Ronald Reagan und die Renaissance des politischen Erzählens in den USA. (Acker, Auster, Boyle, Irving, Kennedy, Pynchon).'' Narr, Tübingen 2001

William Riggan ''Picaros, Madmen, Naïfs, and Clowns: The Unreliable First-Person Narrator''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.

Mark Rudman ''Paul Auster: Some ‚Elective Affinities‘''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 44–45.

Michael Rutschky ''Die Erfindung der Einsamkeit: Der amerikanische Schriftsteller Paul Auster''. Merkur, 45 (1991), pp. 1105–1113.

Edward H. Schafer ''Ways of Looking at the Moon Palace.'' Asia Major. 1988; 1(1):1-13.

Steffen Sielaff: ''Die postmoderne Odyssee. Raum und Subjekt in den Romanen von Paul Auster.'' Univ. Diss., Berlin 2004. Joseph C. Schöpp ''Ausbruch aus der Mimesis: Der amerikanische Roman im Zeichen der Postmoderne''. München: Fink, 1990.

Motoyuki Shibata ''Being Paul Auster’s Ghost''. In: Dennis Barone (ed.). Beyond the Red Notebook: Essays on Paul Auster. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, pp. 183–188.

Carsten Springer: ''Crises. The works of Paul Auster.'' Lang, Frankfurt am Main u.a. 2001. (= American culture; 1) ISBN 3-631-37487-9

Carsten Springer: ''A Paul Auster Sourcebook.'' Frankfurt a. Main u. a., Peter Lang, 2001.

Eduardo Urbina: ''La ficción que no cesa: Paul Auster y Cervantes.'' Vigo: Editorial Academia del Hispanismo, 2007.

Eduardo Urbina: ''La ficción que no cesa: Cervantes y Paul Auster.'' Cervantes en el ámbito anglosajón. Eds. Diego Martínez Torrón and Bernd Dietz. Madrid: SIAL Ediciones, 2005. 433-42.

Eduardo Urbina: ''Reflejos lunares, o la transformación paródica de la locura quijotesca en Moon Palace (1989) de Paul Auster.'' Siglos dorados; Homenaje a Augustin Redondo. Ed. Pierre Civil. Madrid: Castalia, 2004. 2: 1417-25.

Eduardo Urbina: ''Parodias cervantinas: el Quijote en tres novelas de Paul Auster (La ciudad de cristal, El palacio de la luna y El libro de las ilusiones).'' ‘Calamo currente’: Homenaje a Juan Bautista de Avalle Arce. Ed. Miguel Zugasti. RILCE (Universidad de Navarra) 23.1 (2007): 245-56.

Eduardo Urbina: ''Reading Matters: Quixotic Fiction and Subversive Discourse in Paul Auster’s The Book of Illusions'' Critical Reflections: Essays on Golden Age Spanish Literature in Honor of James A. Parr. Eds. Barbara Simerka and Amy R. Williamsen. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2006. 57-66.

Various Authors. ''Special edition on Paul Auster.'' Critique. 1998 Spring; 39(3).

Aliki Varvogli "World That is the Book: Paul Auster's Fiction". Liverpool University press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-85323-697-9

Florian Felix Weyh ''Paul Auster''. Kritisches Lexikon der fremdsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur (26. Nachlieferung), pp. 1–10.

Curtis White ''The Auster Instance: A Ficto-Biography''. The Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14:1 (Spring 1994), pp. 26–29.

Eric Wirth ''A Look Back from the Horizon''. In: Dennis Barone (ed.). Beyond the Red Notebook: Essays on Paul Auster. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995, pp. 171–182.

John Zilcosky ''The Revenge of the Author: Paul Auster’s Challenge to Theory''. Critique, 39:3 (Spring 1998), pp. 195–206.

External links

'The Searcher', interview with ''The Guardian'' in May 1999

'An Interview with Paul Auster', interview with ''3:AM Magazine'' in November 2001

'Dem old Bush blues', interview with ''The Times'' in April 2004

'The Tyrannies and Epiphanies of Chance', interview in the ''Oxonian Review'' in June 2004

'Paul Auster and Siri Hustvedt in conversation' at the Key West Literary Seminar in September 2007 (audio)

George Dunford interviews Paul Auster, interview with Cordite Poetry Review in August 2008

'Interview: Paul Auster on His Newest Novel, ''Man in the Dark''', interview with ''Village Voice'' in September 2008

Interview with Auster, discussing ''Man in the Dark'' with George Miller in November 2008 (audio)

'The mechanics of reality', discussion between Paul Auster and school students in January 2009 (includes audio)

''I want to tell you a story'' piece by Auster at ''The Guardian'', November 6, 2006. The subtitle reads: "one of America's greatest living novelists, argues that fiction is 'magnificently useless', but the act of creation and the pleasure of reading are incomparable human joys that we should savour"

Paul Auster: Bio, excerpts, interviews and articles in the archives of the Prague Writers' Festival

'Dossier - ''The Brooklyn Follies''', a collection of essays on Paul Auster's ''The Brooklyn Follies'' (English and French), on ''La Clé des Langues''

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American novelists Category:American poets Category:American essayists Category:American screenwriters Category:American film directors Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Independent Spirit Award winners Category:American expatriates in France Category:American translators Category:People from Newark, New Jersey Category:People from South Orange, New Jersey Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Category:Writers from New York Category:Prix Médicis étranger winners Category:Jewish American novelists Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Postmodern writers

ar:بول أوستر ast:Paul Auster bs:Paul Auster bg:Пол Остър ca:Paul Auster da:Paul Auster de:Paul Auster el:Πολ Όστερ es:Paul Auster eu:Paul Auster fa:پل استر fr:Paul Auster ga:Paul Auster gl:Paul Auster ko:폴 오스터 it:Paul Auster he:פול אוסטר lv:Pols Osters lmo:Paul Auster hu:Paul Auster nl:Paul Auster ja:ポール・オースター no:Paul Auster pl:Paul Auster pt:Paul Auster ro:Paul Auster ru:Остер, Пол Бенджамин sk:Paul Auster sh:Paul Auster fi:Paul Auster sv:Paul Auster tr:Paul Auster vi:Paul Auster zh:保羅·奧斯特

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
name	Vitaly Petrov
nationality	n
birth date	September 08, 1984
2011 team	Renault
2011 car number	10
races	31
championships	0
wins	0
podiums	1
points	61
poles	0
fastest laps	1
first race	2010 Bahrain Grand Prix
last race
last season	2010
last position	13th (27 points) }}

Vitaly Alexandrovich Petrov (, born September 8, 1984 in Vyborg) is a Russian Formula One racing driver, currently driving for the Lotus Renault GP team. He is known as "Vyborg Rocket" () in Russia. He is, to date, the only Russian to have competed in the Formula One World Championship.

Career

Early career

Unlike most top drivers, Petrov did not begin his career in karting, as there was very little motorsport where he lived. He instead enrolled in the University of Moscow, where he gained a degree in meteorology. Afterwards he began competing in the Russian Lada Cup in 2001. He remained in the series for 2002 and dominated the championship, winning all rounds and amassing the maximum points possible of 500.

Formula Renault

In 2003, Petrov began racing in Formula Renault, racing in the Italian Championship for Euronova Racing, finishing 19th overall. He also competed in some rounds of the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0. He also finished fourth in the British Formula Renault Winter Series at the end of the year, taking one win. He also made his debut in Euro Formula 3000 at Cagliari.

Return to Russia

In 2004, Petrov turned his attention to the inaugural season of the Russian Lada Revolution championship. He started every race from pole position, but finished as runner-up. He also made selected appearances in Formula Renault and Euro F3000.

Petrov remained in Russia for 2005, winning the Lada Revolution Championship with ten wins and the Russian Formula 1600 series with five wins.

Euroseries 3000

In 2006, Petrov raced in Euroseries 3000 with Euronova Racing. He finished third in the standings, scoring nine podiums in eighteen races including four wins at Hungaroring, Mugello Circuit, Silverstone Circuit and Circuit de Catalunya. Also he participated in the Brno round of the 2006 F3000 International Masters season, where he took a pole position.

GP2 Series

During the 2006 season Petrov made his debut in the GP2 Series for David Price Racing. He replaced French driver Olivier Pla, who lost his sponsorship from Direxiv in the team from the German round onwards.

In 2007 he moved to Campos Grand Prix, where he joined Giorgio Pantano. He scored five point-scoring positions from 21 races and took his first victory at Valencia on his way to finishing 13th in the standings.

Petrov finished in third position with one win at Sepang International Circuit in the 2008 GP2 Asia Series season for Campos, behind champion Romain Grosjean and Sébastien Buemi.

In main series Petrov remained with the Campos team. He finished seventh in final standings, taking a win at the Valencia Street Circuit.

He finished fifth, with a win in the Sepang sprint race, in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for Campos.

He stayed with the team for 2009, now rebranded as Barwa Addax, and finished as runner-up to the dominant Nico Hülkenberg in the championship, winning twice at Istanbul Park and Valencia Street Circuit.

Formula One

Renault (2010–)

2010

Petrov was linked to joining Sauber, Renault F1 and Campos for the season. He was announced as a Renault driver on 31 January and thus he has become the first Russian driver in the Formula One World Championship (Igor Troubetzkoy raced a Ferrari Formula One car in 1948). He has been signed for a one-year deal, with an option for a further two. He was very close to signing for Campos but he felt Renault was the best option for him. He also mentioned that he had no major sponsors from Russia backing him just his dad and some of his friends. After qualifying seventeenth, Petrov's first race ended prematurely when the team found his right-front suspension strut to be damaged, which the Russian suspected to have been caused by hitting a kerb too hard. He had been chasing Rubens Barrichello for tenth place and a World Championship point at the time of the incident.

He finished his first race at the , and in doing so, scored his first F1 points, as he finished in seventh position. This race was also noted for his overtakes of Michael Schumacher and Mark Webber under heavy rain. After qualifying for the he started ninth. But after a collision with Fernando Alonso in the closing laps, he suffered a puncture and was forced to make a pitstop. On returning to the track he set the fastest lap of the race, finishing fifteenth.

In Hungary, Petrov qualified seventh, ahead of much respected team mate Robert Kubica. He finished in 5th place, his highest finish to date, while in Belgium, Petrov started in 23rd place, after failing to set a time in qualifying because of a first-session crash. He made up 14 places in changeable conditions to finish 9th, resulting in his third consecutive points finish. Petrov retired on the first lap of the after colliding with Nico Hülkenberg, and crashed out of seventh place in the . He qualified tenth for the final round of the season in Abu Dhabi, ahead of Kubica who qualified eleventh. In the race, Petrov pitted under an early safety car period which moved him up the order when drivers ahead of him pitted. Fernando Alonso and Mark Webber both came out behind him and Petrov remained ahead of them until the end of the race, which stopped the title contenders' progress and enabled Sebastian Vettel to win the title.

2011

After the season ended Renault team boss Éric Boullier said that there was a good chance of Petrov remaining with the team in . On 22 December 2010, he was retained by the team on a two-year deal. During the close season, the team were rebranded 'Lotus Renault GP' following a sponsorship deal with Lotus Cars. Team-mate Robert Kubica suffered serious injuries in a rallying accident, with Petrov being joined by Nick Heidfeld for the start of the season.

In the first race of the season in Australia, Petrov qualified sixth — the best of his career so far — and secured his first Formula One podium, finishing in third place behind race-winner Sebastian Vettel and Lewis Hamilton. In Malaysia, Petrov again ran in the points until he ran wide at a corner and left the circuit; attempting to rejoin, he hit a bump caused by a drainage gully which launched his car into the air and broke the steering column on landing. During qualifying for the , Petrov's car suffered a technical problem after he had posted the fourth fastest time of Q2. As a result, he could not compete in Q3, leaving him to start tenth on the grid. He drove a consistent race and made good strategy calls and made his way to ninth after passing several cars after his last stop of a two stop strategy on Lap 37. In Monaco, Petrov was taken to hospital after a crash involving Adrian Sutil, Lewis Hamilton and Jaime Alguersuari. The crash halted the race for 20 minutes before it eventually restarted. He was released from hospital the same day, and returned to the cockpit with a fifth place finish in Canada. Petrov had a difficult weekend in Valencia, where he finished 15th, having started from 11th on the grid. He finished 12th at the British Grand Prix, as new restrictions on blown diffusers were introduced.

Racing career

Career summary

! Season	! Series	! Team	! Races	! Wins	! Poles	! F/Laps	! Podiums	! Points	! Position
! 2001			?	?	?	?	?	?
2002			5	5	5	5	5	500
		1	1	?	?	1	?	?
		2	2	?	?	2	?	?
2003	align=left		?	1	0	0	1	44	4th
align=left	2	0	0	0	0	23	28th
align=left	align=left	12	0	0	0	0	12	19th
align=left		6	0	0	0	0	0	NC
align=left	1	0	0	0	0	0	22nd
2004	align=left	align=left rowspan=2	4	0	0	0	0	2	28th
align=left	4	0	0	0	0	0	NC
align=left		1	0	0	0	0	0	NC
		4	1	4	?	4	43
2005		align=left	6	5	1	?	9	85
			14	10	5	6	9	?
2006	align=left	align=left	17	4	0	2	9	72
align=left	align=left	8	0	0	0	0	0	28th
align=left		2	0	1	0	0	0	29th
! 2007	align=left	align=left	21	1	0	0	1	21	13th
2008	align=left	align=left rowspan=2	20	1	0	1	3	39	7th
align=left	10	1	1	0	4	33
! 2008–09	align=left	align=left	11	1	0	0	3	28	5th
! 2009	align=left	align=left	20	2	2	1	7	75
! 2010	align=left	align=left	19	0	0	1	0	27	13th
! 2011	align=left	align=left| Lotus Renault GP	12	0	0	0	1	34*	9th*

Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! 15

! 16

! 17

! 18

! 19

! 20

! 21

! DC

! Points

David Price Racing>DPR Direxiv

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! 28th

! 0

! Campos Grand Prix

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! 13th

! 21

! Campos Grand Prix

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! 7th

! 39

Addax Team>Barwa Addax

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Complete GP2 Asia Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! DC

! Points

! Campos Grand Prix

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! Campos Grand Prix

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! 5th

! 28

Complete Formula One results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! Chassis

! Engine

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! 15

! 16

! 17

! 18

! 19

! WDC

List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems>Points

Renault F1>Renault F1 Team

!

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! 13th

! 27

! [[Lotus Cars

! [[Renault F1

! [[Renault F1

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! 9th*

! 34*

Season in progress. Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

External links

VitalyPetrov.ru – Vitaly Petrov's official site

Vitaly Petrov career statistics at Driver Database

[[Category:1984 births">Renault F1 ! [[Renault F1 bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" ! 13th ! 27 ! [[Lotus Cars ! [[Renault F1 ! [[Renault F1 bgcolor="#FFDF9F" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" ! 9th* ! 34* Season in progress. Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

External links

VitalyPetrov.ru – Vitaly Petrov's official site

Vitaly Petrov career statistics at Driver Database

[[Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:People from Vyborg Category:Russian expatriates in Spain Category:Russian racecar drivers Category:British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:GP2 Series drivers Category:Euro Formula 3000 drivers Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:International Formula Master drivers Category:Russian Formula One drivers Category:Renault Formula One drivers Category:GP2 Asia Series drivers Category:Le Mans Series drivers

bs:Vitalij Petrov bg:Виталий Петров ca:Vitali Petrov cs:Vitalij Petrov da:Vitalij Petrov de:Witali Alexandrowitsch Petrow et:Vitali Petrov es:Vitaly Petrov fr:Vitaly Petrov gl:Vitali Petrov hr:Vitalij Petrov id:Vitaly Petrov it:Vitalij Aleksandrovič Petrov lv:Vitālijs Petrovs lt:Vitalijus Petrovas hu:Vitalij Alekszandrovics Petrov nl:Vitali Petrov ja:ヴィタリー・ペトロフ no:Vitalij Petrov pl:Witalij Pietrow pt:Vitaly Petrov ru:Петров, Виталий Александрович simple:Vitaly Petrov sl:Vitalij Petrov fi:Vitali Petrov sv:Vitalij Petrov tr:Vitaly Petrov uk:Петров Віталій Олександрович zh:维塔利·佩特罗夫

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
birth date	January 05, 1938
birth place	Kamiriithu, Kenya
occupation	Writer
language	English, Gĩkũyũ
portaldisp	}}

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (pronounced ; born January 5, 1938) is a Kenyan author, formerly working in English and now working in Gĩkũyũ. His work includes novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Gikuyu-language journal, ''Mutiiri.''

In 1977, Ngugi embarked upon a novel form of theater in his native Kenya which sought to liberate the theatrical process from what he held to be "the general bourgeois education system", by encouraging spontaneity and audience participation in the performances. Ngugi's project sought to "demystify" the theatrical process, and to avoid the "process of alienation [which] produces a gallery of active stars and an undifferentiated mass of grateful admirers" which, according to Ngugi, encourages passivity in "ordinary people". Although ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' was a commercial success, it was shut down by the authoritarian Kenyan regime six weeks after its opening. Ngugi was subsequently imprisoned for over a year.

Adopted as an Amnesty Prisoner of Conscience, the artist was released from prison, and fled Kenya. In the United States, he taught at Yale University for some years, and has since also taught at New York University, with a dual professorship in Comparative Literature and Performance Studies, and the University of California, Irvine. Ngũgĩ has frequently been regarded as a likely candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His son is the author Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ.

Biography

Ngũgĩ was born in Kamiriithu, near Limuru in Kiambu district, Kenya, of Kĩkũyũ descent, and baptised James Ngugi. His family was caught up in the Mau Mau rebellion; his half brother Mwangi was actively involved in the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, and his mother was tortured at Kamriithu homeguard post. He received a B.A. in English from Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda, in 1963; during his education, a play of his, ''The Black Hermit'', was produced in Kampala in 1962.

He published his first novel, ''Weep Not, Child'', in 1964, which he wrote while attending the University of Leeds in England. It was the first novel in English to be published by an East African. His second novel, ''The River Between'' (1965), has as its background the Mau Mau rebellion, and described an unhappy romance between Christians and non-Christians. ''The River Between'' is currently on Kenya's national secondary school syllabus.

His novel ''A Grain of Wheat'' (1967) marked his embrace of Fanonist Marxism. He subsequently renounced English, Christianity, and the name James Ngugi as colonialist; he changed his name back to Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, and began to write in his native Gĩkũyũ and Swahili. The uncensored political message of his 1977 play ''Ngaahika Ndeenda'' (''I Will Marry When I Want'') provoked then Vice President Daniel arap Moi to order his arrest. While detained in the Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, he wrote the first modern novel in Gĩkũyũ, ''Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ'' (''Devil on the Cross''), on prison-issued toilet paper.

After his release, he was not reinstated to his job as professor at Nairobi University, and his family was harassed. Due to his writing about the injustices of the dictatorial government at the time, Ngugi and his family were forced to live in exile. Only after Arap Moi was voted out of office, 22 years later, was it safe for them to return.

His later works include ''Detained'', his prison diary (1981), ''Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature'' (1986), an essay arguing for African writers' expression in their native languages, rather than European languages, in order to renounce lingering colonial ties and to build an authentic African literature, and ''Matigari'' (1987), one of his most famous works, a satire based on a Gĩkũyũ folktale.

In 1992 he became a professor of Comparative Literature and Performance Studies at New York University, where he held the Erich Maria Remarque Chair. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature as well as the Director of the International Center for Writing and Translation at the University of California, Irvine.

On August 8, 2004, Ngũgĩ returned to Kenya as part of a month-long tour of East Africa. On August 11, robbers broke into his apartment: they assaulted both the Professor and his wife, and stole money and a computer. Since then, Ngũgĩ has returned to America, and in the summer 2006 the American publishing firm Random House published his first new novel in nearly two decades, ''Wizard of the Crow,'' translated to English from Gĩkũyũ by the author.

On November 10, 2006, while in San Francisco at Hotel Vitale at the Embarcadero, Ngũgĩ was harassed and ordered to leave the hotel by an employee. The event led to a public outcry and angered the Kenyan community in the San Francisco Bay area and abroad, prompting an apology by the hotel.

Bibliography

''The Black Hermit'', 1963 (play)

''Weep Not, Child'', 1964, Heinemann 1987, McMillan 2005, ISBN 1-4050-7331-4

''The River Between'', Heinemann 1965, Heinemann 1989, ISBN 0-435-90548-1

''A Grain of Wheat'', 1967 (1992) ISBN 0-14-118699-2

''This Time Tomorrow'' (three plays, including the title play, "The Reels," and "The Wound in the Heart"), c. 1970

''Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and Politics'', Heinemann 1972, ISBN 0-435-18580-2

''A Meeting in the Dark'' (1974)

''Secret Lives, and Other Stories'', 1976, Heinemann 1992 ISBN 0-435-90975-4

''The Trial of Dedan Kimathi'' (play), 1976, ISBN 0-435-90191-5, African Publishing Group, ISBN 0-949932-45-0 (with Micere Githae Mugo and Njaka)

''Ngaahika Ndeenda: Ithaako ria ngerekano (I Will Marry When I Want)'', 1977 (play; with Ngugi wa Mirii), Heinemann Educational Books (1980)

''Petals of Blood'', (1977) Penguin 2002, ISBN 0-14-118702-6

''Caitaani mutharaba-Ini'' (Devil on the Cross), 1980

''Writers in Politics: Essays'', 1981 ISBN 978-0-85255-541-5 (UK) ISBN 978-0-43508-985-6 (US)

''Education for a National Culture'', 1981

''Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary'', 1981

''Devil on the Cross'' (English translation of Caitaani mutharaba-Ini), Heinemann, 1982, ISBN 0-435-90200-8

''Barrel of a Pen: Resistance to Repression in Neo-Colonial Kenya'', 1983

''Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature'', 1986 ISBN 978-0-85255-501-9 (UK) ISBN 978-0-435-08016-7 (US)

''Mother, Sing For Me'', 1986

''Writing against Neo-Colonialism'', 1986

''Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus'' (Njamba Nene na Mbaathi i Mathagu), 1986 (children's book)

''Matigari ma Njiruungi'', 1986

''Njamba Nene and the Cruel Chief'' (Njamba Nene na Chibu King'ang'i), 1988 (children's book)

''Matigari'', (translated into English by Wangui wa Goro), Heinemann 1989, Africa World Press 1994, ISBN 0-435-90546-5

''Njamba Nene's Pistol'' (Bathitoora ya Njamba Nene), (children's book), 1990, Africa World Press, ISBN 0-86543-081-0

''Moving the Centre: The Struggle for Cultural Freedom'', Heinemann, 1993, ISBN 978-0-435-08079-2 (US) ISBN 978-0-85255-530-9 (UK)

''Penpoints, Gunpoints and Dreams: The Performance of Literature and Power in Post-Colonial Africa'', (The Clarendon Lectures in English Literature 1996), Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-818390-9

''Mũrogi wa Kagogo'' (Wizard of the Crow), 2004, East African Educational Publishers, ISBN 9966-25-162-6

''Wizard of the Crow'', 2006, Secker, ISBN 1-84655-034-3

''Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance'', Basic Civitas Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0465009466

'' Dreams in a Time of War: a Childhood Memoir'', Harvill Secker, 2010, ISBN 978-1846553776

References

External links

Official homepage

Interview of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o by Leonard Lopate on WNYC, New York public radio, following publication of "WIzard of the Crow"

Launch of "Wizard of the Crow" in London 10 August 2006

An Interview With Ngugi wa Thiong'o, May 2004

Interview with Ngugi wa Thiong'o following publication of "WIzard of the Crow", Socialist Worker, 4 November 2006

Profile: Ngugi wa Thiong'o

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o - Books and Writers

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o - Emory University

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o - Overview

biography and booklist

Biography of Ngugi from University of Florida Library

Turning Toward the World: Ngugi's Petals of Blood

International Center for Writing and Translation

About "A Meeting in the Dark" Interpretations of and more background information on the short story.

Famous People from Kenya: Ngugi wa Thiongo

James Currey Publishers. (Publishers of 'Decolonising the Mind', 'Writers in Politics' and 'Moving the Centre')

A Conversation with Novelist Ngugi wa Thiong’o - video interview by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:African philosophers Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds Category:Black science fiction writers Category:Kenyan academics Category:Kenyan dramatists and playwrights Category:Kenyan essayists Category:Kenyan novelists Category:Kenyan prisoners and detainees Category:Kenyan writers Category:Makerere University alumni Category:University of California, Irvine faculty

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Taiye Selasi is a writer and photographer of Nigerian and Ghanaian origin. She lives between Rome and New York City.

Early life and education

Selasi was born in London, England and raised in Brookline, Massachusetts, the elder of twin daughters in a family of academics. Selasi's mother Dr. Juliette Tuakli, a pediatrician in Ghana, is widely known in West Africa for her advocacy of children's rights. Her father Dr. Lade Wosornu, a surgeon and public intellectual, has published numerous volumes of poetry, one included in the literature curriculum of Ghana. Her stepfather Dr. Wilburn Williams teaches literature and film at the Lawrenceville School. Her twin Dr. Yetsa Tuakli is a Harvard- and Hopkins-trained physiatrist.

Selasi graduated summa cum laude with a BA in American Studies from Yale and holds an MPhil in International Relations from Nuffield College, Oxford.

'Taiye' means first twin in her mother's native Yoruba. 'Selasi' means God has heard in her father's native Ewe.

Career

In 2010 Selasi signed a two-book deal with Penguin Press. ''Ghana Must Go'' is her first novel. In 2005 ''the LIP Magazine'' published "Bye-Bye, Babar (Or: What is an Afropolitan?)," Selasi's seminal text on Afropolitans. The same year Selasi met Professor Toni Morrison at Oxford, introduced by Morrison's niece, theatre producer and Peter Sellars protege Dr. Avery Willis. Morrison invited Selasi to her home in Princeton when they returned to the States but Selasi was too frightened to bring writing when she went. In December 2006 Morrison gave Selasi a one-year deadline, with the latter pledging to send some text after the publication of ''A Mercy''. In December 2007 Selasi sent Morrison "The Sex Lives of African Girls." The story, published by ''Granta'' in 2011, marked Selasi's fiction debut.

References

External links

Category:Nigerian novelists Category:Nigerian writers Category:Ghanaian writers Category:Nigerian women writers Category:Milton Academy alumni Category:Yale University alumni Category:People from Brookline, Massachusetts Category:Living people