thumb|upright||Poster for ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|The Perils of Pauline'' (1914), a classic melodramatic film]]

The term melodrama refers to a dramatic work that exaggerates plot and characters in order to appeal to the emotions. It may also refer to the genre which includes such works, or to language, behavior, or events which resemble them. It is usually based around having the same character traits, e.g. a hero (always the fearless one), heroine (the love of the hero, usually the one that the hero saves), villain (usually likes the heroine too) and villain's sidekick (typically gets in the way of the villain). It is also used in scholarly and historical musical contexts to refer to dramas of the 18th and 19th centuries in which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the action. The term originated from the early 19th-century French word ''mélodrame'', which is derived from Greek ''melos'', music, and French ''drame'', drama (from Late Latin ''drāma'', which in turn derives from Greek ''drān'', to do, perform). An alternative English spelling, now obsolete, is "melodrame".

History

18th-century origins: monodrama, duodrama and opera

Beginning in the 18th century, melodrama was a technique of combining spoken recitation with short pieces of accompanying music. In such works, music and spoken dialog typically alternated, although the music was sometimes also used to accompany pantomime. The earliest known examples are scenes in J. E. Eberlin's Latin school play ''Sigismundus'' (1753). The first full melodrama was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ''Pygmalion'', the text of which was written in 1762 but was first staged in Lyon in 1770. The overture and an Andante were composed by Rousseau, but the bulk of the music was composed by Horace Coignet. A different musical setting of Rousseau's ''Pygmalion'' by Anton Schweitzer was performed in Weimar in 1772, and Goethe wrote of it approvingly in ''Dichtung und Wahrheit''. ''Pygmalion'' is a monodrama, written for one actor. Some 30 other monodramas were produced in Germany in the fourth quarter of the 18th century. When two actors are involved the term duodrama may be used. Georg Benda was particularly successful with his duodramas ''Ariadne auf Naxos'' (1775) and ''Medea'' (1778). The sensational success of Benda's melodramas led Mozart to use two long melodramatic monologues in his opera ''Zaide'' (1780). Other later, and better-known examples of the melodramatic style in operas are the grave-digging scene in Beethoven's ''Fidelio'' (1805) and the incantation scene in Weber's ''Der Freischütz'' (1821).

19th century: operetta, incidental music and salon entertainment

A few operettas exhibit melodrama in the sense of music played under spoken dialogue, for instance, Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Ruddigore'' (itself a parody of melodramas in the modern sense) has a short "melodrame" (reduced to dialogue alone in many productions) in the second act; Jacques Offenbach's ''Orpheus in the Underworld'' opens with a melodrama delivered by the chararacter of "Public Opinion"; and other pieces from operetta and musicals may be considered melodramas, such as the "Recit and Minuet" in Gilbert and Sullivan's ''The Sorcerer''. As an example from the American musical, several long speeches in Lerner and Loewe's ''Brigadoon'' are delivered over an accompaniment of evocative music. The technique is also frequently used in Spanish zarzuela, both in the 19th and 20th centuries, and continued also to be used as a "special effect" in opera, for instance Richard Strauss's ''Die Frau ohne Schatten''.

In a similar manner, Victorians often added "incidental music" under the dialogue to a pre-existing play, although this style of composition was already practiced in the days of Ludwig van Beethoven (''Egmont'') and Franz Schubert (''Rosamunde''). (This type of often-lavish production is now mostly limited to film (see film score) due to the cost of hiring an orchestra. Modern recording technology is producing a certain revival of the practice in theatre, but not on the former scale.) A particularly complete version of this form, Sullivan's incidental music to Tennyson's ''The Foresters'' is available online, complete with several melodramas, for instance, No. 12 found here.

In Paris, the 19th century saw a flourishing of melodrama in the many theatres that were located on the popular Boulevard du Crime, especially in the Gaîté. All this was to come to an end, however, when most of these theatres were demolished during the rebuilding of Paris by Baron Haussmann in 1862.

By the end of the 19th century, the term melodrama had nearly exclusively narrowed down to a specific genre of salon entertainment: more or less rhythmically spoken words (often poetry)—not sung, sometimes more or less enacted, at least with some dramatic structure or plot—synchronized to an accompaniment of music (usually piano). It was looked down on as a genre for authors and composers of lesser stature (probably also the reason why virtually no realisations of the genre are still remembered).

Victorian stage melodrama

The Victorian stage melodrama featured six stock characters: the hero, the villain, the heroine, an aged parent, a sidekick and a servant of the aged parent engaged in a sensational plot featuring themes of love and murder. Often the good but not very clever hero is duped by a scheming villain, who has eyes on the damsel in distress until fate intervenes at the end to ensure the triumph of good over evil.

English melodrama evolved from the tradition of populist drama established during the Middle Ages by mystery and morality plays, under influences from Italian commedia dell'arte as well as German ''Sturm und Drang'' drama and Parisian melodrama of the post-Revolutionary period. A notable French melodramatist was Pixérécourt whose ''La Femme a deux maris'' was wildly popular with the masses.

The first English play to be called a melodrama or 'melodrame' was ''A Tale of Mystery'' (1802) by Thomas Holcroft. This was an example of the Gothic genre, a previous theatrical example of which was ''The Castle Spectre'' (1797) by Matthew Gregory Lewis. Other Gothic melodramas include ''The Miller and his Men'' (1813) by Isaac Pocock, ''The Woodsman's Hut'' (1814) by Samuel Arnold and ''The Broken Sword'' (1816) by William Dimond.

Supplanting the Gothic, the next popular sub-genre was the nautical melodrama, pioneered by Douglas Jerrold in his ''Black-Eyed Susan'' (1829). Other nautical melodramas included Jerrold's ''The Mutiny at the Nore'' (1830) and ''The Red Rover'' (1829) by Edward Fitzball (Rowell 1953).

Melodramas based on urban situations became popular in the mid-nineteenth century. These include ''The Streets of London'' (1864) by Dion Boucicault; and ''Lost in London'' (1867) by Watts Phillips.

The sensation novels of the 1860s and 1870s were fertile material for melodramatic adaptations. A notable example of this genre is ''Lady Audley's Secret'' by Elizabeth Braddon adapted, in two different versions, by George Roberts and C.H. Hazlewood.

The villain was always the central character in melodrama and crime was a favorite theme. This included dramatisations of the murderous careers of Burke and Hare, Sweeney Todd (first featured in ''The String of Pearls'' (1847) by George Dibdin Pitt), the murder of Maria Marten in the Red Barn and the bizarre exploits of Spring Heeled Jack. The misfortunes of a discharged prisoner is the theme of the sensational ''The Ticket-of-Leave Man'' (1863) by Tom Taylor.

Early silent films, such as ''The Perils of Pauline'' had similar themes. Later, after silent films were superseded by the 'talkies', stage actor Tod Slaughter, at the age of 50, transferred to the screen the Victorian melodramas in which he had played villain in his earlier theatrical career. These films, which include ''Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn'' (1935), ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' (1936) and Tom Taylor's ''The Ticket-of-Leave Man'' are a unique record of a bygone art-form.

Film

Melodrama films are a subgenre of drama films, characterised by a plot that appeals to the heightened emotions of the audience. They generally depend on stereotyped character development, interaction, and highly emotional themes. Melodramatic films tend to use plots that often deal with crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship, strained familial situations, tragedy, illness, neuroses, or emotional and physical hardship.

Victims, couples, virtuous and heroic characters or suffering protagonists (usually heroines) in melodramas are presented with tremendous social pressures, threats, repression, fears, improbable events or difficulties with friends, community, work, lovers, or family. The melodramatic format allows the character to work through their difficulties or surmount the problems with resolute endurance, sacrificial acts, and steadfast bravery.

Film critics sometimes use the term "pejoratively to connote an unrealistic, pathos-filled, campy tale of romance or domestic situations with stereotypical characters (often including a central female character) that would directly appeal to feminine audiences."

During the 1940s the British Gainsborough melodramas were very successful with audiences.

A director of 1950s melodrama films was Douglas Sirk who worked with Rock Hudson on ''Written on the Wind'' and ''All That Heaven Allows'', both staples of the genre. Melodramas like the 1990s TV ''Moment of Truth'' movies targeted audiences of American women by portraying the effects of alcoholism, domestic violence, rape and the like. Typical of the genre is Angelica Huston's 1999 film ''Agnes Browne''.

Director Sidney Lumet said in a discussion of his 2007 film ''Before the Devil Knows You're Dead'', "In a well-written drama, the story comes out of the characters. The characters in a well-written melodrama come out of the story."

In ''The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers,'' author Ayn Rand wrote "a drama involves primarily a conflict of values within a man (as expressed in action); a melodrama involves only a conflict of man with other men."

See also

Augustan literature

Legal drama

Serial (radio and television)

Soap opera

References

Category:19th-century theatre Category:Drama genres Category:Film genres Category:Opera terminology Category:Theatrical genres

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