Modern Hindi is mutually intelligible with the alternative register of the Hindustani language called Urdu. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary. Because of religious nationalism since the partition of British India and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert them to be completely distinct languages, despite the fact that they generally cannot tell the colloquial languages apart. The combined population of Hindi and Urdu speakers is the fourth largest in the world. However, the number of native speakers of Standard Hindi is still ambiguous. According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India regarded their native language to be "Hindi". However, this includes large numbers of speakers of Hindi dialects besides Standard Hindi; as of 2009, the best figure ''Ethnologue'' could find for Khariboli Hindi was a dated 1991 figure of 180 million. Hindi is also enumerated as one of the twenty-two languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which entitles it to representation on the Official Language Commission. The Constitution of India has stipulated the usage of Hindi and English to be the two languages of communication for the Central Government. Most of government documentation is prepared in three languages English, Hindi and the local state language.

It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the central government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in languages of their own choice. However, widespread resistance movements to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, of especially the people living in south India (such as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act (1963), which provided for the continued use of English, indefinitely, for all official purposes. Therefore, English is still used in official documents, in courts, etc. However, the constitutional directive to the central government to champion the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced the policies of the Union government.

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following states in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. Each of these states may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh for instance, depending on the political formation in power, sometimes this language is Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of co-official language in several states.

History

Alphabet and vocabulary

Standard Hindi derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit. Standard or ''shuddh'' ("pure") Hindi is used only in public addresses and radio or TV news, while the everyday spoken language in most areas is one of several varieties of Hindustani, whose vocabulary contains many words drawn from Persian and Arabic. In addition, spoken Hindi includes words from English and other languages as well. Actual Hindi (Devanagari) is spoken in the state of UP, Bihar, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, MP, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand etc. Other states like Punjab, WestBengal, Orissa speak/use Hindi beside of their regional/state language. All over North, Central, East & West Indians use Hindi vastly. However, the literary registers differ substantially in borrowed vocabulary; in highly formal situations, the languages are barely intelligible to speakers of the other. Hindi has looked to Sanskrit for borrowings from at least the 19th century, and Urdu has looked to Persian and Arabic for borrowings from the eighteenth century. On another dimension, Hindi is associated with the Hindu community and Urdu with the Muslim community though this is much more a twentieth century phenomenon when the political impetus to actively distinguish Hindi from Urdu gathered pace amongst the educated Hindus driving this change. Prior to this it was the norm for both educated Hindu and Muslim Indians to be fluent in Urdu.

There are five principal categories of words in Standard Hindi: ''Tatsam'' (तत्सम् / ''same as that'') words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections). They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindustani ''nām''/Sanskrit ''nāma'', "name"), as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. ''prārthanā'', "prayer"). Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Among nouns, the ''tatsam'' word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension. ''Ardhātatsam'' (अर्धातात्सम्) words: These are words that were borrowed from Sanskrit in the middle Indo-Aryan or early New Indo-Aryan stages. Such words typically have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. ''Tadbhav'' (तद्भव / ''born of that'') words: These are words which are spelled differently from Sanskrit but are derivable from a Sanskrit prototype by phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit ''karma'', "deed" becomes Pali ''kamma'', and eventually Hindi ''kām'', "work").

Similarly, Urdu treats its own vocabulary, borrowed directly from Persian and Arabic, as a separate category for morphological purposes.

Hindi from which most of the Persian, Arabic and English words have been ousted and replaced by ''tatsam'' words is called ''Shuddha Hindi'' (pure Hindi). Chiefly, the proponents of ''Hindutva'' ideology ("Hindu-ness") are vociferous supporters of ''Shuddha Hindi''.

Excessive use of ''tatsam'' words sometimes creates problems for most native speakers. Strictly speaking, the ''tatsam'' words are words of Sanskrit and not of Hindi—thus they have complicated consonantal clusters which are not linguistically valid in Hindi. The educated middle class population of India can pronounce these words with ease, but people of rural backgrounds have much difficulty in pronouncing them. Similarly, vocabulary borrowed from Persian and Arabic also brings in its own consonantal clusters and "foreign" sounds, which may again cause difficulty in speaking them.

Literature

Hindi literature, is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being ''Bhakti'' (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); ''Shringar'' (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); ''Veer-Gatha'' (extolling brave warriors); and ''Adhunik'' (modern).

Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was not written in the current dialect but in other Hindi languages, particularly in Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but later also in Khariboli. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. Hindustani with heavily Sanskritized vocabulary or ''Sahityik'' Hindi (Literary Hindi) was popularized by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular among the educated people. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement......

The ''Dwivedi Yug'' ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.

In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as ''Chhayavaad'' (''shadowism'') and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as ''Chhayavaadi''. Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant, are the four major ''Chhayavaadi'' poets.

''Uttar Adhunik'' is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations): : 1 —

Transliteration (IAST): :

Transcription (IPA): :.

Gloss (word-to-word): :Article 1 — ''All'' human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.

Translation (grammatical): :Article 1 — All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Sanskritization

In its non-Sanskritized form, the Khariboli-based dialect is the ''normal'' and principal dialect used in the Hindi cinema. It is almost exclusively used in contemporary Hindi television serials, songs, education, and of course, in normal daily speech in almost all the urban regions of north India, wherever Hindi is also the state language. The rural dialect varies from region to region.

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Dictionaries

Further reading

External links

ఘబబభయ

* Category:Hindustani Category:Indo-Aryan languages Category:Languages of India Hindi

Ajay Devgn (), born Vishal Veeru Devgan on 2 April 1969, is an Indian film actor, director, and producer.

He made his film debut with ''Phool Aur Kaante'' in 1991 and received a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for his performance in the film and for which he won a Filmfare Best Debut Award. He then starred in films such as ''Jigar'' (1992), ''Dilwale'' (1994), ''Suhaag'' (1994), ''Naajayaz'' (1995), ''Diljale'' (1996) and ''Ishq'' (1997).

In 1999, Devgan received his first National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in Mahesh Bhatt's drama ''Zakhm''. Some of his later films of the decade are ''Pyar To Hona Hi Tha'', ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' and ''Kachche Dhaage''.

In the early 2000s, he starred in ''Lajja'' (2001) and ''Company'' (2002). In 2003, he won his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Bhagat Singh in Rajkumar Santoshi's biopic ''The Legend of Bhagat Singh''. Throughout his career he has given many critically and commercially successful films including ''Raincoat'' (2004), ''Yuva'' (2004), ''Omkara'' (2006), ''Golmaal'' (2006), ''Golmaal Returns'' (2008), ''All The Best: Fun Begins'' (2009), ''Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai'' (2010), ''Golmaal 3'' (2010), ''Raajneeti'' (2010), and ''Singham'' (2011). Having done so, he has established himself as one of the leading actors of Bollywood.

Biography

Career

In 1994, Devgn worked in Harry Baweja's ''Dilwale'', ''Suhaag'' and ''Vijaypath".

In 1995, he appeared in Mahesh Bhatt's "Naajayaz", for which he was nominated for "filmfare best actor award". In 1996, he continued with "Diljale".

Devgn began starring in comedy films, such as ''Ishq'' in 1997.

In 1998, he starred in "Major Saab" and ''Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha''. He next starred in Mahesh Bhatt's ''Zakhm''. He won several awards for his performance, including the National Film Award for Best Actor and the Star Screen Award for Best Actor

Devgn's 1999 work included Sanjay Leela Bhansali's ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' as well as "Hindustan ki kasam" and "Kachche dhage".

In 2000, he worked in Harry Baweja's "Deewane". In this film, he essayed the role of two persons, where one is thief and another is police officer. The film was a flop at the box office. In the same year, he starred in his first home production "Raju Chacha" opposite wife Kajol. The film also bombed at the box office.

In 2001, he starred in "Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke" co-starring Madhuri Dixit and Priety Zinta. This film was an average grosser at the box office. His next release "Lajja", alongside Manisha Koirala, Madhuri Dixit, Jackie Shroff and Anil Kapoor, earned him a nomination for the "Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award". The film did not perform as expected at the box office. He then worked in Mahesh Manjrekar's "Tera Mera Saath Rahen".

In 2002, he featured in Ram Gopal Verma's fictional expose of Mumbai Underworld "Company". He was nominated for Filmfare Best Actor Award and won Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. The film fared well at the box office. His next release was "Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin" alongside Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt and Aishwarya Rai.

In the same year, he starred in Rajkumar Santoshi's biopic "The Legend of Bhagat Singh". The film didn't fare well at the box office. However, he won his second National Film Award for Best Actor for his performance. He then starred in Anees Bazmee's "Deewangee". The film was partially inspired by William Diehl's English Language novel "Primal Fear". He won several awards for his negative role including, "Filmfare Best Villain Award", "Star Screen Award Best Villain" and "Zee Cine Award Best Actor in a Negative Role". This film was a success at the box office.

In 2003, he starred in Ram Gopal Verma's "Bhoot" opposite Urmila Matondkar. The film was appreciated critically & performed very well at the box office. He then starred in action thriller "Qayamat: City Under Threat" opposite debutant Neha Dhupia which was huge commercial success. He then worked in Milan Luthria's romantic film "Chori Chori" opposite Rani Mukherji and Sonali Bendre. This film did not succeed at the box office.

In that same year he featured in Prakash Jha's "Gangaajal", for which he was nominated for "Filmfare Best Actor Award". He then worked in Rohit Shetty's directional debut "Zameen", which grossed Rs.16,00,00,000 and J. P. Dutta's war film "LOC Kargil".

In 2004 he was cast along with Amitabh Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai and Akshay Kumar in Rajkumar Santoshi's Khakee which grossed Indian Rs.36,25,00,000.The film had a bumper opening and was declared success in one week. He then appeared in Director Indra Kumar's Masti. The movie was an average hit. Then he starred in critically acclaimed movies such as Yuva (his role was appreciated), and Rituparno Ghosh's Raincoat (film). He then had cameo appearance in Taarzan: The Wonder Car.

2005 was less successful for him as he starred in a series of flop movies like Insan, Blackmail, Main Aisa Hi Hoon, Tango Charlie, and Shikhar whilst Kaal and Apaharan succeeded at the Box Office. For his performance in Apaharan the Superstar was nominated National Film Award for Best Actor and Filmfare Best Actor Award. For his villanous performance in Kaal he was nominated Filmfare Best Villain Award

2006 was a remarkable year in his career as he starred in two of his famous films Golmaal and Omkara. Omkara was a critical and a commercial hit in which he was cast in the title role and Golmaal was a sleeper hit and which was later followed by two super hit sequels Golmaal Returns and Golmaal 3. He is also featured in a short documentary about Mumbai floods of 2005 named The Awakening.

2007 was again disappointing for him as he starred only in 2 movies, one of which was Anubhav Sinha's action thriller Cash in which he was cast along with Sunil Shetty. The movie did a below average collection at the box-office and the other was Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag which was a remake of the 1975 classic Sholay. The film received extremely poor reception from critics, and is currently placed at number 14 on the bottom 100 movies on Imdb. The film is considered as a benchmark for bad movies.

In 2008 he worked with Rajkumar Santoshi and was cast with Pankaj Kapoor and Vidya Balan in Halla Bol. He then starred in director Rohit Shetty's third film Sunday, before directing his first movie with wife Kajol and himself in lead roles. The film, titled U, Me aur Hum, was an average success. He also had a cameo appearance in his brother Anil Devgan's film Haal-e-dil. He starred with long-time friend Sanjay Dutt and actress Manisha Koirala in Afzal Khan's Mehbooba. He then re-teamed with Rohit Shetty for the squeal of his hit film Golmaal, Golmaal Returns which was a blockbuster hit.

In 2009 he produced his third film All the Best also directed by Rohit Shetty. The film did good business and was a semi-hit. Later in the year he starred in Vipul shah's London Dreams with Salman Khan and south star Asin. The film did not succeed and was declared a flop.

In the beginning of 2010 he worked with legendary actors Amitabh Bachchan and Ben Kingsley in Leena Yadav's Teen Patti. He starred in the comedy Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge alongside Paresh Rawal and Konkona Sen Sharma which was a success. He followed this with Prakash Jha's Raajneeti and Milan Luthria's Once Upon a Time in Mumbai. Both movies were among the top grossers of 2010. Then he worked alongside Akshaye Khanna in Priyadarshan's rough adaptation of Mississippi Burning, Aakrosh. He again teamed up with Rohit Shetty for Golmaal 3. The movie was a super hit and the forth highest grossing movie in Bollywood history as it received mixed to good reviews. Then he starred in the animated film Toonpur Ka Super Hero.D In 2011 he again teamed up with Emraan Hashmi in Madhur Bhandarkar's comedy Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji which also starred Omi Vaidya and the film became a moderate success. He was a narrator in Yamla Pagla Deewana. He also did a cameo role in the 2011 Salman Khan-starrer Ready. Singham was released on 22 july 2011 it became second biggest opener after ready and all time biggest solo opener for Devgn. It has grossed more than 47.50 crores in five days in India. According to wikipedia its net gross in has reached 150 crores.

Awards and nominations

Filmography

Actor

Producer

Director

References

External links

Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:National Film Award winners Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:People from Delhi Category:Indian film producers Category:Indian film directors Category:Hindi-language film directors Category:Hindi film actors Category:Punjabi people Category:People from Mumbai Category:Mithibai College alumni

After being crowned as the winner of the Miss India beauty contest in 1984, Chawla pursued an acting career. She went on to become one of the top leading actresses of Bollywood and starred in films ranging from the romances ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'' and ''Darr'' to ''Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke'', which earned her the Filmfare Best Actress Award, to ''Yes Boss'' and ''Ishq''. Chawla has been mostly recognised for her comic timing in films as well as her vivacious screen persona.

An important fact is that she knows Tamil very well as she studied in chennai during her childhood days.

During the 2000s, after having starred in over 70 mainstream Hindi films, Chawla started acting in art and independent films. She appeared in films in her native tongue of Punjabi, and has been mostly working in parallel cinema. She gained critical recognition for her performances in films like ''Jhankaar Beats'', ''3 Deewarein'', ''My Brother Nikhil'' and ''Bas Ek Pal''. Since 2000, Chawla branched out into film production and television presenting as well.

Early life and background

She completed her schooling from Ludhiana before the family moved over to Mumbai. She graduated from Sydenham College, Mumbai with a specialisation in HR. She was the winner of Miss India title in 1984; later she won Best Costume Award for the Miss Universe contest in 1984. She is also a very good dancer. In a Baaje Payal (a film based on a collection of interviews for dancers/actresses) interview, she mentioned having learnt Kathak for three (3) years and regretted giving it up as it could have helped her in her career as an actress. She is also an accomplished classical singer and has been training for the last 6 years.

Career

Film

In 1990, she starred in such films as ''Pratibandh'', which was a box office success and for which she was nominated the ''Filmfare Best Actress Award'', and ''Swarg''. In 1992, she was nominated for a Filmfare for ''Bol Radha Bol'' which performed well commercially.

In 1993 she starred in the moderately successful project ''Aaina'', and hits like Lootere opposite Sunny Deol and Mahesh Bhatt's hit ''Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke''. She followed it with a leading role in Yash Chopra's thriller ''Darr'', which went on to become the third top-grossing film of the year in India. She won the Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance in ''Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke''. Most of Chawla's films of 1994–6 were unsuccessful, though she received a Filmfare nomination for her performance as a battered wife in ''Daraar''. She had a revival in 1997 with such romantic comedies as ''Yes Boss'', ''Deewana Mastana'' and ''Ishq''. ''Ishq'' became one of the top-earners of the year, and Chawla received her sixth Filmfare nomination for her portrayal of a model in ''Yes Boss''.

Chawla's pairing with Aamir Khan and their on-screen chemistry was often cited by the media as successful. She has also teamed up with Shahrukh Khan in several movies, including ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'', ''Darr'', ''Duuplicate'' and ''Yes Boss''.

Through the 2000s, Chawla started appearing in independent and art films, and her work in the genre included the critically acclaimed films ''3 Deewarein'', ''7½ Phere'' and ''My Brother Nikhil'', which Taran Adarsh termed as "amongst the finest in her career". She won a Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for ''3 Deewarein''.

She was seen in Nikhil Advani's ''Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love'' for which she received good reviews. She starred with Urmila Matondkar in ''Bas Ek Pal'' (2006) and with Manoj Bajpai in ''Swami''. Juhi's latest releases include Ravi Chopra's ''Bhoothnath'' with Amitabh Bachchan, in which she made her singing debut with the song "Chalo Jaane Do". Another film called ''Krazzy 4'' with Irfan Khan and Arshad Warsi was released in 2008. Both ''Bhootnath'' and ''Krazzy 4'' were critical and commercial successes in India. In 2009, she appeared in a supporting role in ''Luck By Chance'' for which she dyed her hair blonde. The film got extremely positive reviews and has got a good opening at the box office.

Chawla has appeared in several non-Hindi language films. She has appeared in various Punjabi films: ''Shaheed Uddham Singh'' (2000), ''Des Hoyaa Pardes'' (2004), ''Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waris'' (2006) and "Sukhmani:hope for life" (2010). Her first Malayalam film was ''Harikrishnans'', which also starred actors Mohanlal and Mammootty. In the beginning of her career she acted in Kannada films, which include the successful ''Premaloka'' and unsuccessful films like ''Shanthi Kranthi'' and ''Kindara Jogi''. She acted with popular Kannada actor Ravichandran in all these three films.

Her last release was Onir's critically acclaimed feature ''I Am Megha''(2011) alongside her one-time rival Manisha Koirala playing Juhi Chawla's childhood friend. The feature consists of a few movies with different storylines with ''I Am Megha'' being one of them.

Television

Producer

Personal life

Jai Mehta and Juhi Chawla are the co-owners of the Indian Premier League team Kolkata Knight Riders in partnership with Shahrukh Khan under their company Red Chillies Entertainment.

Awards and nominations

Filmography

As actress

As producer

See also

References

External links

Category:1967 births Category:Femina Miss India winners Chawla,Juhi Category:Living people Category:Miss Universe 1984 contestants Category:People from Punjab (India) Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:People from Ludhiana Category:Indian film actors Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian Hindus Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners Category:Indian film producers Category:Indian television presenters Category:Punjabi people Category:People from Mumbai