{{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Man |image =

Etymology

The English term "man" is derived from Old English ''mann''. The Old English form had a default meaning of "adult male" (which was the exclusive meaning of "wer"), though it could signify a person of unspecified gender. The closely related "man" was used much as the Modern English "one" (e.g., "one reaps what one sows"). The Old English form is derived from Proto-Germanic ''*mannaz'', "persona", which is also the etonym of German ''Mann'' "man, husband" and ''man'' "one" (pronoun), Old Norse ''maðr'', and Gothic ''manna''. According to Tacitus, the mythological progenitor of the Germanic tribes was called ''Mannus''. The Germanic form is in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*manu-s'' "man, person", which is also the root of the Indian name ''Manu'', mythological progenitor of the Hindus.

Age and terminology

The term ''manhood'' is used to describe the period in a human male's life after he has transitioned from boyhood, having passed through puberty, usually having attained male secondary sexual characteristics, and symbolises a male's coming of age. The word man is used to mean any adult male. In English-speaking countries, many other words can also be used to mean an adult male such as ''guy'', ''dude'', ''buddy'', ''bloke'', ''fellow'', ''chap'' and sometimes ''boy'' or ''lad''. The term ''manhood'' is associated with masculinity and virility, which refer to male qualities and male gender roles.

== Biology and gender == Humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability, although most of these characteristics do have a role in sexual attraction. Most expressions of sexual dimorphism in humans are found in height, weight, and body structure, though there are always examples that do not follow the overall pattern. For example, men tend to be taller than women, but there are many people of both sexes who are in the mid-height range for the species.

Some examples of male secondary sexual characteristics in humans, those acquired as boys become men or even later in life, are:

more pubic hair

more facial hair

larger hands and feet than women

broader shoulders and chest

larger skull and bone structure

greater muscle mass

a more prominent Adam's apple and deeper voice

a longer shinbone

Sexual characteristics

In mankind, the sex of an individual is generally determined at the time of fertilization by the genetic material carried in the sperm cell. If a sperm cell carrying an X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be female (XX); if a sperm cell carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes the egg, the offspring will typically be male (XY). Persons whose anatomy or chromosomal makeup differ from this pattern are referred to as intersex.

This is referred to as the XY sex-determination system and is typical of most mammals, but quite a few other sex-determination systems exist, including some that are non-genetic.

The term primary sexual characteristics denotes the kind of gamete the gonad produces: the ovary produces egg cells in the female, and the testis produces sperm cells in the male. The term secondary sexual characteristics denotes all other sexual distinctions that play indirect roles in uniting sperm and eggs. Secondary sexual characteristics include everything from the specialized male and female features of the genital tract, to the brilliant plumage of male birds or facial hair of humans, to behavioral features such as courtship.

Biological factors are not sufficient determinants of whether a person considers themselves a man or is considered a man. Intersex individuals, who have physical and/or genetic features considered to be mixed or atypical for one sex or the other, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. There are also transgender or transsexual men, who were born or physically assigned as female at birth, but identify as men; there are varying social, legal and individual definitions with regard to these issues. (See transman.)

Reproductive system

The male sex organs are part of the reproductive system, consisting of the penis, testicles, vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The concept of fatherhood and family exists in human societies. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.

Sex hormones

In mammals, the hormones that influence sexual differentiation and development are androgens (mainly testosterone), which stimulate later development of the ovary. In the sexually undifferentiated embryo, testosterone stimulates the development of the Wolffian ducts, the penis, and closure of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. Another significant hormone in sexual differentiation is the Anti-müllerian hormone, which inhibits development of the Müllerian ducts.

Illnesses

In general, men suffer from many of the same illnesses as women. In comparison to women, men suffer from slightly more illnesses. Male life expectancy is slightly lower than female life expectancy, although the difference has narrowed in recent years.

For males during puberty, testosterone, along with gonadotropins released by the pituitary gland, stimulates spermatogenesis, along with the full sexual distinction of a human male from a human female, while women are acted upon by estrogens and progesterones to produce their sexual distinction from the human male.

Masculinity

Enormous debate in Western societies has focused on perceived social, intellectual, or emotional differences between women and men. These differences are very difficult to quantify for both scientific and political reasons.

Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender). Therefore while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures. Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase "hegemonic masculinity" to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same "hegemonic" fashion.

Machismo is a form of masculine culture. It includes assertiveness or standing up for one's rights, responsibility, selflessness, general code of ethics, sincerity, and respect.

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as ''virtue'' and ''virile'' (from the Latin and Sanskrit roots ''vir'' meaning ''man'') reflect this. An association with physical and/or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with adult men than with boys.

A great deal is now known about the development of masculine characteristics. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of ''Homo sapiens'' produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production and a range of both natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms ''masculinization'' or ''virilization''. Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the default female route, it is more precisely called ''defeminization''.

There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities.

In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one's gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, some non-standard behaviors may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while a girl who exhibits masculine behavior is more frequently dismissed as a "tomboy". Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and is a part of socialization to better match a culture's mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as "machismo" or "testosterone poisoning."

The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures.

The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of the prophet Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the ''Bhagavad Gita'' or bushido's ''Hagakure''.

Culture and gender roles

Well into prehistoric culture, men are believed to have assumed a variety of social and cultural roles which are likely similar across many groups of humans. In hunter-gatherer societies, men were often if not exclusively responsible for all large game killed, the capture and raising of most or all domesticated animals, the building of permanent shelters, the defense of villages, and other tasks where the male physique and strong spatial-cognition were most useful. Some anthropologists believe that it may have been men who led the Neolithic Revolution and became the first pre-historical ranchers, as a possible result of their intimate knowledge of animal life.

Throughout history, the roles of men have changed greatly. As societies have moved away from agriculture as a primary source of jobs, the emphasis on male physical ability has waned. Traditional gender roles for working men typically involved jobs emphasizing moderate to hard manual labor (see Blue-collar worker), often with no hope for increase in wage or position. For poorer men among the working classes the need to support their families, especially during periods of industrial change and economic decline, forced them to stay in dangerous jobs working long arduous hours, often without retirement. Many industrialized countries have seen a shift to jobs which are less physically demanding, with a general reduction in the percentage of manual labor needed in the work force (see White-collar worker). The male goal in these circumstances is often of pursuing a quality education and securing a dependable, often office-environment, source of income.

The Men's Movement is in part a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with women, and for equal rights irrespective of gender, even if special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of partnership involved in marriage. The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are due to the habits and customs recent history has produced. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movement in recent decades, men in some societies now compete with women for jobs that traditionally excluded women. Some larger corporations have instituted tracking systems to try to ensure that jobs are filled based on merit and not just on traditional gender selection. Assumptions and expectations based on sex roles both benefit and harm men in Western society (as they do women, but in different ways) in the workplace as well as on the topics of education, violence, health care, politics, and fatherhood - to name a few. Research has identified anti-male sexism in some areas (a concept which must be distinguished and differentiated from the traditional anti-female sexism in its ubiquity and impact) which can result in what appear to be unfair advantages given to women.

The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles. Model A describes total separation of male and female roles, while Model B describes the complete dissolution of barriers between gender roles. The examples are based on the context of the culture and infrastructure of the United States. However, these extreme positions are rarely found in reality; actual behavior of individuals is usually somewhere between these poles. The most common 'model' followed in real life in the United States and Great Britain is the 'model of double burden'.

Exclusively male roles

Some positions and titles are reserved for men only. For example, the position of Pope in the Roman Catholic Church is reserved for men only, as is its priesthood. Men are often given priority for the position of monarch (King in the case of a man) of a country, as it usually passes to the eldest male child upon succession.

See also

Masculinity

Lists of men

Trans man

Sex assignment

Women

Medical:

Andrology

Masculine psychology, discipline of

Men's health

Gender differences

Virility (social traits of men)

Virilization

Y-chromosomal Adam

Dynamics:

Machismo

Male chauvinism

Patriarchy

Sexism

Misandry

Political:

Fathers' rights

Masculism

Men's movement

Men's studies

Men's Rights

New Soviet man

Gender and sexuality studies

Further reading

Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, Bell Hooks, ''The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation'', MIT Press 1995

Pierre Bourdieu, ''Masculine Domination'', Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001

Robert W. Connell, ''Masculinities'', Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995

Warren Farrell, ''The Myth of Male Power'' Berkley Trade, 1993 ISBN 0-425-18144-8

Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), ''Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities'', Sage Publications 2004

References

External links

Category:Gender *

af:Man ar:رجل an:Hombre arc:ܓܒܪܐ frp:Homo gn:Kuimba'e ay:Chacha az:Kişi bjn:Lalakian zh-min-nan:Cha-po͘ be:Мужчына be-x-old:Мужчына bar:Mo bo:ཕོ་གཞོན། bs:Muškarac br:Gwaz bg:Мъж ca:Home cs:Muž cy:Dyn da:Mand de:Mann et:Mees el:Άνδρας es:Varón eo:Viro eu:Gizon fa:مرد hif:Admii fr:Homme ga:Fear gl:Home gan:男人 hak:Nàm-ngìn ko:남성 hr:Muškarac id:Laki-laki ia:Homine iu:ᐊᖑᑎ/anguti is:Karl it:Uomo (genere) he:גבר krc:Эркиши ka:მამაკაცი sw:Mwanaume kv:Айморт ht:Moun ku:Mêr la:Vir ltg:Veirīts lv:Vīrietis lt:Vyras ln:Mobáli jbo:nanmu hu:Férfi ml:പുരുഷൻ mr:पुरुष arz:راجل ms:Lelaki mn:Эрэгтэй хүн nl:Man (geslacht) nds-nl:Man (geslacht) ja:男性 nap:Ommo no:Mann nn:Mann oc:Òme mhr:Пӧръеҥ pnb:جنا pl:Mężczyzna pt:Homem ksh:Mann ro:Bărbat qu:Qhari rue:Хлоп ru:Мужчина sah:Эр киhи sc:Òmine scn:Omu simple:Man sl:Moški sr:Мушкарац sh:Muškarac fi:Mies sv:Man tl:Lalaki ta:ஆண் (மனிதர்) te:పురుషుడు th:ผู้ชาย tr:Erkek (insan) uk:Чоловік ur:مرد vi:Nam giới fiu-vro:Miis vls:Vint war:Lalaki wo:Gόor wuu:男性 yi:מאנצביל yo:Ọkùnrin zh-yue:男人 bat-smg:Vīrs zh:男性

Name	En Vogue
Background	group_or_band
Origin	Oakland, California, United States
Genre	R&B;, Soul, Funk
Years active	1989–present
Label	Atlantic, EastWest, Discretion Ent., 33rd Street, Rufftown
Current members	Terry Ellis Cindy Herron Maxine Jones Dawn Robinson
Past members	Amanda Cole Rhona Bennett

En Vogue is an American female R&B; vocal group from Oakland, California assembled by music producers Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy.

The group has won more MTV Video Music Awards than any other female group in MTV history, a total of seven, along with four Soul Train Awards, six American Music Awards, and seven Grammy nominations. According to ''Billboard Magazine'' they were the 18th most successful act of the 1990s, and one of the most popular and successful female groups of all time. En Vogue have accumulated over 2,800 weeks on various ''Billboard'' charts.

Biography

Assembled in Oakland, California in July 1989, En Vogue launched with original members Cindy Herron, Maxine Jones, Dawn Robinson and Terry Ellis. The inspiration for the group came when production duo of Foster and Mc Elroy envisioned a modern-day girl group in the tradition of the 1950s/1960s female trios. The blueprint was based on the plan of recruiting singers who possessed strong voices, noticeably good looks, and intelligence. Auditions were held in 1988, with Herron, Jones and Robinson making the final cut. Like previous girl groups, En Vogue was originally conceived as a trio, but after hearing Ellis audition, Foster and McElroy decided to create a quartet. At first, they selected the name "For You." They shifted to "Vogue", but ultimately settled on En Vogue, upon learning that another group had already claimed the Vogue moniker.

Music

1989–1991: Born to Sing

After forming, the group began working with their producers on their debut album. Recording began in August 1989 and wrapped up in December of the same year.

''Born to Sing'' was released on April 3, 1990. The album charted at number twenty-one on the Billboard 200 and number three on Billboard's R&B; Albums Chart. The first single, "Hold On," was released to radio in late February 1990 and became a crossover pop hit, reaching number two on Billboard's Hot 100 singles charts, and number one on both the R&B; singles and Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts. It later went to #5 in the UK, and became a hit in Europe. The next two singles, "Lies" and "You Don't Have to Worry," each went to number one on the Billboard R&B; charts, while the fourth and final single, "Don't Go," charted at number three on the Billboard R&B.; The album was later certified platinum by the RIAA.

"Hold On" was awarded a Billboard Music Award for "R&B; Single of the Year," a Soul Train Award for "R&B;/Urban Contemporary Single of the Year, Group, Band or Duo" and have been nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best R&B; Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group". In 1990, En Vogue signed an endorsement deal to appear in a Diet Coke commercial directed by Spike Lee.

1992–1993: Funky Divas & Runaway Love

En Vogue's second album, ''Funky Divas'', was released in the spring of 1992. The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard R&B; and ultimately doubled the take of its predecessor, going multi-platinum. The albums first two singles: "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)" and "Giving Him Something He Can Feel" both went top ten pop, and peaked at number one on the R&B; charts. The next single, "Free Your Mind" also went top ten. The final two singles "Give It Up Turn It Loose" and "Love Don't Love You" both were top forty hits.

The album went on to sell more than three million copies, won an American Music Award for "Favorite Soul/R&B; Album," and was nominated for five Grammy Awards. The music video for "Free Your Mind" earned the group three MTV Video Music Awards for "Best Choreography," "Best Dance Video," and "Best R&B; Video." They were also honored with Soul Train's prestigious "Entertainer of the Year Award." In addition to this, the group were featured in ''Rolling Stone'', ''Entertainment Weekly'', and ''Essence'' among other major publications.

Riding high on the success of ''Funky Divas'', a six-song EP entitled ''Runaway Love'' was released in the fall of 1993, spawning the hit "Runaway Love."

The group was signed to an endorsement deal with Converse, and were featured as an opening act on Luther Vandross' 1993 tour. Among the numerous countries toured were England, Germany, the Netherlands and France which confirmed the group's live vocal and performing prowess. However, according to an article in ''Vibe'' magazine, Vandross (by his own admission in interviews) and his entourage clashed with the members of En Vogue during the tour and he vowed never to work with them again afterwards.

En Vogue also made numerous television appearances on such series as ''In Living Color'', ''A Different World'', ''Roc'' and ''Hangin' With Mr. Cooper'' (the latter two of which they also sang the show's theme songs.)

In 1993, En Vogue were featured vocalists on Salt-N-Pepa's top ten hit "Whatta Man", from Salt-N-Pepa's Very Necessary album. The track also appeared (slightly edited) on En Vogue's ''Runaway Love'' EP.

1994–1996: Downtime

In 1995, En Vogue were amongst numerous female vocalists featured on the song "Freedom" for the soundtrack to Panther. Also in 1995, group member Terry Ellis recorded a solo album entitled ''Southern Gal'', which spun off the top ten R&B; single "Where Ever You Are."

1996–1998: The departure of Dawn Robinson and EV3

En Vogue reunited in 1996 to record "Don't Let Go (Love)" for the soundtrack to the motion picture ''Set It Off''. Released in the autumn, it became the group's biggest hit to date; the single peaked at number two on the Hot 100, number one on the R&B; singles chart, and was certified platinum by the RIAA. It, inadvertently, would also be the final En Vogue single to feature group member Dawn Robinson.

In response to the large commercial success of "Don't Let Go (Love)," the group steadfastly went to work on its third album. As the album was nearing completion, Robinson chose to leave the group in April 1997 after difficult contractual negotiations reached a stalemate. Despite Robinson's abrupt departure, En Vogue resolved to continue on as a trio (forcing the group to re-record some of the tracks on their forthcoming album that had originally featured her on lead vocals.)

''EV3'', the group's third album, was released in the spring and debuted at number eight on both the Billboard 200 and the Billboard R&B; charts. The first single, the Babyface-penned and produced "Whatever" went on to become a Top-20 pop hit, a top ten R&B; hit, while also peaking at number five on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The single later went on to be certified gold by the RIAA. The followup single "Too Gone, Too Long" (which was produced by David Foster and written by Diane Warren) performed more modestly, managing to only peak in the top forty. Despite its being certified platinum, and the album being nominated for Grammy Award and a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award, sales of ''EV3'' failed to live up to full commercial expectation. A world tour had been planned, but was canceled due to poor ticket sales. In 1998, En Vogue recorded "No Fool No More" for the soundtrack to the motion picture, ''Why Do Fools Fall In Love'' as well as a version of "I Want A Monster to Be My Friend" for the Elmopalooza special on ABC. The following year, a greatest hits compilation, ''The Best of En Vogue'', was released.

2000: Masterpiece Theatre

''Masterpiece Theatre'', the group's fourth studio album, was released in May 2000. The album debuted at number sixty-seven and thirty-three on the Billboard 200 and R&B; Albums Charts respectively. The first (and only) single, "Riddle," peaked at number ninety-two and ninety-five on the Hot 100 and R&B; charts. As a result of poor sales, En Vogue was dropped from the Elektra Record label.

2001–2003: New member

In 2001, original member Maxine Jones left the group to focus on her family. As a result, Amanda Cole joined the group. Ellis, Herron and Cole released a holiday album, ''The Gift of Christmas''. Soon after the holiday album, Cole too left the group and was replaced with Rhona Bennett. Meanwhile, Robinson's first solo CD ''Dawn'' was released in early 2002. During the latter part of 2003, En Vogue toured Europe with Maxine Jones rejoining the group to fill the place of Cindy Herron, who was on maternity leave.

2004: Soul Flower

In 2004, En Vogue (now composed of Ellis, Herron and Bennett) released ''Soul Flower'' on independent label 33rd Street Records. While the album failed to chart on the Billboard 200, it managed to peak at number forty-seven on the R&B; charts. The albums two singles: "Losin' My Mind" and "Ooh Boy", however, failed to chart. Soon after promotion had finished on this album, Maxine Jones returned to En Vogue, turning the group back into a quartet for the first time since 1996. The group teamed with Boyz II Men for select concert dates during the summer of 2004. That same year En Vogue graced the cover of R&B; Showcase magazine.

2005–2007: Impromptu Reunion

In 2005, after an eight-year absence, Dawn Robinson rejoined En Vogue. The original four went on to sign with one of the industry's largest management firms, The Firm Management Group. That September, they joined Salt N Pepa for the girl groups' first-ever joint public performance of their 1994 hit, "Whatta Man" at ''VH-1's Hip Hop Honors'', and briefly toured. They also earned another Grammy nomination for the single "So What the Fuss", which featured Stevie Wonder and Prince. The group also appeared in the single's music video. After failing to agree on business terms, Robinson once again chose to defect from En Vogue and Bennett returned. As a result, En Vogue was let go from The Firm. En Vogue continued to perform spot dates in North America with Terry Ellis, Maxine Jones, Cindy Herron and Rhona Bennett. This line-up also saw the group return to Europe and Japan for select concert dates. During this time, En Vogue teamed up with Belgian singer Natalia for a song called "Glamorous" where Rhona Bennett's vocals are featured. The single reached No.2 in the Belgian charts and was followed by a DVD release of the concert, which went double platinum.

2008–2010: Dawn returns again; En Vogue reunited.

On 24 June 2008, the original lineup of En Vogue appeared on the BET Awards, performing with Alicia Keys, SWV and TLC as a tribute to girl groups of the 1990s. With speculation abuzz, En Vogue received the twenty-eighth highest number of hits on the Rock on the Net website for the month of June 2008. The following month, the group ascended to the twelfth position. As of June 30, Dawn Robinson has stated officially via an En Vogue Yahoo! fan site that she had indeed returned to En Vogue. On August 6, the original members appeared on Los Angeles' KTLA television station and announced that they have reunited and would do spot dates around the country during the latter part of 2008. The foursome kicked off the Americana at Brand Concert Series in Glendale, California that same evening. Furthermore, En Vogue performed at the 2009 Essence Music Festival, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. They continue to tour throughout the United States. In October 2010, the band performed their first UK show in 18 years in London.

Television and film

En Vogue has appeared in Sesame Street specials including ''Sesame Street's 25th Birthday: A Musical Celebration'' and in a "Wanda" Sketch with Jamie Foxx in "In Living Color" in 1993 and ''Elmopalooza'' in 1998. In ''Sesame Street's 25th Birthday: A Musical Celebration'' the four original members sang "Adventure" about their adventures with some of the Sesame Street characters. The second song was "I Want a Monster"; a song about having a monster as a playmate. It appeared on ''Elmopalooza'' and was recorded after Robinson's departure- featuring Terry Ellis, Maxine Jones and Cindy Herron. In ''Batman Forever'' they appeared in a cameo appearance as a group of prostitutes who want to seduce Batman, but are disappointed when it is Robin who shows up instead; Robinson also appeared as a holographic prostitute demonstrating how to assemble an appropriate outfit in the film ''Tank Girl''. En Vogue has also appeared in ''A Different World'' as a group of country bumpkin sisters who want to sing. The group also appeared on more than one episode of the highly acclaimed Charles S. Dutton Fox 90's television show ''Roc'', with one of the ladies playing a love interest of Rocky Carrol's character Joey who has to choose between staying with Joey or touring with the rest of the En Vogue ladies. En Vogue recorded a brand new theme song, entitled "Live Your Life Today" for Roc's later season's. They also recorded the theme song for Season 1 of ''Hangin' with Mr. Cooper'', along with Dawnn Lewis and Holly Robinson-Peete. On May 11, 2009 the group appeared on ABC's ''The View'' to perform & announce their future reunion tour. On June 7, 2009 the group appeared on A&E; Network's ''Private Sessions'', performing select hits and discussing the group's past, present and future.

Discography

;Studio albums

1990: ''Born to Sing''

1992: ''Funky Divas''

1997: ''EV3''

2000: ''Masterpiece Theatre''

2002: ''The Gift of Christmas''

2004: ''Soul Flower''

;EPs

1991: ''Remix to Sing''

1993: ''Runaway Love''

Awards

See also

References

External links

En Vogue at Rock on the Net.

En Vogue On AOL

En Vogue Videos

Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Musical quartets Category:American pop music groups Category:American soul musical groups Category:American rhythm and blues musical groups Category:American girl groups Category:African American musical groups Category:Music of the San Francisco Bay Area Category:People from Oakland, California Category:Musical groups from California Category:Musical groups established in 1989

cs:En Vogue da:En Vogue de:En Vogue el:En Vogue fr:En Vogue it:En Vogue li:En Vogue nl:En Vogue ja:アン・ヴォーグ no:En Vogue pl:En Vogue pt:En Vogue simple:En Vogue sr:Ен воуг fi:En Vogue sv:En Vogue tr:En Vogue

name	Caro Emerald
alt	Caro Emerald singing
background	solo_singer
birth name	Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw
born	April 26, 1981 Amsterdam, Netherlands
genre	Jazz
label	Grandmono Records
website	www.caroemerald.com }}

Caroline Esmeralda van der Leeuw (born 26 April 1981 in Amsterdam), better known by her stagename Caro Emerald, is a Dutch jazz singer. She debuted on 6 July 2009 with her single "Back It Up". Her debut album ''Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor'' set an all time chart record on 20 August 2010 by spending its 30th week at number one on the Dutch album chart, beating the previous record set by Michael Jackson's Thriller by one week. The album has become the biggest selling album of 2010 in the Netherlands, selling over 270,000 copies so far. On 3 October 2010, Van der Leeuw was awarded the Dutch Music Prize "Edison" for Best Female Artist.

On 15 January 2011, she won the Popprijs 2010 for best Dutch pop act of 2010.

Biography

Caroline van der Leeuw was born 26 April 1981 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. She studied as a jazz vocalist at the Amsterdam conservatory of music and earned her degree in 2005.

Van der Leeuw is one of the six singers in Les Elles, a close-harmony vocal group from Amsterdam, and sings in the Philharmonic Funk Foundation, a Funk orchestra of 44 people. She also regularly performs background vocals on the Kinderen voor Kinderen (Children for Children) song festival. Caro teaches singing at the singing school of Babette Labeij, one of the vocal coaches on X-Factor and vocal conductor for Kinderen voor Kinderen.

Music career

Caro Emerald first gained public recognition for her debut single "Back It Up". The single was initially written for a Japanese pop group, by David Schreurs, Robin Veldman and Jan van Wieringen, who are Dutch producers, and Canadian songwriter Vince Degiorgio, who had previously worked with various artists including 'N Sync, Atomic Kitten and Aloha from Hell. Van der Leeuw was approached to record the demo of the song and consecutively added it to her own set. Before 2008, when Caro sang it live on local Amsterdam TV channel AT5, the song was unknown to the general public.

"Back It Up" was officially released by Grandmono Records on 6 July 2009. It was listed in the Dutch Top 40 for 12 weeks and reached the 12th position in the charts. Kraak & Smaak made a remix of the song. "Back It Up" was the most played song by radiostation 3FM in 2009 and Caro received the 'Schaal van Rigter' award for this achievement.

Debut album

Caro's debut album ''Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor'' was released on 29 January 2010 and immediately occupied the number 1 position of the Dutch Album Top 100 charts. The album has been at number one in the Dutch Album Top 100 almost continuously since (except for two weeks when it went down to number two to make way for a new number one). On 20 August 2010, the album grabbed another record by spending its 27th (non-consecutive) week at number 1. The previous record was held by Michael Jackson's album ''Thriller'', which spent 26 weeks at number one in 1983 (although that album still holds the record for most ''consecutive'' weeks at number 1, with 23 weeks). The album reached double platinum status in the Netherlands on 5 July 2010. In August 2010 it reached triple platinum. and in November 2010 it reached four times platinum, which means over 200,000 copies sold.

The first new song from the album was "A Night like This". The song was listed in the Dutch Top 40 for 26 weeks and peaked on the number 2 position. The song was selected as the official song of a 2009–2010 Martini ad campaign.

In May 2010 Caro announced she was going on a promotion tour to France. In an interview on the Dutch TV show "X de Leeuw" she announced that her debut album will be released in October in France. After having released her singles and album in France she will try to release it in other European countries.

In August 2010, it was announced that the album would be released in the UK by Dramatico Records, home of Katie Melua. Caro was supposed to support Melua on her upcoming UK tour in October, but the tour was cancelled, because Melua is suffering from exhaustion.

In December 2010, a second single, ''Riviera Life'', was released in the UK. "A Night like This" was released as the third UK single early in 2011. A small number of UK concert appearances are planned for 2011.

Awards

11 April 2010: 3FM Serious Talent Award

April 15, 2010: Schaal van Rigter

April 26, 2010: De Eerste Prijs

Oktober 3, 2010: Edison Best female singer

MTV EMA Award for best Dutch and Belgian Act.

January 12, 2011: European Border Breakers Award 2011

January 15, 2011: 3FM Mega Award 2010

January 15, 2011: Popprijs 2010

March 3, 2011: Zilveren Harp

March 3, 2011: Het Beste Nederlandse lied 2010 (Best song of the year 2010)

March 14, 2011: 3FM Awards: Best Album and Beste Female Singer

June 12, 2011: TMF Award for best female

Discography

Albums

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2"| Certifications(sales threshold) |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| NLD ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| AUT ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| BEL (FLA) ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| FRA ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| GER ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| GRE ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| ITA ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| POL ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| SWI ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| UK |- ! scope="row" | ''Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor'' |

Release date: January 29, 2010

Label: Grandmono Records

Genre: Pop, jazz

| 1 || 3 || 23 || 79 || 6 || 27 || 14 || 3 || 10 || 4 | style="text-align:left;"| NL: 5x Platinum POL: 2x Platinum GER: Gold UK: Gold |}

Singles

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Song ! scope="col" colspan="11"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| NLD Top 40 ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| NLD Top 100 ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| ITA ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| BEL (FLA) ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| GER ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| AUT ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| POL ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| SK ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| ROM ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| SWI ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| UK |- | rowspan="2"| 2009 ! scope="row"| "Back It Up" | 12 || 13 || 11 || 33 || 70 || — || 1 || 53 || — || — || — |align="left"| POL: Gold | rowspan="7" | ''Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor'' |- ! scope="row"| "A Night like This" | 2 || 1 || 10 || — || 4 || 1 || 2 || — || 1 || 9 || 65 |align="left"| ITA: Gold GER: Gold |- | rowspan="2"| 2010 ! scope="row"| "That Man" | 22 || 29 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 84 |align="left"| |- ! scope="row"| "Stuck" | 6 || 28 || 18 || — || — || — || 20 || — || — || — || — |align="left"| |- | rowspan="3"| 2011 ! scope="row"| "Riviera Life" | 18 || 70 || 25 || — || — || — || 36 || — || — || — || — |align="left"| |- ! scope="row"| "The Other Woman" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |align="left"| |- ! scope="row"| "Just One Dance / Bad Romance" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |align="left"| |}

References

External links

Official website

Official Uvumi Profile

Caro Emerald Profile and Discography on This is Vintage Now

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch female singers Category:Dutch jazz singers Category:People from Amsterdam

da:Caro Emerald de:Caro Emerald es:Caro Emerald fr:Caro Emerald it:Caro Emerald nl:Caro Emerald pl:Caro Emerald pt:Caro Emerald ru:Каро Эмеральд fi:Caro Emerald

name	The Script
background	group_or_band
origin	Dublin, Ireland
genre	Pop rock, soul
years active	2001–present
label	Phonogenic, RCA, Epic
associated acts	mytown (1996-2001)
website
current members	Danny O'DonoghueMark SheehanGlen Power }}

The Script are an Irish alternative rock band from Dublin. Based in London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic, the band released their eponymous debut album in August 2008. Their music has been featured in video games and the popular television programs ''90210'', ''Ghost Whisperer'', ''The Hills'', ''Waterloo Road'', ''EastEnders'' and ''The Vampire Diaries''.

Biography

Danny O'Donoghue and Mark Sheehan met in a club in The Liberties area of Dublin, Ireland near the Guinness brewery, gravitating to each other through a shared liking of music, and in particular a love of American black music. "At that time, MTV only came on in Dublin after midnight, it was the fuzzy channel, and for my generation black culture was just a wave through us all," explains Sheehan. "It wasn't about gangs and guns; it was fashion and fun, singing and dancing."

Mark and Danny were formerly part of a band that had formed in 1996 called mytown. Striking up a songwriting and production partnership, O'Donoghue and Sheehan's talent was recognized early, and, to their astonishment, they found themselves invited to Canada to collaborate with some of their production heroes, including such legends of modern R&B; as Dallas Austin, Montell Jordan and Teddy Riley. They were based in the US for many years, but moved back to Dublin where they recruited Glen Power for their new band. He had been playing sessions from the age of fifteen, using the money to work on a solo project in his home. But that went on hold when his collaboration with Mark and Danny produced three songs in one week. The band signed to Phonogenic in 2005, and released an EP on Last.FM. The band's influences include a diverse group of artists that include U2, The Police, The Neptunes, Timbaland, and Van Morrison, all of which contribute to their distinct sound. O'Donoghue also made a reference to Amy Winehouse and Stevie Wonder while discussing his personal voice while singing. They have worked on a few collaborations with Amy Winehouse and Denzel Washington, varying styles and genres. He stated that the instrument he attempts to imitate is a violin, based on the string arrangements of Stevie Wonder, while Amy Winehouse is similar to a saxophone.

Danny and Mark started making demos for other artists, but when they met drummer Glen Power, the objective changed. The pair had never heard Power play, but they made a connection that motivated Sheehan to invite Glen on a working holiday to Los Angeles. In one week, the trio produced three songs. "It was like I found my home playing with these guys," says Glen. "I had never had a chance with any other band to express myself with such freedom." "Individually, we all had our own talents, but together it just went to another level," according to Danny.

In the beginning years of the band, Mark Sheehan's mother fell terminally ill, causing a lot of stress on the band and members, but it also had a positive effect on Sheehan's writing. With such strong emotional tension, the songwriter found new lyrics every day. Sheehan said that "That was the time when it finally came home to me how important music was to me, 'cause in my darkest moments that's what got me through." After Sheehan's mother's passing, ten months after her diagnosis, Danny's father died four months later of a heart attack. Even with such trying moments in their early years, the band was able to rise out of it, albeit with somewhat bleak lyrics in several songs, as commented by Danny when referencing "We Cry": "There is not a lot of hope in the song, cause not everybody's life is full of hope. There's not always roses at the end."

''The Script'' (2008–2010)

The Script performed "We Cry" for the first time on BalconyTV in Dublin on 13 September 2007. The band claimed that BalconyTV was the "first TV they ever did" and credited Michael Hunter as the "push we needed to propel us" when they won Best Band at the DanishTV Music Video Awards 2009 in the Pepper Club Dublin on 20 June 2008. At the awards the band said the award was their "first ever". The Script released their debut single "We Cry" on 14 April 2008. "We Cry" received "Single of the Day" on RTÉ 2FM, Today FM and by Jo Whiley on BBC Radio 1, where many radio presenters heavily supported the band. The single peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, giving the band their first top 20 single. The track also performed well on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number 9 and giving the band their first top ten single in their home country. The single reached number 2 in Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. The band released their debut album, ''The Script'', on 11 August 2008. Following the success of "The Man Who Can't Be Moved", the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one with sales of 20,240 copies where it stayed for eleven weeks. The album spent three weeks in the top ten and was the eighteenth best selling album in the UK of 2008. The album also entered the Irish Albums Chart at number one, holding the top spot for five weeks. It had, as of January 2009, spent 2 wks. in the top 10. The Irish office of Sony BMG music presented the group with their first multi-platinum disc for over 600,000 sales of their debut album, ''The Script''.

The band's third single, "Breakeven", was released in Ireland on 21 November 2008 and in the UK on 29 December 2008. The single was an instant success on the Irish Singles Chart. After entering the chart at number forty, it spent one week before entering the top ten at number ten giving the Script their third top ten single in Russia. The single has, to date, spent 4 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 21. The band's fourth single "Talk You Down" was released in March 2009.

On 9 November The Script received an award at the World Music Awards for 'Best Selling Irish Act' of 2008 and on 19 February 2010, they won 'Best Live Performance' at the Meteor Ireland Music Awards. The band has confirmed that they plan to write a track for Leona Lewis's second album. In December 2008, the band were confirmed to be supporting Take That at their concert at Croke Park on 13 June 2009. The band played at the Cheerio's Childline concert on the opening night of Dublin's 02. They played among big stars Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia, Westlife and many more.

On 7 April 2009 the band was confirmed to be supporting U2 on their third concert at Croke Park, which took place on 27 July 2009. On 29 April 2009, the band announced that their next single would be Before The Worst, to be released on 15 June 2009. On 17 and 18 July 2009, The Script opened for Paul McCartney at the historic first concerts at New York's Citi Field and for U2 at Dublin's Croke Park.

The band's bonus track and B-side "Live Like We're Dying" was re-recorded by American Idol 2009 winner Kris Allen as the first single off his self-titled album. Allen's version of "Live Like We're Dying" was digitally released for download on 21 September 2009.

On 2 December 2009 the band's single "The Man Who Can't Be Moved" was featured as a remix on the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show during the Enchanted Forest segment.

On 16 April 2010, their first U.S. single "Breakeven" was certified Platinum by the RIAA (the Recording Industry Association of America), selling over one million copies in the U.S. and has since peaked at #12 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in the spring of 2010. The band performed a headline tour in the United States that kicked off in San Diego on 11 October 2010 at the House of Blues and ended on 7 November 2010 at the House of Blues in Boston, Massachusetts. On 21 May 2010, they appeared live on NBC's ''Today Show'' as part of the show's outdoor Toyota Concert Series.

''Science & Faith'' (2010–present)

The Script announced a new album and single on their website on Monday, 19 July 2010. The first single from album ''Science & Faith'', "For the First Time", was released in the UK on 20 August 2010 and the album followed on 13 September 2010. In the United States, "For the First Time" was released on iTunes on 8 November 2010, with "Science & Faith" was released on 18 January 2011. The song was first released in the United States on AOL Music on 29 September 2010. "For the First Time" has entered the UK charts at #5 and moved up to #4 the following week and entered the Irish charts at #1. The music video features Bono's daughter Eve Hewson. ''Science & Faith'' entered the Irish Album Chart and the UK album chart at #1.

The Script recorded their album in London, and vocalist Danny O'Donoghue says that the economic crisis in Ireland is "a microcosm for the rest of the world." He talks about people being stripped of everything that they own and how it inspired the band to write the songs for the new album. Danny says, "We're dealing with complex emotions in the simplest of ways, that's what we battle with in these songs." The subject matter might sound bleak at first, but ''Science & Faith'' is about optimism. "With Irish people, no matter how bad things get, you always pick yourself up and carry on."

On Friday, 24 September at 9:00am tickets for The Script's three nights at The O2 Dublin, two nights at The Odyssey, Belfast & two at The INEC, Killarney went on sale and sold out in less than 40 minutes, with over 60,000 tickets sold. On 1 October at 9:00am tickets for The Script arena tour in March 2011 went on sale. The tickets for all 12 arenas around the UK sold out in 5 days. They also announced that they would play a "Homecoming" concert at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin. This is part of the Science & Faith Tour and will be their biggest headline show to date.

The Script also took part in Children in Need 2010. The Script will be participating in the VH1 Best Cruise Ever and sailing to Cozumel 28 April-2 May 2011. The Script took part in BRMB's live 2010 with acts such as The Saturdays, Mark Ronson and Mcfly. The Script were nominated for Best International Act at the 2011 Brit Awards. The Script announced that they will perform at: Pinkpop festival, V festival, Oxegen, Isle of Wight Festival, T in the park, Thetford Forest Show, iTunes Festival, Skanderborg Festival, Sudoeste Festival, Tennents ViTal.

The Script also played to the biggest indoor crowd of 18,300 people at The Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg South Africa 24 June 2011.

They later went on to play their official biggest crowd ever on 2 July 2011 in Dublin's Aviva Stadium, and performed to a sold-out crowd of 50,000 people. The Coronas and Tinie Tempah were support acts on the night.

Discography

;Studio albums

2008: ''The Script''

2010: ''Science & Faith''

Tours and shows

Science & Faith Tour

iTunes Festival 2011

Awards and Nominations

! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result
2008		Best Selling Irish Act
2009		Best Irish Band
2009	Best Album - ''The Script''
2009	Best Irish Pop Act
2010	Best Live Performance
		Choice Music Group

References

External links

The Script at MySpace

The Script at Billboard.com

The Script on BalconyTV – Music With Nothing

BBC Talking Shop: The Script by Neil Smith, 17 April 2008 at ITV

BBC Music Club: The Script

The Script CD review in MTVMexico.com

Talk You Down Review at Daily Music Book

The Script Interview in the Virgin Red Room

Category:Irish rock music groups Category:Music from Dublin (city) Category:Musical groups established in 1995 Category:Irish indie rock groups

ca:The Script da:The Script de:The Script es:The Script fr:The Script ga:The Script ko:스크립트 (음악 그룹) it:The Script he:דה סקריפט lt:The Script nl:The Script ja:ザ・スクリプト no:The Script pl:The Script pt:The Script ru:The Script fi:The Script sv:The Script th:เดอะสคริปต์ uk:The Script zh:手創樂團

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel ''Naked Lunch'', and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in ''U.S. News and World Report'', had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine ''Easyriders'' which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Absentee landlord

Big Brother (''Nineteen Eighty-Four'')

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). ''Random House Dictionary of American Slang''. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex