A landlocked country is a country entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are 47 landlocked countries in the world, including partially recognized states. Of the major landmasses, only North America, Australia, and inhospitable Antarctica do not have a landlocked country inside their respective continents.

History and significance

Historically, being landlocked was regarded as a disadvantageous position. It cuts the country off from sea resources such as fishing, but more importantly cuts off access to seaborne trade which, even today, makes up a large percentage of international trade. Coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book ''The Bottom Billion'' argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development "traps" by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited from their trading activity with the rest of the world. "If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors." Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a 'natural tariff barrier' which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances this has led to more robust local food systems.

Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3:1).

Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked:

The International Congo Society, which owned the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo, was given a thin piece of land cutting through Angola to connect it to the sea by the Conference of Berlin in 1885.

The Republic of Ragusa once gifted the town of Neum to the Ottoman Empire because it did not want to have a land border with Venice; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina and now provides limited sea access, splitting the Croatian part of the Adriatic coast in two.

After World War I, in the Treaty of Versailles, a part of Germany, designated "the Polish corridor", was given to the new Second Polish Republic, for access to the Baltic Sea. This was also the pretext for making Danzig (now Gdańsk) with its harbour the Free City of Danzig. This gave Poland a slight coastline, which was soon enlarged as the small fishing harbor of Gdynia grew into a large one.

The Treaty of Versailles also enforced that Germany needs to offer Czechoslovakia a lease for 99 years for a part of the ports in Hamburg and Stettin, allowing Czechoslovakia sea trade over the Elbe and Oder rivers. While the former Stettin is now part of Poland after World War II, Hamburg still continued the contract so that the part of the port (now called Moldauhafen) may still be used for sea trade by the successor of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic.

The Danube is an international waterway so that landlocked Austria, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovakia could have secure access to the Black Sea (the same access is given to southern parts of Germany, itself not landlocked, and eastern parts of Croatia, which is also not landlocked).

Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and particularly with respect to international trade and therefore economic security:

The independence of Eritrea and Montenegro, brought about by successful separatist movements, have caused Ethiopia and Serbia respectively to become landlocked.

Bolivia lost its short-lived coastline to Chile in the War of the Pacific. The Bolivian Navy still trains in Lake Titicaca for an eventual recovery, and the Bolivian people annually celebrate a patriotic "Dia del Mar" (Day of the Sea) to remember its territorial loss, which included both the coastal city of Antofagasta and what has proven to be one of the most significant and lucrative copper deposits in the world. In the 21st century, the selection of the route of gas pipes from Bolivia to the sea fueled popular uprisings.

Austria and Hungary also lost their access to the sea as a consequence of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) and the Treaty of Trianon (1920) respectively. Before, although Croatia had a constitutional autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary, the City of Fiume/Rijeka on the Croatian coast was governed directly from Budapest by an appointed governor as a ''corpus separatum'', to provide Hungary with its only international port in the periods 1779–1813, 1822–1848 and 1868–1918.

When the Entente Powers divided the former Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I, Armenia was promised part of the Trebizond vilayet (roughly corresponding to the modern Trabzon and Rize provinces in Turkey). This would have granted Armenia access to the Black Sea. However, the Sèvres treaty collapsed with the Turkish War of Independence and was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which firmly established Turkish rule over the area.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary-General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury.

Some countries may have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers.

Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. Since these seas are in effect lakes, and do not allow access to seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered to be landlocked. (The Caspian Sea, however, is connected to the Black Sea via a man-made canal between the Volga and Don rivers.)

List of landlocked countries

: ''Has a coast on the saltwater Caspian Sea'' : ''Has a coast on the saltwater Aral Sea'' : ''Disputed region with limited international recognition'' : ''Completely landlocked by exactly one country''

They can be grouped in ''contiguous'' groups as follows:

Central Asian cluster (6): Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

European cluster (9): Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo (partially recognized), Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland

Central and East African cluster (10): Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Sudan

South African cluster (4): Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Caucasian cluster (3): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh (unrecognized)

South American cluster (2): Bolivia, Paraguay

If it were not for the 40 km of coastline at Muanda, DR Congo would join the two African clusters into one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world.

There are the following 'single' landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country):

Africa (2): Lesotho, Swaziland

Asia (4): Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal

Europe (6): Andorra, Belarus, Luxembourg, Moldova, San Marino, and the State of the Vatican City

Caucasus (1): South Ossetia (partially recognized)

If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster.

If the Caucasian countries are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 19. Kazakhstan is also sometimes regarded as a transcontinental country, so if that is included, the count for Europe goes up to 20. If these countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 14, while South America has only 2. North America and Oceania are the only continents with no landlocked countries.

===Doubly landlocked country=== A landlocked country surrounded only by other landlocked countries may be called a "doubly landlocked" country. A person in such a country has to cross at least two borders to reach a coastline.

There are currently two such countries in the world: in Central Europe surrounded by Switzerland and Austria. in Central Asia surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

Uzbekistan has borders with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan that border the landlocked but saltwater Caspian Sea, from which ships can reach the Sea of Azov by using the man-made Volga-Don Canal, and thence the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the oceans.

There were no doubly landlocked countries in the world from the Unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. This is because Uzbekistan was part of the Russian Empire, and thus part of a country that was not landlocked; while Liechtenstein bordered Austria-Hungary, a country which had an Adriatic coast until it was dissolved in 1918. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary Liechtenstein became a doubly landlocked country. There were again no doubly landlocked countries from 1938 until the end of World War II, as Nazi Germany had incorporated Austria, which meant that Liechtenstein bordered a country with a coast. After World War II Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein became doubly landlocked once more. Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan became the second doubly landlocked country.

Landlocked by a single country

There are only three countries that are landlocked by a single country – that is they are surrounded on all sides by just one country. Such a country is also called an enclave.

The three countries are:

the republic of San Marino, an enclave in Italy

the Vatican City, an enclave in the city of Rome, Italy

the Kingdom of Lesotho, an enclave in South Africa

See also

Enclave

List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders

List of countries by length of coastline

List of countries and territories by maritime boundaries

List of countries that border only one other country

List of sets of four countries that border one another

Navies of landlocked countries

Pole of inaccessibility

Landlocked developing countries

References

Category:Physical geography

als:Binnenstaat ar:دولة حبيسة be-x-old:Кантынэнтальная дзяржава bar:Binnenstaat ca:Estat sense litoral cs:Vnitrozemský stát cy:Gwlad dirgaeëdig da:Indlandsstat de:Binnenstaat et:Merepiirita riik el:Μεσόγειο κράτος es:Estado sin litoral eo:Lando sen maraliro eu:Estatu itsasgabe fa:کشور محصور در خشکی fo:Innanlandsríki fr:Accès à la mer ko:내륙국 hi:स्थल-रुद्ध देश hr:Kontinentalne države id:Negara terkurung daratan is:Landlukt land it:Stato senza sbocco al mare he:מדינה ללא מוצא לים lo:ປະເທດທີ່ບໍ່ມີທາງອອກສູ່ທະເລ hu:Tengerparttal nem rendelkező ország mk:Континентална држава arz:بلد متحوطه mn:Далайд гарцгүй улс nl:Binnenstaat ne:भूपरिवेष्ठित राष्ट्र ja:内陸国 no:Liste over verdens innlandsstater pl:Państwo śródlądowe pt:Anexo:Lista de países sem costa marítima ro:Stat fără ieșire la mare ru:Не имеющие выхода к морю государства simple:Landlocked sk:Vnútrozemský štát so:Dhax kujir sr:Континенталне државе fi:Sisämaavaltio sv:Inlandsstat te:భూపరివేష్టిత దేశం th:ประเทศที่ไม่มีทางออกสู่ทะเล uk:Країни, що не мають виходу до моря vi:Các quốc gia không giáp biển yi:לאנד איינגעשלאסן zh:內陸國家

Chris Pureka is an American acoustic singer-songwriter from Northampton, Massachusetts. Raised in Connecticut, she began writing songs at the age of eight and began playing the guitar at 16. She soon became a frequent performer at local coffee houses and open mics. As a young performer, she opened shows for such artists as Erin McKeown and Pamela Means while completing a degree in biology at Wesleyan University. After graduating, she worked in a microbiology research lab at Smith College in Northampton, eventually leaving to focus on her music full-time. In June 2001, she recorded a self-titled seven-song EP in preparation for a three-month nationwide tour with lesbian folk poet Alix Olson. The EP, which was home-recorded in two weeks and featured her playing back-up accompaniment on the mandolin and bass, was later mastered and reprinted for her 2005 summer tour.

In 2004, Pureka released ''Driving North'', her first full-length album, earning rave reviews from fans and fellow artists alike. In 2006, she released ''Dryland'', and toured the US a second time as a headlining act. The album received rave reviews and was featured on the Paste Magazine Sampler in February 2007.

In May 2007, Pureka was a member of the month-long New American Songwriter Tour in New York City, Philadelphia, and Massachusetts. The tour also featured Krystle Warren, Jesse Harris and Ryan Scott. In August, Pureka played at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival.

In July 2007, Pureka's song, "Swann Song" won 1st Place in the Acoustic competition on the independent music site OurStage.com. Because of her excellent performance there, she won a spot to perform at the Virgin Music Festival in Baltimore, Maryland, where she performed on August 5. Pureka had previously also won the Acoustic competition in April for her song "31 and Falling".

In October 2007, Pureka was nominated for 2007's Outstanding Folk Act by the Boston Music Awards. She was also awarded an ASCAPLUS award in the summer of 2007.

Pureka has sold over 7000 copies of her latest album, ''How I Learned to See in the Dark'', independently, on her own label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has gained popularity by performing with artists such as Dar Williams, The Cowboy Junkies, Peter Mulvey, Ani Difranco, Martin Sexton, Jeffrey Foucault, Kris Delmhorst, Melissa Ferrick, Catie Curtis, and Girlyman.

Pureka is the founder of her label, Sad Rabbit Music. She has been compared to artists like early Bruce Springsteen, Ryan Adams, Patty Griffin, Gillian Welch and Mary Gauthier. Pureka covered Welch's song "Everything Is Free" on ''Dryland'' and has expressed admiration for her music as well as that of Griffin. She cites influences from Peter Mulvey and Pamela Means, as well as Ani DiFranco, though she says that her music differs greatly from DiFranco's often-outspoken political messages. Pureka has lent her vocals and guitar playing to several tracks by artists like Olson and Arjuna Greist; a notable track is "Checking My Pulse" with Olson, which went on to become a relative hit for Olson.

Pureka identifies as genderqueer and cultivates an androgynous appearance. She has received positive reviews in the long-running radical feminist publication off our backs and other magazines. Pureka's music does not deal explicitly with LGBT issues, focusing instead on emotional interactions between individuals.

On January 20, 2009, Pureka released a fourth album, an EP entitled ''Chimera''. The EP has seven tracks; one new, original song (with a prelude as the first track), a reworked studio version of a song off of her 2001 EP, three live tracks, and a cover of Bob Dylan and Ketch Secor's Wagon Wheel. The hard copy of Chimera is complete with written commentary from Pureka on each track.

In April 2010, Pureka released her fifth album, ''How I Learned To See In The Dark'', which she co-produced with Merrill Garbus.

Discography

2001 - ''Chris Pureka EP''

2004 - ''Driving North''

2006 - ''Dryland''

2009 - ''Chimera (EP)''

2010 - ''How I Learned To See In The Dark''

References

External links

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American female guitarists Category:American female singers Category:American folk musicians Category:American singer-songwriters Category:Lesbian musicians Category:Genderqueer people Category:LGBT musicians from the United States Category:Musicians from Massachusetts Category:People from Northampton, Massachusetts Category:Wesleyan University alumni

es:Chris Pureka

''For the American basketball player, see Chris Richard (basketball).''

Biography

Chris Richards is a former bass guitarist of Suffocation. He started playing bass at the age of 15. He grew up in Long Island, New York. Chris replaced Josh Baron of Suffocation in July 1991. Chris was world renown in the death metal world because of his technical bass playing and lightning fast fingers. He also played in two other Long Island death metal Bands, Apparition (Sorrow) who also signed to Roadrunner Records Aug 1990-July 1991 and Pyrexia which Chris formed with band mates Guy Marchais (current Suffocation member) and Darrel Wagner in OCT 1989-July 1991. Chris left Suffocation in Aug 1998 to pursue other musical outlets and Suffocation folded shortly there after. Chris and Doug Cerrito (guitarist of Suffocation 1990-1998) paths came together in the winter of 1999 and they have been playing together ever since along with the likes of Doug Bohn drummer (Suffocation 1993-1995). Chris was asked by vocalist Frank Mullen (current Suffocation member) to rejoin Suffocation in the spring of 2002 and Chris declined.

References

Category:Living people Category:American heavy metal bass guitarists