Anxiety (also called angst or worry) is a psychological and physiological state characterized by somatic, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components. The root meaning of the word anxiety is 'to vex or trouble'; in either presence or absence of psychological stress, anxiety can create feelings of fear, worry, uneasiness, and dread. Anxiety is considered to be a normal reaction to a stressor. It may help someone to deal with a difficult situation by prompting them to cope with it. When anxiety becomes excessive, it may fall under the classification of an anxiety disorder.

Description

Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur without an identifiable triggering stimulus. As such, it is distinguished from fear, which is an emotional response to a perceived threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors of escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety is related to situations perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable. Another view defines anxiety as "a future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events", suggesting that it is a distinction between future vs. present dangers which divides anxiety and fear. In a 2011 review of the literature, fear and anxiety were said to be differentiated in four domains: duration of emotional experience, temporal focus, specificity of threat, and motivated direction; fear was defined as short-lived, present-focused, geared towards a specific threat, and facilitating escape from threat while anxiety was defined as long-acting, future-focused, broadly focused towards a diffuse threat, and promoting caution while approaching a potential threat.

Physical effects of anxiety may include heart palpitations, muscle weakness and tension, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches, or headaches. The body prepares to deal with a threat: blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, blood flow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited (the ''fight or flight'' response). External signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Someone who has anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic. Although panic attacks are not experienced by every person who has anxiety, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out.

Emotional effects may include "feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching (and waiting) for signs (and occurrences) of danger, and, feeling like your mind's gone blank" as well as "nightmares/bad dreams, obsessions about sensations, deja vu, a trapped in your mind feeling, and feeling like everything is scary."

Cognitive effects of anxiety may include thoughts about suspected dangers, such as fear of dying. "You may...fear that the chest pains [a physical symptom of anxiety] are a deadly heart attack or that the shooting pains in your head [another physical symptom of anxiety] are the result of a tumor or aneurysm. You feel an intense fear when you think of dying, or you may think of it more often than normal, or can’t get it out of your mind."

Behavioral effects may include withdrawal from situations where unpleasant effects of anxiety have been experienced in the past. It can also be affected in ways which include changes in sleeping patterns, nail biting and increased motor tension, such as foot tapping. While chemical issues in the brain that result in anxiety (especially resulting from genetics) are well documented, this study highlights an additional environmental factor that may result from being raised by parents suffering from chronic anxiety themselves.

Research upon adolescents who as infants had been highly apprehensive, vigilant, and fearful finds that their nucleus accumbens is more sensitive than that in other people when selecting to make an action that determined whether they received a reward. This suggests a link between circuits responsible for fear and also reward in anxious people. As researchers note "a sense of ‘responsibility,’ or self agency, in a context of uncertainty (probabilistic outcomes) drives the neural system underlying appetitive motivation (i.e., nucleus accumbens) more strongly in temperamentally inhibited than noninhibited adolescents."

Neural circuitry involving the amygdala and hippocampus is thought to underlie anxiety. When people are confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, PET-scans show increased bloodflow in the amygdala. In these studies, the participants also reported moderate anxiety. This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.

Although single genes have little effect on complex traits and interact heavily both between themselves and with the external factors, research is underway to unravel possible molecular mechanisms underlying anxiety and comorbid conditions. One candidate gene with polymorphisms that influence anxiety is PLXNA2.

Varieties

In medicine

Anxiety can be a symptom of an underlying health issue such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, or heart arrythmia.

Abnormal and pathological anxiety or fear may itself be a medical condition falling under the blanket term "anxiety disorder". Such conditions came under the aegis of psychiatry at the end of the 19th century and current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize several specific forms of the disorder. Recent surveys have found that as many as 18% of Americans may be affected by one or more of them.

Standardized screening tools such as Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Scale) can be used to detect anxiety symptoms and suggest the need for a formal diagnostic assessment of anxiety disorder. The HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Scale) measures the severity of a patient's anxiety, based on 14 parameters, including anxious mood, tension, fears, insomnia, somatic complaints and behavior at the interview.

Existential anxiety

The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in ''The Concept of Anxiety,'' described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In ''Art and Artist'' (1932), the psychologist Otto Rank wrote that the psychological trauma of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation and differentiation.

The theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as "the state in which a being is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: ontic (fate and death), moral (guilt and condemnation), and spiritual (emptiness and meaninglessness). According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety, i.e. spiritual anxiety, is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be accepted as part of the human condition or it can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by tradition and authority" even though such "undoubted certitude is not built on the rock of reality".

According to Viktor Frankl, the author of ''Man's Search for Meaning'', when a person is faced with extreme mortal dangers, the most basic of all human wishes is to find a meaning of life to combat the "trauma of nonbeing" as death is near.

===Test and performance anxiety=== According to Yerkes-Dodson law, an optimal level of arousal is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam, performance, or competitive event. However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, the result is a decline in performance.

Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who had a fear of failing an exam. Students who have test anxiety may experience any of the following: the association of grades with personal worth; fear of embarrassment by a teacher; fear of alienation from parents or friends; time pressures; or feeling a loss of control. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, fidgeting, and drumming on a desk are all common. Because test anxiety hinges on fear of negative evaluation, debate exists as to whether test anxiety is itself a unique anxiety disorder or whether it is a specific type of social phobia.

While the term "test anxiety" refers specifically to students, many workers share the same experience with regard to their career or profession. The fear of failing at a task and being negatively evaluated for failure can have a similarly negative effect on the adult.

Stranger and social anxiety

Anxiety when meeting or interacting with unknown people is a common stage of development in young people. For others, it may persist into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. "Stranger anxiety" in small children is ''not'' a phobia. Rather it is a developmentally appropriate fear by toddlers and preschool children of those who are not parents or family members. In adults, an excessive fear of other people is not a developmentally common stage; it is called social anxiety. According to Cutting, social phobics do not fear the crowd but the fact that they may be being judged negatively. Social anxiety varies in degree and severity. Whilst for some people it is characterized by experiencing discomfort or awkwardness during physical social contact (Embracing, Shaking Hands, etc.), in other cases it can lead to a fear of interacting with unfamiliar people altogether. There can be a tendency among those suffering from this condition to restrict their lifestyles to accommodate the anxiety, minimizing social interaction whenever possible. Social Anxiety also forms a core aspect of certain personality disorders, including Avoidant Personality Disorder.

Trait anxiety

Anxiety can be either a short term 'state' or a long term "trait." Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency to respond with state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations. It is closely related to the personality trait of neuroticism. Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious.

Choice or decision anxiety

Anxiety induced by the need to choose between similar options is increasingly being recognized as a problem for individuals and for organisations:

"Today we’re all faced with greater choice, more competition and less time to consider our options or seek out the right advice."

Paradoxical anxiety

Paradoxical anxiety is anxiety arising from use of methods or techniques which are normally used to reduce anxiety. This includes relaxation or meditation techniques as well as use of certain medications. In some Buddhist meditation literature, this effect is described as something which arises naturally and should be turned toward and mindfully explored in order to gain insight into the nature of emotion, and more profoundly, the nature of self.

Positive psychology

In Positive psychology, anxiety is described as the mental state that results from a difficult challenge for which the subject has insufficient coping skills.

See also

Arousal

Catastrophization

Panic attack

Paranoia

Social anxiety

References

External links

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Category:Fear Category:Emotions Category:Philosophy of life

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name	Krizz Kaliko
background	solo_singer
birth name	Samuel William Christopher Watson
alias	Big Krizz Kaliko
birth date	March 07, 1974
origin	Kansas City, Missouri, United States
instrument	RappingSinging
genre	Hip HopFunkra (Funk, Rap, Rock, R&B;, Opera)
years active	1999–present
label	Strange Music
associated acts	K.A.B.O.S.H.Tech N9neE-40Kutt Calhoun816 Boyz
website	www.KrizzKaliko.com }}

Samuel William Christopher Watson (born March 7 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri) better known by his stage name Krizz Kaliko, is an American rapper and singer. He is a long time collaborator with fellow hometown native, Tech N9ne, and is signed to the label that Tech co-owns, Strange Music.

Career

Krizz Kaliko began his musical career in the late 1990s when he began working with a local producer by the name of IcyRoc Kraven. Another local rapper by the name of Tech N9ne was also collaborating with IcyRoc at the time, which led to the two rappers meeting. Tech N9ne was currently working on a song titled "Who You Came To See" and Krizz made a comment that the song could have a better hook. Tech offered up the opportunity to prove his case, and Tech was blown away when Kaliko proved just that. Tech would bring Kaliko into his "inner circle" which would eventually result in Kaliko signing to the label co-owned by his new found friend.

Since then, Kaliko has often contributed to albums put out by Tech N9ne, be it being featured as a rapper or simply providing background vocals for the tracks on the album. Although the largest portion of his work is that of his collaborations with Tech, he has also performed similar tasks for fellow labelmates Kutt Calhoun, Skatterman & Snug Brim, and Prozak. Other collaborations include tracks with the Kottonmouth Kings, Potluck, E-40, and Twiztid.

His debut album, ''Vitiligo'' released on May 6, 2008, charted on several Billboard charts including peaking at number 19 on the Top Independent Albums in the week of May 28, 2008. In the same week, he peaked at number 167 on the Billboard 200.

His second studio album, ''Genius'', was released on July 14, 2009.

A number of his songs can be heard in the background of the strip club scenes in the movie "Big Fan" starring Patton Oswalt.

Krizz chose the title ''Shock Treatment'' for his third studio album. Other titles he considered were "Son of Sam" and "Walk on Water."

The first singles from Shock Treatment titled Elevator, Tonight, and Get Around were released July 30

"S.I.C.", his first EP, is scheduled to be released on May 17, 2011

Personal life

Krizz Kaliko married his wife, Crystal, in 2005. They have a son, born June 6, 2006.

He suffers from the disease, Vitiligo, a skin disorder characterized by smooth, white patches on various parts of the body caused by the loss of natural pigment. Several of these patches are clearly visible on his face. He would later use the name of the disease he suffers from as the title for his debut album. Krizz has also been diagnosed with Bipolar disorder. On his second album, he titled one of the tracks after the disorder.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2" width="33"| Year !rowspan="2" width="215"| Album details !colspan="4"| Peak chart positions !rowspan="2" width="145"| Sales |- !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Billboard 200 !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Independent !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top R&B;/Hip-Hop !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Rap |- |align="center"| 2008 |''Vitiligo'' Released:

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center"| 167 |align="center"| 19 |align="center"| 50 |align="center"| 20 | }} |- |align="center"| 2009 |''Genius'' Released:

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center"| 85 |align="center"| 12 |align="center"| 14 |align="center"| 3 |}} |- |align="center"| 2010 |''Shock Treatment'' Released:

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center"| 97 |align="center"| 20 |align="center"| 17 |align="center"| 7 | |- |align="center"| TBD |''Kick'n And Scream'n'''' Released:

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center" colspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey"|To Be Released |- |colspan="7" align="center" style="font-size:90%"| "—" indicates albums that did not chart. |}

;with Kabosh {|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2" width="33"| Year !rowspan="2" width="215"| Album details !colspan="4"| Peak chart positions !rowspan="2" width="145"| Sales |- !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Billboard 200 !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Independent !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top R&B;/Hip-Hop !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Rap |- |align="center"| TBD |''Amafrican Psycho''

Released: TBD

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center" colspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey"|To Be Released |- |colspan="7" align="center" style="font-size:90%"| "—" indicates albums that did not chart. |}

EPs

{|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2" width="33"| Year !rowspan="2" width="215"| Album details !colspan="4"| Peak chart positions !rowspan="2" width="145"| Sales |- !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Billboard 200 !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Independent !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top R&B;/Hip-Hop !style="width:6em;font-size:75%"| Top Rap |- |align="center"| 2011 |''S.I.C.''

Released: May 17, 2011

Label: Strange Music

Format: CD

|align="center" colspan="5" bgcolor="lightgrey"|To Be Determined |- |colspan="7" align="center" style="font-size:90%"| "—" indicates albums that did not chart. |}

Music videos

Year	Title	Director	Artist(s)
As main performer
	"Misunderstood"	Dan Gedman	Krizz Kaliko
	"Elevator"	Dan Gedman	Krizz Kaliko ft. Tech N9ne
As featured performer
	"City 2 City"		Kottonmouth Kings ft. Krizz Kaliko & Tech N9ne
	"Ego Trippin'"	Dan The Man	Tech N9ne ft. Krizz Kaliko
	"All I Kno Is Hood"	Dan Gedman	Big Scoob ft. Krizz Kaliko
Cameo appearances
	"Slacker"	Ben Mor	Tech N9ne
	"Imma Tell"	Christopher Horvath	Tech N9ne
	"Rap Game"	Gobi M. Rahimi	MC Breed
	"Bout Ta' Bubble"		Tech N9ne
	"White Trash Life"	Bryan Heiden
	"Like Yeah"	Estevan Oriol	Tech N9ne
	"Bunk Rock Bitch"	Dan Gedman	Kutt Calhoun
"Red Nose"	Dan Gedman	Tech N9ne
"Salue"		Big Scoob ft. Tech N9ne
"Leave Me Alone"	Dan Gedman	Tech N9ne
"Low"	Dan Gedman	Tech N9ne
	"Naked (Boom Boom Room)"	Dan Gedman	Kutt Calhoun ft. Tech N9ne
"O.G."	Dan Gedman	Tech N9ne
"KC Tea"	Dan Gedman	Tech N9ne
"Last Call"		Txx Will
"Red and Yellow"		Irv Da Phenom ft. B Double E & Cash Image

References

General Source:

External links

Official website

Krizz Kaliko Exclusive at Deft Magazine

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kansas City, Missouri Category:African American rappers Category:Musicians from Missouri Category:Underground rappers

fi:Krizz Kaliko