A nightclub (also known as a discothèque, or simply a club or disco) is an entertainment venue which usually operates late into the night. A nightclub is generally distinguished from bars, pubs or taverns by the inclusion of a dance floor and a DJ booth, where a DJ plays recorded dance, hip hop, rock, reggae and pop music.

The music in nightclubs is either live bands or, more commonly, a mix of songs played by a DJ through a powerful PA system. Most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as techno, house music, trance, heavy metal, garage, hip hop, salsa, dancehall, Drum and Bass, Dubstep or soca music. Many clubs also promote playing the Top 40 which has most of the night playing the most broadcast songs of the previous week.

Entry criteria

Many nightclubs choose who can enter, on bases other than just age, e.g. dress code and guest list. This is used to make their status as a nightclub more "exclusive". Quite often, there are no clear policies governing entry to a nightclub, thereby allowing the doormen to deny entry to anybody at their discretion.

Cover charge

In most cases, entering a nightclub requires a flat fee called a cover charge. Early arrivers and women may have their cover charge waived or reduced (in the United Kingdom, this latter option is illegal under the Equality Act 2010 but the law is rarely enforced and open violations are frequent). Friends of the doorman or the club owner may gain free entrance. Sometimes, especially at larger clubs in continental European countries, one only gets a pay card at the entrance, on which all money spent in the discothèque (often including the entrance fee) is marked. Sometimes, entrance fee and cloakroom costs are paid by cash and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card.

Guestlist

Many nightclubs operate a "guestlist" that allows certain attendees to enter the club for free, or at a reduced rate. Some nightclubs have a range of unpublished guestlist options ranging from free, to reduced, to full price with line by-pass privileges only. Nightclub goers that are on the guestlist usually have a separate queue and possibly a separate entrance to the one used by full price paying attendees. It is not uncommon for the guestlist line-up to be as long or longer than the full-paying or ticketed queues. Some nightclubs allow clubbers to register for the guestlist through their websites.

Dress code

Many nightclubs enforce a dress code in order to ensure a certain type of clientele is in attendance at the venue. Some upscale nightclubs ban attendees from wearing trainers or jeans, while other nightclubs will advertise a vague "dress to impress" dress code that allows the bouncers to discriminate at will against those vying for entry to the club. Many exceptions are made to nightclub dress codes, with denied entry usually reserved for the most glaring rule breakers or those thought to be unsuitable for the party. Certain nightclubs like fetish nightclubs may apply a leather-only, rubber-only or fantasy dress code. The dress code criterion is often an excuse for discriminatory practices, such as in the case of Carpenter v. Limelight Entertainment Ltd.

Association

Many nightclubs will only allow entry by association. A number of gay nightclubs that prefer to cater to an exclusively male clientele will deny entry to a group of lesbians but will welcome a lesbian with a number of gay friends.

History

Early history

From about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox.

During US Prohibition, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New York's Stork Club, 21 Club, El Morocco and the Copacabana. These nightclubs featured big bands (there were no DJ's).

In Occupied France, jazz and bebop music, and the jitterbug dance were banned by the Nazis as ''decadent American influences'', so members of the French underground met at hidden underground basement dance clubs called ''discotheques'' where they danced to American swing music, which a DJ played on a single turntable when a jukebox was not available. These "discotheques" were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous. There were also underground discotheques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids.

In Harlem, the Cotton Club and Connie's Inn were popular venues for white audiences. Before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. In Paris, at a club named "Whisky à Gogo", founded in 1947, Régine in 1953 laid down a dance-floor, suspended coloured lights and replaced the juke-box with two turntables which she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern post World War II ''discothèque''-style nightclub. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabel's, in Berkeley Square, London. In 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, and the nightclub did not attain mainstream popularity until the 1970s disco era.

1970s: Disco

By the late 1970s many major US cities had thriving disco club scenes which were centered around discothèques, nightclubs, and private loft parties where DJs would play disco hits through powerful PA systems for the dancers. The DJs played "... a smooth mix of long single records to keep people 'dancing all night long'" Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music.

Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", the "hustle" and the "cha-cha-cha". There were also disco fashions that discothèque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing Halston dresses for women and shiny polyester Qiana shirts for men. Disco clubs and "...hedonistic loft parties" had a club culture which had many Italian-American, African American, gay and Hispanic people.

In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving drug subculture, particularly for recreational drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as cocaine (nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite "poppers", and the "...other quintessential 1970s club drug Quaalude, which suspended motor coordination and turned one's arms and legs to Jell-O". The "massive quantities of drugs ingested in discothèques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant promiscuity and public sex. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases the disco became a kind of "main course" in a hedonist's menu for a night out."

Famous 1970s discothèques included "...cocaine-filled celeb hangouts such as Manhattan's "Studio 54", which was operated by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "Man in the Moon" that included an animated cocaine spoon. Other famous 1970s discothèques in New York City included "Xenon", "The Loft", the "Paradise Garage", and "Aux Puces", one of the first gay disco bars. In San Francisco, there was the Trocadero Transfer, the I-Beam, and the End Up.

By the early 1980s, the term "disco" had largely fallen out of favour in most of the English-speaking world.

1980s New York, London & Europe

During the 1980s, during the New Romantic movement, London had a vibrant nightclub scene, which included clubs like The Blitz, the Batcave, the Camden Palace and Club for Heroes. Both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement. Bands included Depeche Mode, The Human League, Duran Duran, Blondie, Eurythmics and Ultravox. Reggae-influenced bands included Boy George and Culture Club, and electronic vibe bands included Visage. At London nightclubs, young men would often wear make-up and young women would wear men's suits.

The largest UK cities like Newcastle, Liverpool (Quadrant Park and 051), Swansea, Manchester (The Haçienda) and several key European places like Paris (Les Bains Douches), Ibiza (Pacha), Rimini etc. also played a significant role in the evolution of clubbing, DJ culture and nightlife.

Significant New York nightclubs of the period were Area, Danceteria, and The Limelight.

1990s and 2000s

In Europe and North America, nightclubs play disco-influenced dance music such as house music, techno, and other dance music styles such as electronica and trance. Most nightclubs in the U.S. major cities play hip hop, house and trance music. These clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the different types of clubs. The emergence of the "superclub" created a global phenomenon, with Ministry of Sound (London), Cream (Liverpool) and Pacha (Ibiza).

In most other languages, nightclubs are referred to as "discos" or "discothèques" (; Italian and Spanish: ''discoteca,'' ''antro'' (common in Mexico only), and "boliche" (common in Argentina only), "discos" is commonly used in all others in Latinamerica; or ). In Japanese ディスコ, ''disuko'' refers to an older, smaller, less fashionable venue; while クラブ, ''kurabu'' refers to a more recent, larger, more popular venue. The term ''night'' is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre, such as "retro music night" or a "singles night."

A recent trend in the North American and European nightclub industry is the usage of video. Instead of audio-only, DJ's are now using video and "mixing" music videos and related songs together in an audio/visual presentation.

Serious incidents

20 September 1929 - Study club fire of 1929, early dance club fire that killed 22 in Detroit, USA;

23 April 1940 - Rhythm Night Club fire, 209 killed at nightclub fire at Natchez, Mississippi, USA;

28 November 1942 - Cocoanut Grove fire, 492 killed in a nightclub fire at Boston, Massachusetts, USA;

1 November 1970 - Club Cinq-Sept fire in a nightclub just outside the small town of Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, Isère in south-eastern France; 146 people killed

8 March 1973 - Whiskey Au Go Go fire, 15 killed after firebombing at Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Australia;

2 August 1973 - Summerland disaster, 51 killed at fire at Summerland leisure centre at Douglas, Isle of Man;

28 May 1977 - Beverly Hills Supper Club fire, 165 killed and 200 injured in nightclub fire at Southgate, Kentucky, USA;

14 February 1981 - Stardust fire disaster, 48 killed and 214 injured at nightclub fire at Dublin, Republic of Ireland;

5 April 1986 - Bomb attack on La Belle discothèque, Berlin, Germany, 3 killed, 230 injured; 2 Marines sustaining permanent disability were 2nd Force Recon Co. Marine's LCPL Hurt & LCPL Blackwood who despite their injuries gave assistance to their fellow Marines and civilians alike before their injuries were discovered by medical personnel.

February 1990 - Stage collapse at a discothèque at Bilbao, Spain, 13 injured;

25 March 1990 - Happy Land fire, 87 killed in a nightclub fire at Happy Land, The Bronx, New York City;

20 December 1993 - Kheyvis Fire, 17 killed in a nightclub fire at Buenos Aires, Argentina;

18 March 1996 - Ozone Disco Club fire, 162 dead and 92 injured at a nightclub in Quezon City, Philippines;

30 October 1998 - Gothenburg discothèque fire, 63 people killed, 200 injured in a nightclub fire at Gothenburg, Sweden;

1 June 2001 - Suicide bombing at the Dolphinarium discotheque in Tel Aviv, Israel

13 October 2001 - Stage toggled at Zapata discothèque Stuttgart, Germany, several people hurt;

21 December 2001 - At Club "Indigo", Sofia, Bulgaria, in an early party for minors, the huge crowd pushing their way to get in collapses down the frosty stairs and crushes 7 children (ages between 10 and 14) to death;

12 October 2002 - 2002 Bali bombings, 202 killed by large bombs;

7 December 2002 - Cowgate fire, Edinburgh, Scotland;

17 February 2003 - 2003 E2 nightclub stampede, Chicago, Illinois, 21 killed and over 50 injured;

20 February 2003 - The Station nightclub fire, 100 killed at nightclub fire at Warwick, Rhode Island;

8 December 2004 - A shooter in Columbus, Ohio shot and killed guitarist "Dimebag" Darrel Abbott and two other people, also wounding band manager and a fan in the audience;

30 December 2004 - República Cromañón nightclub fire, 194 killed and 714 injured in a nightclub fire at Buenos Aires, Argentina;

31 December 2005 - a circular crossbar fell down from the roof of a nightclub at Ibbenbüren, Germany, 4 people hurt;

18 June 2007 - Gatecrasher One Fire, Sheffield, England;

1 January 2009 - Santika Club fire in Santika Club in Watthana, Bangkok, Thailand, 61 killed and at least 212 injured

24 July 2009 - a man bled to death at a pool party in Perkins Park nightclub, Stuttgart, Germany after he made a head dive into a swimming pool in which there were fragments of glass 5 December 2009 - Lame Horse fire, a fire at the Lame Horse nightclub killed at least 155 people and injures 79 others in Perm, Russia.

15 January 2011 - 3 girls died, 14 people injured at a stampede in a Budapest discotheque.

References

Category:Entertainment venues Category:Dance venues Category:Types of drinking establishment

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Coordinates	°′″N°′″N
name	Laidback Luke
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Lucas Cornelis van Scheppingen
alias	Laidback Luke, Nouveau Yorican
born	October 22, 1976 Manila, Philippines
instrument	Software (Ableton, Fl Studio)
genre	Electro House, House
occupation	DJ, Producer
label	Mixmash Records
website
notable instruments	}}

Laidback Luke (born Lucas Cornelis van Scheppingen, 22 October 1976 in Manila, Philippines) is a Dutch DJ, producer. He was voted #46 on DJ Mag's Top 100 DJ list in 2008, before jumping to #27 in 2009 and jumping up 10 places in 2010.

Laidback Luke grew up in The Netherlands and made his name as a graffiti artist before turning to making music. He has worked with artists such as David Guetta, Steve Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell and Junior Sanchez and played throughout Europe and North America as well as shows in Japan and Ibiza. He has released two studio albums: Psyched Up (1998) and Electronic Satisfaction (2002) as well as a successful mix album, Windmill Skill (2003). In 2003, van Scheppingen did a remix of the Daft Punk song "Crescendolls" for the duo's remix album ''Daft Club''. Luke has also released his own mix album, titled ''Ibiza Closing Party'', as a free covermount CD in the October 2008 issue of ''Mixmag''. He has currently released his new album on the 4th of July 2011, called ''Cream Ibiza Super You & Me''.

Discography

Cream Ibiza - Super You And Me (2011)

Singles

! Year	! Single	! Artist	! Album
	Double 0		Double 0 - EP
	"Pass The Fury"	Fuck The Revolution/Pass The Fury
	"Don't Let Go (feat. Paul V.K.)"	Laidback Luke & Paul V.K.	Laidback Luke & Marchand Present Highstreets – Don't Let Go
"Otherwize Then"	Steve Angello & Laidback Luke
	Killing the Kitchen
Show Rocker
Hypnotize	Laidback Luke & Stephen Granville	Hypnotize - EP
Get Dumb	Axwell, Steve Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, Laidback Luke
Ambition	DJ DJG & Laidback Luke
Be	Steve Angello & Laidback Luke
Rocking With The Best	Laidback Luke
Break The House Down	Laidback Luke
Chaa Chaa	Sebastian Ingrosso & Laidback Luke
	Generation Noize	Laidback Luke, Roman Salzger & Boogshe
Shake It Down	Laidback Luke & A-Trak
Show	Laidback Luke & Tom Stephan feat. Romanthony
Down With The Mustard	Laidback Luke
		Steve Angello & Laidback Luke feat. Robin S
Leave The World Behind	Axwell,Sebastian Ingrosso,Steve Angello, & Laidback Luke feat. Deborah Cox	Leave the World Behind - EP
Blau!	Laidback Luke & Lee Mortimer	Blau!
My G*O*D* (Guns On Demo)	Laidback Luke	My G*O*D*
Step By Step
Shine Your Light
Hey!	Laidback Luke & Diplo
Jackit
	Boriqua
Chiuso
Timebomb
Till Tonight	Till Tonight (feat Jonathan Mendelsohn)
Indestructible	Robyn & Laidback Luke
		Laidback Luke & Steve Aoki feat. Lil Jon	Turbulence (Radio Edit) [feat. Lil Jon] - Single
Mortal Comeback	Laidback Luke feat. Lady Bee
Speak Up	Laidback Luke feat. Wynter Gordon
Natural Disaster	Laidback Luke feat. Example

Remixes, Bootlegs, Edits and Unofficial Reworks

1996: Green Velvet - The Stalker (LBL Remix)

2002: Damon Wild & Tim Taylor - Bang The Acid

2002: Green Velvet - Land Of The Lost

2003: Daft Punk - Crescendolls (LBL Remix)

2004: Steve Angello - Voices (LBL Remix)

2004: Jaimie Fanatic - B Boy Stance

2005: MYPD - You're Not Alone (LBL Remix)

2006: Hardrox - Feel The Hard Rock (LBL Remix)

2006: Another Chance - The Sound Of Eden (LBL Remix)

2007: TV Rock vs Dukes Of Windsor - The Others (LBL Remix)

2007: DJ DLG & Laidback Luke - Ambition (LBL Remix)

2007: David Guetta feat. Cozi - Baby When The Lights (LBL Remix)

2008: Natalie Williams - U Don't Know (LBL Remix)

2008: Roger Sanchez - Again (LBL Remix)

2008: Paul Johnson - Get Get Down (LBL Remix)

2008: Juice String - Sex Weed (LBL Remix)

2008: David Guetta feat. Tara McDonald - Delirious (LBL Remix)

2008: TV Rock feat. Rudy - Been A Long Time (LBL Remix)

2008: Steve Angello - Gypsy (LBL Remix)

2008: Underworld - Ring Road (LBL Remix)

2008: The Black Ghosts - Repetition Kills You (LBL Remix)

2008: Martin Solveig - I Want You (LBL Remix)

2008: Roger Sanchez feat. Terri B - Bang That Box (LBL Remix)

2008: Hervé (DJ) - Cheap Thrills (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Madonna vs Dirty South - 4 Minutes To Let It Go (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Joachim Garraud - Are U Ready (LBL Remix)

2008: Bob Sinclar - Gymtonic (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Chromeo - Fancy Footwork (LBL Remix)

2008: Beyonce - Me, Myself & I (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Coldplay - Viva La Vida (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Tocadisco - Streetgirls (LBL Remix)

2008: Surkin - White Knight Two (LBL Remix)

2008: Zombie Nation - Kernkraft 400 (LBL Bootleg)

2008: Daft Punk - Teachers (LBL Rework)

2008: Dada Life - Rubber Band Boogie (LBL Remix)

2008: Ray Parker Jr. - Ghostbusters Theme (LBL Remix)

2009: Notorious B.I.G. feat. Puff Daddy & Mase - Mo Money Mo Problems (LBL Bootleg)

2009: David Guetta feat. Kelly Rowland - When Love Takes Over (LBL Remix)

2009: Nas - Made You Look (LBL Bootleg)

2009: Tiesto - I Will Be Here (LBL Remix)

2009: MSTRKRFT feat. John Legend - Heartbreaker (LBL Remix)

2009: Junior Sanchez feat. Good Charlotte - Elevator (LBL Remix)

2009: Avicii - Ryu (LBL Edit)

2009: The Black Eyed Peas - I Gotta Feelin' (LBL Remix)

2009: Dizzee Rascal feat. Chrome - Holiday (LBL Remix)

2009: Martin Solvieg feat. Dragonette - Boys & Girls (LBL Remix)

2009: Sandro Silva - Prom Night (LBL Remix)

2009: Depeche Mode - Fragile Tension (LBL Remix)

2009: Robbie Rivera - Rock The Disco (LBL Edit)

2009: Calvin Harris - You Used To Hold Me (LBL Remix)

2009: System F - Out of The Blue 2010 (Laidback Luke's remix)

2009: Korgis - Need Your Lovin' (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Wynter Gordon - "Dirty Talk" (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Jay-Z feat. Swizz Beatz - On To The Next One (Laidback Luke Bootleg)

2010: Moby - Wait For Me (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Christina Aguilera - Not Myself Tonight (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Carte Blanche Feat. Kid Sister - Do! Do! Do! (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Bad Boy Bill feat. Eric Jag - Got That Feeling (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Lil' Jon feat. Kee - Give It All You Got (Laidback Luke Remix)

2010: Steve Angello vs. Dr. Dre - Knas Episode (Laidback Luke & Junior Sanchez Mashup)

2010: Afrojack Vs. Radioclit Vs. Armand van Helden - I Want Your Divine Control (Laidback Luke Mash Up)

2010: iSquare - Hey Sexy Lady (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: Benny Benassi feat. Gary Go - Cinema (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: Alice Deejay - Better Off Alone (Laidback Luke Bootleg)

2011: Katy Perry - Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.) (Laidback Luke Bootleg)

2011: Jump Jump Dance Dance - 2.0 (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: Skream feat. Sam Frank - Where You Should Be (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: Anjulie - Brand New Bitch (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: GTA feat. Zashanell - U & I (Laidback Luke Remix)

2011: Benny Benassi feat. Chris Brown - Beautiful People (Laidback Luke Edit)

2011: Kanye West feat. Rihanna - All Of The Lights (Mata vs Laidback Luke Edit)

Notes

External links

Interview on Clubplanet

Category:1976 births Category:Dutch DJs Category:Living people

de:Laidback Luke es:Laidback Luke fr:Laidback Luke it:Laidback Luke nl:Laidback Luke pl:Laidback Luke pt:Laidback Luke sv:Laidback Luke