WSM (branded The Legend) is the callsign of a 50,000 watt AM radio station located in Nashville, Tennessee. Operating at 650 kHz, its clear channel signal can reach much of North America and various countries, especially late at night. It now bears the distinction of being the only AM clear channel station in the eastern U.S to broadcast music; practically all the others employ a variation of a news/talk format, such as all-sports, all-business, all-news, etc. The WSM callsign is also assigned to an FM station in Nashville, and was shared by Nashville's then co-owned television Channel 4, now WSMV, until 1981. WSM has been nicknamed "The Air Castle of the South". The station is most known as the home of The Grand Ole Opry, the world's longest running radio program.^[1]

In addition to music, WSM broadcasts headline news segments from CBS Radio Network News at the start of most hours. However some hours are led off by local news reports from WSM, while times blocked for music programs such as the Grand Ole Opry do not include any news segments.

Heritage[link]

WSM's unusual diamond-shaped tower

It first signed on in 1925 and is primarily associated with the popularization of country music through its weekly Saturday night program the Grand Ole Opry, the longest-running radio program in history. Grand Ole Opry began as the WSM Barn Dance in 1925. In 1932, it boosted its power to 50,000 watts, becoming Tennessee's first clear-channel station. In addition to its vast nighttime coverage area, the station boasts one of the largest daytime coverage areas in the country. It provides at least grade B coverage as far east as Chattanooga, as far north as Evansville, Indiana, as far west as Jackson, Tennessee and as far south as Huntsville, Alabama. Under the right conditions, it can be heard in nearly all of Tennessee and much of Kentucky, and can be picked up as far away as Michigan.

The station traditionally played country music in the nighttime hours, when listeners from around the United States would tune in. Before the advent of television, the station broadcast long-form radio (both local and NBC network) programs in addition to music. After television became popular (thus largely eliminating the audience for the old full-length radio programs of the past), WSM adopted a "MOR" (middle of the road) music format during the daytime hours, and continued to play country music at night. It was not until about 1979 that WSM adopted a 24-hour country music format, which it continues to program to this day.

WSM is credited with shaping Nashville into the recording industry capital it is today. Because of WSM's incredible reach, musical acts from all across the eastern United States would come to Nashville in the early decades of the station's existence, in hopes of getting their performances played on WSM. Over time, as more acts and recording companies came to Nashville, the city became known as the center of the country music industry. Disc jockey David Cobb is credited with first referring to Nashville as "Music City USA", a designation that has since been adopted as the city's official nickname by the local tourism board, and is frequently used in many settings.

Tower[link]

WSM's unusual diamond-shaped antenna (manufactured by Blaw-Knox) is visible from Interstate 65 just south of Nashville (in Brentwood) and is one of the area's landmarks. When the 878-foot tower was built in 1932, it was the tallest antenna in North America. Its height was reduced to 808 feet (246 m) in 1939. For a period during World War II it was designated to provide transmissions to submarines in the event that ship-to-shore communications were lost. It is now one of the oldest operating broadcast towers in the United States.^[2] It was also part of the CONELRAD US National Emergency Plan in the event of a nuclear war, or another national catastrophe.^{[citation needed]}

As a tribute to the station's centrality in country music history, the diamond antenna design was incorporated into the new Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum's design in 2001.^[3] The tower is listed as a National Engineering Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 15, 2011.^[2][4]

FM sister[link]

W47NV 47.7 MHZ was America's first commercial FM broadcast station. Its antenna is still mounted to the top of the Blaw Knox tower at Brentwood. It is rumored that Major E.H. Armstrong (inventor of Frequency Modulation) installed the antenna personally (as he loved climbing towers). After World War 2 W47NV became WSM-FM and moved frequencies to 103.3 MHZ, and was eventually sold off. Other stations on the east coast had signed on with FM, and Major Armstrong's "Yankee Network", but W47NV was the first commercial FM, the rest were non-commercial licenses. The current incarnation of WSM-FM was bought by National Life, and redesignated WSM-FM in 1968, an acquisition from another broadcaster. WSM-FM (95.5 MHz) was WSM's sister until 2008, when Cumulus Media, the full owner of WSM-FM since 2003, ended its joint sales agreement with the AM (see below). Despite identical callsigns, the two stations are no longer related.

Ownership and facilities[link]

For most of its history, WSM was owned by the Nashville-based National Life and Accident Insurance Company, along with WSM-TV, and the Grand Ole Opry. The stations' call letters derived from the company's motto, "We Shield Millions". Studios were first located in the NL&AI building on Seventh Avenue and Union Street in downtown Nashville; this was the original home of the Opry, until 1934. The studios remained until the mid-1960s, when NL&AI began carrying out plans to build a new headquarters building downtown and construct new studios for WSM-TV in west Nashville (the TV station had been located near Belmont College). Upon construction of the new headquarters, NL&AI chose to relocate WSM radio to the TV station's building, and the station, joined in 1968 by its new FM sister, broadcast from that location, on Knob Road, from 1966 to 1983. In 1974, NL&AI reorganized itself as a holding company, NLT Corporation, with the WSM stations as one of the major subsidiaries.

In 1981, the American General Corporation (now part of the American International Group) bought NLT. American General was not interested in NLT's non-insurance operations, and sold Opryland Hotel, Opryland USA, The Grand Ole Opry, WSM-FM, and WSM-AM, to Gaylord Entertainment Company. WSM-TV was sold to Gillett Broadcasting and is now WSMV. However, there was still considerable overlap between the stations' on-air personnel for some years after the ownership change. Gaylord would add the Nashville Network, now Spike TV, to those holdings soon after those acquisitions. It would also move the WSM radio stations to new facilities at the Opryland Hotel, departing their 1970s building on Knob Road, which still houses WSMV today.

WSM broadcast in the C-QUAM format of AM stereo, which could be heard over several states at night, from 1982 until 2000.

WSM currently operates out of the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, and visitors to the hotel may look into the studio 24 hours a day, provided the curtains are open, which they usually are. Following the devastating 2010 Tennessee flood that inundated Gaylord Opryland and the Grand Ole Opry House, the station broadcast from a makeshift studio at its transmitter site for six months, while the Grand Ole Opry rotated between several performance sites, until the buildings at the Opryland complex were repaired. ^[5] WSM's administrative offices next door to the Grand Ole Opry House were completely destroyed by the flood and later demolished, resulting in the loss of several priceless documents from the station's history.

In 2001, management had sought to capitalize on the success of sister station WWTN's sports trappings by converting WSM to an all-sports format. Word was leaked to other media resulting in protests, including longtime Opry personalities and country music singers, outside the station's studios. Management eventually made the decision to keep the station on its classic country format.

WSM's "fishbowl" studio inside the Gaylord Opryland hotel

In recent years, the operations have been reorganized again. In 2003, WSM-FM and WWTN, sister stations to 650 WSM, were sold to Cumulus Media. Cumulus intended to purchase 650 WSM as well, but Gaylord decided to maintain ownership at the eleventh hour. Through a 5-year joint sales agreement, however, Gaylord paid Cumulus a fee to operate WSM's sales department and provide news updates for the station. Gaylord Entertainment continued to control WSM and operate all other departments, including programming, engineering, and promotions. The agreement ended in 2008, at which point all control of the station reverted to Gaylord. The Opry, WSM, and its hotel division are now Gaylord Entertainment's core holdings.

Reception outside the Nashville area[link]

From 2002 until 2006, the station was a choice on Sirius Satellite Radio, which carried a full-time simulcast of WSM's AM 650 signal, except during NASCAR races. Briefly in 2006, the channel converted to "WSM Entertainment", a separate satellite radio feed that carried the same classic country music format as the AM signal. About a year after the channel was eliminated, then-rival XM Satellite Radio announced the carriage of the Grand Ole Opry on Nashville! channel 11 beginning in October 2007, as well as the Eddie Stubbs Show on America channel 10 beginning in November 2007. After the merger between Sirius and XM, the Grand Ole Opry broadcasts were moved to the service's The Roadhouse channel, which is heard on both Sirius and XM.

WSM continues to reach a worldwide audience, through both its powerful 50,000 watt clear channel AM signal and via its Internet simulcast. WSM is a Primary Entry Point (PEP) for the Emergency Alert System (EAS).

Miscellany[link]

Country and bluegrass legend John Hartford parodied the distinctive style of WSM DJs on the album Aereo-plain, humorously changing the station's call letters to the phrase "Dorothy S. Ma'am."

Famous station alumni[link]

• Ralph Emery served as the overnight host of WSM from the late 1950s until the early 1970s. Because of his time slot, listeners all over the U.S. could hear Emery spin country music records. This and the Grand Ole Opry solidified WSM's central role in the history of country music. In the 1980s, Emery gained further national fame as the host of Nashville Now! on The Nashville Network; before then, he hosted syndicated radio and television country music interview shows, and a long-running, highly-rated morning show on WSMV-TV.
• Pat Sajak (host of TV's Wheel of Fortune) served as the afternoon air personality on WSM during the mid-1970s. During that time, he doubled as a voice-over announcer and weekend weathercaster on WSM-TV, channel 4.
• Larry Munson was a sportscaster for the Nashville Vols, Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball and Vanderbilt Commodores football in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as working for WSM-TV. He is best known today as the legendary voice of Georgia Bulldogs football.
• Grant Turner (born Jesse Granderson Turner) was known as the "dean of the Opry announcers" and had a nearly 50-year association with the station, also announcing country music programs in the early morning hours. His show was so popular that NL&AI used its title, Opryland USA, as the name for the theme park built in 1972.
• Teddy Bart, another Nashville broadcaster of long tenure, began as a singer on shows like Waking Crew and parlayed his skills into hosting that show and Nashville's first-ever call-in talk show in the late 1960s. He also hosted WSM-TV's Noon Show in the 1970s and anchored WKRN-TV's newscast briefly in the early 1980s before launching the group-discussion radio talk show Roundtable on WLAC in 1985, a show that ran for 20 years on several different stations.
• Keith Bilbrey moved to Nashville in 1974 to begin working for WSM, first as a substitute announcer for WSM-FM and then as a full-time disc jockey on WSM’s FM and AM stations. Throughout his career, Bilbrey worked every single time slot at WSM and became an iconic voice in the modern history of the station and was truly a fan favorite. In 1982, Bilbrey began announcing on the Grand Ole Opry. When The Nashville Network (TNN) began televising a thirty minute portion of the show in 1985, the young announcer became the first host of Grand Ole Opry Live. Bilbrey hosted Opry Live, along with the Opry warm-up show, Backstage Live, until TNN stopped airing the show in 2000. He also hosted the Opry Warm-up show on WSM. His 35 year career at the station came to an end in 2009.

Airstaff[link]

• Morning Drive (5:30 a.m. - 10 a.m.): Coffee, Country & Cody
• Middays (10 a.m. - 3 p.m.): WSM @ Work w/ Joe Limardi
• Afternoon Drive (3 p.m. - 7 p.m.): The Ride w/ Mike Terry
• Evenings (7 p.m. - 12 a.m.): The Eddie Stubbs Show
• Overnights (12 a.m. - 5:30 a.m.): The All Nighter w/ Marcia Campbell

See also[link]

• List of Nashville media
• Grand Ole Opry

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: WSM (AM)

• Query the FCC's AM station database for WSM
• Radio-Locator Information on WSM
• Query Arbitron's AM station database for WSM
• WSM online
• WSM music player
• A visit to WSM
• Country Music Hall of Fame
• Traditional Country Hall of Fame-particularly strong on early WSM history
• Information on WSM's unusual tower

References[link]

1. ^ Gevinson, Alan. "Broadcasting Longevity." Teachinghistory.org, accessed 8 October 2011.
2. ^ ^{a b} WSM tower gets 'historic' status, The Tennessean, April 14, 2011
3. ^ http://www.martystuart.com/HOF-Tower.htm
4. ^ "Weekly list of actions taken on properties: 3/14/11 through 3/18/11". National Park Service. March 25, 2011. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20110325.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2011. 
5. ^ http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/74645/nashville-hit-by-100-year-flood?ref=search

WSM may refer to:

• WSM (AM), a radio station (650 AM) licensed to Nashville, Tennessee, United States
• WSM-FM, a radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to Nashville, Tennessee, United States
• WSMV-TV, a television station (channel 4 analog/10 digital) licensed to Nashville, Tennessee, United States, which used the call sign WSM-TV from September 1950 to November 1981
• Web-based System Manager, an IBM management software for administering AIX 5L host on RS/6000 systems
• Weighted sum model, the best known and simplest method for evaluating a number of alternatives in terms of a number of decision criteria
• Workers Solidarity Movement, an Irish anarchist movement
• World Socialist Movement, an international organisation of socialist parties
• Winchester Short Magnum, a family of rifle cartridges developed by the U.S. Repeating Arms Company, maker of Winchester rifles
• World's Strongest Man competition
• Warner Strategic Marketing, a compilations arm of the Warner Music Group

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2008)

John Bright "Johnny" Russell (January 23, 1940 – July 3, 2001) was an American country singer, songwriter, and comedian best-known for his song "Act Naturally", which was made famous by Buck Owens, who recorded it in 1963, and The Beatles in 1965. His songs have been recorded by Burl Ives, Jim Reeves, Jerry Garcia, Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt.

Biography[link]

Born in Moorhead, Mississippi, he moved with his family at age 11 to Fresno, California, where he began writing songs and entering talent contests while still in high school, graduating in 1958. He had his first song published that year, In a Mansion Stands My Love, which was recorded by Jim Reeves as the "B" side of his 1960 hit He'll Have to Go.

His recording of his song Rednecks, White Socks, and Blue Ribbon Beer was his only top 10 hit, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in October 1973. The song was nominated later that year for a Grammy Award. Russell is also known for hits such as The Baptism of Jesse Taylor, Catfish John, and Hello, I Love You.

He is also known for being the first one to record He Stopped Loving Her Today, in some surveys named as the greatest country song of all time and the biggest hit for George Jones in 1980, but his label refused to release it.

Years later, George Strait topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart with Russell's song Let's Fall to Pieces Together.

By 2001, Russell's health was in a state of decline (for years, he had used his obesity as a running joke on the Grand Ole Opry), and in April 2001, both of his legs were amputated because of diabetes. Russell died in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 61 from diabetes-related complications.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

• Roy, Don. (1998). "Johnny Russell." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 462–463.

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Official Website
• CMT.com Biography
• Johnny Russell at Find a Grave

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2010)

Marty Raybon
Marty Raybon
Background information
Born	(1959-12-08) December 8, 1959 (age 52)
Origin	Greenville, Alabama, USA
Genres	Country, Christian country, Bluegrass
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, acoustic guitar
Years active	1985-present
Labels	Columbia, RCA, Capitol, Liberty (in Shenandoah) Sparrow, Tri Chord, Doobieshea, Dakota Sky, Rural Rhythm
Associated acts	Raybon Brothers Shenandoah
Website	MartyRaybon.com

Marty Raybon (born December 8, 1959 is an Award Winning American country music artist. He is known primarily for his role as the lead singer of the band Shenandoah, a role which he held from 1985 to 1996. He recorded his first solo album, Marty Raybon, in 1995 on Sparrow Records.^[1] After leaving Shenandoah in 1996, he and his brother Tim formed a duo known as the Raybon Brothers, which had crossover success in 1997 with the hit single "Butterfly Kisses."

The Raybon Brothers split up in 1997, and Marty Raybon resumed his career as a solo artist. A second self-titled album was released in 2000, followed by 2003's Full Circle. 2006 saw the release of When the Sand Runs Out, which included the single "Shenandoah Saturday Night", a song whose lyrics referenced the titles of Shenandoah's hit singles.^[2]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

Music videos[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Michael P. Farris
Born	Michael P. Farris (1951-08-27) August 27, 1951 (age 60) Spokane, Washington, United States
Residence	Purcellville, Virginia, United States
Nationality	United States of America
Other names	Mikey
Occupation	Professor, Constitutional Lawyer, Author
Known for	Founder of Patrick Henry College, Founder of Home School Legal Defense Association
Title	Chancellor of Patrick Henry College
Term	March 2006 – present
Political party	Republican
Religion	Baptist
Spouse	Vickie Farris

Michael "Mike" P. Farris (born August 27, 1951) is a United States constitutional lawyer. He is a founder of the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) and Patrick Henry College.

Personal life and education[link]

Farris graduated magna cum laude with a degree in political science from Western Washington University (formerly Western Washington State College). He received a law degree and graduated with honors from Gonzaga University School of Law in Spokane, Washington.Farris received an LLM in public international law (with merit) from the University of London in 2011.

He married in 1971 and has ten children and ten grandchildren.^[1] He and his wife Vickie began home schooling in 1982, leading him to establish the Home School Legal Defense Association in 1983.

He was also ordained as a Baptist minister in 1983.

Career and achievements[link]

In 1983, Farris founded the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), where he currently serves as chairman and general counsel.^[2] His efforts resulted in a number of court rulings and policy changes favoring home schooling.

He also founded Patrick Henry College, which opened its doors in 2000. According to HSLDA, the college was founded as

"...a Christian institution with the mission of training students through a classical liberal arts curriculum and apprenticeship methodology to impact the world 'for Christ and for Liberty.'"^[3]