name	The Times
type	Daily newspaper
format	Compact
price	UK£0.90 (Monday–Friday)£2 (Saturday) £1.30(Sat., Scotland)
foundation	1 January 1785
owners	News Corporation
sister newspapers	''The Sunday Times''
political	Moderate Conservative
headquarters	Wapping, London, UK
editor	James Harding
issn	0140-0460
website	www.thetimes.co.uk
circulation	502,436 March 2010 }}

''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper published in London since 1785, when it was known as ''The Daily Universal Register''.

''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' are published by Times Newspapers Limited, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International. News International is entirely owned by the News Corporation group, headed by Rupert Murdoch. Though traditionally a moderately centre-right newspaper and a supporter of the Conservatives, it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2004, according to MORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for the Liberal Democrats, 26% for Labour.

''The Times'' is the original "Times" newspaper, lending its name to many other papers around the world, such as ''The New York Times'', ''The Los Angeles Times'', ''The Seattle Times'', ''The Daily Times (Malawi)'', Jimma Times (Ethiopia), ''The Times of India'', ''The Straits Times'', ''Polska The Times'' ''The Times of Malta'' and ''The Irish Times''. For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the 'London Times' or 'The Times of London'. The paper is also the originator of the ubiquitous Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of ''The Times'' in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.

The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 partly in an attempt to appeal to younger readers and partly to appeal to commuters using public transport. An American edition has been published since 6 June 2006.

Today

The newspaper's cover price in the United Kingdom is £1 on weekdays (30p for students at some university campus shops) and £1.50 on Saturday. ''The Times's'' sister paper, ''The Sunday Times'', is a broadsheet and priced at £2.20. Although ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' are both owned by News International, a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's Newscorp, they do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have shared the same owner only since 1967. In November 2006 ''The Times'' began printing headlines in its new font, Times Modern.

History

''The Times'' was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as ''The Daily Universal Register'', with Walter in the role of editor. Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to ''The Times''. In 1803, John Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. John Walter Sr. had already spent sixteen months in Newgate prison for libel printed in ''The Times'', but his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.

''The Times'' used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its early life, the profits of ''The Times'' were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.

In 1809, John Stoddart was appointed general editor, replaced in 1817 with Thomas Barnes. Under Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of ''The Times'' rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London. Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling were two noted journalists, and gained for ''The Times'' the pompous/satirical nickname 'The Thunderer' (from "We thundered out the other day an article on social and political reform.").The increased circulation and influence of the paper was based in part to its early adoption of the steam driven rotary printing press. Distribution via steam trains to rapidly growing concentrations of urban populations helped ensure the profitability of the paper and its growing influence.

''The Times'' was the first newspaper to send war correspondents to cover particular conflicts. W. H. Russell, the paper's correspondent with the army in the Crimean War, was immensely influential with his dispatches back to England. In other events of the nineteenth century, ''The Times'' opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400 000 people to 800 000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, ''The Times'' represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

The third John Walter (the founder's grandson) succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent. From the 1850s, however, ''The Times'' was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably ''The Daily Telegraph'' and ''The Morning Post''.

During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach ''The Times'' and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.

''The Times'' faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), ''The Times'' became associated with selling the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. However, due to legal fights between the ''Britannica's'' two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, ''The Times'' severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.

In editorials published on 29 and 31 July 1914 Wickham Steed, the ''Times'''s Chief Editor argued that the British Empire should enter World War I. On 8 May 1920, under the editorship of Wickham Steed, the ''Times'' in an editorial endorsed the anti-Semitic forgery ''The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion'' as a genuine document, and called Jews the world's greatest danger. In the leader entitled "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry", Steed wrote about ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'':

What are these 'Protocols'? Are they authentic? If so, what malevolent assembly concocted these plans and gloated over their exposition? Are they forgery? If so, whence comes the uncanny note of prophecy, prophecy in part fulfilled, in part so far gone in the way of fulfillment?".

The following year, when Philip Graves, the Constantinople (modern Istanbul) correspondent of the ''Times'', exposed ''The Protocols'' as a forgery, the ''Times'' retracted the editorial of the previous year.

In 1922, John Jacob Astor, a son of the 1st Viscount Astor, bought ''The Times'' from the Northcliffe estate. The paper gained a measure of notoriety in the 1930s with its advocacy of German appeasement; then-editor Geoffrey Dawson was closely allied with those in the government who practised appeasement, most notably Neville Chamberlain.

Kim Philby, a Soviet double agent, served as a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined MI6 during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, then eventually defected to the Soviet Union in 1963.

Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E.H. Carr was Assistant Editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a ''Times'' editorial sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and that leader in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, the ''Times'' became popularly known during World War II as the threepenny ''Daily Worker'' (the price of the ''Daily Worker'' was one penny)

In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson, and on 3 May 1966 it started printing news on the front page for the first time. (Previously, the paper's front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society.) The Thomson Corporation merged it with ''The Sunday Times'' to form Times Newspapers Limited.

An industrial dispute prompted the management to shut the paper for nearly a year (1 December 1978 – 12 November 1979).

The Thomson Corporation management were struggling to run the business due to the 1979 Energy Crisis and union demands. Management were left with no choice but to save both titles by finding a buyer who was in a position to guarantee the survival of both titles, and also one who had the resources and was committed to funding the introduction of modern printing methods.

Several suitors appeared, including Robert Maxwell, Tiny Rowland and Lord Rothermere; however, only one buyer was in a position to meet the full Thomson remit. That buyer was the Australian media magnate Rupert Murdoch.

Rupert Murdoch

In 1981, ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators, John Collier and Bill O'Neill.

Murdoch soon began making his mark on the paper, replacing its editor, William Rees-Mogg, with Harold Evans in 1981. One of his most important changes was the introduction of new technology and efficiency measures. In March–May 1982, following agreement with print unions, the hot-metal Linotype printing process used to print ''The Times'' since the 19th century was phased out and replaced by computer input and photo-composition. This allowed print room staff at ''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' to be reduced by half. However, direct input of text by journalists ("single stroke" input) was still not achieved, and this was to remain an interim measure until the Wapping dispute of 1986, when ''The Times'' moved from New Printing House Square in Gray's Inn Road (near Fleet Street) to new offices in Wapping.

In June 1990, ''The Times'' ceased its policy of using courtesy titles ("Mr", "Mrs", or "Miss" prefixes for living persons) before full names on first reference, but it continues to use them before surnames on subsequent references. The more formal style is now confined to the "Court and Social" page, though "Ms" is now acceptable in that section, as well as before surnames in news sections.

In November 2003, News International began producing the newspaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes. On 13 September 2004, the weekday broadsheet was withdrawn from sale in Northern Ireland. Since 1 November 2004, the paper has been printed solely in tabloid format.

The Conservative Party announced plans to launch litigation against ''The Times'' over an incident in which the newspaper claimed that Conservative election strategist Lynton Crosby had admitted that his party would not win the 2005 General Election. ''The Times'' later published a clarification, and the litigation was dropped.

On 6 June 2005, ''The Times'' redesigned its Letters page, dropping the practice of printing correspondents' full postal addresses. Published letters were long regarded as one of the paper's key constituents. Author/solicitor David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire has had more letters published on the main letters page than any known contributor – 158 by 31 January 2008. According to its leading article, "From Our Own Correspondents", removal of full postal addresses was in order to fit more letters onto the page.

In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

In May 2008 printing of ''The Times'' switched from Wapping to new plants at Broxbourne on the outskirts of London, and Merseyside and Glasgow, enabling the paper to be produced with full colour on every page for the first time.

Controversy and image

Long considered the UK's newspaper of record, ''The Times'' is generally seen as a serious publication with high standards of journalism. It is not without trenchant critics: Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the papers' pro-Israel stance.

Some allege that ''The Times''' partisan opinion pieces also damage its status as 'paper of record,' particularly when attacking interests that go against those of its parent company – News International. In 2010 it published an opinion piece attacking the BBC for being 'one of a group of' signatories to a letter criticising BSkyB share options in October 2010.

Readership profile and image

The British Business Survey 2005 named ''The Times'' as the UK's leading daily newspaper for business people. This independent survey was sponsored by ''The Financial Times'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', ''The Economist'', and ''The Times''.

The latest figures from the national readership survey show ''The Times'' to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers. The certified average circulation figures for November 2005 show that The Times sold 692,581 copies per day. This was the highest achieved under the last editor, Robert Thomson, and ensured that the newspaper remained ahead of ''The Daily Telegraph'' in terms of full-rate sales, although the ''Telegraph'' remains the market leader for broadsheets, with a circulation of 905,955 copies. Tabloid newspapers, such as ''The Sun'' and middle-market newspapers such as the ''Daily Mail'', at present outsell both papers with a circulation of around 3,005,308 and 2,082,352 respectively. By March 2010 the paper's circulation had fallen to 502,436 copies daily and the ''Telegraph's'' to 686,679, according to ABC figures.

Format and supplements

''The Times'' features news for the first half of the paper with the leading articles on the second page, the Opinion/Comment section begins after the first news section, the world news normally follows this. The business pages begin on the centre spread, and are followed by The Register, containing obituaries, Court & Social section, and related material. The sport section is at the end of the main paper.

''Literary Supplement''

''The Times Literary Supplement'' (TLS) is a separately-paid-for weekly literature and society magazine.

''Science Reviews''

Between 1951 and 1966 ''The Times'' published a separately-paid-for quarterly science review, ''The Times Science Review''. Remarkably, in 1953 both the newspaper and its science supplement failed to report on the discovery of the structure of DNA in Cambridge, which was reported on by both the ''News Chronicle'' and ''The New York Times''.

''The Times'' started another new (but free) monthly science magazine, ''Eureka'', in October 2009.

''Times2''

''The Times'''s main supplement was the ''times2'', featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010, most of its regular features being absorbed into the main paper, the puzzles into a new supplement called ''Mind Games''. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which it was called ''T2'' and previously ''Times 2''. Regular features included columns by a different columnist each weekday. There was a column by Marcus du Sautoy each Wednesday, for example. The back pages were devoted to puzzles and contain sudoku, "Killer Sudoku", "KenKen", word polygon puzzles, and a crossword simpler and more concise than the main "Times Crossword". The penultimate page was "Young Times", with puzzles and news for children. All these features are now found in ''Mind Games''.

The supplement also contained arts and lifestyle features, TV and radio listings and reviews which have now become their own weekly supplements.

''The Game''

''The Game'' is included in the newspaper on a Monday, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of ''The Game'' also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.

Saturday supplements

The Saturday edition of ''The Times'' contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: ''Sport'', ''Weekend'' (including travel and lifestyle features), ''Saturday Review'' (arts, books, and ideas), ''The Times Magazine'' (columns on various topics), and ''Playlist'' (an entertainment listings guide).

''Saturday Review'' is the first regular supplement published in broadsheet format again since the paper switched to a compact size in 2004.

At the beginning of Summer 2011 ''Saturday Review'' switched to the tabloid format

''The Times Magazine'' features columns touching on various subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and gardens or simply writers' anecdotes. Notable contributors include Giles Coren, Food And Drink Writer of the Year in 2005.

Online presence

The ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' have had an online presence since March 1999, originally at ''the-times.co.uk'' and ''sunday-times.co.uk'', and later at ''timesonline.co.uk''. In April 2009, the ''timesonline'' site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day.

Paywall

Rupert Murdoch argued that readers should pay for online content, and since July 2010, News International requires readers that do not already subscribe to the print edition to pay £1 per day or £2 per week to access ''Times'' and ''Sunday Times'' content.

There are now two websites, instead of one: ''thetimes.co.uk'' is aimed at daily readers, and the ''thesundaytimes.co.uk'' site at providing weekly magazine-like content.

According to figures released in November 2010 by ''The Times'', 100,000 people had paid to use the service in its first four months of operation, and another 100,000 received free access because they subscribe to the printed paper. Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million.

Typeface

''The Times'' commissioned the serif typeface ''Times New Roman'', created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing ''The Times'' for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of ''The Times''. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. ''Times New Roman'' made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of ''The Times'' newspaper. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. ''The Times'' stayed with ''Times New Roman'' for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font:

''Times Europa'' was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper. The typeface features more open counter spaces.

''Times Roman'' replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982. ''Times Millennium'' was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International. ''Times Classic'' first appeared in 2001. Designed as an economical face by the British type team of Dave Farey and Richard Dawson, it took advantage of the new PC-based publishing system at the newspaper, while obviating the production shortcomings of its predecessor Times Millennium. The new typeface included 120 letters per font. Initially the family comprised ten fonts, but a condensed version was added in 2004. ''Times Modern'' was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of ''Times Classic''. Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. The font was published by Elsner + Flake as ''EF Times Modern''; it was designed by Research Studios, led by Ben Preston (deputy editor of The Times) and designer Neville Brody.

Sponsored events

''The Times'', along with the British Film Institute, sponsors the London Film Festival (or more specifically, The Times ''bfi'' London Film Festival). As of 2005, it is Europe's largest public event for motion pictures.

''The Times'' also sponsors the Cheltenham Literature Festival and the Asia House Festival of Asian Literature at Asia House, London.

Political allegiance

''The Times'' was a traditional Conservative Party supporter, even after its 18-year rule in government was ended by the Labour landslide of 1997, but for the 2001 general election the paper declared its support for Tony Blair's Labour government, which was re-elected by a landslide. It supported Labour again in 2005, when it achieved a third successive election win, though with a reduced majority. For the 2010 general election, however, the newspaper declared its support for the Tories once again; the election ended in the Tories taking the most votes and seats but having to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government as they had failed to gain an overall majority.

The Times had declared its support for Clement Attlee's Labour at the 1945 general election; the party went on to win the election by a landslide over Winston Churchill's Conservative government. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It would not switch sides again for more than 50 years.

Ownership

John Walter (1785–1803)

John Walter, 2nd (1803–1847)

John Walter, 3rd (1847–1894)

Arthur Fraser Walter (1894–1908)

Lord Northcliffe (1908–1922)

Astor family (1922–1966)

Roy Thomson (1966–1981)

News International (subsidiary of News Corporation), run by Rupert Murdoch (1981– )

Editorship

!Editor's name	!Years
	1785–1803
	1803–1812
John Stoddart	1812–1816
	1817–1841
John Delane	1841–1877
Thomas Chenery	1877–1884
George Earle Buckle	1884–1912
George Geoffrey Dawson	1912–1919
	1919–1922
George Geoffrey Dawson	1923–1941
Robert McGowan Barrington-Ward	1941–1948
William Francis Casey	1948–1952
William Haley	1952–1966
William Rees-Mogg	1967–1981
Harold Evans	1981–1982
	1982–1985
	1985–1990
Simon Jenkins	1990–1992
Peter Stothard	1992–2002
	2002–2007
	2007–

Columnists and journalists

Murad Ahmed

Michael Atherton

Guillem Balague

Simon Barnes

Alice Bowe

Peter Brookes, leader-page cartoonist

David Brown

Kaya Burgess

Rachel Campbell-Johnston

Sam Coates

Giles Coren

Robert Crampton

Ginny Dougary

Stephen Farrell

Daniel Finkelstein

Richard Ford

Adam Fresco

Joanna Geary

Frances Gibb

Brian Glanville

Ruth Gledhill

Michael Gove

Nico Hines

Anthony Howard

Philip Howard

Ben Hoyle

Mick Hume

Anatole Kaletsky

Patrick Kidd

Magnus Linklater

Richard Lloyd Parry

Anthony Loyd, war correspondent on retainer

Ben Macintyre

Sam Marlowe, theatre reviewer

Stefanie Marsh

Hugh McIlvanney

Alice Miles

Caitlin Moran

Michael Moran

Morten Morland, political cartoonist

Richard Morrison

Kate Muir

Matthew Parris

Grayson Perry

Catherine Philp

Libby Purves

Lord Rees-Mogg

Peter Riddell

Hugo Rifkind

Aki Riihilahti

Nick Robinson

Alyson Rudd

Dan Sabbagh

Sathnam Sanghera

Marcus du Sautoy

David Sinclair

Graham Stewart

Andrew Sullivan

Richard Susskind

Ann Treneman

Janice Turner

Philip Webster

Tom Whipple

Tom Whitwell

Tony Halpin

Alexander Williams, cartoonist

Jeremy Clarkson

Other publications

(Times Books Group Ltd)

The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World, 2007 ISBN 978-0-00-780150-3

Biography

Harold Evans, ''Good Times, Bad Times''. Includes sections of black-and-white photographic plates, plus a few charts and diagrams in text pages.

In fiction

In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', ''The Times'' has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

Rex Stout's fictional detective Nero Wolfe is described as fond of solving the London ''Times'' crossword puzzle at his New York home, in preference to those of American papers.

In the James Bond series, written by Ian Fleming, the title character, James Bond, reads ''The Times''. As described by Fleming in ''From Russia, with Love'': "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

See also

List of newspapers by date

References

External links

The Sunday Times site

Times World Atlases official website including a History and Heritage section detailing landmark Times atlases

Archive from 1785 to 1985 – full text and original layout, searchable (not free of charge, registration required)

The Times editor Robert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of ''The Times'', RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series

Anthony Trollope's satire on the mid-nineteenth century Times

Journalism Now: The Times Winchester University Journalism History project on the Times in the nineteenth century

Category:Newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:News Corporation subsidiaries * Category:Publications established in 1785 Category:1785 establishments in Great Britain

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|name	Trent Reznor
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Trent Reznor
born	May 17, 1965Mercer, Pennsylvania, U.S.
spouse	Mariqueen Maandig (May 17, 2009)
instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, synthesizer, mellotron, keyboards, bass guitar, saxophone, cello, double bass, drums, tuba, sousaphone, harmonium, marimba, pan flute, harpsichord, vibraphone
genre	Industrial rock, industrial metal, dark ambient, electronica, EBM
occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, sound designer, record producer, film score composer
years active	1982–present
label	The Null Corporation, Nothing, Interscope, Universal, TVT
associated acts	Option 30, The Innocent, Exotic Birds, Lucky Pierre, Nine Inch Nails, How to Destroy Angels, Tapeworm, Atticus Ross, Marilyn Manson, Saul Williams, Karen O
website	www.nin.com
spouse	Mariqueen Maandig }}

Michael Trent Reznor (born May 17, 1965) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, composer, record producer, and leader of industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails. Reznor is also a member of How to Destroy Angels alongside his wife, Mariqueen Maandig, and Atticus Ross. He was previously associated with bands Option 30, Exotic Birds, and Tapeworm, among others. Reznor left Interscope Records in 2007, and is now an independent musician.

Reznor began creating music early in his life, and cites his Western Pennsylvania childhood as an early influence. After being involved with a number of synthesizer-based bands in the mid-80s, Reznor gained employment at Right Track Studios and began creating his own music during the studio's closing hours under the moniker Nine Inch Nails. Reznor's first release as Nine Inch Nails, ''Pretty Hate Machine'' (1989), was a commercial and critical success, and he has since released seven major studio releases. Outside of Reznor's chief project Nine Inch Nails, he has contributed to many other artists' albums, including Marilyn Manson and Saul Williams. In 1997, Reznor appeared in ''Time'' magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and ''Spin'' magazine described him as "the most vital artist in music."

Reznor, in collaboration with Atticus Ross, composed the score for ''The Social Network'', a 2010 theatrical film about the founding of Facebook. The duo won the 2010 Golden Globe for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score for their collaboration. The soundtrack album was released by The Null Corporation, Reznor's own independent record label. Earlier this year, Reznor announced that the pair would once again be collaborating with David Fincher by composing the score to the US film adaptation of the novel ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'', set for release in late 2011.

Personal life

Early life

Michael Trent Reznor was born in Mercer, Pennsylvania, halfway between Pittsburgh and Erie, the son of Nancy Lou (née Clark) and Michael Reznor. After his parents divorced, he lived with his maternal grandparents, while his sister Tera lived with their mother. Reznor is a direct descendant of George Reznor, founder of the Reznor Company (founded 1888), a heating and air conditioning company. The family sold the business in the 1960s.

Reznor began playing the piano at the age of five and showed an early aptitude for music. In a 1995 interview, his grandfather, Bill Clark, remarked, "Music was his life, from the time he was a wee boy. He was so gifted." His former piano teacher Rita Beglin said "Reznor always reminded me of Harry Connick, Jr." when he played.

Reznor has acknowledged that his sheltered life in Pennsylvania left him feeling isolated from the outside world. In a 1994 interview with ''Rolling Stone'', he references his choices in the music industry. However, Reznor later said, "I don't want to give the impression it was a miserable childhood."

At Mercer Area Junior/Senior High School, Reznor learned to play the tenor saxophone and tuba. He was a member of both the jazz and marching band. Former Mercer High School band director Dr. Hendley Hoge remembered Reznor as "very upbeat and friendly." Reznor also became involved in theater while in high school. He was voted "Best in Drama" by classmates for his roles as Judas in ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' and Professor Harold Hill in ''The Music Man''. Reznor graduated from this high school in 1983 and enrolled at Allegheny College, where he studied computer engineering.

Reznor married Mariqueen Maandig in October 2009 and their son, Lazarus Echo, was born in October 2010.

Drug abuse and depression

During the five years following the release of ''The Downward Spiral'', Reznor struggled with depression, social anxiety disorder, and the death of his grandmother, who raised him. During this period of intense grief, Reznor began abusing alcohol and other drugs. He eventually became addicted to alcohol and cocaine. Five years elapsed before Nine Inch Nails' next album, ''The Fragile'', a double CD that debuted in September 1999 at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 228,000 copies in its first week and receiving favorable reviews.

In 2001, Reznor successfully completed rehab, and eventually moved from New Orleans to Los Angeles. In a 2005 interview with ''Kerrang!'', Reznor reflected on his self-destructive past: "There was a persona that had run its course. I needed to get my priorities straight, my head screwed on. Instead of always working, I took a couple of years off, just to figure out who I was and working out if I wanted to keep doing this or not. I had become a terrible addict; I needed to get my shit together, figure out what had happened". In contrast with his former suicidal tendencies, Reznor also admitted in another interview that "[he is] pretty happy right now." Nine Inch Nails' next full-length album, ''With Teeth'' (2005), reached number one on ''Billboard'' 200.

Music career

Early musical projects

While he was enrolled in Allegheny College, Reznor joined local band Option 30, playing three shows a week with them. After only a year of college, Reznor dropped out and moved to Cleveland, Ohio to pursue a career in music. In 1985, he joined The Innocent as a keyboardist. They released one album, ''Livin' in the Street'', but Reznor quit after just three months. In 1986, Reznor joined local band Exotic Birds. He also appeared with them as the fictional band "The Problems" in the 1987 film ''Light of Day''.

Reznor got a job at Cleveland's Right Track Studio as an assistant engineer and janitor. Studio owner Bart Koster later commented that Reznor was "so focused in everything he [did]. When that guy waxed the floor, it looked great." Reznor asked Koster for permission to record demos of his own songs for free during unused studio time. Koster agreed, remarking that it cost him "just a little wear on [his] tape heads". While assembling these, the earliest Nine Inch Nails recordings, Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate his songs as he wanted. Instead, inspired by Prince, he played all the instruments himself, except drums. This role remains Reznor's on most of the band's studio recordings, though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants. Several labels responded favorably to the demo material, and Reznor signed with TVT Records. Nine selections from the Right Track demos were unofficially released in 1988 as ''Purest Feeling''; many of these songs had appeared in revised form on his 1989 debut studio album under the stage name Nine Inch Nails.

Formation of Nine Inch Nails

Most of Reznor's work as a musician has been as founding and primary member of Nine Inch Nails.

Nine Inch Nails' debut album, ''Pretty Hate Machine'' was released in 1989. It was a moderate commercial success, and was certified Gold in 1992. Amid pressure from Reznor's record label to produce a follow-up to ''Pretty Hate Machine'', Reznor secretly began recording under various pseudonyms to avoid record company interference, resulting in the ''Broken'' EP, released in 1992. In the summer of 1991 Nine Inch Nails was included in the Lollapalooza package tour. They later won a Grammy Award in 1993 for the song "Wish" in the Best Heavy Metal Performance category.

Nine Inch Nails' second full-length album, ''The Downward Spiral'', entered the ''Billboard'' 200 chart in 1994 at number two, and remains the highest-selling Nine Inch Nails release in the United States. To record the album, Reznor rented and moved into the 10050 Cielo Drive mansion, site of the 1969 Manson Family murders. Reznor built a studio space in the house, which he renamed Le Pig, after the word that was scrawled on the front door in Sharon Tate's blood by her murderers. Reznor told ''Entertainment Weekly'' that despite the notoriety attached to the house, he chose to record there because, "I looked at a lot of places, and this just happened to be the one I liked most".

Nine Inch Nails toured extensively over the next few years, including a performance at Woodstock '94, although he admitted to the audience that he did not like to play large venues. Around this time, Reznor's studio perfectionism, struggles with addiction, and bouts of writer's block prolonged the production of a follow-up.

Collaboration with other artists

Reznor produced Marilyn Manson's first album ''Portrait of an American Family'' (1994), several tracks on Marilyn Manson's albums ''Smells Like Children'' (1995), and ''Antichrist Superstar'' (1996), as well as the film soundtracks for Oliver Stone's ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994) and David Lynch's ''Lost Highway'' (1997). Reznor is credited for "Driver Down" and "Videodrones; Questions" on the soundtrack for ''Lost Highway'', while another track, "The Perfect Drug", is credited to Nine Inch Nails instead. Reznor sang backing vocals on Tori Amos' 1994 album ''Under the Pink'' on a track called "Past The Mission." In 1998 Reznor produced a remix of Notorious B.I.G.'s song "Victory" which also featured Busta Rhymes. Reznor also sang vocals for the song "Black Bomb" on the Josh Wink album ''Herehear'' (1998).

Under the band name Tapeworm, Reznor collaborated over the span of nearly 10 years with Danny Lohner, Maynard James Keenan, and Atticus Ross, but the project was eventually terminated before any official material was released. The only known released Tapeworm material is a reworked version of a track called "Vacant," retitled "Passive", on A Perfect Circle's 2004 album ''eMOTIVe'', as well as a track called "Potions," off Puscifer's 2009 "C is for ..."

In 2006, Reznor played his first "solo" show(s) at Neil Young's annual Bridge School Benefit. Backed by a four piece string section, he performed stripped-down versions of many Nine Inch Nails songs. Reznor featured on El-P's 2007 album I'll Sleep When You're Dead, guesting on the track "Flyentology". The accompanying music video for the song and its artwork was created by Adult Swim, who aired the music video.

Reznor co-produced Saul Williams' 2007 album ''The Inevitable Rise and Liberation of NiggyTardust!'' after Williams toured with Nine Inch Nails in 2005 and 2006. Reznor convinced Williams to release the album as a free download, while giving fans the option of paying $5 for higher quality files, or downloading all of the songs at a lower quality for free. Reznor was also credited as "Musical Consultant" on the 2004 film ''Man on Fire''. The movie features six Nine Inch Nails songs. He has produced a number of songs for Jane's Addiction in his home studio in Beverly Hills. The first recordings, new versions of the early tracks "Chip Away" and "Whores," were released simultaneously on Jane's Addiction's website and the NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler digital EP.

How to Destroy Angels

In April 2010, it was announced that Reznor had formed a new band with his wife, Mariqueen Maandig, and Atticus Ross, called How to Destroy Angels. The group released a self-titled six song EP digitally on June 1, 2010, with the retail edition becoming available on July 6, 2010.

As an independent artist

In May 2008 Reznor founded The Null Corporation and Nine Inch Nails released the studio album ''The Slip'' as a free digital download. In his appreciation for his following and fan base, and having no contractual obligation, he made "The Slip" available for free on his website, stating “This one’s on me.” A month and a half after its online release, ''The Slip'' had been downloaded 1.4 million times from the official Nine Inch Nails website.

In February 2009, Reznor posted his thoughts about the future of Nine Inch Nails on NIN.com, stating that "I've been thinking for some time now it's time to make NIN disappear for a while." Reznor noted in an interview on the official website that while he has not stopped creating music as Nine Inch Nails, the group will not be touring in the foreseeable future.

Video games

The original music from id Software's video game ''Quake'' is credited to "Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails"; Reznor helped record sound effects and ambient audio, and the NIN logo appears on ammunition boxes in the game. Reznor's association with id Software began with Reznor being a fan of the original ''Doom''. He reunited with id Software in 2003 as the sound engineer for ''Doom 3'', though due to "time, money and bad management", he had to abandon the project, and his audio work did not make it into the game's final release.

Nine Inch Nails' 2007 major studio recording, ''Year Zero'', was released alongside an accompanying alternate reality game. With its lyrics written from the perspective of multiple fictitious characters, Reznor described ''Year Zero'' as a concept album criticizing the United States government's current policies and how they will affect the world 15 years in the future.

Film soundtrack work and score composition

Reznor produced and arranged soundtracks for the films ''Natural Born Killers'', which showcased the Nine Inch Nails single "Burn", and ''Lost Highway'', which included the single "The Perfect Drug". The music video for the former track featured clips from the film, focusing on the anger and rage that is a product of child abuse, which was also a key theme in the movie.

In 2001, Reznor was asked by Mark Romanek to provide the score for ''One Hour Photo'' but the music didn't work for the film and was not used. These compositions eventually evolved into ''Still''.

Reznor collaborated with Atticus Ross to compose the score for David Fincher's ''The Social Network'', a 2010 drama film about the founding of Facebook. Says Reznor, "When I actually read the script and realized what he was up to, I said goodbye to that free time I had planned." The score was noted for portraying "Mark Zuckerberg the genius, developing a brilliant idea over ominous undertones," and received nearly unanimous praise across the board. On September 16, 2010, Reznor announced that the film's score would be released in October 2010 in multiple formats, including digital download, compact disc, 5.1 surround on Blu-ray disc, and vinyl record. A 5-song sampler EP was released for free via digital download. In 2011 Reznor and Ross won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Original Score for this work.

On January 7, 2011, Reznor announced that he would again be working with Fincher, this time to provide the score for the American adaptation of ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo''. A cover of "Immigrant Song" by Led Zeppelin produced by Reznor and Ross, with Karen O (of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs) as featured singer, was released by way of a trailer for the film. The cover extended for the entirety of the trailer and was well received by critics.

Business activity

Suit and counter-suit with John Malm

In 2004, Reznor's former manager John Malm Jr. filed suit in the United States district court of Ohio against Reznor for over $2 million in deferred commissions. The suit alleged that Reznor "reneged on every single contract he and Malm ever entered into", and that Reznor refused to pay Malm payments which he was contractually entitled to. Weeks later, Reznor filed a counter-suit in the U.S. District Court of New York, charging Malm with fraud and breach of fiduciary duties. Reznor's suit arose from a five-year management contract signed in the early days of Nine Inch Nails, between Reznor and Malm's management company J. Artist Management. This contract, according to the suit, was unlawful and immoral in that it secured Malm 20% of Reznor's ''gross'' earnings, rather than his ''net'' earnings, as is the standard practice between artists and their management. The suit also alleged that the contract secured this percentage even if Malm was no longer representing Reznor, and for all Reznor's album advances. The suit also described how Malm had misappropriated the ownership rights regarding Nine Inch Nails, including the trademark name "NIN". According to testimony by Malm, Reznor gave him half of the "NIN" trademark "as a gift."

Reznor stated that he began to fully understand his financial situation after tackling his addiction to drugs and alcohol. Reznor requested a financial statement from Malm in 2003, only to discover that he had only $400,000 in liquid assets. "It was not pleasant discovering you have a 10th as much as you've been told you have," Reznor told the court. Malm's lawyers, however, claimed that Malm had worked for years "pro bono", and that Reznor's inability to release an album or tour and his uninhibited spending were the reasons for Reznor's financial situation.

After a three week trial in 2005, jurors sided with Reznor, awarding him upwards of $2.95 million and returning to him complete control of his trademarks. After adjustment for inflation, Reznor's award rose to nearly $5 million.

Independence from major record labels

Following the release of ''Year Zero'', Reznor announced later that Nine Inch Nails split from its contractual obligations with Interscope Records, and would distribute its next major albums independently. The last Nine Inch Nails release on Interscope was ''Year Zero Remixed'', based on material from ''Year Zero''.

Criticism of the music industry

In May 2007, Reznor made a post on the official Nine Inch Nails website condemning Universal Music Group—the parent company of the band's record label, Interscope Records—for their pricing and distribution plans for Nine Inch Nails' 2007 album ''Year Zero''. He labeled the company's retail pricing of ''Year Zero'' in Australia as "ABSURD," concluding that "as a reward for being a 'true fan' you get ripped off". Reznor went on to say that as "the climate grows more and more desperate for record labels, their answer to their mostly self-inflicted wounds seems to be to screw the consumer over even more." Reznor's post, specifically his criticism of the recording industry at large, elicited considerable media attention. In September 2007, Reznor continued his attack on Universal Music Group at a concert in Australia, urging fans there to "steal" his music online instead of purchasing it legally. Reznor went on to encourage the crowd to "steal and steal and steal some more and give it to all your friends and keep on stealin'."

Musical style and influence

Reznor is a fan of David Bowie, and has cited Bowie's 1977 album ''Low'' as one of his favorite albums. Reznor has stated that he played the album constantly during the recording of ''The Downward Spiral'' for inspiration. In 1995, Nine Inch Nails and David Bowie toured as a co-headlining act on the Outside Tour. Reznor also appeared in Bowie's video for "I'm Afraid of Americans", cast as Bowie's stalker. Reznor also made several remixes for the single release of the same song, as well as a remix of "The Hearts Filthy Lesson". Reznor also states in the 2010 documentary ''Rush: Beyond the Lighted Stage'' that the band Rush had played a major part in his childhood influences. He also stated that he considered Rush to be "one of the best bands ever" and had gained a perspective on how keyboards could be introduced into hard rock after listening to their 1982 album ''Signals''. Reznor also stated "Freddie Mercury's death meant more to me than John Lennon's" and covered Queen's "Get Down Make Love", which was produced by Paul Barker & Al Jourgensen of Ministry and released on the single for "Sin". In many interviews in ''Musician'', ''Spin'', and ''Alternative Press'', Reznor mentioned The Cars, The Jesus and Mary Chain, Soft Cell, Prince, Gary Numan, and The Cure's 1985 album, ''The Head on the Door'', as important influences.

Reznor's work as Nine Inch Nails has influenced many newer artists, which according to Reznor range from "generic imitations" dating from the band's initial success to younger bands echoing his style in a "truer, less imitative way". Following the release of ''The Downward Spiral'', mainstream artists began to take notice of Nine Inch Nails' influence: David Bowie compared NIN's impact to that of The Velvet Underground. In 1997, Reznor appeared in ''Time'' magazine's list of the year's most influential people, and ''Spin'' magazine described him as "the most vital artist in music." Bob Ezrin, producer for Pink Floyd, Kiss, Alice Cooper, and Peter Gabriel, described Reznor in 2007 as a "true visionary" and advised aspiring artists to take note of his no-compromise attitude. During a rare appearance at the ''Kerrang! Awards'' in London that year, Reznor accepted the ''Kerrang!'' Icon, honoring Nine Inch Nails' long-standing influence on rock music. Timbaland, one of pop music's most successful producers in recent years, has cited Reznor as his favorite studio producer.

Discography

References

External links

Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American male singers Category:American music video directors Category:American record producers Category:American rock singers Category:American rock pianists Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American industrial musicians Category:Copyright activists Category:Nine Inch Nails Category:Nine Inch Nails members Category:Allegheny College alumni Category:Musicians from Cleveland, Ohio Category:Musicians from Ohio Category:People from Mercer County, Pennsylvania Category:Musicians from Pennsylvania Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Category:Pigface members Category:Quake Category:Video game composers Category:Jewish musicians Category:People from New Orleans, Louisiana Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers

roa-rup:Trent Reznor be:Трэнт Рэзнар be-x-old:Трэнт Рэзнар bg:Трент Резнър cs:Trent Reznor da:Trent Reznor de:Trent Reznor et:Trent Reznor es:Trent Reznor fa:ترنت رزنر fr:Trent Reznor gl:Trent Reznor id:Trent Reznor is:Trent Reznor it:Trent Reznor lv:Trents Reznors hu:Trent Reznor nl:Trent Reznor ja:トレント・レズナー no:Trent Reznor uz:Trent Reznor pl:Trent Reznor pt:Trent Reznor ro:Trent Reznor ru:Резнор, Трент simple:Trent Reznor fi:Trent Reznor sv:Trent Reznor tr:Trent Reznor uk:Трент Резнор

name	Marion Cotillard
birth date	September 30, 1975
birth place	Paris, France
occupation	Actress, singer
years active	1993–present
domesticpartner	Guillaume Canet (2007–present; 1 child) }}

Marion Cotillard (; born 30 September 1975) is a French actress and singer. She garnered critical acclaim for her roles in films such as ''La Vie en Rose'', ''My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument'', ''Taxi'', ''Furia'' and ''Jeux d'enfants''. She has also appeared in such films as ''Big Fish'', ''A Very Long Engagement'' (for which she received a César Award for Best Supporting Actress), ''A Good Year'', ''Public Enemies'', ''Nine'', and ''Inception''.

She won the Academy Award for Best Actress, BAFTA Award for Best Actress, César for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Actress in Musical or a Comedy for her portrayal of French singer Édith Piaf in ''La Vie en Rose''. She made film history by becoming the first person to win an Academy Award for a French language performance. In 2010, she received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance in the musical ''Nine''.

Family and early life

Cotillard was born in Paris and grew up around Orléans, Loiret in an artistically inclined, "bustling, creative household". Her father, Jean-Claude Cotillard, is an actor, teacher, former mime, and 2006 Molière Award-winning director. Cotillard's mother, Monique (now known as Niseema) Theillaud, is also an actress and drama teacher. She has two younger twin brothers, Quentin and Guillaume. She began acting during her childhood, appearing on stage in one of her father's plays.

Career

Early work (1993–2002)

After small appearances and performances in theater, Cotillard had occasional and minor roles in television series such as ''Highlander'', but her career as a film actress began in the mid-1990s with small but noticeable roles in such films as Arnaud Desplechin's ''My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument''. Cotillard appeared in the comedy ''La belle verte'', directed by Coline Serreau. In 1998, she starred in Gérard Pirès' action comedy ''Taxi''. In the film, she plays Lili Bertineau, who becomes Daniel's girlfriend. Cotillard reprised the role in two sequels. She then ventured into anticipation science fiction with Alexandre Aja's ''Furia'' (1999).

Cotillard appeared in Pierre Grimblat's film ''Lisa'' as Young Lisa, alongside Jeanne Moreau, Benoît Magimel and Sagamore Stévenin in the Swiss war drama ''In The Highlands''. She starred in Gilles Paquet-Brenner's film ''Les jolies choses'', adapted from the work of feminist writer Virginie Despentes. In the drama, Cotillard portrayed the characters of two twins of completely opposite characters, Lucie and Marie. She was nominated for a César Award for her performance. In Guillaume Nicloux's thriller ''Une affaire privée'' she portrayed Clarisse, friend of the disappeared.

Breakthrough (2003–2006)

Cotillard starred with Guillaume Canet in the romantic comedy film ''Love Me If You Dare'' as Sophie Kowalsky, the daughter of Polish immigrants. The film was directed by Yann Samuel. Cotillard had a notable supporting role in Tim Burton's film ''Big Fish'', where she appeared alongside Ewan McGregor, Billy Crudup, Jessica Lange and Allison Lohman. In the film she plays Joséphine, the French wife of William Bloom. She appeared in two critically successful films, Jean-Pierre Jeunet's ''A Very Long Engagement'' as Tina Lombardi, for which she won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress, and appeared in the mystery thriller ''Innocence'' as Mademoiselle Éva.

In 2005, Cotillard starred in Steve Suissa's romantic drama ''Cavalcade'' as Alizée. She also appeared in Abel Ferrara's religious drama ''Mary'' alongside Forest Whitaker and Juliette Binoche. Marion played Isabelle Kruger and Alice in the thriller film ''La Boîte noire'', directed by Richard Berry. She appeared in the film ''Fair Play'' as Nicole. Cotillard starred in Ridley Scott's romantic comedy ''A Good Year'', in which she portrayed Fanny Chenal, a French café owner in a small Provençal town, opposite Russell Crowe as a Londoner who inherits a local property. She appeared in the Belgian comedy ''Dikkenek'', and learned to play the cello for her role as a soloist in the satirical coming-of-age film ''You and Me''.

2007–present

She was chosen by director Olivier Dahan to portray the French singer Édith Piaf in the biopic ''La Vie en Rose'' before he had even met her, saying that he noticed a similarity between Piaf's and Cotillard's eyes. Producer Ilan Goldman accepted and defended the choice even though distributors TFM reduced the money they gave to finance the film thinking Cotillard wasn't "bankable" enough an actress. Her portrayal was widely praised, including by the eminent theatre director Sir Trevor Nunn, who described it as "one of the greatest performances on film ever." It was dubbed "the most awaited film of 2007" in France, where some critics said that she had reincarnated Édith Piaf to sing one last time on stage.

On 10 February 2008, Cotillard became the first French actress to be awarded the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role since Stéphane Audran in 1973. She is the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a foreign language performance since 1972, when Liv Ullmann won for ''The Emigrants''. She is also the first person to win a (Comedy or Musical) Golden Globe for a foreign language performance.

On 22 February 2008, she was awarded the César Award for Best Actress for her role in ''La Vie en Rose'', becoming the first woman and second person (after Adrien Brody, ''The Pianist'') to win both a Cesar and an Oscar for the same performance. Cotillard is the second French cinema actress to win this award and the third overall to receive an Academy Award. She is the first Best Actress winner in a non-English language performance since Sophia Loren's win in 1961. She is also the first and so far only winner of an Academy Award for a performance in the French language. In her Oscar acceptance speech, Cotillard proclaimed "thank you life, thank you love" and, speaking of Los Angeles, said "it is true, there is some angels ''(sic)'' in this city!" The day following the ceremony, Cotillard was congratulated and praised by the President of France Nicolas Sarkozy in a statement saying,

}}

As ''La Vie En Rose'' was also a Czech production, as she mentioned in her César acceptance speech, on 1 March 2008, Cotillard won a Czech Lion Award for Best Actress. She could not attend the ceremony in Prague due to the filming of ''Public Enemies''. Her friend Pavlína Němcová – who played the journalist in ''La vie en Rose'' – was there to accept the award on her behalf. On 24 June 2008, Cotillard was one of 105 individuals invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Cotillard starred alongside Johnny Depp in ''Public Enemies'', released in the United States on 1 July 2009. Later that year, Cotillard appeared in the film adaptation of the musical ''Nine'', directed by Rob Marshall, and co-starring Daniel Day-Lewis, Penélope Cruz, Judi Dench, Nicole Kidman, Sophia Loren and Kate Hudson. On 15 December 2009, Cotillard was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy for her performance in the film. The film was released on 18 December 2009.

For her role in the musical ''Nine'' as Luisa Contini, ''Time'' magazine ranked her as the fifth best performance by a female in 2009. She was ranked just behind Mo'Nique, Carey Mulligan, Saoirse Ronan and Meryl Streep. She was awarded the Desert Palm Achievement Actress Award at the 2010 Palm Springs International Film Festival for the role.

She appeared as the main antagonist "Mal Cobb" in Christopher Nolan's film ''Inception'', alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page, and released on 16 July 2010. She will co-star alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Jude Law, Kate Winslet and Matt Damon in Steven Soderberg's thriller film ''Contagion''.

She appears in Woody Allen's ''Midnight in Paris'' (2011) alongside Rachel McAdams and Owen Wilson, cast as Adriana, a fictionalized mistress of Pablo Picasso. On 15 March 2010 Cotillard was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French government for her "contribution to the enrichment of French culture". On 19 April 2011, Cotillard was signed on to star in Christopher Nolan's film ''The Dark Knight Rises'' playing Miranda Tate, a board member at Wayne Enterprises that is also an ally of Bruce Wayne. The film opens on 20 July 2012.

Other projects

In addition to her film work, Cotillard is interested in environmental activism, and has participated in campaigns for environmental protection. Cotillard used her high public profile to bring attention to the aims of Greenpeace, working for the environmental organization as a spokesperson, allowing the organization to use her apartment to test products. In 2005, she also contributed to Dessins pour le climat ("Drawings for the Climate"), a book of drawings published by Greenpeace to raise funds for the group.

In 2009, Cotillard was chosen as the face for Dior's "Lady Dior" advertising campaign and was featured in an online mini-movie directed by John Cameron Mitchell about the fictional character created by John Galliano. This campaign has also resulted in a musical collaboration with British indie rock band Franz Ferdinand, where Cotillard has provided the vocals for a composition performed by the group, entitled "The Eyes of Mars". Cotillard appeared on the cover of the November 2009 issue of ''Vogue'' with ''Nine'' co-stars Sophia Loren, Nicole Kidman, Penélope Cruz, Kate Hudson and Fergie, and on the July 2010 cover by herself.

Personal life

Cotillard currently lives with French actor and director Guillaume Canet. Many reports say the couple prefer to live a simple lifestyle, and they are often spotted in cafes and shopping together in Paris. Neither star discusses their relationship with the media, although photos of the couple being affectionate regularly surface in the European tabloids. The birth of the couple's first child, called Marcel, was announced on 20 May 2011.

She is a fan of Radiohead and Canadian singer Hawksley Workman; she has appeared in two of the latter's music videos, most notably "No Reason to Cry Out your Eyes (On the Highway Tonight)". Workman even revealed in interviews about his last album ''Between the Beautifuls'' that he worked and wrote songs with Cotillard while they both were in Los Angeles during the movie awards season. She is a supporter of the English football club Leeds United, a passion she developed after her compatriot Eric Cantona's spell at the club in the early 1990s.

In 2008, Cotillard generated controversy due to the re-publishing of a 2007 interview in which she publicly questioned the official explanation of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States and implied the destruction of the World Trade Center towers was an intentional demolition.

Filmography

+List of film credits
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1994	''''	Mathilde
1996	''My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument''	Student	''Comment je me suis disputé... (ma vie sexuelle) ''
1996	''''	Nurse
1996	''Chloé''	Chloé
1998		Lili Bertineau	Nominated—César Award for Most Promising Actress
1999	''War in the Highlands''	Julie Bonzon	''''
1999		Élia
1999	''Blue Away to America''	Solange	''Du bleu jusqu'en Amérique''
2000	''Taxi 2''	Lili Bertineau	Cabourg Romantic Film Festival – Best Actress
2001	''Lisa''	Young Lisa	Verona Love Screens Film Festival – Best Actress
2001	''Pretty Things''	Marie/Lucie	''''Nominated—César Award for Most Promising Actress
2002	''''	Clarisse Entoven	''''
2003	''Taxi 3''	Lili Bertineau
2003	''Love Me If You Dare''	Sophie Kowalsky	''Jeux d'enfants''Newport Beach Film Festival – Best Actress
2003	''Big Fish''	Joséphine Bloom
2004		Mademoiselle Éva
2004	''''	Tina Lombardi	''''César Award for Best Supporting Actress
2005	''Cavalcade''	Alizée
2005	''Edy''	Céline/La chanteuse du rêve
2005	''Love Is in the Air''	Alice	''Ma vie en l'air''
2005		Gretchen Mol
2005	''Burnt Out''	Lisa	''Sauf le respect que je vous dois''
2005	''''	Isabelle Kruger/Alice
2006	''You and Me''	Léna	''Toi et Moi''
2006	''Dikkenek''	Nadine
2006	''Fair Play''	Nicole
2006	''''	Fanny Chenal
2007	''''	Édith Piaf	Academy Award for Best ActressAfrican American Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressBAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressCésar Award for Best ActressCzech Lion Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyHollywood Film Festival – Actress of the YearKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLondon Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressPalm Springs International Film Festival – Best ActressSanta Barbara International Film Festival – Virtuosos AwardSatellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaSeattle International Film Festival – Best ActressVancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—Berlin International Film Festival – Best ActressNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Detroit Film Critics Society Awards 2007
2009		[[Billie Frechette
2009	''OceanWorld 3D''	Narrator
2009	''''	Marie Vallières de Beaumont	''''
2009		Luisa Contini	Palm Springs International Film Festival – Desert Palm Achievement Actress AwardSatellite Award for Best Cast – Motion PictureNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Detroit Film Critics Society Awards 2009
2010	''[[Inception''	Mallorie "Mal" Cobb	Nominated—Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best EnsembleNominated—IGN Movie Award for Best ActressNominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best EnsembleNominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureNominated—Scream Award for Best EnsembleNominated—Scream Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble
2010		Marie	''''
2011	''Midnight in Paris''	Adriana
2011		Dr. Leonora Orantes
2012	''''	Miranda Tate	filming

Awards and nominations

Cotillard won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for ''A Very Long Engagement'' (2004). Cotillard won an Academy Award for Best Actress, a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, a Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama and a César Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Édith Piaf in ''La Vie en Rose'' (2007). Cotillard and her co-stars of ''Nine'' won a Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture for the performance in the film.

Cotillard also has been nominated for numerous awards, including César Award for Most Promising Actress for ''Taxi'' (1998) and ''Les Jolies choses'' (2001), and a European Film Award for Best Actress for ''La Vie en Rose'' (2007). Additionally, Cotillard was nominated for an Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for ''Nine'' (2009).

Academy Award milestones

Cotillard received the Academy Award for Best Actress in 2007, becoming only the second French cinema actress, after Simone Signoret in 1959, to win this award and the third overall to receive an Academy Award (Juliette Binoche won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1997 for her critically acclaimed role in the picture ''The English Patient''), although French expatriate Claudette Colbert was given an Oscar in 1934. She is the first Best Actress winner in a non-English language performance since Sophia Loren's win in 1961 and also became the first – and so far only – winner of an Academy Award for a performance in the French language.

Other awards

Cotillard for her portrayal of Lisa Young in the French film ''Lisa'' (2001), was the winner of Verona Love Screens Film Festival for Best Actress, she was the winner of Newport Beach Film Festival for Best Actress – Drama for ''Love Me If You Dare'' (2003).

References

External links

Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Actress César Award winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Supporting Actress César Award winners Category:César Award winners Category:French ecologists Category:French film actors Category:People from Orléans Category:People from Caen Category:1975 births Category:Living people

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Name	Michael Fassbender
Birth date	April 02, 1977
Birth place	Heidelberg, Germany
Occupation	Actor }}

Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is an Irish-German actor. He is known for playing Lt. Archie Hicox in Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds'' (2009) and Magneto in the superhero blockbuster ''X-Men: First Class'' (2011). His other credits include the 2007 film ''300'', the 2009 film ''Fish Tank'', the 2011 ''Jane Eyre'' adaptation, the 2011 David Cronenberg film ''A Dangerous Method'', in which he plays psychologist Carl Jung, as well as the acclaimed Steve McQueen-directed movies ''Hunger'' (2008) and ''Shame'' (2011), the most recent of which won him the Best Actor award at the 2011 Venice Film Festival. He will star in the upcoming Ridley Scott film, ''Prometheus'' (2012).

Background

Fassbender was born in Heidelberg, West Germany (now Germany). His mother, Adele, is Irish and a native of Larne, County Antrim, and his father, Josef Fassbender, is German. According to Fassbender's "family lore", his mother is the great-great-niece of Michael Collins, an Irish leader during the War of Independence. When he was two years old, his parents moved to Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, where they ran West End House, a restaurant, and where his father worked as a chef. Fassbender was brought up as a Catholic and served as an altar boy. He attended St. Brendan's, Killarney (The Sem) and the Drama Centre in North London. Shifting between British films and American films, Fassbender currently resides in London, UK, while making career-related visits to Los Angeles, California. Fassbender speaks conversational German, though he has stated that he needed to brush up a bit on his spoken German before filming ''Inglourious Basterds'', as it was a bit rusty. He has also expressed interest in performing in a German language film or theater production one day.

Career

Early work

Fassbender first played the part of Burton "Pat" Christenson in Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg's award-winning ''Band of Brothers''. He played the character of Azazeal in both series of ''Hex'' on Sky One and he also starred as the main character in the music video for the song "Blind Pilots", by the British band The Cooper Temple Clause. In the video, he plays the part of a man on a stag night with his friends, only to slowly transform into a goat due to wearing a cowbell necklace.

Fassbender played the part of Jonathan Harker in a 10-part radio serialization of ''Dracula'' produced by BBC Northern Ireland and broadcast in the Book at Bedtime series between 24 November and 5 December 2003. He was also seen in early 2004 in a Guinness television commercial, ''The Quarrel'', playing a man who swims across the ocean from Ireland to apologize personally to his brother in New York.

During the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Fassbender played Michael Collins in ''Allegiance'', a play by Mary Kenny based on the meeting between Winston Churchill and Collins, of whom Fassbender's mother is a great-niece. In addition, he produced, directed and starred in the stage version of Quentin Tarantino's ''Reservoir Dogs'', along with his production company.

He appeared in ''Angel'' (UK title: ''The Real Life of Angel Deverell''), about the rise and fall of an eccentric young British writer (played by Romola Garai) in the early 20th century. Fassbender plays her love interest and average painter Esmé. The drama – the first English-language effort by French director François Ozon and based on the novel by Elizabeth Taylor – was premiered on 17 February 2007 at the Berlin International Film Festival and on 14 March 2007 in Paris. He then made a brief appearance in ''Wedding Belles'' as Barney, speaking with a Scottish accent.

Mainstream success

Fassbender first broke into American mainstream consciousness with a memorable role as Stelios in the 2006 film ''300'' directed by Zack Snyder.

In preparation for his role as Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoner Bobby Sands in Steve McQueen's 2008 film ''Hunger'', Fassbender underwent a crash diet that restricted him to 600 calories a day. He received the British Independent Film Award for his performance.

One year after his success at the Cannes Film Festival with ''Hunger'', he appeared in two films. First was Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds'', in which he played the British officer Lieutenant Archie Hicox. The other film was ''Fish Tank'' directed by Andrea Arnold. Both were critically acclaimed and Fassbender's work in them also well received.

Starting a period when his "star status has risen exponentially" according to one observer, in 2010, Fassbender appeared in ''Jonah Hex'' and filmed ''Haywire'', (previously titled ''Knockout''.). He also portrayed Quintus Dias in Neil Marshall's War-Thriller-Drama film ''Centurion''. and was cast as 'Richard Wirth' in the Joel Schumacher film ''Blood Creek'' alongside Dominic Purcell. Joel Schumacher signed to direct ''Blood Creek'', the horror movie for Gold Circle and Lionsgate. The story centers on a West Virginia man who comes to terms with his moral qualms and helps his brother wipe out a family that had been protecting a Nazi occultist and who had kept his brother captive for him to feed off for years.

Fassbender played Edward Rochester in the 2011 film ''Jane Eyre'', featuring Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Cary Fukunaga directing.

Fassbender portrayed Magneto in the superhero blockbuster ''X-Men: First Class'', the prequel to ''X-Men''. Set in 1962, it focused on the friendship between Charles Xavier (played by James McAvoy) and Magneto and the origin of their groups, the X-Men and the Brotherhood of Mutants. The film was released on 3 June 2011 to general acclaim and financial success and promoted Fassbender to being more of a popular movie star.

In 2011, Fassbender starred in ''A Dangerous Method'' by director David Cronenberg, playing Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Jung, and in ''Shame'', as a man in his '30s struggling with his sex addiction. ''Shame'' reunited him with director Steve McQueen, and premiered at the 2011 Venice Film Festival, where Fassbender won a Volpi Cup best actor award for his portrayal of Brandon. ''A Dangerous Method'' was also shown at Venice. Fassbender was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2012 for his portrayal of Brandon in Shame, but eventually lost out to George Clooney.

Future projects

In 2012, Fassbender will star in ''Prometheus'', directed by Ridley Scott, and co-starring Noomi Rapace. He will play an android named David in the film, scheduled for release on June 8, 2012.

Due to a schedule conflict, Fassbender had to pull out of negotiations to work with Oscar-winning director, Danny Boyle, in his new film, ''Trance''.

In early 2012, he will be seen in movie theatres playing Paul in Haywire by Steven Soderbergh, an international action/thriller film.

Adding to what appears to be another busy year in 2012, Fassbender has just signed on to star in actor Brendan Gleeson's directorial debut of ''At Swim-Two-Birds'', a film adaptation of Irish author Flann O'Brien's novel. Another project has been announced to add to Michael's developing filming schedule for 2012, he will team up for a third time with Hunger and Shame director Steve McQueen, to co-star in a yet to be determined role, with Chiwetel Ejiofor, portraying Solomon Northup, in ''Twelve Years A Slave''.

In 2013, Fassbender is set to take on the role of Harry Flashman in a film adaptation of the books by George MacDonald Fraser.

Filmography

''Band of Brothers (TV miniseries) ''Hearts and Bones (TV series) ''NCS: Manhunt ''Holby City'' ''Carla'' ''Gunpowder, Treason & Plot'' ''Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder ''Winnipeg the Bear#Film adaptation ''Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking'' ''Murphy's Law (TV series) ''Our Hidden Lives'' ''Hex (TV series) ''William and Mary (TV series) ''Agatha Christie's Poirot'' episode ''After the Funeral'' ''Trial & Retribution: Sins of the Father'' ''300 (film) ''Angel (2007 film) ''Wedding Belles'' ''Hunger (2008 film) ''[[Eden Lake'' ''The Devil's Whore'' ''Blood Creek'' ''Fish Tank (film) ''[[Inglourious Basterds'' ''Centurion (film) ''Jonah Hex (film) ''Jane Eyre (2011 film) ''X-Men: First Class'' IGN ''A Dangerous Method'' ''Shame (2011 film)Alliance of Women Film Journalists ''Pitch Black Heist'' ''Haywire (film) ''Prometheus (film)

Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes/Awards
2000	''In His Life''	Stu Sutcliffe
2001	Band of Brothers'' ||	Burton 'Pat' Christenson	TV mini series
2001	Hearts and Bones'' ||	Hermann	TV series, 3 episodes
2002	NCS Manhunt'' ||	Jack Silver	TV series
2002	|	Christian Connolly	TV series, 1 episode
2003	|	Rob	TV
2004	|	Guy Fawkes	TV
2004	|	Charles Bravo	TV
2004	A Bear Named Winnie'' ||	Harry Colebourn>Lt. Harry Colebourn	TV
2004	|	Charles Allen	TV
2005	Murphy's Law'' ||	Caz Miller	TV series, 5 episodes
2005	|	German POW	TV
2005	Hex'' ||	Azazeal	TV series, 12 episodes (2 seasons, 2004–2005)
2005	William and Mary'' ||	Lukasz	TV series, 1 episode
2006	|	George Abernethie	TV series, 1 episode
2006	|	Douglas Nesbitt	TV, premiered on 19 October 2007
2007	300'' ||	Stelios
2007	Angel'' ||	Esmé Howe-Nevinson	premiered 17 February, directed by Francois Ozon
2007	|	Barney	TV, premiered on 29 March
2008	Hunger'' ||	Bobby Sands	British Independent Film Award for Best ActorChicago International Film Festival: Chicago International Film Festival#Best Actor>Silver Hugo for Best ActorThe 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009
2008	|	Steve
2008	|	Thomas Rainsborough	Nominated – The 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009>IFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in Television
2009	|	Richard Wirth
2009	Fish Tank'' ||	Connor	Chicago International Film Festival - Gold Plaque for Best Supporting ActorLondon Film Critics Circle Awards 2009#British Supporting Actor of the Year>London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actor of the YearNominated – BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor
2009	|	Lt. Archie Hicox	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best CastScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2010	Centurion'' ||	Quintus Dias
2010	Jonah Hex'' ||	Burke
2011	Jane Eyre'' ||	Edward Rochester	Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight Award
2011	|	Magneto (comics)>Erik Lensherr / Magneto	IGN Award for Best VillainIGN Award for Best Ensemble CastLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight AwardNominated – Scream Award for Best Fantasy ActorNominated – Scream Award for Breakout Performance – MaleNominated – Scream Award for Best EnsembleNominated – People's Choice Award for Favorite Ensemble Movie Cast
2011	|	Carl Jung	London Film Critics' Circle>London Critics' Circle Film Award for British Actor of the YearLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight Award
2011	Shame'' ||	Brandon Sullivan	Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best ActorBritish Independent Film Award for Best ActorDetroit Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorFlorida Film Critics Award for Best ActorHouston Film Critics Award for Best ActorIndie Wire Critics Survey for Best Lead Performance (tied with Michael Shannon)London Critics' Circle Film Award for British Actor of the YearLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNBR Award: Spotlight AwardOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorVancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActorVenice Film Festival - Volpi Cup for Best ActorNominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Denver Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated – London Critics' Circle Film Award for Actor of the YearNominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActorNominated – Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated – Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor (runner-up)Nominated – St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Village Voice Film Poll - Best ActorNominated – Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorPending – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RolePending—AACTA International Award for Best ActorPending – IFTA Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role Film
2011	|	Michael	short, also executive producer
2012	Haywire'' ||	Paul
2012	Prometheus'' ||	David	''post-production''