Name | Romansh |
---|---|
Nativename | Rumantsch |
Familycolor | Indo-European |
States | |
Region | Graubünden |
Speakers | 35,095 (Swiss federal census 2000) |
Fam1 | Indo-European |
Fam2 | Italic |
Fam3 | Romance |
Fam4 | Italo-Western |
Fam5 | Western |
Fam6 | Gallo-Iberian |
Fam7 | Gallo-Romance |
Fam8 | Gallo-Rhaetian |
Fam9 | Rhaetian |
Nation | |
Iso1 | rm|iso2roh|iso3roh|lingua51-AAA-k |
Notice | IPA }} |
As of the 2000 Swiss Census, it is spoken by 35,095 residents of the canton of Graubünden (Grisons) as the language of "best command", and 61,815 in the "best command" plus "most spoken" categories. Spoken now by around 0.9% of Switzerland's 7.7 million inhabitants, it is Switzerland's least-used national language in terms of number of speakers.
The five largest dialects in the Romansh family are:
Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as ladin, as they have retained this word to mean Romansh. However, ladin is primarily associated with the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin.
As Chur was once the centre of Romansh, Germans once called this language Chur-Wälsch, "foreign speech of Chur". (The word "Welsh" had the same etymon: Walh.) This is a possible origin of the term Kauderwelsch, meaning "gibberish". However, Chur and even its cross-river suburb of Welschdörfli ("little foreign-language-speaking village"), now speak German; Romansh survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn.
On the orthographic level, Schmid sought to avoid all "odd-looking" spellings, in order to increase general acceptability of the new idiom and its spelling. Therefore, words with followed by , , have
Rumantsch Grischun has been slow to find acceptance in Grisons. The cantonal and national government have adopted it for government texts and since 2003 for schoolbooks, and the local media use it alongside the traditional spelling. But the opposition to what traditionalists consider a "bastard language", lacking the emotional appeal of the older dialects, remains substantial. Many municipalities, who are responsible for choosing the language of instruction in the public schools, continue to use the local spelling. In 2011, a group, Pro Idioms, was founded to lobby for the reintroduction of schoolbooks in the traditional dialects.
In what the Federal Culture Office itself admits is "more a placatory and symbolic use" of Romansh, the federal authorities occasionally translate some official texts into Romansh. In general, though, demand for Romansh-language services is low because, according to the Federal Culture Office, Romansh speakers may either dislike the official Rumantsch Grischun idiom or prefer to use German in the first place, as most are perfectly bilingual.
On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages. [[File:Sprachen GR 2000.png|thumb|300px|Distribution of languages in Graubünden canton (2000). ]]
The emergence of Romansh as a literary language is generally dated to the mid-16th century. The Engadine dialect was first printed as early as 1552 in Jacob Bifrun's Christiauna fuorma, a catechism; a translation of the New Testament followed in 1560.
The first verse of a three verse poem by Peider Lansel (1863–1943), translated by M.E. Maxfield:
:MASSA BOD! (TOO SOON!) ::O sblacha fluoretta, (O, pale little flow'ret,) ::tu vainsch massa bod! (Too soon thou art here!) ::amo be suletta (Alone in the wildwood) ::at dervasch nil god. (And full of vague fear.)
Translated by Jachiam Bifrun:
:''L’g Nuof Sainc Testamaint da nos Signer Jesu Christi / prais our delg latin & our d’oters launguax & huossa da noef mis in Arumaunsch tres Jachiam Bifrun d’Agnedina [cited from Kantonsbibliothek Graubünden, Sig. KBG 1007:A:220], Basel, 1560.
First (surviving) complete Bible. The citation is of a self-described 2nd edition, augmented by Nott da Porta and others on the basis of an earlier, no longer surviving translation by Jacob Anton Vulpius and others going back to at least 1660, when a partial Old Testament was published.
:La sacra Biblia : quai ais tuot la Sonchia Scrittüra dal Vegl et Nouf Testamaint cun l’agiunta dall’apocrifa / vert. è stamp. ... in lingua romontscha d’Engiadina bassa tras comün cuost è lavur da Jacobo Antonio Vulpio & Jacob Dorta et ... Men Andrea Wilhelm Rauch, Nuot Nuot Schucan & Men Not Dorta,
Published in Scuol in the Lower Engadine, 1743. [Exemplar located at SILS/E-Biblioteca Engiadinaisa, Kasten. Sign.: BES 22].
! | Labial consonant>Labial | !labiodental consonant | ![[dental consonant | ![[alveolo-palatal consonant | ![[postalveolar consonant | Palatal | velar consonant>Velar |
Nasal consonant>Nasal | |||||||
Plosive consonant>Plosive | |||||||
Affricate consonant>Affricate | |||||||
Fricative consonant>Fricative | |||||||
Approximant consonant>Approximant | |||||||
Lateral consonant>Lateral |
{|class="wikitable" |- ! Monophthongs ! Front ! Central ! Back |- !Close | align=center | | | align=center | |- !Mid | align=center | |align=center | | align=center | |- !Open | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| |}
{|class="wikitable" |- ! Diphthongs ! Closer componentis front ! Closer componentis back |- | Closing | align=center | | align=center | |- | Opening | align=center | | |}
Schwa occurs only in unstressed syllables. Vowel length is predictable:
English language | English | Surselvisch| | Sutselvisch | Surmeirisch | Puter | Vallader | Rumantsch Grischun | Latin language>Latin | Ladin>Nones | Italian language>Italian | Lombard language>Lombard | French language>French | Portuguese language>Portuguese | Spanish language>Spanish | Romanian language>Romanian |
gold | aur| | or | or | or | or, aur, ar | aur | aurum | or | oro | òr | or | ouro | oro | aur | |
hard | dir| | dir | deir | dür | dür | dir | dūrus | dur | duro | dür | dur | duro | duro | dur | |
eye | egl| | îl | îgl | ögl | ögl | egl | oculus | ocel | occhio | öcc | œil | olho | ojo | ochi | |
light, easy | lev| | leav | lev | liger | leiv | lev | levis | ligér | liève, leggero | legér | léger | leve, ligeiro | leve, ligero | lejer | |
three | treis| | tres | treis | trais | trais | trais | trēs | trei | tre | trii | trois | três | tres | trei | |
snow | neiv| | nev | neiv | naiv | naiv | naiv | accusative>acc. of nix) | neu | neve | néf | neige | neve | nieve | nea | |
wheel | roda| | roda | roda | rouda | rouda | roda | rota | rueda | ruota | röda | roue | roda | rueda | roată | |
cheese | caschiel| | caschiel | caschiel | chaschöl | chaschöl | chaschiel | caseolus/fōrmāticum | formai | formaggio | furmàcc | fromage | queijo | queso | caş | |
house | casa| | tgeasa | tgesa | chesa | chasa | chasa | casa | ciasa | casa | cà | maison | casa | casa | casă | |
dog | tgaun| | tgàn | tgang | chaun | chan | chaun | canis | ciagn | cane | can | chien | cão | perro/can | câine | |
leg | comba| | tgomba | tgomma | chamma | chomma | chomma | camba/perna | giamba | gamba | gàmba | jambe | perna | pierna | picior | |
hen | gaglina| | gagliegna | gagligna | gillina | giallina | giaglina | gallīna | gialina | gallina | gaìna | poule | galinha | gallina | găină | |
cat | gat| | giat | giat | giat | giat | giat | cattus | giat | gatto | gat | chat | gato | gato | pisică | |
all | tut| | tut | tot | tuot | tuot | tut | tōtus | tut | tutto | tüt | tout | tudo | todo | tot | |
shape | fuorma| | furma | furma | fuorma | fuorma | furma | fōrma | forma | forma | fùrma | forme | forma | forma | formă | |
I | jeu| | jou | ja | eau | eu | jau | ego | mi | io | mì | je | eu | yo | eu |
style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" colspan="24" | Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||
style="width:3%; text-align:center;" | B|| | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | X | Z |
style="text-align:center;" colspan="24" | Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | |||||||||||||||||||||
style="width:3%; text-align:center;" | b|| | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | x | z |
style="text-align:center;" colspan="24" | Names | |||||||||||||||||||||
style="width:3%; text-align:center;" | be|| | tse | de | e | ef | ghe | ha | i | jot/i lung | el | em | en | o | pe | ku | er | es | te | u | ve | iks | tset |
The letters k (ka), w (ve dubel), and y (ipsilon or i grec) are used only in words borrowed from foreign languages, such as: kilogram, ski, kino, kiosc, kilo, kilowat, Washington, western, stewardess, whisky, happy, or hockey.
Because most Romansh-speaking people are familiar with German spelling, Romansh orthography borrows from German: The "sh" sound, for example, is written in the German fashion, "sch" (see "rumantsch"), not "sc" as in Italian, and ö and ü are used.
{| class=wikitable |+ Vowels ! Orthography ! IPA ! Notes |- | rowspan=2 | ‹a› | | In stressed syllables |- | | In unstressed syllables |- | ‹ai› | |- | ‹au› | |- | rowspan=2 | ‹e› | | In stressed syllables |- | | In unstressed syllables |- | ‹i› | | But see above for ‹gi› and ‹gli› |- | ‹ie› | |- | ‹ieu› | |- | ‹o› | |- | ‹u› | |- | ‹uai› | |}
Billigmeier, Robert H.: A Crisis in Swiss Pluralism: The Romansh and their Relations with German- and Italian Swiss in the Perspective of a Millenium. The Hague: Mouton 1979
Category:Graubünden Category:Languages of Switzerland Category:Rhaeto-Romance languages
af:Romansch als:Rätoromanische Sprache am:ሮማንሽ ar:لغة رومانشية an:Idioma rumanch frp:Roumancho ast:Romanche be:Рэтараманская мова be-x-old:Рэтараманская мова br:Romañcheg bg:Романш ca:Romanx cs:Rétorománština cy:Romaunsch da:Rætoromansk de:Bündnerromanisch et:Romanši keel el:Ρομανσική γλώσσα eml:Rumànc' es:Romanche eo:Romanĉa lingvo eu:Erretorromaniera fa:زبان رومانش fr:Romanche fur:Lenghe romanze gl:Lingua retorrománica ko:로만슈어 hr:Romanš id:Bahasa Romansh ia:Romancio os:Романшаг æвзаг it:Lingua romancia he:רומאנש ka:რეტორომანული ენა kw:Roumantsh sw:Kirumanj la:Lingua Rhaetica (Romanica) lv:Retoromāņu valoda lb:Rätoromanesch lt:Retoromanų kalba li:Reto-Roemaans lmo:Rumancc hu:Romans nyelv mr:रोमान्श भाषा mdf:Ретороманонь кяль nl:Reto-Romaans ja:ロマンシュ語 no:Retoromansk nn:Retoromansk oc:Romanch pnb:رومانش بولی pl:Język romansz pt:Língua romanche ro:Limba retoromană rm:Rumantsch dal Grischun ru:Романшский язык simple:Romansh language sk:Švajčiarska rétorománčina sr:Романш sh:Romanš fi:Retoromaani sv:Rätoromanska ta:உரோமாஞ்சு மொழி tr:Romanşça uk:Ретороманська мова vi:Tiếng Romansh wa:Roumantche zh-yue:羅馬傳語 zh:罗曼什语
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