Coordinates	9°1′48″N38°44′24″N
Name	Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs
Birth date	December 29, 1911
Birth place	Rüsselsheim, Germany
Death date	January 28, 1988
Death place	Dresden, East Germany
Residence	Germany United Kingdom United States of America East Germany
Nationality	German British
Work institutions	Los Alamos National Laboratory Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment Institute for Nuclear Research in Rossendorf }}

Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs (29 December 1911 – 28 January 1988) was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who in 1950 was convicted of supplying information from the American, British and Canadian atomic bomb research (the Manhattan Project) to the USSR during and shortly after World War II. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first fission weapons and later, the early models of the hydrogen bomb, the first fusion weapon.

Early life

Klaus Fuchs was born in Rüsselsheim, Grand Duchy of Hesse, the third of four children to Lutheran pastor Emil Fuchs and his wife Else Wagner. Fuchs' father was later a professor of theology at Leipzig University. He became an active Quaker, both in Germany, England, and in the United States. Fuchs' grandmother, mother, and his older sister eventually committed suicide (his mother in c.1932, his sister in 1939 to avoid capture by the Nazis), while his younger sister was diagnosed as schizophrenic.

Fuchs attended both Leipzig University and Kiel University, and while at Kiel became active in politics. He joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany and, in 1932, the Communist Party of Germany. In 1933, after a violent encounter with the recently installed Nazis, he fled to France and was then able to use family connections to flee to Bristol, England, arriving September 24 1933. He earned his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Bristol in 1937, studying under Nevill Mott, and took a DSc at the University of Edinburgh while studying under Max Born. His paper on quantum mechanics, published in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' in 1936, helped win him a teaching position at Edinburgh the following year.

Wartime work and espionage

At the outbreak of war, German citizens in Britain were interned. Fuchs was put into camps on the Isle of Man and later in Quebec, Canada, from June to December 1940. However, Professor Max Born intervened on Fuchs' behalf. By early 1941, Fuchs had returned temporarily to Edinburgh. He was approached by Rudolf Peierls of the University of Birmingham to work on the "Tube Alloys" program – the British atomic bomb research project. Despite wartime restrictions, he was granted British citizenship in 1942 and signed an Official Secrets Act declaration form.

A London message from the GRU, the Red Army's foreign military intelligence directorate, dated 10 August 1941, refers to the GRU reestablishing contact with Fuchs. His initial Soviet contact was known as "Sonia". Her real name was Ruth Werner – a German communist and a Major in Soviet Military Intelligence.

As Fuchs later testified, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 he concluded that the Soviets had a right to know what the United Kingdom (and later the United States) were working on in secret. Hence he began transmitting military intelligence to the USSR, though the historical record is unclear about exactly when he started. Fuchs's testimony confirms that he contacted a former friend in the Communist Party of Germany, who put him in touch with someone at the Soviet embassy in Britain. His code-name was ''Rest''.

In late 1943, Fuchs transferred along with Peierls to Columbia University, in New York City, to work on the Manhattan Project. Although Fuchs was "an asset" of GRU in Britain, his "control" was transferred to the NKGB when he moved to New York. From August 1944 Fuchs worked in the Theoretical Physics Division at Los Alamos, New Mexico, under Hans Bethe. His chief area of expertise was the problem of imploding the fissionable core of the plutonium bomb. At one point, Fuchs did calculation work that Edward Teller had refused to do because of lack of interest. He was the author of techniques (such as the still-used Fuchs-Nordheim method) for calculating the energy of a fissile assembly which goes highly prompt critical. Later, he also filed a patent with John von Neumann, describing a method to initiate fusion in a thermonuclear weapon with an implosion trigger. Fuchs was one of the many Los Alamos scientists present at the Trinity test.

From late 1947 to May 1949, Fuchs gave Alexander Feklisov, his case officer, the principal theoretical outline for creating a hydrogen bomb and the initial drafts for its development as the work progressed in England and America. Meeting with Feklisov six times, he provided the results of the test at Eniwetok atoll of uranium and plutonium bombs and the key data on U.S. production of uranium-235. By revealing that America was producing one hundred kilograms of uranium-235 and twenty kilograms of plutonium per month, Fuchs made it easy for Soviet scientists to calculate the number of atomic bombs the United States possessed.

Thus, because of Klaus Fuchs, leaders of the Soviet Union knew the United States was not prepared for a nuclear war at the end of the 1940s, or even in the early 1950s. The information Fuchs gave Soviet intelligence in 1948 coincided with Donald Maclean's reports from Washington, D.C. It was obvious to Josef Stalin's strategists that the United States did not have enough nuclear weapons to deal simultaneously with the Berlin blockade and the Communists' victory in China.

Fuchs later testified that he passed detailed information on the project to the Soviet Union through a courier known as "Raymond" (later identified as Harry Gold) in 1945, and further information about the hydrogen bomb in 1946 and 1947. Fuchs attended a conference of the Combined Policy Committee (CPC) in 1947, a committee created to facilitate exchange of atomic secrets between the highest levels of government of the U.S., Great Britain and Canada; Donald Maclean, as British co-secretary of CPC, was also in attendance. In 1946 when Fuchs returned to England as the first Head of the Theoretical Physics Division at the Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment, he was confronted by intelligence officers as a result of the cracking of Soviet ciphers known as the VENONA project. Under interrogation by MI5 officer William Skardon at an informal meeting in December 1949, Fuchs initially denied being a spy and was not detained. Later, in January 1950, Fuchs arranged another interview with Skardon and voluntarily confessed that he was a spy. Fuchs told interrogators the KGB acquired an agent in Berkeley, California, who informed the Soviet Union about electromagnetic separation research of uranium-235 in 1942 or earlier. He was prosecuted by Sir Hartley Shawcross and was convicted on 1 March 1950. He was sentenced the next day to fourteen years in prison, the maximum possible for passing military secrets to a friendly nation. In the infancy of the Cold War, the Soviet Union was nonetheless still classed as an ally, "a friendly nation". A week after his verdict, on 7 March, the Soviet Union issued a terse statement denying that Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.

Fuchs' statements to British and American intelligence agencies were used to implicate Harry Gold, a key witness in the trials of David Greenglass and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the USA.

Value of Fuchs' data to the Soviet project

Hans Bethe once said that Klaus Fuchs was the only physicist he knew who truly changed history. Because of the manner in which the head of the Soviet project, Lavrenti Beria, used foreign intelligence (as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the scientists, as he did not trust the information by default) it is unknown whether Fuchs's fission information had a substantial effect (and considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium they could procure, it is hard for scholars to accurately judge how much time this saved the Soviets). Some former Soviet scientists said they were actually hampered by Fuchs's data, because Beria insisted that their first bomb ("Joe 1") should resemble the American plutonium bomb ("Fat Man") as much as possible, even though the scientists had discovered a number of improvements and different designs for a more efficient weapon.

Whether the information Fuchs passed relating to the hydrogen bomb would have been useful is still somewhat in debate. Most scholars have agreed with the assessment made by Hans Bethe in 1952, which concluded that by the time Fuchs left the thermonuclear program—the summer of 1946—there was too little known about the mechanism of the hydrogen bomb for his information to be of any necessary use to the Soviet Union (the successful Teller-Ulam design was not discovered until 1951). Soviet physicists later noted that they could see as well as the Americans eventually did that the early designs by Fuchs and Edward Teller were useless. However, later archival work by the Soviet physicist German Goncharov has suggested that while Fuchs' early work (most of which is still classified in the United States, but copies of which were available to the Soviets) did not aid the Soviets in their effort towards the hydrogen bomb, it was actually far closer to the final correct solution than was recognized at the time, and indeed spurred Soviet research into useful problems which eventually resulted in the correct answer. Since most of Fuchs' work on the bomb, including a 1946 patent on a particular model for the weapon, are still classified in the United States, it has been difficult for scholars to fully assess these conclusions. In any case, it seems clear that Fuchs could not have just given the Soviets the "secret" to the hydrogen bomb, since he did not himself actually know it.

Later life and death

After Fuchs' confession and a trial lasting less than 90 minutes, Lord Goddard sentenced him to fourteen years' imprisonment, the maximum for espionage. In December 1950 he was stripped of his British citizenship. Some claim that his confession was made to avoid the death penalty, but, according to at least one of his interrogators, he mistakenly believed that he would be allowed back to work at Harwell.

He was released on 23 June 1959, after serving nine years and four months of his sentence at Wakefield Prison, and promptly emigrated to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The tutorial he gave to Chinese physicists helped them to develop the bomb they tested five years later, according to authors Thomas Reed and Daniel Stillman. (Some have challenged this assertion as unreferenced and unsupported.)

Also in 1959, he married a friend from his years as a student Communist, Margarete Keilson. He continued his scientific career and achieved considerable prominence. He was elected to the Academy of Sciences and the SED central committee, and was later appointed deputy director of the Institute for Nuclear Research in Rossendorf, near Dresden, where he served until he retired in 1979. He received the Fatherland's Order of Merit and the Order of Karl Marx.

Klaus Fuchs died near Dresden on 28 January 1988.

See also

Atomic spies

See "The Traitors" by Alan Moorehead published by Hamish Hamilton 1952

References

Further reading

Ronald Friedmann: ''Klaus Fuchs. Der Mann, der kein Spion war. Das Leben des Kommunisten und Wissenschaftlers Klaus Fuchs'', 2006, ISBN 3-938686-44-8

Hans Bethe, "Memorandum on the History of the Thermonuclear Program" (28 May 1952).

Rodney P. Carlisle, "Fuchs, Klaus Emil Julius", ''American National Biography Online'' Feb. 2000, accessed 24 September 2005.

Mary Flowers, "Fuchs, (Emil Julius) Klaus (1911–1988)", rev., ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, , accessed 24 September 2005. (requires library access)

German A. Goncharov, "American and Soviet H-bomb development programmes: historical background," ''Physics - Uspekhi'' 39:10 (1996): 1033–1044.

Alexei Kojevnikov, ''Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists'' (Imperial College Press, 2004), ISBN 1-86094-420-5 (discusses use of Fuchs's passed on information by Soviets, based on now-declassified files)

Ruth Werner :de:Ruth Werner

Nuclear Secrets Superspy BBC Television, accessed 23 February 2007

Robert Chadwell Williams, ''Klaus Fuchs: Atom Spy'' (Harvard University Press, 1987) ISBN 0-674-50507-7

External links

Visit the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) for the full text of Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks containing more information on Fuchs' involvement in espionage

An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive

FBI file on Klaus Fuchs

Biography of Fuchs

Klaus Fuchs' 1950 confession

PBS.org on Fuchs, with photo

German Goncharov on: What the Soviets Learned From Klaus Fuchs

Communist spy jailed for 14 years (BBC News)

Klaus Fuchs at Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org, which includes information about the specific information given by Fuchs to the Soviets from declassified KGB files

''Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response'' (CIA publication), contains letter from agents in 1949 about Klaus Fuchs.

Annotated bibliography for Klaus Fuchs from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

"Super Spy" 2002 BBC docudrama series, "Nuclear Secrets" part 2 - Fuchs at Los Alamos and later.

Category:1911 births Category:1988 deaths Category:People from Rüsselsheim Category:German Lutherans Category:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians Category:Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians Category:German physicists Category:German emigrants to the United States Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol Category:Anti-communism in the United States Category:British defectors to East Germany Category:British nuclear physicists Category:British people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union Category:British physicists Category:Cold War spies Category:Columbia University alumni Category:American people of German descent Category:German spies for the Soviet Union Category:Manhattan Project people Category:Nuclear secrecy Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Category:German people of English descent

bg:Клаус Фукс da:Klaus Fuchs de:Klaus Fuchs el:Κλάους Φουχς es:Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs fr:Klaus Fuchs it:Klaus Emil Jules Fuchs he:קלאוס פוקס lv:Klauss Fukss hu:Klaus Fuchs nl:Klaus Fuchs ja:クラウス・フックス no:Klaus Fuchs pl:Klaus Fuchs pt:Klaus Fuchs ru:Фукс, Эмиль Юлиус Клаус sr:Клаус Фукс fi:Klaus Fuchs sv:Klaus Fuchs

Coordinates	9°1′48″N38°44′24″N
name	Klaus Schulze
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	August 04, 1947
origin	Berlin, Germany
genre	Electronic musicNew Age musicSpace musicTrance musicKrautrock/Kosmische MusikBerlin School
occupation	Musician, Producer
years active	1969–present
label	OhrBrain/PolyGram RecordsVirgin RecordsMetronomeManikin RecordsIsland RecordsICInteamZYX RecordsWEARainhorseSynthetic SymphonyFAX +49-69/450464
associated acts	Tangerine DreamAsh Ra TempelCosmic Jokers
website	Official Site
notable instruments	}}

Klaus Schulze (born 4 August 1947) is a German electronic music composer and musician. He also used the alias Richard Wahnfried. He was briefly a member of the electronic bands Tangerine Dream and Ash Ra Tempel before launching a solo career consisting of more than 60 albums lasting five decades.

History

1970s

In 1969, Klaus Schulze was the drummer of one of the early incarnations of Tangerine Dream for their debut album ''Electronic Meditation''. Before 1969 he was a drummer in a band called Psy Free. He met Edgar Froese from Tangerine Dream in the ZODIAC CLUB in Berlin in that time West-Germany. In 1970 he left this group to form Ash Ra Tempel with Manuel Göttsching and Harmut Enke. In 1971, he chose again to leave a newly-formed group after only one album, this time to mount a solo career. In 1972, Schulze released his debut album ''Irrlicht'' with organ and a recording of an orchestra filtered almost beyond recognition. Despite the lack of synthesizers, this proto-ambient work is regarded as a milestone in electronic music. The follow-up, ''Cyborg'', was similar but added the EMS Synthi A synthesizer.

Since this point, Schulze's career has been most prolific, and he can now claim more than 40 original albums to his name since ''Irrlicht''. Highlights of these include 1975's ''Timewind'', 1976's ''Moondawn'' (his first album to feature the Moog modular synthesizer), 1979's ''Dune'', and 1995's double-album ''In Blue'' (which featured one long track called Return To The Tempel with electric guitar contributions from his friend Manuel Göttsching of Ash Ra Tempel). In 1976, he was drafted by Japanese percussionist and composer Stomu Yamashta to join his short-lived "supergroup" Go, also featuring Steve Winwood, Michael Shrieve and Al Di Meola. They released two studio albums (''Go'' in 1976 and ''Go Too'' in 1977) and one live album ("Live from Paris" recorded in 1976 and released in '77) which went on to become a cult favourite.

Throughout the 1970s he followed closely in the footsteps of Tangerine Dream, albeit with far lighter sequencer lines and a more reflective, dreamy edge, not unlike the ambient music of his contemporary Brian Eno. It is to be noted that some of his lighter albums are appreciated by New Age music fans, despite the fact that Schulze has always denied connections to this genre.

Klaus Schulze had a more organic sound than other electronic artists of the time. Often he would throw in decidedly non-electronic sounds such as acoustic guitar and a male operatic voice in ''Blackdance'', or a cello in ''Dune'' and ''Trancefer''. Schulze developed a Minimoog technique that sounds uncannily like an electric guitar, which is quite impressive in concert. Schulze often takes German events as a starting point for his compositions, a notable example being on his 1978 album ''"X"'' (the title signifying it was his tenth album), subtitled "Six Musical Biographies", a reference to such notables as Ludwig II of Bavaria, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Trakl and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. His use of the pseudonym ''Richard Wahnfried'' is indicative of his interest in Richard Wagner, a clear influence on some albums like the aforementioned ''Timewind''.

1980s

In the 1980s Schulze moved from analog to digital instruments, and his work accordingly became less experimental and more accessible. Although the switch to purely digital recording and instruments is evident in the style of ''Dig It'' (1980) It was not until the release of ''Trancefer'' (1981) that the shift in style became evident. ''Trancefer'' was far more obviously reliant on sequencers than previous recordings, and the resultant effect transformed Schulze's style from gentle melodic journeys to an ever-growing crescendo of music consisting of multi-layered rhythmical passages. This is particularly evident in the ''Trancefer'''s first track "A Few Minutes After Trancefer", although the second track "Silent Running" is more reminiscent of Schulze's earlier works.

This newer style can also be found in Schulze's next release ''Audentity''. Both "Cellistica" and "Spielglocken" are composed in a similar, sequencer based, style as ''Trancefer'', but this is certainly not the case of all of ''Audentity'''s tracks, indeed "Sebastian in Traum" hints towards the Operatic style to be found in some of Schulze's much later work. The predominance of sequencing can also be found in the follow-up live album ''Dziękuję Poland Live '83'', although it should be noted that many of its tracks are re-workings of those to be found on ''Audentity''. Schulze's next studio-based album ''Angst'' (soundtrack to the namesake 1983 film) moved away from the harshness of sharp, heavily sequenced style of the 3 previous albums and, once again, had the more "organic feel" of earlier recordings.

Another highlight of this era was ''En=Trance'' with the dreamy cut "FM Delight". The album ''Miditerranean Pads'' marked the beginning of very complex percussion arrangements that continued into the next two decades.

In 1989, German band Alphaville released their album ''The Breathtaking Blue'', on which Klaus Schulze was both a contributing musician (partially) and the album's producer.

1990s

Starting with ''Beyond Recall'', the first half of the 1990s was the notorious "sample" period, when Schulze used a wide variety of pre-recorded sounds such as screeching birds and sensuous female moans in his studio albums and live performances. Sampling was such an unpopular diversion that when ''In Blue'' was released in 1995 without samples it was hailed as a return to form. The decade also saw the release of copious amounts of previously unreleased material, of varying quality, in several limited-edition boxed sets. Some live recordings were discovered on pristine but forgotten reels of tape which had been used to provide echo in concerts.

2000s

Recently Schulze began incorporating elements of jazz and classical music, working with more contemporary electronic dance music such as trance, and creating two operas, the second still awaiting release. Also, in 2005 he began re-releasing his classic solo and Wahnfried albums with bonus tracks of unreleased material recorded at roughly the same time as the original works. In the last several years, Schulze has produced albums and staged numerous live appearances with Lisa Gerrard.

2010s

With the release of his fortieth album (''Big in Japan: Live in Tokyo 2010'') in September 2010, Klaus Schulze entered his fifth decade as a solo musician. He's currently working on his next album, Shadowlands, to be released in 2011.

Richard Wahnfried

''Richard Wahnfried'', then simply ''Wahnfried'' after 1993, is the long-time and only real alias for Klaus Schulze – originally a pseudonym, later an official side project name. Seven albums were released under this name between 1979 and 1997.

The main characteristics of the Wahnfried albums (as opposed to Schulze's regular works) are:

Often being oriented towards more mainstream genres (some would say "more commercial"), such as rock, dance, techno and trance.

Always allowing for collaborative and less electronic albums, with known or unknown guest musicians performing along Schulze's synths.

The pseudonym's etymology stems from Schulze's love for Richard Wagner:

Richard, evidently from Wagner's first name. Richard is also the name of Schulze's first son.

Wahnfried ("Peace from delusion and/or madness", in German), from the name Wagner gave to his villa in Bayreuth (and where he was later buried).

In his 1975 album ''Timewind'' (four years before the first alias use), Schulze had already named a track "Wahnfried 1883" (in reference to Wagner's death and burial in his Wahnfried's garden in 1883). The other track on ''Timewind'' is called "Bayreuth Return". After 1993, the albums are simply credited to "Wahnfried", and namedrop Schulze ("featuring Klaus Schulze", "Produced by Klaus Schulze").

"Wahnfried" is the only known alias of Schulze (albeit on the 1998 ''Tribute to Klaus Schulze'' album, among 10 other artists, Schulze contributed one track barely hidden behind the "Schulzendorfer Groove Orchester" pseudonym).

Discography

Albums

Schulze's concert performances are original compositions recorded live and thus listed as albums. An intensive reissue program of Schulze CDs began in 2005, with most releases having bonus tracks, and sometimes additional discs. They are published by the label Revisited Records (a division of German company InsideOut Music 1), and distributed by SPV.

! Year	! Title	! Reissued
1972		2006
1973		2007
1974	''Blackdance''	2007
1975	''Picture Music''	2005
1975	''Timewind''	2006
1976	''Moondawn''	2005
1977	''Body Love'' (soundtrack)	2005
1977		2005
1977	''Body Love Vol. 2''	2007
1978		2005
1979		2005
1980	''...Live...''	2007
1980		2005
1981	''Trancefer''	2006
1983	''Audentity''	2005
1983		2006
1984		2005
1985	''Inter*Face''	2006
1986		2005
1988	''En=Trance''	2005
1990	''Miditerranean Pads''	2005
1990	''The Dresden Performance'' (live)
1991	''Beyond Recall''
1992	''Royal Festival Hall Vol. 1'' (live)
1992	''Royal Festival Hall Vol. 2'' (live)
1993	''The Dome Event'' (live)
1994	''Le Moulin de Daudet'' (soundtrack)	2005
1994	''Goes Classic''
1994	''Totentag''
1994	''Das Wagner Desaster Live'' (live)	2005
1995		2005
1996	''Are You Sequenced?'' (live)	2006
1997	''Dosburg Online'' (live)	2006
2001	''Live @ KlangArt'' (live)	2008
2005	''Moonlake''
2007	''Kontinuum''
2008
2008
2009	''Dziękuję Bardzo'' (live, with Lisa Gerrard)
2010	''Big in Japan: Live in Tokyo 2010'' (live)

Richard Wahnfried albums

Composed by Schulze and performed with guest artists under alias ''Richard Wahnfried'':

! Year	! Title	! Reissued
1979	''Time Actor''
1981	''Tonwelle''
1984
1986	''Miditation''
1994	''Trancelation''
1996	''Trance Appeal''	2007
1997	''Drums 'n' Balls (The Gancha Dub)''	2006

Boxed sets

Between 1993 and 2002 Klaus Schulze released several limited edition boxed sets, all composed of non-album material.

''Historic Edition'' ''Jubilee Edition'' ''The Ultimate Edition'' ''Contemporary Works I'' ''Contemporary Works II''

Year !! Title !! Discs !! Copies
1993	''Silver Edition''	10
1995	|	10	2000
1997	|	25	1000
2000	|	50
2000	|	10
2002	|	5	2002

;Notes: :Collecting ''Silver'', ''Historic'', and ''Jubilee'' sets, with additional 5 discs. :A bonus sixth disc included with the first 333 copies.

Reissues from sets

! Year	! Title	! From
2005	''Vanity of Sounds''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2006	''The Crime of Suspense''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2006	''Ballett 1''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2006	''Ballett 2''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2007	''Ballett 3''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2007	''Ballett 4''	''Contemporary Works I'' (2000)
2008	''Virtual Outback''	''Contemporary Works II'' (2002)
2009		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2009		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2009		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2009		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2010		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2010		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2010		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2010		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2011		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)
2011		''The Ultimate Edition'' (2000)

''The Dark Side of the Moog'' series

The Dark Side of the Moog is a Klaus Schulze collaboration with Pete Namlook (joined also by Bill Laswell on volumes 4 to 7). Each title is a distortion of Pink Floyd song and album titles.

Year !! Title !! Pink Floyd Title
1994	''The Dark Side of the Moog: Wish You Were There''	Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song)>Wish You Were Here"
1994
1995
1996	''The Dark Side of the Moog IV: Three Pipers at the Gates of Dawn''
1996	''The Dark Side of the Moog V: Psychedelic Brunch''
1997
1998
1999	''The Dark Side of the Moog VIII: Careful With the AKS, Peter''
2002	''The Dark Side of the Moog: The Evolution of the Dark Side of the Moog''
2002
2005	''The Dark Side of the Moog X: Astro Know Me Domina''
2008	''The Dark Side of the Moog XI: The Heart of Our Nearest Star''

''The Evolution of the Dark Side of the Moog'' is a compilation album, containing excerpts from the first 8 volumes. The series was announced as officially concluded with volume 10 when on 21 March 2005 at 14:52 CET, Pete Namlook sold the Big Moog synthesizer that was the symbol of the series. However, a volume 11 appeared on Namlook's website on 15 April 2008.

Collaborations

''Go (Go album)

Year !! Title !! Collaborator
1970	''Electronic Meditation''	Tangerine Dream
1971	Ash Ra Tempel (album)>Ash Ra Tempel''
1973	Tarot (Walter Wegmüller album)>Tarot''
1973	''Join Inn''
1973	''Lord Krishna von Goloka''
1974	The Cosmic Jokers (album)>The Cosmic Jokers''
1974	''Planeten Sit-In''
1974	''Galactic Supermarket''
1974	''Sci Fi Party''
1974	''Gilles Zeitschiff''
1974	''Planet of Man''
1976	Go'' || Go
1976	Go Live from Paris'' >
1977	Go Too'' >
1979	French Skyline'' >
1984	Aphrica'' >
1984	Drive Inn (album)>Drive Inn''
1984	''Transfer Station Blue''
1987	Babel (album)>Babel''
2000	Friendship (Ash Ra Tempel album)>Friendship''
2000	''Gin Rosé at the Royal Festival Hall''
2009	''Come Quietly''

Promos

2003 ''Andromeda''

2004 ''Ion''

2009 ''Hommage à Polska'' (with Lisa Gerrard)

Compilations

1991 ''2001''

1994 ''The Essential 72–93''

1999 ''Trailer''

Lone tracks

This list includes only the tracks remaining uncollected after ''Lone Tracks'' (CD 50 of ''The Ultimate Edition'').

1993 "Nachtmusik Schattenhaft"– On the ''A Brief History of Ambient – Volume 2: Imaginary Landscapes'' compilation

1994 "Conquest of Paradise" – On the ''A Tribute to Henry (Gentleman) Maske'' single; Schulze was commissioned to replay the title track of ''1492'' by Vangelis

2000 "MM 9" – On the ''The Art of Sysyphus Vol. 4'' compilation

2002 "Manikin Jubilee" – On the ''Manikin Records: First Decade 1992–2002'' compilation limited to 777 copies

2003 "CrazyShow" – on ''CrazyShow'' (Alphaville)

2003 "The Opium Den" – on ''CrazyShow'' (Alphaville)

2004 "Schrittmacher" – On the ''Schrittmacher: Tasty Tracks Vol. 1'' compilation

2008 "Zenit" – On ''Sehnsucht Live'' (Schiller)

2008 "Invisible Musik" - On the ''Muting the Noise 01'' compilation

See also

Berlin School

Kosmische Musik

References

External links

Klaus Schulze.com - The official Klaus Schulze website.

Category:New Age musicians Category:German trance musicians Category:German electronic musicians Category:Tangerine Dream members Category:1947 births Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Living people Category:Krautrock

ar:كلاوس شولتزه ca:Klaus Schulze de:Klaus Schulze es:Klaus Schulze fa:کلاوس شولتز fr:Klaus Schulze gl:Klaus Schulze it:Klaus Schulze ka:კლაუს შულცე nl:Klaus Schulze ja:クラウス・シュルツェ pl:Klaus Schulze pt:Klaus Schulze ro:Klaus Schulze ru:Шульце, Клаус fi:Klaus Schulze sv:Klaus Schulze uk:Клаус Шульце

Coordinates	9°1′48″N38°44′24″N
name	Rainer Bloss
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
origin	Saxony, Germany
genre	Electronic music
occupation	Musician
years active	1981–present
notable instruments	}}

Rainer Bloss (also Rainer Blos or Rainer Bloß, born in 1946, Saxony) is a German electronic musician. He collaborated with electronic composer Klaus Schulze in the 1980s to produce several albums, including ''Trancefer'' (1981), ''Audentity'' (1981), ''Aphrica'' (1984) and ''Drive Inn'' (1984).

Discography

! Year	! Title
1981	''Trancefer'' with Klaus Schulze
1982	''Ampsy''
1982	''Als Traum-Töters Knecht''
1983	''Audentity'' with Klaus Schulze
1983	''Dziekuje Poland Live '83'' with Klaus Schulze
1984
1984
1985	''Drive Inn II''
1998	''Drive Inn III''

References

External links

Rainer Bloss at Discogs.com

Rainer Bloss at Last.fm

Category:1946 births Category:German electronic musicians Category:Living people

de:Rainer Bloss