Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments and/or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing and/or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.

Types

Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve four components:

Colorants

Vehicles (binders)

Additives

Carrier substances

Inks generally fall into four classes:

Aqueous

Liquid

Paste

Powder

Colorants

Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a color range than dyes.

Pigments

Pigments are solid, opaque particles suspended in ink to provide color. Pigment molecules typically link together in crystalline structures that are 0.1–2 µm in size and comprise 5–30 percent of the ink volume. Qualities such as hue, saturation, and lightness vary depending on the source and type of pigment.

Dyes

Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, making the ink less efficient and potentially allowing the ink to bleed at the edges of an image.

To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh print. Other methods include harder paper sizing and more specialized paper coatings. The latter is particularly suited to inks used in non-industrial settings (which must conform to tighter toxicity and emission controls), such as inkjet printer inks. Another technique involves coating the paper with a charged coating. If the dye has the opposite charge, it is attracted to and retained by this coating, while the solvent soaks into the paper. Cellulose, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound in common use in ink-jet printing inks is polyvinyl pyrrolidone.

An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye molecules interact chemically with other ink ingredients. This means that they can benefit more than pigmented ink from optical brighteners and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes. Because dyes get their color from the interaction of electrons in their molecules, the way the electrons can move is determined by the charge and extent of electron delocalization in other ink ingredients. The color emerges as a function of the light energy that falls on the dye. Thus, if an optical brightener or color enhancer absorbs light energy and emits it through or with the dye, the appearance changes, as the spectrum of light re-emitted to the observer changes.

A more recent development in dye-based inks are dyes that react with cellulose to permanently color the paper. Such inks are not affected by water, alcohol, and other solvents. As such, their use is recommended to prevent frauds that involve removing signatures, such as check washing. This kind of ink is most commonly found in gel inks and in certain fountain pen inks.

History

250px|right|thumb|Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called ''masi'', an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BC. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India. Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink. Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks for the purposes of writing and drawing. The knowledge of the inks, their recipes and the techniques for their production comes from archaeological analysis or from written text itself.

The history of Chinese inks can be traced back to the 18th century BC, with the utilization of natural plant (plant dyes), animal, and mineral inks based on such materials as graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. Evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is around 256 BC in the end of the Warring States Period and produced from soot and animal glue.

The India ink used in ancient India since at least the 4th century BC was called ''masi,'' and was made of burnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances. Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in Chinese Turkestan. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India.

The reservoir pen, which may have been the first fountain pen, dates back to 953, when Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir.

In the 15th century, a new type of ink had to be developed in Europe for the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg. Two types of ink were prevalent at the time: the Greek and Roman writing ink (soot, glue, and water) and the 12th century variety composed of ferrous sulfate, gall, gum, and water. Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs. Eventually an oily, varnish-like ink made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press.

Modern applications

Up until a few years ago, consumers had very little interest in ink other than refills for their pens. Fountain pens became a novelty as the disposable ball point pen took over the market. The introduction of home computing led to home printing. Today, in developed nations, most residences and businesses have a printing capability. As a result, buying ink in the form of a printer cartridge has once again become a part of the day-to-day shopping experience, similar to buying a bottle of ink fifty years ago.

Ink refilling services for printer cartridges are offered by large, official printing companies as well as smaller, "unofficial" refill companies. Customers can often cut printing costs by using refill services from a refill company, or buying the new non-OEM (original equipment manufacturer) brands instead of refilling. The refilling of ink cartridges and the use of continuous ink supply systems for inkjet printers is very common in most countries, with the exception of the United States. As printer manufacturers control the type of competition that they allow on retail shelves to a great extent, devices to ease the use of refill inks are usually only available online.

Health and environmental aspects

There is a misconception that ink is non-toxic even if swallowed. Once ingested, ink can be hazardous to one's health. Certain inks, such as those used in printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful. Though ink does not easily cause death, inappropriate contact can cause effects such as severe headaches, skin irritation, or nervous system damage. These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as p-Anisidine, which helps create some ink's color and shine.

Three main environmental issues with ink are:

Volatile organic compounds

Heavy metals

Non-renewable oils

Some regulatory bodies have set standards for the amount of heavy metals in ink. There is a trend toward vegetable oils rather than petroleum oils in recent years in response to a demand for better environmental sustainability.

Writing and preservation

The two most used black writing inks in history are carbon inks and iron gall inks. Both types create problems for preservationists.

Carbon

Carbon inks were commonly made from lampblack or soot and a binding agent such as gum arabic or animal glue. The binding agent keeps the carbon particles in suspension and adhered to paper. The carbon particles do not fade over time even when in sunlight or when bleached. One benefit of carbon ink is that it is not harmful to the paper. Over time, the ink is chemically stable and therefore does not threaten the strength of the paper. Despite these benefits, carbon ink is not ideal for permanence and ease of preservation. Carbon ink has a tendency to smudge in humid environments and can be washed off a surface. The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to ensure it is stored in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).

Recently, carbon inks made from carbon nanotubes have been successfully created. They are similar in composition to the traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes. These inks can be used in inkjet printers and produce electrically conductive patterns.

Iron gall

Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought to be the best type of ink. However, iron gall ink is corrosive and damages the paper it is on (Waters 1940). Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown. The original scores of Johann Sebastian Bach are threatened by the destructive properties of iron gall ink. The majority of his works are held by the German State Library, and about 25% of those are in advanced stages of decay (American Libraries 2000). The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16). Corrosion is caused by acid catalysed hydrolysis and iron(II)-catalysed oxidation of cellulose (Rouchon-Quillet 2004:389).

Treatment is a controversial subject. No treatment undoes damage already caused by acidic ink. Deterioration can only be stopped or slowed. Some think it best not to treat the item at all for fear of the consequences. Others believe that non-aqueous procedures are the best solution. Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink. Aqueous treatments include distilled water at different temperatures, calcium hydroxide, calcium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium phytate. There are many possible side effects from these treatments. There can be mechanical damage, which further weakens the paper. Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed. Other consequences of aqueous treatment are a change of ink texture or formation of on the surface of the ink (Reibland & de Groot 1999).

Iron gall inks require storage in a stable environment, because fluctuating relative humidity increases the rate that formic acid, acetic acid, and furan derivatives form in the material the ink was used on. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst to cellulose hydrolysis, and iron (II) sulfate acts as a catalyst to cellulose oxidation. These chemical reactions physically weaken the paper, causing brittleness.

Indelible ink

''Indelible'' means "un-removable". Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used. India, Philippines, Indonesia and other developing countries have used indelible ink the form of electoral stain to prevent electoral fraud. The Election Commission in India has used indelible ink for many elections. Indonesia used it in their last election in Aceh. In Mali, the ink is applied to the fingernail. Indelible ink itself is not infallible as it can be used to commit electoral fraud by marking opponent party members before they have chances to cast their votes. There are also reports of 'indelible' ink washing off voters' fingers.

See also

Blue Wool Scale

De-inked pulp

Dokumental

Election ink

Fountain pen inks

Gel pen

Ink Eradicator

Invisible ink

Pharmaceutical ink

Preservation of illuminated manuscripts

Preservation (library and archival science)

Soy ink

Toner

Stark's ink

Tattoo ink

Inksaving typeface

References

"Think Ink!" by Sharon J. Huntington, Christian Science Monitor, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.

"A History of Technology and Invention" by Maurice Audin, page 630.

Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., "Inks and Their Composition and Manufacture," Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.

Martín-Gil J, Ramos-Sánchez MC, Martín-Gil FJ and José-Yacamán M. "Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink". ''Journal of Chemical Education'', 2006, 83, 1476–78

Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989). ''A Companion to Sanskrit Literature''. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 812080063X.

Sircar, D.C. (1996).''Indian epigraphy''. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120811666.

printing inks technology,by researcher,manish pareek==Sources==

Further reading

Cueppers, Christoph (1989). "On the Manufacture of Ink." ''Ancient Nepal - Journal of the Department of Archaeology'', Number 113, August–September 1989, pp. 1–7. [The Tibetan text and translation of a section of the work called, ''Bzo gnas nyer mkho'i za ma tog'' by 'Jam-mgon 'Ju Mi-pham-rgya-mtsho (1846–1912) describing various traditional Tibetan techniques of making inks from different sources of soot, and from earth, puffballs, dung, ''ser-sha'' - a yellow fungus, and the fruit of ''tsi dra ka'' (''Ricinus communis'').]

External links

Forty Centuries of Ink (David N. Carvalho); A detailed online textbook

Roman ink article by Alexander Allen In Smith's Dictionary Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875), in LacusCurtius

Ancient and Modern Ink Recipes (David N. Carvalho)

Gorgeous Portrayal Of How Ink Is Made - video at ''The Huffington Post''

Category:Printing materials

ar:حبر arc:ܕܝܘܬܐ bjn:Dawat bg:Мастило ca:Tinta cs:Inkoust cy:Inc da:Blæk de:Tinte el:Μελάνη es:Tinta eo:Inko fa:مرکب fr:Encre ga:Dúch ko:잉크 hi:स्याही hr:Tinta io:Inko id:Tinta is:Blek it:Inchiostro he:דיו jv:Mangsi kk:Сия картридж ht:Lank ku:Înkar la:Atramentum lt:Rašalas hu:Tinta ml:മഷി ms:Dakwat nl:Inkt ja:インク no:Blekk nn:Blekk oc:Tinta pl:Atrament pt:Tinta qu:Tullpu ru:Чернила scn:Nchiostru simple:Ink szl:Tinta sh:Tinta fi:Muste sv:Bläck tl:Tinta ta:மை te:సిరా tr:Mürekkep uk:Чорнило za:Raemxmaeg vec:Ingiostro yi:טינט zh-yue:墨水 zh:墨水

name	Dave Navarro
background	solo_singer
birth name	David Michael Navarro
born	June 07, 1967Santa Monica, California, U.S.
genre	Alternative rock, heavy metal
instrument	Guitar, vocals, piano, keyboards, bass guitar
years active	1986-present
label	Warner, Capitol
associated acts	Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Deconstruction, The Panic Channel, Camp Freddy, Spirits in the Sky, Soundgarden, Slipknot
website	www.6767.com
notable instruments	PRS GuitarsFender StratocasterIbanez RG }}

David Michael "Dave" Navarro (born June 7, 1967) is an American guitarist who plays in the alternative rock band Jane's Addiction and cover band Camp Freddy. He has also played with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Panic Channel, and many others.

Early life

Navarro was born in Santa Monica, California, to James Raul Navarro and Constance Colleen Hopkins. Navarro's paternal grandparents were Mexican immigrants. His mother Constance worked as a model, appearing on the television show ''Let's Make a Deal''. Navarro was the only person in his paternal family who did not speak Spanish. This was a result of James and Constance's divorce when Navarro was 7, and he spent the majority of his time with his mother. He attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, CA. He later transferred to University High School in Los Angeles, CA.

Constance Navarro was murdered by her boyfriend, John Riccardi, eight years after the divorce. Her killer was arrested in 1991, thanks to a viewer tip after Navarro appeared on the television series, ''America's Most Wanted''. After his mother's death, he moved in with his father.

Professional career

Early career

On his ''Instructional Guitar DVD'' Navarro tells how he started playing guitar at the age of 7 after hearing a Jimi Hendrix song at a skate park.

1986-1993

Navarro joined the band Jane's Addiction in 1986 as the lead guitarist after he was recommended to vocalist Perry Farrell by drummer Stephen Perkins, who was a childhood friend of Navarro's. The band became successful and was popular in the alternative-rock music scene. Personal tensions, however, led to their breakup in 1991. The Lollapalooza festival was created by Farrell as a farewell tour for Jane's Addiction.

After the departure of Guns N' Roses' original rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin in August 1991, Navarro was the first choice of lead singer Axl Rose to replace Stradlin. However, despite four attempts to have him come in and play with Slash, he never showed up. However, he later went on to play on the 1999 Guns N' Roses song "Oh My God", which was featured on the ''End of Days'' soundtrack. In 1993, Navarro formed Deconstruction with Jane's Addiction's Eric Avery on vocals and bass and Michael Murphy on drums, and the band put out one self-titled album in 1994. Rick Rubin was involved in the production and Butthole Surfers singer Gibby Haynes makes a guest appearance. They did not tour due to Avery's exhaustion after Jane's Addiction.

1993-1998

Navarro joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in September 1993. His first large-scale performance with the band was at ''Woodstock '94''. The only album in which Navarro played with the Red Hot Chili Peppers - ''One Hot Minute'' - was released in 1995. The album was seen as a commercial failure (even though it sold over 8 million copies worldwide) and fans were disappointed that Navarro didn't have the same sound as former guitarist John Frusciante, the album received mixed reviews despite producing three hit singles. After two years of touring on and off, and his subsequent heroin relapse, Navarro was fired in 1998.

2001-2005

The album Trust No One marked his solo debut in the summer of 2001. In 2002, Jane’s Addiction reformed with bass player Chris Chaney, and started work on a new album. The band entered the studio with veteran rock producer, Bob Ezrin resulting in the album Strays and the Lollapalooza 2003 tour in support of the album. In 2002 Michael Jackson performed at Apollo Theater, and Dave played guitar for his hit song "Black or White"

Navarro began working with Camp Freddy during this time. In 2003 Dave and his fiancé, Carmen Electra, agreed to have their wedding preparations filmed for an MTV show entitled, Til Death Do Us Part. Camp Freddy played at the reception. The show was a great success and was released on DVD Fall 2005. Dave’s book, Don't Try This At Home was released on October 5, 2004 with Regan books, and quickly became a Los Angeles Times bestseller.

On a lighter note, Navarro appeared in two tournaments on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2004. In the third tournament of the series, he won his qualifying game and appeared in the championship round. In the fourth series, he appeared only in a qualifying round.

2006-2011

Dave co-hosted with Brooke Burke, 2 seasons of the Mark Burnett television series: Rock Star: INXS and Rock Star: Supernova. Dave and his band, The Panic Channel, released their album One, in August 2006. They toured with Rock Star Supernova (the band formed from the series) in January/February 2007. During this time Dave began his own internet radio station: SPREAD RADIO LIVE. He soon broadened his creativity with an internet talk show called: Dave Navarro’s SPREAD TV which was broadcast on Maniatv.com and is currently available for download on iTunes. The show highlighted a myriad of avant-garde subjects, artistry, and the human condition. Videos from the series are also available on Navarro's YouTube channel. right|thumb|Navarro in 2007 In 2007 Navarro also teamed with Teravision to direct his first adult movie ''Broken'' starring Sasha Grey in the first of a planned series of celebrity-directed adult movies. This effort won "Best High End All-Sex Release" at the 2008 AVN Awards. Navarro has also made appearances in Season 1 and Season 2 of Z Rock with Brooklyn-based band ZO2 on IFC.

Jane's Addiction reunited once more in 2008 with all of the original members. The notoriously tumultuous band's reunion was widely credited to NME magazine for choosing Jane's Addiction as the recipient of their "Godlike Genius Award for Services to Music". Soon after performing together for the first time in 17 years at the NME Award ceremony in Los Angeles, the band was contacted by Trent Reznor. Trent began working with Jane's Addiction in his studio; they remixed and released two songs (Chip Away & Whores) online.(NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler) This time together in the studio led directly to the pairing of Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction for a worldwide tour in 2009. The tour was cleverly branded the NIN/JA tour by fans.

During August 2009, Navarro toured southern California as part of the Billy Corgan-led band Spirits in the Sky.

In 2011, Navarro appeared as the 'Director' of a Rock and Roll Fantasy Camp, playing a complicated passage for a 'camper' to emulate, in a commercial for Citibank.

Personal life

Navarro has been married and divorced three times. He married his first wife, make-up artist Tania Goddard, in a pagan ceremony in 1990 and his second wife, Rhian Gittins, in a civil ceremony on October 15, 1994. Navarro married model and actress Carmen Electra, on November 22, 2003. On July 17, 2006, Navarro and Electra announced their split to ''Star Magazine.'' Navarro posted a message on his blog the following morning saying "I just want to say thanks for all of your love and support. I'm sure that you can understand that I wish to keep all personal matters private." Electra filed for divorce on August 8, 2006.

Dave Navarro's cousin is Dan Navarro who is best known for being half of the folk rock duo Lowen and Navarro.

Equipment of choice

During the first few years of Jane's Addiction, Dave played a black Gibson Les Paul. Around the time of the band's major label debut ''Nothing's Shocking'' in 1988, he played Ibanez RG series guitars, including one custom painted with the album cover art. He is seen in the film "Gift" and the "Stop" video playing a blue Ibanez RG, which suggests it was used in the recording of the album ''Ritual de lo Habitual''. During the 1990 Ritual tour, he primarily played a custom-shaped single cutaway gold Ibanez.

Dave began using PRS Guitars on the Lollapalooza tour in 1991. His signature model white PRS is now his number one stage guitar. He has several models in his regular stage and studio rig.

He used a Parker Fly Deluxe for the Chili Peppers days during the live versions of "My Friends". He used it for its super clean tones and its piezoelectric pickup that sounds similar to an acoustic guitar. Dave also openly admits that "It's one of the ugliest guitars I've ever seen", as quoted from the Dave Navarro instructional DVD.

During this era, Dave went with a more treble based guitar in the Fender Stratocaster. He had several in his possession. All of them were a 3 single coil pattern but he also had a Modulus Stratocaster-like guitar made.

Dave has also been seen playing Kramer (Van Halen Signature) Guitars, Fender Telecasters, Takamine Acoustic 12 strings, and even a Squier Hello Kitty Stratocaster given to him by Carmen.

Since late 2008, Dave's been seen using live and in studio a custom white Ibanez RG, with a humbucker/single/single pickup layout, gold hardware, and a vintage style tremolo.

Dave previously used a vintage Marshall JCM800, but now plays through 2 Marshall JCM900 amplifiers which are dubbed Tanjerine and Peach. For large gigs he will also use a Marshall Mode 4 for clean tones. In the studio he is also commonly known to use a Vox AC30 for cleans and a Bogner Uberschall for dirty tones.

With effects, Dave prefers BOSS. He uses a BOSS Octave Pedal, 2 BOSS DD3 Digital Delays, a BOSS Turbo distortion for extra volume during soloing, a Dunlop Cry Baby Wah Pedal and several others.

Epiphone Guitars (a subsidiary of Gibson) released its Dave Navarro Artist Acoustic in July 2010. According to an interview with Navarro on Gibson.com, the new guitar is based upon the classic Gibson (and Epiphone) "Hummingbird" design, and has already been played by the guitarist in the studio while recording with Jane's Addiction. Named "Jane", the new guitar is black in color (as opposed to Navarro's usual white guitars), and sports a dead tree and crows on the pickguard, rather than the traditional Hummingbird and foliage images.

Discography

;Solo

1995 ''Rhimorse''

2001 ''Trust No One''

*"Rexall": U.S. Modern Rock Tracks #12, U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks #9

*"Hungry": U.S. Modern Rock Tracks #24, U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks #38

;With Jane's Addiction

1987 ''Jane's Addiction''

1988 ''Nothing's Shocking''

1990 ''Ritual de lo Habitual''

1997 ''Kettle Whistle''

2003 ''Strays''

2006 ''Up from the Catacombs - The Best of '' (Greatest hits album)

2009 ''A Cabinet of Curiosities'' (Box set)

2011 ''The Great Escape Artist''

;With Deconstruction

1994 ''Deconstruction''

;With Red Hot Chili Peppers

1995 ''One Hot Minute''

1996 "Love Rollercoaster"

;With Nine Inch Nails

1995 ''Further Down The Spiral'' - guitar on "Piggy (Nothing Can Stop Me Now)"

;With Alanis Morissette

1995 ''Jagged Little Pill'' - guitar on "You Oughta Know"

;With Marilyn Manson

1998 ''Mechanical Animals'' - guitar solo on "I Don't Like The Drugs (But The Drugs Like Me)"

;With Guns N' Roses

1999 End of Days OST - guitar on "Oh My God"

;With P.Diddy

2001 ''The Saga Continues...'' - guitar on "Bad Boy for Life"

;With Christina Aguilera

2002 ''Stripped'' - guitar on "Fighter"

;With Gene Simmons

2004 ''"Asshole"'' - guitar on "Firestarter" (The Prodigy cover)

;With Glenn Hughes

2005 ''Soul Mover''

;With Tommy Lee

2005 ''Tommyland: The Ride'' - guitar solo on "Tired"

;With The Panic Channel

2006 ''(ONe)''

;With Dead Celebrity Status

2006 ''Blood Music'' - guitar solo on "We Fall, We Fall"

Footnotes

External links

Dave Navarro interview January 2008

Dave Navarro's Spread on maniaTV.com

Dave Navarro's Guitars photo gallery

PRS Guitars Dave Navarro Signature model

Category:Living people Category:1967 births Category:University High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni Category:American bloggers Category:American male singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Jane's Addiction members Category:Lead guitarists Category:American musicians of Mexican descent Category:Musicians from California Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Santa Monica, California Category:Red Hot Chili Peppers members

br:Dave Navarro bg:Дейв Наваро da:Dave Navarro de:Dave Navarro es:Dave Navarro fr:Dave Navarro gl:Dave Navarro it:Dave Navarro nl:Dave Navarro ja:デイヴ・ナヴァロ no:Dave Navarro pl:Dave Navarro pt:Dave Navarro ru:Наварро, Дэйв simple:Dave Navarro fi:Dave Navarro sv:Dave Navarro

name	Hannah Aitchison
birth date	December 20, 1966
birth place	Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
residence	Chicago, Illinois
occupation	tattoo artist, television personality
relatives	Guy Aitchison (brother)
website	HannahAitchison.com }}

Hannah Aitchison (born December 20, 1966) is an American tattoo artist from Chicago, Illinois. Hannah is based in Chicago at Deluxe Tattoo, and is well known for her appearance on Seasons 1-2 of the TLC reality television show ''LA Ink''. Her pin-up work, portraits and vibrant color are world-famous, and her tattoos are so sought-after that she has a 6-month to 2-year waiting list. She is also a classically trained singer and expert knitter.

Aitchison is the sister of renowned tattoo artist, Guy Aitchison.

References

External links

HannahAitchison.com

Deluxe Tattoo in Chicago, Illinois

Hannah Aitchison at MySpace

The Official Hannah Aitchison Fan Club at Facebook

Category:Living people Category:Tattoo artists Category:People from Chicago, Illinois Category:American television personalities Category:1966 births

fr:Hannah Aitchison

Birth name	Eric Salter Balfour
Birth date	April 24, 1977
Birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, singer
Yearsactive	1991–present
Spouse	}}

Eric Salter Balfour (born April 24, 1977) is an American singer and actor of film and television. He is the lead singer of Born As Ghosts, formerly known as Fredalba. His best known roles include Milo Pressman on the action-thriller TV series ''24'' and Duke Crocker in the supernatural series ''Haven''.

Personal life

Balfour was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Sharon, who works as a marriage and family counselor, and David Balfour, a chiropractor. He has a younger sister, Tori. He has Russian, French, and Native American ancestry.

Career

Balfour appeared on the kids TV show ''Kids Incorporated'' for one season in 1991. In 1997, he appeared in the pilot for ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', as one of the show's very first victims, Jesse McNally. He appeared as a regular cast member in three short-lived TV shows. NBC's ''Hawaii'' was cancelled after seven episodes in 2004, UPN's ''Sex, Love & Secrets'' was cancelled after four episodes. Also in 2005, Balfour starred in the sexually explicit drama ''Lie with Me'' opposite Lauren Lee Smith. In March 2006, Balfour debuted as Brian Peluso on producer Dick Wolf's short-lived NBC crime drama, ''Conviction'', which lasted one season. Balfour was also a guest star on the hit show ''Dawson's Creek'', in the ninth episode of the first season.

He starred in the 2003 remake of ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre'' opposite Jessica Biel. He played a minor character in several episodes of ''The O.C.'', as Eddie, Theresa's fiancé, and in the hit HBO show ''Six Feet Under'', as Claire's troubled boyfriend, Gabriel Dimas, during most of the show's first two seasons.

Balfour appeared in seven episodes of the first season of ''24'' as computer technician Milo Pressman in 2001. Five years later, Balfour reprised the role for nineteen episodes of ''24'''s sixth season before leaving the show by his own request. Balfour appeared in ABC's ''Life on Mars'' as Eddie Carling, the brother of detective Ray Carling, as played by Michael Imperioli.

He is the face for the new Valentino male fragrance, Valentino V.

In September 2009, Balfour appeared in an episode of ''Monk'' alongside Louis Lombardi. The two had previously starred in ''24'', although in different seasons. In that same month, Balfour booked a recurring role on the new CW drama show ''The Beautiful Life'', but the show was cancelled after its second episode and production was shut down immediately. In 2010, he starred in the Strause brothers thriller film ''Skyline''. He currently stars as Duke Crocker on the SyFy drama ''Haven''.

Filmography

! year	! title	! role	! info
1991	''Kids Incorporated''	Eric	TV series
1992	''Arresting Behavior''	Billy Ruskin	5 episodes
1993	''Bloodlines: Murder in the Family''	Matt	TV movie
1993	''Danger Theatre''	Teenager #2	Episode: "An Old Friend for Dinner"
1993		Michael Fielder
1993-1994	''Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman''	Benjamin Avery	2 episodes
1994	''Animaniacs''	Jared (voice)	2 episodes
1995	''Boy Meets World''	Tommy
1995		Zack	Episode: "The Crush"
1996	''Shattered Image''	Greg
1996	''Champs''	Danny	Episode: "For Art's Sake"
1996	''No One Would Tell''	Vince Fortner	TV movie
1996	''Townies''	Adam	Episode: "The Good Job"
1997		Jesse
1997		Kyle
1997		Pizza Boy
1998	''Dawson's Creek''	Warren Goering
1998	''Can't Hardly Wait''	Hippie Guy
1999	''Nash Bridges''	Cliff Morehouse
1999	''The West Wing''	Frat Boy #3 (uncredited)	Episode: "Mr. Willis of Ohio"
1999		Andy Martin
2000	''Chicago Hope''	Jason Kerns	Episode: "Hanlon's Choice"
2000	''What Women Want''	Cameron
2001		Pvt. Morris
2001	''FreakyLinks''	Chapin Demetrius
2001	''America's Sweethearts''	Security Guard
2001		Mark Griffin	Episode: "Only the Young Die Good"
2001	''NYPD Blue''	Eli BeardsleyCharlie 'Spyder' Price	Episode: "Peeping Tommy"Episode: "Two Clarks in a Bar"
2001		Gabe	3 Episodes
2001–2003			11 episodes
2001–2002		Milo Pressman	8 episodes
2003	''Secondhand Lions''	Sheik's Grandson
2003		Kemper
2003–2004	''Veritas: The Quest''	Calvin Banks	13 episodes
2004	''Fearless''	Ryan	TV movie
2004	''Face of Terror''	Saleem Haddad
2004	''The O.C.''	Eddie	3 episodes
2004		Christopher Gains	TV series
2005	''Be Cool''	Derek (scenes deleted)
2005	''Rx''	Andrew
2005	''Lie with Me''	David
2005		Grant
2005	''Sex, Love & Secrets''	Charlie	Episode: "Secrets"
2006			13 episodes
2006	''The Elder Son''	Skip
2007	''Protect and Serve''	Paul Grogan	TV movie
2007		Milo Pressman	20 episodes
2007	''LA Ink''	Himself	Received a tattoo from Kat Von D
2008	''Hell Ride''	Comanche / Bix
2008	''What We Take from Each Other''	Thief of Hands	Short film
2008	''The Ex List''	Johnny Diamont	Episode: "Pilot"
2008		Mahmoud
2009		Taylor Kurth
2009		Sean
2009		Maxwell
2009		Eddie Carling
2009	''Rise of the Gargoyles''	Prof. Jack Randall	TV movie
2009	''Law & Order: Criminal Intent''	Max Goodwin
2009		Lenny Barlowe
2009	''Valemont''	Eric Gracen	TV miniseries
2010	''Call 213''	Michael Grey
2010	''Dinoshark''	Trace McGraw	TV movie
2010		Jesus
2010	''Beatdown''	Victor	Video
2010 -			Main Character
2010		Jarrod
2010	''The Legend of Hell's Gate: An American Conspiracy''	Will Edwards	Completed
2010	''Do Not Disturb''	Frank	Segment: "Rocketman"
2010	''Dark as Day''	Jake	Pre-production
2011	''Silver Cord''	Georgie	Pre-production
2011	''No Ordinary Family''	Lucas Winnick	2 episodes

References

External links

Category:1977 births Category:Actors from California Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American male singers Category:American people of French descent Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:American people of Native American descent

de:Eric Balfour es:Eric Balfour fa:اریک بالفور fr:Eric Balfour ko:에릭 밸포어 it:Eric Balfour sw:Eric Balfour nl:Eric Balfour ja:エリック・バルフォー pl:Eric Balfour pt:Eric Balfour ru:Бальфур, Эрик fi:Eric Balfour sv:Eric Balfour th:อีริก บัลโฟร์

name	Kat Von D
other names	Katherine von Drachenberg
birth date	March 08, 1982
birth place	Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
spouse	Oliver Peck (2004-2007)
occupation	Tattoo artist, Television personality
website	http://www.katvond.net/ }}

Katherine Drachenberg (born March 8, 1982), known professionally as Kat Von D and who has given her name as Katherine von Drachenberg in two German interviews is an American tattoo artist and television personality. She is best known for her work as a tattoo artist on the TLC reality television show ''LA Ink'', which premiered August 7, 2007 in the United States and November 11, 2007 in the UK.

Early life

Kat Von D was born in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Her parents are Argentinean-Mexican. Her father, René Drachenberg, is of German descent and her mother, Sylvia Galeano, is of Italian and Spanish descent. Von D has a sister named Karoline and a brother named Michael. She moved with her family to the Los Angeles area at age 4 and grew up in Colton, California. Von D was classically trained in piano beginning at age 6. She particularly appreciates Ludwig van Beethoven.

She credits the prominent Latino culture of Los Angeles as being a major influence drawing tattoos in her art and style. She began listening to the Ramones, Misfits and other punk rock bands at the age of 12. She got her first tattoo at 14 and quit school at 16 to become a tattoo artist.

Career

Von D was asked to work at Miami Ink when Darren Brass broke his elbow, preventing him from tattooing. She appeared in the first four seasons of the same-name reality TV show taped there. She had a falling out with Ami James which led to her being asked to leave the shop. Kat has said she has not spoken with members of Miami Ink since her departure.

She later acquired her own series, ''LA Ink'', following her work at her tattoo shop, High Voltage Tattoo, in Hollywood, California. On the show, she gained the Guinness World Record of most tattoos given by a single person in 24 hours, with a total of 400. This was broken by Derek Kastning with 726.

Her first book ''High Voltage Tattoo'', compiling her artworks and tattoos, with a foreword by Mötley Crüe's Nikki Sixx, was released in January 2009 and reached #6 on ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list. The book traces Von D's career as an artist, from early childhood influences to recent work, along with examples of inspirations, information about the show and her shop, sketches, and personal tattoos. Von D described the book as "not an autobiography, you know, 'cause I'm too young to do that. But this is just kind of like a picture-driven outline of my career as an artist. So, you see everything from my drawings when I was six to tattoos that have never before been seen." Her second book, ''The Tattoo Chronicles'', an illustrated diary following a year in her life, was released October 26, 2010, and reached #3 on ''The New York Times'' "Hardcover Advice & Misc." best-seller list.

In 2008, Von D created and launched a make-up line for Sephora. She has released new collections every year and has expanded her line to include fragrances. She is the creator of the MusInk Tattoo Convention and Music Festival, which began in 2008.

On September 2, 2010, Von D opened the art gallery and boutique Wonderland Gallery in the space next door to High Voltage Tattoo.

Personal life

Von D was married to fellow tattoo artist Oliver Peck, but they were separated and preparing for divorce by August 2007. She dated Nikki Sixx from 2008 to Jan 2010. She later began dating motorcycle customizer, West Coast Choppers CEO and reality-show star Jesse James. On August 19, 2010, Von D confirmed media reports that she and James were dating, tweeting "I think it's pretty obvious that we're dating. " Von D and James announced their engagement on January 20, 2011. Von D announced their split via Twitter on July 26, 2011.

Von D has tattooed herself with the emblems of the bands Misfits, HIM, Turbonegro, ZZ Top, Guns N' Roses, AC/DC, Slayer, Mike Got Spiked and "Slutallica", a modified Metallica logo. She appeared in the music video of Alkaline Trio's "Help Me", as well as HIM's Killing Loneliness. Other musical artists that Von D lists among her favorites include The Mars Volta and Selena.

In other media

Von D was referred to in the Eagles of Death Metal song "High Voltage", which was named after her shop and is featured on their third album, ''Heart On''. In an interview, Eagles of Death Metal's Jesse Hughes said, "I wrote that for Kat Von D, because that girl's bad ass."

Television

As well as cameos and various chat show appearances, TV, film, and video game appearances include:

''Miami Ink'', 2005–2006

''LA Ink'', 2007–present

''MADtv'', April 5, 2008

''The Bleeding'' as Vanya ''Tony Hawk: Ride'' (video game) unlockable skater, November 17, 2009

References

External links

Kat Von D interview, ''Inked''

Kat Von D podcast interview at Juliland.com

Kat Von D Biographical Feature and Tattoo Gallery at TattooDesigns.net

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:People from Monterrey Category:People from the Inland Empire (California) Category:Tattoo artists Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:American television personalities Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:Mexican people of Argentine descent Category:Mexican people of German descent Category:Mexican people of Spanish descent Category:Mexican people of Italian descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Spanish descent Category:American people of Italian descent Category:Hispanic and Latino American people

ca:Kat Von D da:Kat Von D de:Kat Von D es:Kat Von D fr:Kat Von D hu:Kat von D no:Kat Von D pl:Kat Von D pt:Kat Von D ro:Kat Von D ru:Kat Von D fi:Kat Von D sv:Kat Von D tr:Kat Von D