The Danube ( ) is Europe's second longest river after the Volga. It is classified as an international waterway.

The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg rivers which join at the German town of Donaueschingen. After that it is known as the Danube and flows southeastward for a distance of some 2850 km (1771 miles), passing through four Central and Eastern European capitals, before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.

Known to history as one of the long-standing frontiers of the Roman Empire, the river flows through or acts as part of the borders of ten countries: Germany (7.5%), Austria (10.3%), Slovakia (5.8%), Hungary (11.7%), Croatia (4.5%), Serbia (10.3%), Bulgaria (5.2%), Moldova (1.6%), Ukraine (3.8%) and Romania (28.9%). (The percentages reflect the proportion of the total Danube drainage basin area).

Name

The Danube was known in Latin as , in Ancient Greek as Ἴστρος (''Istros'') . The Dacian/Thracian name was Τάναις/''Donaris'' / ''Donaris'' (upper Danube) and ''Istros'' (lower Danube).

The name ''Dānuvius'' is presumably a loan from Celtic (Gaulish), or possibly Iranic. It is one of a number of river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European language word ''*dānu'', apparently a term for "river", but possibly also of a primeval cosmic river, and of a river goddess (see Danu (Asura)), perhaps from a root ''*dā'' "to flow/swift, rapid, violent, undisciplined." Other river names with the same etymology include Don, Donets, Dnieper and Dniestr. Dniepr,(pre-Slavic Danapir by Gothic historian Jordanes) and Dniestr, from ''Danapris'' and ''Danastius'', are presumed from Scythian Iranic ''*Dānu apara'' "posterior river" and ''*Dānu nazdya-'' "anterior river", respectively.

The Ancient Greek ''Istros'' was a borrowing from Thracian/Dacian meaning "strong, swift", akin to Sanskrit ''is.iras'' "swift".

Since the Norman conquest of England, the English language has used the Latin-derived word ''Danube''. In the languages of the modern countries through which the river flows, it is: (transliterated: ''Dunav'') , or (transliterated: ''Dunai'')

Geography

Drainage basin

In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of eight more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4.8%), the Czech Republic (2.5%), Slovenia (2.2%), Switzerland (0.32%), Italy (0.15%), Poland (0.09%), the Republic of Macedonia (0.03%) and Albania (0.03%). The highest point of the drainage basin is the summit of ''Piz Bernina'' at the Italy–Switzerland border, .

Tributaries

The Danube's watershed extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (in order): {| width=590px | width="45%" | # Iller (entering at Ulm) # Lech # Naab (entering at Regensburg) # Regen (entering at Regensburg) # Isar # Inn (entering at Passau) # Enns # Morava (entering near Devín Castle) # Leitha # Váh (entering at Komárno) # Hron # Ipeľ # Sió # Dráva # Vuka (entering at Vukovar) # | width="45%" | 15. Tisza 16. Sava (entering at Belgrade) 17. Timiş (entering at Pančevo) 18. Great Morava 19. Caraş 20. Jiu (entering at Bechet) 21. Iskar 22. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele) 23. Osam 24. Yantra 25. Vedea 26. Argeş (entering at Olteniţa) 27. Ialomiţa 28. Siret (entering near Galaţi) 29. Prut (entering near Galaţi) |}

Cities

The Danube flows through the following countries and cities (ordered from the source to mouth):

Germany

*Donaueschingen in the State of Baden-Württemberg – Brigach and Breg rivers join to form the Danube river

*Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg

*Möhringen an der Donau in Baden-Württemberg

*Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg

*Riedlingen in Baden-Württemberg

*Munderkingen in Baden-Württemberg

*Ehingen in Baden-Württemberg

*Ulm in Baden-Württemberg

*Neu-Ulm in Bavaria

*Günzburg in Bavaria

*Donauwörth in Bavaria

*Neuburg an der Donau in Bavaria

*Ingolstadt in Bavaria

*Kelheim in Bavaria

*Regensburg in Bavaria

*Straubing in Bavaria

*Deggendorf in Bavaria

*Passau in Bavaria

Austria

*Linz, capital of Upper Austria

*Krems on the Danube, in Lower Austria

*Vienna – capital of Austria, where the Danube floodplain is called the ''Lobau'', though the ''Innere Stadt'' is situated away from the main flow of the Danube (it is bounded by the Donaukanal – 'Danube canal').

Slovakia

*Bratislava – capital of Slovakia

*Komárno

*Štúrovo

Hungary

*Győr

*Komárom

Esztergom

*Visegrád

*Vác

*Szentendre

*Budapest – capital of Hungary

*Százhalombatta

*Ráckeve

*Dunaújváros

*Paks

*Kalocsa

*Baja

*Mohács

Croatia

*Vukovar

*Ilok

Serbia

*Apatin

*Bačka Palanka

*Futog

*Veternik

*Novi Sad

*Sremski Karlovci

*Zemun

*Belgrade – the capital of Serbia

*Pančevo

*Smederevo

*Veliko Gradište

*Golubac

*Donji Milanovac

*Kladovo

Bulgaria

*Vidin

*Lom

*Kozloduy

*Oryahovo

*Nikopol

*Belene

*Svishtov

*Ruse

*Tutrakan

*Silistra

Moldova

*Giurgiuleşti

Ukraine

*Reni

*Izmail

*Kiliya

*Vylkove

Romania

*Moldova Nouă

*Orşova

*Drobeta-Turnu Severin

*Calafat

*Bechet

*Dăbuleni

*Corabia

*Turnu Măgurele

*Zimnicea

*Giurgiu

*Olteniţa

*Călăraşi

*Feteşti

*Cernavodă

*Hârşova

*Brăila

*Galaţi – The biggest seaport on Danube

*Isaccea

*Tulcea

*Sulina – the last city through which it flows

The Danube flows through four capital cities (shown in bold), more than any river in the world.

The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.

Islands

Ada Kaleh

Balta Ialomiţei

Belene Island

Csepel Island

Donauinsel

Great Brăila Island

Great War Island

Island of Vukovar

Island of Šarengrad

Kozloduy Island

Margaret Island

Ostrovul Ciocăneşti

Ostrovul Mare, Islaz

Ostrvo (Kostolac)

Ribarsko Ostrvo, Novi Sad

Vardim Island

Žitný ostrov

===Sectioning===

Upper Section: From spring to Devín Gate. Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0.0012%, from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0.0006%.

Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0.00006%.

Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0.00003%.

Modern navigation

The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania and by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.

Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea (3500 km). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia. The clearance of the debris was finished in 2002. The temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m³/s.

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km Danube–Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km; the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.

The Danube delta

The Danube Delta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Its wetlands (on the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance) support vast flocks of migratory birds, including the endangered Pygmy Cormorant (''Phalacrocorax pygmaeus''). Rival canalization and drainage schemes threaten the delta: see Bastroe Channel.

International cooperation

Ecology and environment

The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an organization consisting of 14 member states (Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Montenegro and Ukraine) and the European Union. The commission, established in 1998, deals with the whole Danube River Basin, which includes tributaries and the groundwater resources. Its goal is to implement the Danube River Protection Convention by promoting and coordinating sustainable and equitable water management, including conservation, improvement and rational use of waters and the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive.

Navigation

The Danube Commission is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of the river's navigation conditions. It was established in 1948 by seven countries bordering the river. Members include representatives from Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Serbia, It meets regularly twice a year. It also convenes groups of experts to consider items provided for in the commission's working plans.

The commission dates to the Paris Conferences of 1856 and 1921, which established for the first time an international regime to safeguard free navigation on the Danube.

Geology

Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.

Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called ''Urdonau'' (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is but a meek reflection of the ancient one.

Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alp, which are referred to as the de:''Donauversickerung'' (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8500 litres per second, north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sink holes in the Donauversickerung.

Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.

==History== The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. The third millennium BC Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BC Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The river was part of the Roman Empire's ''Limes Germanicus''. The Romans often used the river Danube as a northern border for their empire.

Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336BC.

Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube

Part of the Danubius or Istros river was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the ''Okeanos'' in ancient times, being called the ''Okeanos Potamos'' (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the ''Keras Okeanoio'' (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the ''Argonautica'' by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon. IV. 282). The lower Danube has a slow, deep, wide course, so it can be seen why it was considered as part of the Okeanos.

At the end of the ''Okeanos Potamos'', is the holy island of Alba (Leuke, Pytho Nisi, Isle of Snakes), sacred to the Pelasgian (and later, Greek) Apollo, greeting the sun rising in the east. Hecateus Abderitas refers to Apollo's island from the region of the Hyperboreans, in the Okeanos. It was on Leuke, in one version of his legend, that the hero Achilles was buried (to this day, one of the mouths of the Danube is called Chilia). Old Romanian folk songs recount a white monastery on a white island with nine priests.

Economics

Drinking water

Along its course, the Danube is a source of drinking water for about ten million people. In Baden-Württemberg, Germany, almost thirty percent (as of 2004) of the water for the area between Stuttgart, Bad Mergentheim, Aalen and Alb-Donau (district) comes from purified water of the Danube. Other cities such as Ulm and Passau also use some water from the Danube.

In Austria and Hungary, most water is drawn from ground and spring sources, and only in rare cases is water from the Danube used. Most states also find it too difficult to clean the water because of extensive pollution; only parts of Romania where the water is cleaner still use a lot of drinking water from the Danube.

Navigation and transport

As "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the river connects the Black Sea with the industrial centers of Western Europe and with the Port of Rotterdam. The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110×11.45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks). Proposals to build a number of new locks to improve navigation have not progressed, due in part to environmental concerns.

Downstream from the Freudenau River plant's locks in Vienna, canalization of the Danube was limited to the Gabčíkovo dam and locks near Bratislava and the two double Iron Gate locks in the border stretch of the Danube between Serbia and Romania. These locks have larger dimensions (similar to the locks in the Russian Volga river, some 300 by over 30 m). Downstream of the Iron Gate, the river is free flowing all the way to the Black Sea, a distance of more than 860 kilometres.

The Danube connects with the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal at Kelheim, and with the Wiener Donaukanal in Vienna. Apart from a couple of secondary navigable branches, the only major navigable rivers linked to the Danube are the Drava, Sava and Tisa. In Serbia, a canal network also connects to the river; the network, known as the Dunav-Tisa-Dunav canals, links sections downstream.

Fishing

The importance of fishing on the Danube, which was critical in the Middle Ages, has declined dramatically. Some fishermen are still active at certain points on the river, and the Danube Delta still has an important industry.

Tourism

Important tourist and natural spots along the Danube include the Wachau Valley, the Nationalpark Donau-Auen in Austria, Gemenc in Hungary, the Naturpark Obere Donau in Germany, Kopački rit in Croatia, Iron Gate in Serbia and Romania, the Danube Delta in Romania, and the Srebarna Nature Reserve in Bulgaria.

The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the ''Donauradweg'') is a bicycle trail along the river. It is divided into four sections: #Donaueschingen-Passau (559 km) #Passau-Vienna (340 km) #Vienna-Budapest (306 km) #Budapest-Black Sea (1670 km)

Important National Parks

Naturpark Obere Donau (Germany)

Nature protection area Donauleiten (Germany)

Nationalpark Donau Auen (Austria)

Duna-Ipoly Nemzeti Park (Hungary)

Gemenc (Hungary)

Naturalpark Kopački Rit (Croatia)

Gornje Podunavlje Nature Reserve (Serbia)

Fruška Gora National park (Serbia)

Koviljsko-petrovaradinski rit Nature Reserve (Serbia)

Great War Island Nature Reserve (Serbia)

Đerdap National park (Serbia)

Iron Gates Natural Park (Romania)

Persina Nature Park (Bulgaria)

Srebarna Nature Reserve (Bulgaria)

Natural Park Măcin Mountains (Romania)

Natural Park Little Pond of Brăila (Romania)

Biosphere Reserve Danube Delta (Romania)

Cultural significance

Music

The Danube is mentioned in the title of a famous waltz by Austrian composer Johann Strauss, ''An der schönen, blauen Donau'' (''On the Beautiful Blue Danube''). This piece is well known across the world and is also used widely as a lullaby.

''The Waves of the Danube'' () is a waltz by the Romanian composer Ion Ivanovici (1845–1902). When performed at the 1889 Paris Exposition, the work took the audience by a storm.

The Danube figures prominently in the Bulgarian National Anthem, as a symbolic representation of the country's natural beauty.

Joe Zawinul wrote a symphony about the Danube called ''Stories of the Danube''. It was performed for the first time at the 1993 Bruckner festival, at Linz.

''"Donaukinder"'' (Danube's Children), a song by Rammstein, references the Danube River.

In lithuanian folklore songs appearance of Danube (Dunojus, Dunojėlis) is more common than the appearance of the longest lithuanian river Neman.

Art

The German tradition of landscape painting, the Danube school, was developed in the Danube valley in the 16th century.

Claudio Magris's masterpiece is called ''Danube'' (ISBN 1-86046-823-3).

Literature

The historical fiction ''Earth's Children'' series by Jean M. Auel refers to the Danube as the Great Mother River.

Jules Verne's ''The Danube Pilot'' (1908) ("Le Pilote du Danube") depicts the adventures of fisherman Serge Ladko as he travels down the river.

Algernon Blackwood's, ''The Willows'', about a boat excursion on the river, considered one of the greatest stories in the literature of the supernatural.

Film & Television

The river is the subject of the film ''The Ister'' (2004) (official site here).

Parts of the German road movie ''Im Juli'' take place along the Danube.

In Nicolas Roeg's 1980 film ''Bad Timing'', the border crossing over the Danube between Bratislava and Vienna is a recurring site in which the romance between Milena (Teresa Russell), Alex (Art Garfunkel) and Milena's husband Stefan (Denholm Elliot) is played out.

In the ''Star Trek'' universe, the ''Danube''-class runabout is a type of starship used by the Federation Starfleet, most notably in the ''Deep Space Nine'' series.

Other

The British Army named its first nuclear weapon the Blue Danube.

See also

2006 European floods

List of crossings of the Danube

Steamboats on the Danube

The Ister

''Between the Woods and the Water,'' a travel book telling of a Danubian journey in 1934

There are also Hasidic (Chabad Nigunnim) songs which are called "dunai", dating from around 200 years ago. They are often lullabys and are named after the Dunay river. Farmers around the river used to come to the river and sing spiritual songs to thank their god about the great beauty which they saw every day.

References

External links

General

Map of the Danube in English from Encarta (Archived 2009-10-31)

Danube watershed map and information from the World Resources Institute

Danube Panorama Project

Danube and the sport of rowing

Danube river image pool on Flickr

Danube Tourist Commission

A Trip Down the Danube - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Site dedicated to Danube

International organizations

Danube Commission, dealing with navigation and river improvements

International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

Individual cities or countries

Bridges of Budapest over the Danube

Category:Bačka Category:Banat Category:Rivers of Serbia Category:Rivers of Baden-Württemberg Category:Rivers of Bavaria Category:Geography of Vojvodina Category:Rivers of Austria Category:Rivers of Bulgaria Category:Rivers of Croatia Category:Rivers of Germany Category:Rivers of Hungary Category:Rivers of Moldova Category:Rivers of Romania Category:Rivers of Slovakia Category:Rivers of Ukraine Category:International rivers of Europe Category:Syrmia Category:Bács-Kiskun Category:Bulgaria–Romania border Category:Croatia–Serbia border Category:Hungary–Slovakia border Category:Romania–Ukraine border Category:Romania–Serbia border

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Johann Strauss II (October 25, 1825 – June 3, 1899), also known as Johann Baptist Strauss or Johann Strauss, Jr., the Younger, or the Son (), was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as "The Waltz King", and was largely then responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century.

Strauss was born in St. Ulrich (now a part of Neubau), the son of Johann Strauss I, another composer of dance music. His father did not wish him to become a composer, but rather a banker; however, the son defied his father's wishes, and went on to study music with the composer Joseph Drechsler and the violin with Anton Kollmann, the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera. Strauss had two younger brothers, Josef and Eduard Strauss, who became composers of light music as well, although they were never as well-known as their elder brother.

Some of Johann Strauss's most famous works include ''The Blue Danube'', ''Kaiser-Walzer'', ''Tales from the Vienna Woods'', the ''Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka'', and the ''Pizzicato Polka''. Among his operettas, ''Die Fledermaus'' and ''Der Zigeunerbaron'' are the most well-known.

Early life

Strauss was born in St. Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on October 25, 1825, to the famous composer Johann Strauss I. His father did not want him to become a musician but rather a banker; nevertheless, Strauss Junior studied the violin secretly as a child with the first violinist of his father's orchestra, Franz Amon. When his father discovered his son secretly practising on a violin one day, he gave him a severe whipping, saying that he was going to beat the music out of the boy. It seems that rather than trying to avoid a Strauss rivalry, the elder Strauss only wanted his son to escape the rigors of a musician's life. It was only when the father abandoned his family for a mistress, Emilie Trampusch, that the son was able to concentrate fully on a career as a composer with the support of his mother.

Strauss studied counterpoint and harmony with theorist Professor Joachim Hoffmann, who owned a private music school. His talents were also recognized by composer Joseph Drechsler, who taught him exercises in harmony. His other violin teacher, Anton Kollmann, who was the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera, also wrote excellent testimonials for him. Armed with these, he approached the Viennese authorities to apply for a license to perform. He initially formed his small orchestra where he recruited his members at the ''Zur Stadt Belgrad'' tavern, where musicians seeking work could be hired easily.

Debut as a composer

Johann Strauss I's influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father. Strauss Jr. was able to persuade the Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing, a suburb of Vienna, to allow him to perform. The elder Strauss, in anger at his son's disobedience, and at that of the proprietor, refused to ever play at the Dommayer's Casino again, which had been the site of many of his earlier triumphs.

Strauss made his debut at Dommayer's in October 1844, where he performed some of his first works, such as the waltzes "Sinngedichte", Op. 1 and "Gunstwerber", Op. 4 and the polka "Herzenslust", Op. 3. Critics and the press were unanimous in their praise for Strauss's music. A critic for ''Der Wanderer'' commented that "Strauss’s name will be worthily continued in his son; children and children’s children can look forward to the future, and three-quarter time will find a strong footing in him."

Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his early years as a composer difficult, but he soon won over audiences after accepting commissions to perform away from home. The first major appointment for the young composer was his award of the honorary position of "Kapellmeister of the 2nd Vienna Citizen's Regiment", which had been left vacant following Joseph Lanner's death two years before.

Vienna was racked by a bourgeois revolution on February 24, 1848, and the intense rivalry between father and son became much more apparent. Johann Jr. decided to side with the revolutionaries. It was a decision that was professionally disadvantageous, as the Austrian royalty twice denied him the much coveted 'KK Hofballmusikdirektor' position, which was first designated especially for Johann I in recognition of his musical contributions. Further, the younger Strauss was also arrested by the Viennese authorities for publicly playing "La Marseillaise", but was later acquitted. The elder Strauss remained loyal to the monarchy, and composed his "Radetzky March", Op. 228 (dedicated to the Habsburg field marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz), which would become one of his best-known compositions.

When the elder Strauss died from scarlet fever in Vienna in 1849, the younger Strauss merged both their orchestras and engaged in further tours. Later, he also composed a number of patriotic marches dedicated to the Habsburg Emperor Franz Josef I, such as the "Kaiser Franz-Josef Marsch" Op. 67 and the "Kaiser Franz Josef Rettungs Jubel-Marsch" Op. 126, probably to ingratiate himself in the eyes of the new monarch, who ascended to the Austrian throne after the 1848 revolution.

Career advancements

Strauss Jr. eventually surpassed his father's fame, and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria–Hungary, Poland, and Germany with his orchestra. He applied for the KK Hofballmusikdirektor ''Music Director of the Royal Court Balls'' position, which he eventually attained in 1863, after being denied several times before for his frequent brushes with the local authorities.

In 1853, due to constant mental and physical demands, Strauss suffered a nervous breakdown. He took a seven-week vacation in the countryside in the summer of that year, on the advice of doctors. Johann's younger brother Josef was persuaded by his family to abandon his career as an engineer and take command of Johann's orchestra in the interim.

In 1855, Strauss accepted commissions from the management of the Tsarskoye-Selo Railway Company of Saint Petersburg to play in Russia for the Vauxhall Pavilion at Pavlovsk in 1856. He would return to perform in Russia every year until 1865.

Later, in the 1870s, Strauss and his orchestra toured the United States, where he took part in the Boston Festival at the invitation of bandmaster Patrick Gilmore and was the lead conductor in a 'Monster Concert' of over 1000 performers, performing his "Blue Danube" waltz, amongst other pieces, to great acclaim.

Marriages

Strauss married the singer Jetty Treffz in 1862, and they remained together until Jetty's death in 1878. Six weeks after her death, Strauss married the actress Angelika Dittrich. Angelika was not a fervent supporter of his music, and their differences in status and opinion, and especially her indiscretion, led him to seek a divorce.

Strauss was not granted a divorce by the Roman Catholic church, and therefore changed religion and nationality, and became a citizen of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in January 1887. Strauss sought solace in his third wife Adele Deutsch, whom he married in August 1882. She encouraged his creative talent to flow once more in his later years, resulting in many famous compositions, such as the operettas ''Der Zigeunerbaron'' and ''Waldmeister'', and the waltzes "Kaiser-Walzer" Op. 437, "Kaiser Jubiläum" Op. 434, and "Klug Gretelein" Op. 462.

Musical rivals and admirers

Although Strauss was the most sought-after composer of dance music in the latter half of the 19th century, stiff competition was present in the form of Karl Michael Ziehrer and Émile Waldteufel; the latter held a commanding position in Paris. Phillip Fahrbach also denied the younger Strauss the commanding position of the ''KK Hofballmusikdirektor'' when the latter first applied for the post. The German operetta composer Jacques Offenbach, who made his name in Paris, also posed a challenge to Strauss in the operetta field.

Strauss was admired by other prominent composers: Richard Wagner once admitted that he liked the waltz "Wein, Weib und Gesang" Op. 333. Richard Strauss (unrelated to the Strauss family), when writing his ''Rosenkavalier'' waltzes, said in reference to Johann Strauss, "How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?"

Johannes Brahms was a personal friend of Strauss; the latter dedicated his waltz "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" ("Be Embraced, You Millions!"), Op. 443, to him. A story is told in biographies of both men that Strauss's wife Adele approached Brahms with a customary request that he autograph her fan. It was usual for the composer to inscribe a few measures of his best-known music, and then sign his name. Brahms, however, inscribed a few measures from the "Blue Danube", and then wrote beneath it: "Unfortunately, NOT by Johannes Brahms."

Stage works

The most famous of Strauss' operettas are ''Die Fledermaus'', ''Eine Nacht in Venedig'', and ''Der Zigeunerbaron''. Notwithstanding their general lack of modern popularity, there are many dance pieces drawn from themes of his operettas, such as "Cagliostro-Walzer" Op. 370 (from ''Cagliostro in Wien''), "O Schöner Mai" Walzer Op. 375 (from ''Prinz Methusalem''), "Rosen aus dem Süden" Walzer Op. 388 (from ''Das Spitzentuch der Königin''), and "Kuss-Walzer" op. 400 (from ''Der lustige Krieg''), that have survived obscurity and become well-known. Strauss also wrote an opera, ''Ritter Pázmán'', and was in the middle of composing a ballet, ''Aschenbrödel'', when he died in 1899.

Death and legacy

Strauss was diagnosed with plueral pneumonia in the spring of 1899, and died in Vienna, at the age of 73. He was buried in the Zentralfriedhof. At the time of his death, he was still composing his ballet ''Aschenbrödel''.

Strauss's music is now regularly performed at the annual ''Neujahrskonzert'' of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, as a result of the efforts by Clemens Krauss who performed a special all-Strauss programme in 1929 with the Viennese orchestra. Many distinguished Strauss interpreters include Willi Boskovsky, who carried on the "Vorgeiger" tradition of conducting with violin in hand, as is the Strauss family custom, as well as Herbert von Karajan and the opera conductor Riccardo Muti. In addition, the Wiener Johann Strauss Orchester, which was formed in 1966, pays tribute to the touring orchestras which once made the Strauss family so famous.

Most of the Strauss works that are performed today may once have existed in a slightly different form, as Eduard Strauss destroyed much of the original Strauss orchestral archives in a furnace factory in Vienna's Mariahilf district in 1907. Eduard, then the only surviving brother of the three, took this drastic precaution after agreeing to a pact between himself and brother Josef that whoever outlived the other was to destroy their works. The measure was intended to prevent the Strauss family's works from being claimed by another composer. This may also have been fueled by Strauss's rivalry with another of Vienna's popular waltz and march composers, Karl Michael Ziehrer.

Portrayals in the media

The lives of the Strauss dynasty members and their world-renowned craft of composing Viennese waltzes are also briefly documented in several television adaptations, such as ''The Strauss Family'' (1972), ''The Strauss Dynasty'' (1991) and ''Strauss, the King of 3/4 Time'' (1995). Many other films used his works and melodies, and several films have been based upon the life of the musician, the most famous of which is called ''The Great Waltz'' (1938). Alfred Hitchcock made a low-budget biographical film of Strauss in 1933 called ''Waltzes from Vienna''. After a trip to Vienna, Walt Disney was inspired to create four feature films. One of those was ''The Waltz King'', a loosely adapted biopic of Johann Strauss, which aired as part of the Wonderful World of Disney in the U.S. in 1963. In Mikhail Bulgakov's 1940 (published 1967) novel, ''The Master and Margarita'', Johann Strauss conducts the orchestra during Satan's Great Ball at the invitation of Behemoth.

"A Corny Concerto" (1943), a Warner Bros cartoon, directed by Robert Clampett with animation by Robert McKimson features music that was composed by Johann Strauss, and is a parody of Walt Disney's 1940 "Fantasia". The cartoon is narrated by Elmer Fudd, parodying Deems Taylor's appearance in Fantasia.

Works

See List of operettas by Johann Strauss II and List of compositions by Johann Strauss II.

Notes

References

Gänzl, Kurt. ''The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre'' (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.

Traubner, Richard. ''Operetta: A Theatrical History''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983.

Jacob, H. E. ''Johann Strauss, Father and Son: A Century of Light Music''. The Greystone Press, 1940.

External links

European Archive Copyright free LP recording of several (abridged) works by Johann Strauss II, at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).

A complete list of Strauss's compositions

Johann Strauss Gallery

List of Strauss's stage works with date, theatre information and links

www.kreusch-sheet-music.net Free Scores by Strauss

Category:19th-century Austrian people Category:Opera composers Category:Romantic composers Category:Viennese composers Category:Ballet composers Category:People from Neubau Category:Burials at the Zentralfriedhof Category:1825 births Category:1899 deaths Johann Strauss II

ar:يوهان شتراوس الابن an:Johann Strauss (fillo) be:Ёган Штраўс, сын bs:Johann Strauss mlađi bg:Йохан Щраус (син) ca:Johann Strauss II cs:Johann Strauss mladší cy:Johann Strauss II da:Johann Strauss den yngre de:Johann Strauss (Sohn) et:Johann Strauß (poeg) el:Γιόχαν Στράους ο νεότερος es:Johann Strauss (hijo) eo:Johann Strauß (filo) eu:Johann Strauss (semea) fa:یوهان اشتراوس (پسر) fr:Johann Strauss II gl:Johann Strauss (fillo) ko:요한 슈트라우스 2세 hy:Յոհան Շտրաուս hr:Johann Strauss mlađi id:Johann Strauss II is:Johann Strauss II it:Johann Strauss (figlio) he:יוהאן שטראוס (הבן) krc:Штраус, Иоганн (джаш) ka:იოჰან შტრაუსი (შვილი) la:Ioannes Strauss (iunior) lv:Johans Štrauss II lt:Johanas Štrausas hu:Ifj. Johann Strauss mk:Јохан Штраус (помладиот) mr:योहान स्ट्रॉस दुसरा arz:يوهان شتراوس الابن mn:II Иоханн Штраус my:စထရောက်ဂျေ nl:Johann Strauss jr. ja:ヨハン・シュトラウス2世 no:Johann Strauss d.y. pl:Johann Strauss (syn) pt:Johann Strauss (filho) ro:Johann Strauss (fiul) qu:Johann Strauss II ru:Штраус, Иоганн (сын) simple:Johann Strauss II sk:Johann Strauss mladší sl:Johann Strauss mlajši sr:Јохан Штраус млађи sh:Johann Strauss mlađi fi:Johann Strauss nuorempi sv:Johann Strauss d.y. tl:Johan Strauss II th:โยฮันน์ ชเตราสส์ ที่สอง tr:Johann Strauss II uk:Йоганн Штраус (син) vi:Johann Strauss II zh:小约翰·施特劳斯

Johann Strauss III (February 16, 1866 - January 9, 1939; ; also known as Johann Eduard Strauss) was an Austrian composer whose father was Eduard Strauss, whose uncles were Johann Strauss II & Josef Strauss, and whose grandfather was Johann Strauss I. He was unofficially entrusted with the task of upholding his family's tradition after the disbandment of the Strauss Orchestra by his father in 1901. His talents were not fully realised during his lifetime as musical tastes had changed in the Silver Age with more popular composers such as Franz Lehár and Oscar Straus dominating the Viennese musical scene with their operettas, although his uncle, Johann Strauss II, supervised his development as a musician, a fact disputed by Eduard Strauss.

Despite his keen interest in composing, he was better remembered as a conductor. His only stage work, the three-act operetta Katze und Maus, composed in 1898, premiered in Vienna on 23 December 1898, at the Theater an der Wien. Its public reaction bordered on utter dislike, and music critics called for the distraught composer to reassess himself and to appear under a pseudonym, in order not to tarnish the name of his famous relatives. He salvaged the music score and produced independent pieces of which the waltzes ''Sylvianen'' Op. 1 and ''Leonie'' Op. 2 survived obscurity.

He also conducted from the violin in the style of the ''Vorgeiger'' and of his family. In 1903, he elevated the Strauss family to a new age of development when the Deutsche Grammophon AG of Germany recorded his conducting of the Johann Strauss Orchestra on eight single-sided records of works by his family. Principally, he was the first conductor in the Strauss family to actively conduct works to be recorded by prominent recording companies. His later works, such as Dem Muthigen gehört die Welt (''The World Belongs to the Brave''), Op. 25, and Krönungs-Walzer (''Coronation Waltz''), Op. 40, (the latter celebrating the coronation of King Edward VII) were also considerably more popular than his earlier efforts.

Johann Strauss III died in Berlin on 9 January 1939.

References

External links

Category:Viennese composers Category:Austrian composers Category:Opera composers Category:1866 births Category:1939 deaths

es:Johann Strauss III pl:Johann Strauss (wnuk) simple:Johann Strauss III

Herbert von Karajan (; 5 April 1908 – 16 July 1989) was an Austrian orchestra and opera conductor. To the wider world he was perhaps most famously associated with the Berlin Philharmonic, of which he was principal conductor for 35 years. Although his work was not universally admired, he is generally considered to have been one of the greatest conductors of all time, and he was a dominant figure in European classical music from the 1960s until his death. Part of the reason for this was the large number of recordings he made and their prominence during his lifetime. By one estimate he was the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, having sold an estimated 200 million records.

Biography

Genealogy

The Karajans are said to have originally been Aromanian, or Greek, from the region of Macedonia. His great-great-grandfather, Geòrgios Johannes Karajànnis, was born in Kozani, a town in the Ottoman province of Rumelia (present West Macedonia in Greece), leaving for Vienna in 1767, and eventually Chemnitz, Saxony. He and his brother participated in the establishment of Saxony's cloth industry, and both were ennobled for their services by Frederick Augustus III on 1 June 1792, thus the prefix "von" to the family name. The surname Karajànnis became ''Karajan''. Herbert's family from the maternal side, through his grandfather who was born in the village of Mojstrana, Duchy of Carniola (today in Slovenia), had Slovene origins according to a modern genealogical research, thus contrasting with or clarifying the traditional view which expressed a Serbian or simply a Slavic origin of his mother.

Early years

Karajan was born in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, as Heribert Ritter von Karajan. He was a child prodigy at the piano. From 1916 to 1926, he studied at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, where he was encouraged to concentrate on conducting by his teacher, who detected his exceptional promise in that regard.

In 1929, he conducted ''Salome'' at the Festspielhaus in Salzburg and from 1929 to 1934 Karajan served as first Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in Ulm. In 1933 Karajan made his conducting debut at the Salzburg Festival with the ''Walpurgisnacht Scene'' in Max Reinhardt's production of ''Faust''. It was also in 1933 that von Karajan became a member of the Nazi party, a fact for which he would later be criticised.

In Salzburg in 1934, Karajan led the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time, and from 1934 to 1941, he was engaged to conduct operatic and symphony-orchestra concerts at the Theater Aachen.

Karajan's career was given a significant boost in 1935 when he was appointed Germany's youngest ''Generalmusikdirektor'' and performed as a guest conductor in Bucharest, Brussels, Stockholm, Amsterdam and Paris. In 1937 Karajan made his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic and the Berlin State Opera, conducting ''Fidelio''. He then enjoyed a major success at the State Opera with ''Tristan und Isolde''. In 1938, his performance there of the opera was hailed by a Berlin critic as ''Das Wunder Karajan'' (the Karajan miracle). The critic asserted that Karajan's "success with Wagner's demanding work ''Tristan und Isolde'' sets himself alongside Furtwängler and de Sabata, the greatest opera conductors in Germany at the present time". Receiving a contract with Deutsche Grammophon that same year, Karajan made the first of numerous recordings, conducting the Staatskapelle Berlin in the overture to ''The Magic Flute''. On 26 July 1938, he married his first wife, operetta singer Elmy Holgerloef. They would divorce in 1942.

On 22 October 1942, at the height of the war, Karajan married his second wife, Anna Maria "Anita" Sauest, born Gütermann. She was the daughter of a well-known manufacturer of yarn for sewing machines. Having had a Jewish grandfather, she was considered a ''Vierteljüdin'' (one-quarter Jewish woman). By 1944, Karajan was, according to his own account, losing favor with the Nazi leadership; but he still conducted concerts in wartime Berlin on 18 February 1945. A short time later, in the closing stages of the war, he fled Germany with Anita for Milan, relocating his family to Italy with the assistance of Victor de Sabata. Karajan and Anita divorced in 1958.

Karajan was discharged by the Austrian denazification examining board on 18 March 1946, and resumed his conducting career shortly thereafter.

Postwar years

In 1946, Karajan gave his first post-war concert in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic, but he was banned from further conducting activities by the Soviet occupation authorities because of his Nazi party membership. That summer he participated anonymously in the Salzburg Festival.

On 28 October 1947, Karajan gave his first public concert following the lifting of the conducting ban. With the Vienna Philharmonic and the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, he performed Johannes Brahms' ''A German Requiem'' for a gramophone production in Vienna.

In 1949, Karajan became artistic director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna. He also conducted at La Scala in Milan. His most prominent activity at this time was recording with the newly-formed Philharmonia Orchestra in London, helping to build them into one of the world's finest. Starting from this year, Karajan began his lifelong attendance at the Lucerne Festival.

In 1951 and 1952 he conducted at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

In 1955 he was appointed music director for life of the Berlin Philharmonic as successor to Wilhelm Furtwängler. From 1957 to 1964 he was artistic director of the Vienna State Opera. Karajan was closely involved with the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival, where he initiated the Easter Festival, which would remain tied to the Berlin Philharmonic's Music Director after his tenure.

On 22 October 1958 he married his third wife, French model Eliette Mouret; they became parents of two daughters, Isabel and Arabel.

He continued to perform, conduct and record prolifically until his death in Anif in 1989, mainly with the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic.

Karajan and the compact disc

Karajan played an important role in the development of the original compact disc digital audio format. He championed this new consumer playback technology, lent his prestige to it and appeared at the first press conference announcing the format. The maximum playing time of CD prototypes was sixty minutes but the final specification enlarged the disc size and extended the capacity to seventy-four minutes. There are various stories regarding this, one of which is that this was due to Karajan's insistence that the format have sufficient capacity to contain Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on a single disc. Kees Schouhamer Immink, a Philips research engineer directly involved with the invention of the CD, denies the Beethoven connection.

In 1980 von Karajan conducted the first recording ever to be commercially released on CD: Richard Strauss's ''Eine Alpensinfonie'' (1915), produced by Deutsche Grammophon.

Through the 1980s von Karajan re-recorded many works such as Beethoven's Nine Symphonies with Deutsche Grammophon's CD booklet introduction saying that he wanted to preserve his legacy digitally. He also pioneered the Digital Compact Cassette though that format was not particularly successful. His 2007 "Gold" compilation contains the longest known running time disc. Disc two of this collection clocks in at 81:21.

Nazi Party membership

Karajan joined the Nazi Party in Salzburg on 8 April 1933; his membership number was 1,607,525. In June 1933, the Nazi Party was outlawed by the Austrian government. However, Karajan's membership was valid until 1939. In that year the former Austrian members were verified by the general office of the Nazi Party. Karajan's membership was declared invalid but his accession to the party was retroactively determined to have been on 1 May 1933 in Ulm, with membership number: 3,430,914.

Karajan's prominence increased from 1933 to 1945 which led to speculation that he joined the Nazis purely and only to advance his music career. Critics such as Jim Svejda have pointed out that other prominent conductors, such as Otto Klemperer, Erich Kleiber and Arturo Toscanini, fled from fascist Europe at the time.

However, British music critic Richard Osborne noted that among the many significant conductors who continued to work in Germany throughout the war years—Wilhelm Furtwängler, Ernest Ansermet, Carl Schuricht, Karl Böhm, Hans Knappertsbusch, Clemens Krauss and Karl Elmendorff—Karajan was one of the youngest and thus one of the least advanced in his career.

Musicianship

There is widespread agreement that Herbert von Karajan had a special gift for extracting beautiful sounds from an orchestra. Opinion varies concerning the greater aesthetic ends to which ''The Karajan Sound'' was applied. The American critic Harvey Sachs criticized the Karajan approach as follows:

Karajan seemed to have opted instead for an all-purpose, highly refined, lacquered, calculatedly voluptuous sound that could be applied, with the stylistic modifications he deemed appropriate, to Bach and Puccini, Mozart and Mahler, Beethoven and Wagner, Schumann and Stravinsky ... many of his performances had a prefabricated, artificial quality that those of Toscanini, Furtwängler, and others never had... most of Karajan's records are exaggeratedly polished, a sort of sonic counterpart to the films and photographs of Leni Riefenstahl.

However, it has been argued by commentator Jim Svejda and others that Karajan's pre-1970 manner did not sound polished as it is later alleged to have become.

Two reviews from the ''Penguin Guide to Compact Discs'' can be quoted to illustrate the point.

Concerning a recording of Wagner's ''Tristan und Isolde'', a canonical Romantic work, the Penguin authors wrote "Karajan's is a sensual performance of Wagner's masterpiece, caressingly beautiful and with superbly refined playing from the Berlin Philharmonic" and it is listed in first place on pages 1586–7 of the 1999 ''Penguin Guide to Compact Discs''; 2005, p. 1477.

About Karajan's recording of Haydn's "Paris" symphonies, the same authors wrote, "big-band Haydn with a vengeance ... It goes without saying that the quality of the orchestral playing is superb. However, these are heavy-handed accounts, closer to Imperial Berlin than to Paris ... the Minuets are very slow indeed ... These performances are too charmless and wanting in grace to be whole-heartedly recommended."

The ''same'' Penguin Guide does nevertheless give the highest compliments to Karajan's recordings of the selfsame Haydn's two oratorios, ''The Creation'' and ''The Seasons''. However, respected Haydn scholar H.C. Robbins Landon wrote the notes for Karajan's recordings of Haydn's 12 London symphonies and states clearly that Karajan's recordings are among the finest he knows.

Regarding twentieth century music, Karajan had a strong preference for conducting and recording pre-1945 works (Mahler, Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Bartók, Sibelius, Richard Strauss, Puccini, Pizzetti, Honegger, Prokofiev, Debussy, Ravel, Hindemith, Nielsen and Stravinsky), but he did record Shostakovich's Symphony No. 10 (1953) twice and did premiere Carl Orff's ''De Temporum Fine Comoedia'' in 1973.

Awards and honours

Karajan was the recipient of multiple honours and awards. In 1977 he was awarded the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize. On 21 June 1978 he received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from Oxford University. He was honored by the "Médaille de Vermeil" in Paris, the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London, the Olympia Award of the Onassis Foundation in Athens and the UNESCO International Music Prize. He received two Gramophone Awards for recordings of Mahler's Ninth Symphony and the complete Parsifal recordings in 1981. He received the Eduard Rhein Ring of Honor from the German Eduard Rhein Foundation in 1984. In 2002, the Herbert von Karajan Music Prize was founded in his honour; in 2003 Anne-Sophie Mutter, who had made her debut with Karajan in 1977, became the first recipient of this award.

Books

Discography

Beethoven's Symphony No. 9; recorded 1976–77; Deutsche Grammophon

Mozart's Requiem; recorded 1994; Deutsche Grammophon

Quotes

Explaining why he preferred conducting the Berlin Philharmonic to the Vienna Philharmonic: "If I tell the Berliners to step forward, they do it. If I tell the Viennese to step forward, they do it. But then they ask why."

"Those who have achieved all their aims probably set them too low" http://www.karajan.org

Isaiah Berlin referred to Karajan as "a genius, with a whiff of sulphur about him".

See also

Berlin State Opera

Raffaello de Banfield

Notes

External links

Official Herbert von Karajan website, Vienna

1963 Stereo Review interview

Tribute site to Herbert von Karajan

Obituary by the New York Times

A range of opinions from readers of ''Gramophone'' magazine

František Sláma (musician) Archive. More on the history of the Czech Philharmonic between the 1940s and the 1980s: ''Conductors''

Elaine Madlener Papers: correspondence and notes for an unfinished Karajan biography at Newberry Library

Video

Karajan conducting Beethoven's 5th Symphony, rare old 1966 video

Karajan conducting Verdi's Requiem: Dies Irae

Karajan conducting Dvorak's 9th Symphony

Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Category:1908 births Category:1989 deaths Category:Austrian conductors (music) Category:Music directors (opera) Category:Music directors of the Vienna State Opera Category:Opera managers Category:General Directors of the Vienna State Opera Category:Music directors of the Berlin State Opera Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists Category:Mozarteum University of Salzburg alumni Category:Austrian Nazis Category:Austrian nobility Category:Austrian people of Aromanian descent Category:Austrian people of Slovenian descent Category:Austrian people of Greek descent Category:People from Salzburg Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

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Karajan, or Caragiani, Karagianni, Karayiannis, Karagianis, is a surname. Notable persons with that surname include:

Eftychia Karagianni, Greek water polo player

Georgios Karayiannis, Greek Army officer

Herbert von Karajan (1908–1989), Austrian conductor, great-grandson of Theodor von Karajan

Ioan D. Caragiani, Romanian folklorist

Martha Karagianni, Greek actress

Maurine Karagianis, Canadian politician

Pete Karagianis, American chess player

Vaios Karagiannis (born 1968), Greek football player

Category:Austro-Hungarian people Category:Austrian nobility Category:Surnames Category:Austrian families Category:People from Salzburg

de:Karajan nds:Karajan