Coordinates | 28°36′36″N77°13′48″N |
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Official name | Sana'a |
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Native name | '''' |
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Settlement type | |
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Motto | |
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Dot x | |dot_y |
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Pushpin map | Yemen |
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Pushpin label position | bottom |
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Pushpin map caption | Location in Yemen
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Coordinates region | YE |
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Subdivision type | Country |
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Subdivision name | |
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Subdivision type1 | Administrative division |
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Subdivision name1 | Amanat Al Asimah |
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Subdivision name2 | |
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Government type | Local |
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Leader title | Mayor: Abdulrahman al-Akwaa |
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Leader name | Numan Dowaid |
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Leader title1 | |
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Established title | |
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Established title2 | |
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Established title3 | |
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Established date3 | 1167
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Unit pref | Imperial |
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Area total km2 | |
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Area land km2 | |
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Area water percent | 1.7% |
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Area blank1 sq mi | |
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Population as of | 2004 |
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Population total | 1747627 |
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Population metro | 2,167,961 |
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Population blank1 title | Ethnicities |
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Population blank2 title | Religions |
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Population density blank1 sq mi | |
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Timezone | GMT+3 |
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Elevation footnotes | |
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Elevation m | 2250 |
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Elevation ft | |
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Postal code type | |
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Footnotes | }} |
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Sana'a ( '''' ,
Yemeni Arabic: ), also spelled ''Sanaa'', is the
capital of
Yemen and the centre of
San‘a’ Governorate; however the city itself is not part of the Governorate, but forms the separate administrative district of "Amanat Al-Asemah".
Sana'a is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. At an altitude of , it is also one of the highest capital cities in the world. Sana'a has a population of approximately 1,748,000 (2010) making it Yemen's largest city. The old city of Sana'a, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has a distinctive visual character due its unique architectural characteristics, most notably expressed in its multi-story buildings decorated with geometric patterns.
History
Sana'a is one of the oldest populated places in the world. According to popular legend it was founded by
Shem, the son of
Noah, but this claim is dubious, however. It was known as "Azal" in ancient times, referring to
Uzal, a son of
Qahtan who was a great-grandson of Shem. Its current name likely derived from the South Arabian word for "well-fortified."
Arab historian
al-Hamdani wrote that Sana'a was walled by the
Sabeans under their ruler Sha'r Awtar who also built the
Ghumdan Palace in the city. Because of its location, Sana'a has served as an urban center for the surrounding tribes of the region and as a nucleus of regional trade in southern
Arabia. It was positioned at the crossroad of two major ancient trade routes linking
Marib in the east to the
Red Sea in the west.
When King Yousef Athar (or Dhu Nuwas), the last of the Himyarite kings, was in power, Sana'a was also the capital of the Ethiopian viceroys.
As of the dawn of Islam until the detachment of independent sub-states in many parts of Yemen Islamic Caliphate, Sana'a persisted as the governing seat, who himself is Caliph's deputy in running the affairs of one of Yemen's Three Makhalifs: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad and Mikhlaf Hadhramawt. The city of Sana'a recurrently assumed an important status and all Yemenite States competed to control it.
The Mamelukes arrived in Yemen in AD 1517. Following the collapse of the Mamelukes in Egypt at the hands of the Ottoman Turks, Yemen fell under the Ottoman rule and during the first Ottoman rule of Yemen between 1538–1635, Sana'a became the capital of the Ottoman wilayah and also during the Ottoman second rule 1872-1918. In 1918, Sana'a was the capital of Imam Yahya, who ruled North Yemen. At the onset of the 1962 revolution which deposed the imamate rule, it became the capital of the Yemen Arab Republic. It was then the capital of unified Yemen in 1990 where it is dubbed as the historical capital of Yemen. In 2008, the Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshippers.
Name | Old City of Sana'a |
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Infoboxwidth | 240px |
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State party | Yemen |
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Type | Historic, Cultural |
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Criteria | IV, V, VI |
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Id | 385 |
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Region | Arab States |
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Year | 1986 |
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Link | http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/385
}} |
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Districts
Al Wahdah District
As Sabain District
Assafi'yah District
At Tahrir District
Ath'thaorah District
Az'zal District
Bani Al Harith District
Ma'ain District
Old City District
Shu'aub District
Main sights and culture
Old City
The old fortified city has been inhabited for more than 2,500 years and contains a wealth of intact architectural gems. It was declared a
World Heritage Site by the United Nations in 1986. Efforts are underway to preserve some of the oldest buildings, some of which, such the Samsarh and the
Great Mosque of Sana'a, are more than 1400 years old. Surrounded by ancient clay walls which stand high, the old city contains more than 100 mosques, 12 ''hammam''s (baths) and 6,500 houses. Many of the houses resemble ancient skyscrapers, reaching several storeys high and topped with flat roofs. They are decorated with elaborate friezes and intricately carved frames and stained-glass windows.
One of the most popular attractions is ''Suq al-Milh'' (Salt Market), where it is possible to buy not only salt but also bread, spices, raisins, cotton, copper, pottery, silverware, and antiques. The majestic 7th-century ''Jami' al-Kabir'' (Great Mosque) is one of the oldest in the Muslim world. The ''Bāb al-Yaman'' (Yemen Gate) is an iconized entry point through the city walls and is more than 1000 years old.
A commercial area of the old city is ''Al Madina'', where development is proceeding rapidly. In addition to three large hotels, there are numerous stores and restaurants. The area also contains three parks and the President's palace.
Arab Cultural Capital
Sana'a was designated as the
Arab Cultural Capital for the year of 2004.
Demographic evolution
{|
| valign="top" |
Year |
Population
|
1911 |
20,000
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1921 |
23,000
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1931 |
25,000
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1940 |
80,000
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1963 |
100,000
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1965 |
110,000
|
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable"
! Year || Population
|-
| 1975 || align="right" | 134,600
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| 1981 || align="right" | 280,000
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| 1986 || align="right" | 427,505
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| 1994 || align="right" | 954,448
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| 2001 || align="right" | 1,590,624
|-it has a football stadium in it
| 2005 || align="right" | 1,937,451
|}
|}
Sana'a is the fastest growing capital city in the world with a growth rate of 7%, while the growth rate of the nation as a whole is 3.2%. If the current rate is maintained, the population of Sana'a will double in ten years. The majority of this increase is due to rural to urban migration for employment.
Jewish community
Jews have been present in Yemen since the days of King Solomon and form one of the most historic
Jewish diasporas. After the creation of the state of Israel about 49,000 (of an estimated 51,000) of
Yemeni Jews were airlifted to Israel, almost 10,000 of which were from Sana'a (see the English-language book ''Jews and Muslims in lower Yemen: a study in protection and restraint, 1918-1949''). There was essentially no Jewish population in Sana'a until the
Sa'dah insurgency broke out in
Saada Governorate in 2004. The
Houthi rebels directly threatened the Jewish community in 2007, prompting the government of President Saleh to offer them refuge in Sana'a. As of 2010, there were around 70 Jews living in the capital under government protection.
Economy
As the capital city of Yemen, 40% of jobs in Sana'a are in the public sector. Other primary sources of formal employment in the city are trade and industry. Like many other cities in the developing world, Sana'a has a large informal sector which is estimated to constitute 32% of nongovernmental employment.
However, while there are a greater variety of jobs in Sana'a as compared to other cities in Yemen, there is also greater poverty and unemployment. It is estimated that 25% of the labor force in Sana'a is unemployed.
Transport
Yemenia, the national airline of Yemen, has its head office in Sana'a.
Sana'a International Airport is Yemen's main domestic and international airport. There is currently no rail network but there are plans to install one in the future. A primary means of transport in the city is via dababs, minibuses which carry about 10 people. Taxis are also a very common form of public transport and there are coaches to major cities such as
Aden and
Taiz.
Quotes and impressions
''""'' (Sana'a must be seen) are famous words first attributed to (768-820) who visited the ancient capital several times.
Many travellers in ancient days were impressed by the beauty of Sana'a. The well-known Yemeni geographer and historian al Hamdani marveled at the cleanliness of the city:
The Persian traveller Ibn Rustah, a contemporary of al-Hamdani, noted its food:
The British writer Jonathan Raban devotes a chapter of his 1979 book, 'Arabia Through the Looking Glass' to Sana'a. He initially found the city disorienting:
Later, as he became more familiar with the place, and had made more acquaintances with its residents, he becomes admiring. In one striking sequence where he is invited onto the roof of somebody's home, the cityscape is revealed to him in a different way:
Climate
Sana'a features the very rare mild version of a
desert climate. Sana'a sees on average approximately 200 mm of precipitation per year. However, due to its high elevation, temperatures are much more moderate than many other cities on the
Arabian Peninsula. In fact, average temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year in Sana'a, with its coldest month being January and its warmest month in July. The city seldom experiences extreme heat or cold. However, some areas around the city can see temperatures fall to around 15 or 20 degrees Fahrenheit during winter. Frost usually occurs in the early winter mornings, and there is a slight
wind chill in the city that causes the cold mornings to be oddly bitter. The Sun warms the city to the 60s during the noontime but it drops drastically as night falls in. Sana'a receives half of its annual rainfall during the months of July and August. Rainfall comes depending on the year; some years could see 500–600 mm of rainfall, while others can barely get 150 mm. High temperatures have increased slightly during the summer over the past few years, however, low temperatures and winter temperatures have dramatically fallen over the same period
Sport
The city is home to the
Ali Muhesen Stadium, home of the
Yemen national football team, and is mostly used for football and cricket matches. The stadium holds 25,000 people.
Although Yemen was the host nation of the Gulf Cup of Nations in 2010, Sana'a was not a host city. The games were held rather in the Aden and Abyan governates.
See also
Mahwa Aser
Al Khair Mosque
Sana'a manuscripts – fragments from over 1000 early Qur'an codices, discovered at the Great Mosque in Sana'a in 1972.
Saleh Mosque
2011 Yemeni protests
References
External links
"The Old Walled City of San`a", 113 page book by Ronald Lewcock for Unesco
"Sana'a - City of lights. The German-French Cultural Project 2007. Weblog"
Eric Hansen, Sana'a rising, ''Saudi Aramco World'', 2006. Vol. 57 No. 1
Tim Mackintosh-Smith, The Secret Gardens of Sana'a. ''Saudi Aramco World'', 2006 Vol. 57 No. 1
Traditional housing in the old quarter of Sanaa in 1972
Category:Sana'a Governorate
Category:Populated places in the Sana'a Governorate
Category:Capitals in Asia
Category:Populated places in Yemen
Category:World Heritage Sites in Yemen
Category:Red Sea
Category:Aga Khan Award for Architecture winners
Category:Archaeological sites in Yemen
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