Name	Rhodes
Name local	Ρόδος
Caption skyline	Palace of the Grand Master in the city of Rhodes
Lat deg	36
Lat min	10
Lon deg	28
Lon min	0
Elevation min	0
Elevation max	1216
Periph	South Aegean
Periphunit	Rhodes
Pop municipality	117007
Area municipality	1407.9
Population as of	2001
Postal code	85x xx
Area code	2241-2247
Licence	ΡΟ
Website	www.rhodes.gr }}

Rhodes (, ''Ródos'', ) is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007, and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes peripheral unit, which is part of the South Aegean Periphery. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes. The city of Rhodes had 53,709 inhabitants in 2001. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens and southwest of the Anatolian coast in Turkey.

Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.

Name

The island has been known as Ρόδος in Greek throughout its history. In addition, the island has been called , ''Rodos'', and Ladino: ''Rodi'' or ''Rodes''.

Geography

Rhodes is closer to Asia Minor than to the Greek mainland.

The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, long and wide, with a total area of approximately and a coastline of approximately . The city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main air gateway (Diagoras International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located to the southwest of the city in Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.

Outside of the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages and beach resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos, Archangelos, Afantou, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos).

It is situated east-south-east from Greece mainland and only from the southern shore of Turkey.

Flora

The interior of the island is mountainous, sparsely inhabited and covered with forests of pine (''Pinus brutia'') and cypress (''Cupressus sempervirens''). While the shores are rocky, the island has arable strips of land where citrus fruit, wine grapes, vegetables, olives and other crops are grown.

Fauna

The Rhodian population of fallow deer was found to be genetically distinct in 2005, and to be of urgent conservation concern. In Petaludes Valley (Greek for "Valley of the Butterflies"), large numbers of tiger moths gather during the summer months. Mount Attavyros, at , is the island's highest point of elevation.

Geology - Earthquakes

Earthquakes include the 226 BC earthquake that destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes; one on 3 May 1481 which destroyed much of the city of Rhodes; and one on 26 June 1926.

On 15 July 2008, Rhodes was struck by a 6.3 magnitude earthquake causing minor damage to a few old buildings. One woman lost her life when she fell down stairs while trying to flee her home.

History

Ancient times

The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period, although little remains of this culture. In the 16th century BC, the Minoans came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called the Telchines, and associated the island of Rhodes with Danaus; it was sometimes nicknamed ''Telchinis''. In the 15th century BC, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Cyprus. In the 8th century BC, the island's settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).

Before archaeology, myth stood in for blanks in the historical record. In Pindar's ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhode, and the cities were named for their three sons. The ''rhoda'' is a pink hibiscus native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians the science of astrology.

In the second half of the 8th century, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. Phoenician presence on the island at Ialysos is attested in traditions recorded much later by Rhodian historians.

The Persians invaded and overran the island, but were in turn defeated by forces from Athens in 478 BC. The cities joined the Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus. The Peloponnesian War had so weakened the entire Greek culture that it lay open to invasion. In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria, then it fell to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short. To the great relief of its citizens, Rhodes became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.

Following the death of Alexander, his generals vied for control of the kingdom. Three: Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus, succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.

The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus, the rhetorician Dionysios Trax. Its school of sculptors developed a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic Baroque".

In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius, to besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a battering ram and a siege tower named Helepolis that weighed . Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes.

In 164 BC, Rhodes signed a treaty with Rome. It became an educational center for Roman noble families, and was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras and the unknown author of ''Rhetorica ad Herennium''. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city.

In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. Saint Paul brought Christianity to people on the island. Rhodes reached her zenith in the 3rd century. In 395, the long Byzantine Empire-period began for Rhodes, when the eastern half of the Roman empire became gradually more Greek.

Beginning after 600 AD, its influence in maritime issues was manifested in the collection of maritime law known as "Rhodian Sea Law" (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos), accepted throughout the Mediterranean and in use up to Byzantine times (and influencing the development of admiralty law up to the present).

Rhodes was occupied by the Muslim forces of Muawiyah I in 672. In circa 1090, it was occupied by the Muslim forces of the Seljuk Turks, not long after the Battle of Manzikert. Rhodes was recaptured by the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus during the First Crusade.

Medieval period

In 1309, the Byzantine era came to an end when the island was occupied by forces of the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the city's famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.

The strong walls which the Knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and of Mehmed II in 1480. Ultimately, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522, long after the rest of the Byzantine empire had been lost. The few surviving Knights were permitted to retire to the Kingdom of Sicily. The Knights would later move their base of operations to Malta. The island was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries.

Modern history

The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under the Ottoman Empire rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.

In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks. The island's population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. Due to the Treaty of Lausanne, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy. It became the core of their possession of the ''Isole Italiane dell'Egeo''.

Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.

On 19 July 1944, the Gestapo rounded up the island's nearly 2,000 Jewish inhabitants to send them to extermination camps. About 160 of the island's more than 600 Greek Jews survived. The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were family members of Turkish citizens.

In 1947, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, Rhodes was united with Greece.

In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.

Archaeology

In ancient times, Rhodes was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World—the Colossus of Rhodes. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC but was destroyed in an earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.

Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes, the Temple of Apollo, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor's Palace, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter, the Archeological Museum, the ruins of the castle of Monolithos, the castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.

Religion

The predominant religion is Greek Orthodox. There is a significant Roman Catholic minority on the island, many of whom are descendants of Italians who remained after the end of the Italian occupation. Rhodes has a Muslim minority, a remnant from Ottoman Turkish times.

The Jewish community of Rhodes goes back to the 1st century AD. In 1480, the Jews actively defended the walled city against the Turks. ''Kahal Shalom'', established in 1557, is the oldest synagogue in Greece and still stands in the Jewish quarter of the old town of Rhodes.

At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the total population. In the 1940s, there were about 2000 Jews of various ethnic backgrounds. The Germans deported and killed most of the community during the Holocaust. ''Kahal Shalom'' has been renovated with the help of foreign donors but few Jews live year-round in Rhodes today, so services are not held on a regular basis.

Government

The present municipality Rhodes was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 10 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):

Afantou (Afantou, Archipoli)

Archangelos (Archangelos, Malonas, Masari)

Attavyros (Emponas, Kritinia, Monolithos, Siana, Agios Isidoros)

Ialysos

Kallithea (Kalythies, Koskinou, Psinthos)

Kameiros (Soroni, Apollona, Dimylia, Kalavarda, Platania, Salakos, Fanes)

Lindos (Lindos, Kalathos, Laerma, Lardos, Pylona)

Petaloudes (Kremasti, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi, Theologos, Damatria)

Rhodes

South Rhodes (Gennadi, Apolakkia, Arnitha, Asklipieio, Vati, Istrios, Kattavia, Lachania, Mesanagros, Profilia)

The municipality covers the island of Rhodes and a few uninhabited offshore islets. Rhodes city was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. Rhodes is the most populated island of the South Aegean Region.

Towns and villages

Rhodes has 43 towns and villages: Rhodes 15,000 5,933 5,861 5,752 4,585 3,224 2,646 1,803 1,766 1,451 1,236 1,212 1,166 1,096 1,091 997 931 895 856 779 673

Town/Village !! Population !! Municipal unit !! Town/Village !! Population !! Municipal unit
Rhodes City	80,000	|	Gennadi	655	South Rhodes
Ialysos	|	Ialysos	Salakos	607	Kamiros
Afantou	|	Afantou	Kritinia	606	Attavyros
Kalythies	|	Kallithea	Kattavia	590	South Rhodes
Archangelos, Rhodes	Archangelos	|	Archangelos, Rhodes>Archangelos	Dimylia	515	Kamiros
Kremasti	|	Petaloudes	Kalavarda	512	Kamiros
Koskinou	|	Kallithea	Pylona	504	Lindos
Paradeisi	|	Petaloudes	Istrios	485	South Rhodes
Pastida	|	Petaloudes	Damatria	477	Petaloudes
Maritsa, Rhodes	Maritsa	|	Petaloudes	Laerma	446	South Rhodes
Empona	|	Attavyros	Apolakkia	415	South Rhodes
Soroni	|	Kamiros	Platania	383	Kamiros
Lartos	Lardos	|	Lindos	Kalathos	380	Lindos
Psinthos	|	Kallithea	Lachania	341	South Rhodes
Malona	|	Archangelos	Monolithos, Greece>Monolithos	334	Attavyros
Lindos	|	Lindos	Mesanagros	330	South Rhodes
Apollona	|	Kamiros	Profilia	326	South Rhodes
Massari	|	Archangelos	Arnitha	310	South Rhodes
Fanes	|	Kamiros	Siana (Rhodes)>Siana	244	Attavyros
Theologos	|	Petaloudes	Vati	188	South Rhodes
Archipoli	|	Afantou	Agios Isidoros		Attavyros
Asklipio	|	South Rhodes

Economy

The economy is tourist-oriented. The most developed sector is service. Small industries process imported raw materials for local retail. Other industry includes agricultural goods production, stockbreeding, fishery and winery.

Transportation

Road network

The road network of the island is mostly modern and paved. There are four major arteries:

Rhodes-Kamiros Province Avenue: Two lane, runs through the west coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Diagoras Airport and Kamiros.

Rhodes-Lindos National Avenue (Greek National Road 95): Four and two lane, runs mainly inland north to south and connects Rhodes City with Lindos.

Rhodes-Kallithea Province Avenue: Two lane, runs through the east coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Faliraki Resort.

Tsairi-Airport National Avenue: Four and two lane, runs inland east to west and connects the east coast with the west and the airport.

Future roads: Further widening of E-95 from Faliraki to Lindos. This is to be four lane with jersey barrier in the middle, about in length, with the first part scheduled to start in August 2007.

Plans also exist for a new four lane express road connecting Rhodes Town with Diagoras Airport that will reduce congestion on the coastal west avenue.

The first phase of construction of the Rhodes City ringway was begun a few years ago, but progress has been slow.

Cars and motorbikes

Families in Rhodes often own more than one car, along with a motorbike. Traffic jams are common particularly in the summer months. The island is served by 450 taxis.

Bus

Bus services are handled by two operators:

RODA: Rhodes City company that also services suburban areas (Faliraki, Ialysos, Kremasti, Airport, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi) and the entire west coast (blue-white colored).

KTEL: State-owned buses that serve villages and resorts in the east coast (yellow-orange colored).

Air

Rhodes has three airports but only one is public. Diagoras Airport, one of the biggest in Greece, is the main entrance/exit point for both locals and tourists. The island is well connected with other major Greek cities and islands as well as with major European capitals and cities via charter flights.

Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras": public airport, south west of Rhodes City, third in international passenger volume and fourth in total passenger volume in Greece.

Rhodes Maritsa Airport: closed to public, near Maritsa village. Built in 1938 by the Italians was the first airport of the island and used to be the public airport until 1977. Nowadays serves the Hellenic Air Force and is sometimes used for car races.

Kalathos Airfield: inoperative, north of Lindos. Built by the Italians during World War II, was called ''Aeroporto di Gadurrà''. Today only the runway is visible. Kattavia Airstrip, located in the south of the island it was an emergency airstrip built by the Italians during World War II. Today it is abandoned. Two pilot schools offer aviation services (small plane rental, island hopping).

Sea

Rhodes has five ports, three of them in Rhodes City, one in the west coast near Kamiros and one in east coast near Lardos.

Central Port: located in the city of Rhodes serves domestic and international traffic.

Kolona Port: opposite the central port, serves intra-Dodecanese traffic and large yachts.

Akandia Port: the new port of the island next to the central port, being built since 1960s, for domestic and international traffic. At the moment serves cruise ships on peak days.

Kamiros Skala Dock: south west of the city near Ancient Kamiros ruins serves mainly the island of Halki

Lardos Dock: formerly servicing local industries, now under development as an alternative port for times when the central port is inaccessible due to weather conditions. It is situated in a rocky shore near the village of Lardos in south east Rhodes.

Culture

Sports

Football: AS Rodos and Diagoras F.C., both Rhodes City based teams, compete professionally at the national level. Local football leagues (organized at the prefecture level) contain three divisions with more than 50 teams. Many stadiums are grass covered.

Basketball: Colossus BC sponsors professional basketball and has joined the Greek A1 League. The local league includes two divisions with 14 teams. Two indoor courts exist in Rhodes City, and one each in Ialysos and Kremasti. Several other are planned for Rhodes City Pales De Sports, Faliraki, Afantou, and South Rhodes.

Volleyball: local teams only.

Water Polo: mostly amateur based. There is no single indoor pool on the island.

Rugby: introduced in 2007. Teams compete at the national level.

Tennis: tennis has a long history on the island.

Sailing: widely developed, offers competition at the international level.

Cycling: for a long period of time Rhodes had the only cycling track in Greece, producing Olympics level competitors.

Rhodes competes in the bi-annual Island Games, which it hosted in 2007.

In popular culture

In ancient times there was a Roman saying: "Hic Rhodus, hic salta!"—"Rhodes is here, here perform your jump", an admonition to prove one's idle boasts by deed rather than talk. It comes from an Aesop's fable called "The Boastful Athlete", and was cited by Hegel and Marx.

Lawrence Durrell's ''Reflections on a Marine Venus'' (1953) is the author's semi-autobiographical account of his stay on the Island after World War II.

Many of the outdoor scenes of ''The Guns of Navarone'' (starring Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn) and ''Escape to Athena'' (starring Roger Moore and Telly Savalas) were filmed on the island of Rhodes.

In the PlayStation 2 game ''God of War II'', both Rhodes and the Colossus of Rhodes are featured at the start of the game, offering a mythological theory as to how the Colossus was destroyed. The Colossus of Rhodes is a common feature in many games, for example, it can be built as a "Wonder" in ''Rise of Nations'' and the ''Civilization'' series of games.

In one book of the Roman Mysteries series of children's novels by Caroline Lawrence, the main characters visit Rhodes to stop the trading of slave labour.

Notable people

Agesander, (1st century BC) sculptor

Chares of Lindos (3rd century BC), sculptor

Cleobulus of Lindos (6th century BC), philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece

Diagoras of Rhodes (5th century BC), boxer, multiple Olympic winner

Dinocrates (4th century BC), architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great

Leonidas, (2nd century BC) athlete

Memnon (380–333 BC), commander of mercenary army

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Perth, Western Australia, Australia

References

;Notes

External links

City of Rhodes official website

Category:Mediterranean islands Category:Municipalities of the South Aegean Category:Turkish communities outside Turkey

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Name	Round Table
Source	Arthurian legend
First	Roman de Brut
Creator	Wace
Type	Fictional table
Genre	Fantasy
Owner	King Arthur

The Round Table is King Arthur's famed table in the Arthurian legend, around which he and his Knights congregate. As its name suggests, it has no head, implying that everyone who sits there has equal status. The table was first described in 1155 by Wace, who relied on previous depictions of Arthur's fabulous retinue. The symbolism of the Round Table developed over time; by the close of the 12th century it had come to represent the chivalric order associated with Arthur's court, the Knights of the Round Table.

History

The Round Table first appears in Wace's ''Roman de Brut'', a Norman language adaptation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' finished in 1155. Wace says Arthur created the Round Table to prevent quarrels among his barons, none of whom would accept a lower place than the others. Layamon added to the story when he adapted Wace's work into the Middle English ''Brut'' in the early 13th century, saying that the quarrel between Arthur's vassals led to violence at a Yuletide feast. In response a Cornish carpenter built an enormous but easily transportable Round Table to prevent further dispute. Wace claims he was not the source of the Round Table; both he and Layamon credit it instead to the Bretons. Some scholars have doubted this claim, while others believe it may be true. There is some similarity between the chroniclers' description of the Round Table and a custom recorded in Celtic stories, in which warriors sit in a circle around the king or lead warrior, in some cases feuding over the order of precedence as in Layamon. There is a possibility that Wace, contrary to his own claims, derived Arthur's round table not from any Breton source, but rather from medieval biographies of Charlemagne - notably Einhard's ''Vita Caroli'' and Notker the Stammerer's ''De Carolo Magno'' - in which the king is said to have possessed a round table decorated with a map of Rome.

Though the Round Table itself is not mentioned until Wace the concept of Arthur having a marvelous court made up of many prominent warriors is much older. Geoffrey of Monmouth says that after establishing peace throughout Britain Arthur "increased his personal entourage by inviting very distinguished men from far-distant kingdoms to join it." The code of chivalry so important in later romance figures in as well, as Geoffrey says Arthur established "such a code of courtliness in his household that he inspired peoples living far away to imitate him." Long before Geoffrey, Arthur's court was well known to Welsh storytellers; in the romance ''Culhwch and Olwen'', written around 1100, the protagonist Culhwch invokes the names of 225 individuals affiliated with Arthur. In fact, the fame of Arthur's entourage became so prominent in Welsh tradition that in the later additions to the Welsh Triads, the formula "Arthur's Court" in the titles of the triads began to supersede the older "Island of Britain" formula. Though the code of chivalry crucial to later continental romances dealing with the Round Table is mostly absent from the earlier Welsh material, some passages of ''Culhwch and Olwen'' seem to prefigure it, for instance when Arthur explains the ethos of his court, saying "[w]e are nobles as long as we are sought out: the greater the bounty we may give, the greater our nobility, fame and honour."

Though no Round Table appears in the early Welsh texts, Arthur is associated with various items of household furniture. The earliest of these is Saint Carannog's mystical floating altar in that saint's 12th century ''Vita''; in the story Arthur has found the altar and attempts unsuccessfully to use it for a table, and returns it to Carannog in exchange for the saint ridding the land of a meddlesome dragon. Arthur's household furniture figures into local topographical folklore throughout Britain as early as the early 12th century, with various landmarks being named "Arthur's Seat", "Arthur's Oven," and "Arthur's Bed-chamber." A henge at Eamont Bridge near Penrith, Cumbria is known as "King Arthur's Round Table". The still-visible Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon has been associated with the Round Table and has been suggested as a possible source for the legend.

In 2010, following archaeological discoveries at the Roman ruins in Chester, some writers suggested that the Chester Roman Amphitheatre was the true prototype of the Round Table but English Heritage, acting as consultants to a History Channel documentary in which the claim was made, declared that there was no archaeological basis to the story.

Later development

The Round Table takes on new dimensions in the romances of the late 12th and early 13th century, where it becomes a symbol of the famed order of chivalry which flourishes under Arthur. In Robert de Boron's ''Merlin'', written around the 1190s, the wizard Merlin creates the Round Table in imitation of the table of the Last Supper and of Joseph of Arimathea's Holy Grail table. This table, here made for Arthur's father Uther Pendragon rather than Arthur himself, has twelve seats and one empty place to mark the betrayal of Judas. This seat must remain empty until the coming of the knight who will achieve the Grail. The Didot ''Perceval'', a prose continuation of Robert's work, takes up the story, and the knight Percival sits in the seat and initiates the Grail quest.

The prose cycles of the 13th century, the Lancelot-Grail cycle and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, further adapt the chivalric attributes of the Round Table. Here it is the perfect knight Galahad, rather than Percival, who assumes the empty seat, now called the Siege Perilous. Galahad's arrival marks the start of the Grail quest as well as the end of the Arthurian era. In these works the Round Table is kept by King Leodegrance of Cameliard after Uther's death; Arthur inherits it when he marries Leodegrance's daughter Guinevere. Other versions treat the Round Table differently, for instance Italian Arthurian works often distinguish between the "Old Table" of Uther's time and Arthur's "New Table."

Round Table tournaments

During the Middle Ages festivals called Round Tables were celebrated throughout Europe in imitation of Arthur's court. These events featured jousting, dancing, and feasting, and in some cases attending knights assumed the identities of Arthur's knights. The earliest of these was held in Cyprus in 1223 to celebrate a knighting. Round Tables were popular in various European countries through the rest of the Middle Ages and were at times very elaborate; René of Anjou even erected an Arthurian castle for his 1446 Round Table.

The artifact known as the "Winchester Round Table," a large tabletop hanging in Winchester Castle bearing the names of various knights of Arthur's court, was probably created for a Round Table tournament. The current paintwork is late; it was done by order of Henry VIII of England for Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's 1522 state visit, and depicts Henry himself sitting in Arthur's seat above a Tudor rose. The table itself is considerably older; dendrochronology calculates the date of construction to 1250–1280—during the reign of Edward I—using timber from store felled over a period of years. Edward was an Arthurian enthusiast who attended at least five Round Tables and hosted one himself in 1299, which may have been the occasion for the creation of the Winchester Round Table. Martin Biddle, from an examination of Edward's financial accounts, links it instead with a tournament Edward held near Winchester on April 20, 1290, to mark the betrothal of one of his daughters.

Notes

References

Bromwich, Rachel (2006). ''Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain''. University Of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.

Geoffrey of Monmouth; Thorpe, Lewis (1988). ''The History of the Kings of Britain''. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044170-0.

Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1991). ''The New Arthurian Encyclopedia''. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.

Loomis, Roger S. (1959). "Arthurian Influence on Sport and Spectacle."

''Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages''. Oxford.

Padel, O. J. (2000). ''Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature''. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-7689-1.

Rouse, Robert; and Cory Rushton (2005). ''The Medieval Quest for Arthur''. Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 0-7524-3343-1.

External links

Timeless Myths - Knights of the Round Table

The 14th Century Round Table in Winchester, Hampshire. UK

Category:Arthurian legend Category:Tables (furniture)

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playername	Jonty Rhodes
country	South Africa
fullname	Jonathan Neil Rhodes
living	true
dayofbirth	27
monthofbirth	7
yearofbirth	1969
placeofbirth	Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province
countryofbirth	South Africa
batting	Right-handed
bowling	Right-arm medium
international	true
testdebutdate	13 November
testdebutyear	1992
testdebutagainst	India
lasttestdate	10 August
lasttestyear	2000
lasttestagainst	Sri Lanka
odidebutdate	26 February
odidebutyear	1992
odidebutagainst	Australia
odicap	dead
lastodidate	12 February
lastodiyear	2003
lastodiagainst	Kenya
club1	Natal
year1	1988-1998
club2	KwaZulu-Natal
year2	1998-2003
club3	Ireland
year3	1999
club4	Gloucestershire
year4	2003
deliveries	balls
columns	4
column1	Tests
matches1	52
runs1	2532
bat avg1	35.66
100s/50s1	3/17
top score1	117
deliveries1	12
wickets1	0
bowl avg1	–
fivefor1	0
tenfor1	0
best bowling1	–
catches/stumpings1	34/–
column2	ODIs
matches2	245
runs2	5935
bat avg2	35.11
100s/50s2	2/33
top score2	121
deliveries2	14
wickets2	0
bowl avg2	–
fivefor2	0
tenfor2	n/a
best bowling2	–
catches/stumpings2	105/–
column3	FC
matches3	164
runs3	9546
bat avg3	41.14
100s/50s3	22/52
top score3	172
deliveries3	162
wickets3	1
bowl avg3	83.00
fivefor3	0
tenfor3	0
best bowling3	1/13
catches/stumpings3	127/–
column4	LA
matches4	371
runs4	8907
bat avg4	32.86
100s/50s4	2/51
top score4	121
deliveries4	80
wickets4	2
bowl avg4	22.50
fivefor4	0
tenfor4	n/a
best bowling4	1/2
catches/stumpings4	158/–
date	19 July
year	2009
source	http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/46973.html CricInfo }}

Jonathan Neil "Jonty" Rhodes (born 27 July 1969) is a former South African Test and One Day International cricketer who played for the South African cricket team between 1992 and 2003.

Rhodes was born in Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province, South Africa. As a right-handed batsman he was noted for his quick running, however he was especially noted for his fielding, particularly ground fielding and throwing from his most common position of backward point. A report prepared by Cricinfo in late 2005 showed that since the 1999 Cricket World Cup, he had effected the ninth highest number of run outs in ODI cricket of any fieldsman, with the third highest success rate.

During his career he also played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, KwaZulu-Natal and Natal. Rhodes retired from Test cricket in 2000, and from one day cricket in 2003 after an injury during the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

Rhodes also represented South Africa at hockey, and was chosen as part of the 1992 Olympic Games squad to go to Barcelona; however, the squad did not qualify to go to the tournament. He was also called up for trials to play in the 1996 Olympics but was ruled out by a hamstring injury. He is the only cricketer in history of cricket to be awarded as "Man of the Match" for his fielding.

Career highlights

Test career

Rhodes made his Test début against India in the first Test of the "Friendship Tour" at his home ground in Kingsmead, Durban on 13 November 1992, scoring 41 in the first innings and 26 not out in the second.

Rhodes scored his first Test century during the first Test of a three match series against Sri Lanka at Moratuwa during the 1993–1994 season. Batting on the last day, Rhodes scored 101 not out and along with Clive Eksteen salvaged a draw. South Africa went on to win the series 1-0 by winning the second match and drawing the third.

Rhodes announced his retirement from Test match cricket in 2001 in order to allow him to continue playing until the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. His last Test match was on 6 August 2000 at the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo against Sri Lanka. Rhodes made scores of 21 and 54 in the two innings. Sri Lanka went on to win the match by six wickets.

ODI career

Rhodes made his One Day International début against Australia in South Africa's opening match of the 1992 Cricket World Cup at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 26 February 1992. Australia batted first, scoring 170, and Rhodes dismissed Craig McDermott via a run out. South Africa scored 171 to win the match by nine wickets; Rhodes was not required to bat.

Rhodes shot to fame after South Africa's fifth game of the World Cup, against Pakistan on the 8 March 1992 at the Brisbane Cricket Ground. South Africa batted first, scoring 211 off 50 overs. Pakistan's innings was reduced to 36 overs because of rain interruptions, with the target revised from 212 to 194 runs. Inzamam-ul-Haq and Pakistan captain Imran Khan resumed the innings when play was restarted. With the score at 135/2 Inzamam, who was at the time on 48, set off for a run but was turned back by Khan. The ball had rolled out towards Rhodes who ran in from backward point, gathered the ball and raced the retreating Inzamam to the wicket. Rhodes, with ball in hand, dived full length to break the stumps and effect the run out. The run out, the subject of a famous photograph, is still considered one of the more spectacular feats of that World Cup and the defining moment of Rhodes' career. Pakistan's innings faltered from then on, eventually finishing on 173/8 with South Africa winning by twenty runs.

On 14 November 1993 Rhodes took a world record of five catches, to achieve the most dismissals by a fielder (other than a wicketkeeper) against the West Indies at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai.

Rhodes announced that he planned to retire from One-Day International cricket after the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. However, his tournament was cut short when he got injured in a match against Kenya. In Kenya's innings, Maurice Odumbe hit the ball in the air toward Rhodes. Rhodes dropped the catch and in the process broke his hand. The South African team's medical staff concluded that it would take four to five weeks to heal, effectively ruling Rhodes out of the rest of the tournament. Rhodes was withdrawn from the squad and replaced by Graeme Smith.

Post-retirement

After retirement Rhodes was employed by Standard Bank as an account executive and is also involved with the bank's cricket sponsorship in South Africa. Rhodes is presently working as a fielding coach in the South African national cricket team. He is currently hired as the fielding coach for IPL Team Mumbai Indians. The Kenyan cricket team announced that Rhodes had been hired as the team's assistant coach and will serve them until the 2011 Cricket World Cup he will assist Kenya with fielding and batting

He married Kate McCarthy, a niece of Cuan McCarthy, on 16 April 1994 in Pietermaritzburg. The couple has since split up.

Awards

In 1999 he was voted as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.

In 2004 he was voted 29th in the Top 100 Great South Africans in SABC3's Great South Africans television series.

External links

''Cricinfo'' article on the Top 50 Magic Moments in Cricket

References

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:South African cricketers Category:White South African people Category:Alumni of the University of Natal Category:South African field hockey players Category:South Africa One Day International cricketers Category:South Africa Test cricketers Category:Gloucestershire cricketers Category:Ireland cricketers Category:KwaZulu-Natal cricketers Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year Category:People with epilepsy Category:Old Collegians (Maritzburg College) Category:People from Pietermaritzburg

kn:ಜಾಂಟಿ ರೋಡ್ಸ್ mr:जाँटी र्‍होड्स ta:ஜாண்டி ரோட்ஸ்

Name	The Right HonourableSir Rhodes Boyson
Office	Parliamentary Under-SecretaryDepartment of Education and Science
Term start	1979
Term end	1983
Primeminister	Margaret Thatcher
Office2	Minister of State for Social Security
Term start2	1983
Term end2	1984
Primeminister2	Margaret Thatcher
Office3	Minister of State for Northern Ireland
Term start3	1984
Term end3	1986
Primeminister3	Margaret Thatcher
Office4	Minister of State for the Environment
Term start4	1986
Term end4	1987
Primeminister4	Margaret Thatcher
Constituency mp5	Brent North
Term start5	1974
Term end5	1997
Predecessor5	(new constituency)
Successor5	Barry Gardiner
Party	Conservative Party
Birth date	May 11, 1925
Birth place	Haslingden, Lancashire
Party	Conservative Party
Religion	}}

Sir Rhodes Boyson (born 11 May 1925 in Haslingden, Lancashire) is a British educator, author and politician and a former Conservative Member of Parliament for Brent North. He was knighted and made a member of the Privy Council in 1987.

The son of Alderman William Boyson MBE JP, Rhodes Boyson was educated at Haslingden Grammar School, University College Cardiff, the University of Manchester, the London School of Economics and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

Early career

He served with the Royal Navy based in India at the time of Independence and then was a Head teacher, first at Lea Bank Secondary Modern School in Rossendale (1955–61), then at Robert Montefiore Secondary School, Stepney, London (1961–66), and finally and famously from 1967 to 1974 at Highbury Grove School, a new all-boys comprehensive in Islington, North London, of which he was the founding head; in this capacity, and subsequently as an MP, he was vocal and outspoken in support of the retention of corporal punishment in British schools. He opposed "progressive" teaching methods and what he perceived to be lax discipline both in modern education and in the wider society, and at Highbury Grove he introduced an unfashionably traditional regime, with strictly enforced uniforms, caning for misbehaviour, and a house system. This proved so popular with local parents that the school was consistently oversubscribed.

In 1977 he was co-author (with Prof. C.B. Cox) of one of the series of Black Papers on education, criticising many aspects of the comprehensive schools system.

Boyson was a severe critic of what he regarded as the influence of "mindless sociologists" and the accompanying "mush which has corrupted the national character", noting in 1978 that "it has not gone unnoticed that crime has increased parallel with the number of social workers". The Daily Mirror responded with an editorial comment "that crime has also increased parallel with speeches from Dr. Boyson".

He served as Chairman of the National Council for Educational Standards.

Political career

Rhodes Boyson was first elected to the House of Commons in 1974, and was Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Department of Education and Science 1979-1983. In this capacity he sought to uphold schools' right to use the cane, and was nicknamed the "Minister for Flogging" by the anti-corporal-punishment campaign STOPP. He was Minister of State for Social Security 1983-1984, for Northern Ireland 1984-1986 and for Local Government 1986-1987.

Boyson was a strong opponent of homosexuality and a supporter of Section 28. He said:

"It is wrong biblically, is homosexuality. It is unnatural. AIDS is part of the fruits of the permissive society. The regular one-man, one-woman marriage would not put us at risk in this way. If we could wipe out homosexual practices, then Aids would die out."

Boyson was a supporter of the Conservative Monday Club and frequently addressed them. At the Conservative Party Annual Conference at Blackpool on 10 October 1991 he was the principal speaker at a Club fringe meeting on the subject of ''A Conservative Revolution in Education''.

In 1994 he appeared on the BBC topical panel TV show ''Have I Got News For You'' and seemed not to appreciate the light-hearted nature of the programme. He also appeared on ''Brass Eye''.

Boyson lost his Brent North seat in the Labour landslide of 1997, his 24% majority turning to a 10% majority for the opposition, partly because of what was perceived to be his lack of commitment to the campaign to retain Edgware General Hospital; in 2001, the seat, no longer contested by Boyson, swung a further 9% to Labour.

In 2007 he received an honorary degree from The University of Buckingham. He now lives in a nursing home (Cedar House, Harefield).

Distinctive personal features are his mutton chop whiskers and his strong Lancashire accent.

References

Further reading

Boyson, Rhodes, ''Centre Forward - A Radical Conservative Programme'', Temple Smith, London, 1978. ISBN 0-85117-148-6

Boyson, Rhodes, ''Oversubscribed: The Story of Highbury Grove School'', Ward Lock Educational, London, 1974. ISBN 0-7062-3385-9

''Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1991'', 172 edition, East Sussex, ISBN 0-905702-17-4.

Category:1925 births Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs Category:UK MPs 1974 Category:UK MPs 1974–1979 Category:UK MPs 1979–1983 Category:UK MPs 1983–1987 Category:UK MPs 1987–1992 Category:UK MPs 1992–1997 Category:Alumni of Cardiff University Category:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge Category:Living people Category:Knights Bachelor Category:People from Haslingden Category:People educated at Haslingden Grammar School

Name	Lou Rhodes
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Louise Ann Rhodes
Origin	Manchester, England
Instrument	Vocals, guitar
Genre	acoustic, folk
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1996–present
Label	Infinite Bloom,A&G; Records
Associated acts	Lamb
Website	www.lourhodes.com
Notable instruments	}}

Lou Rhodes is an English singer and songwriter from Manchester, now living in Wiltshire. In addition to providing vocals and lyrics for the band Lamb, Rhodes has released three solo albums: ''Beloved One'', ''Bloom'' and ''One Good Thing''. Rhodes has collaborated with 808 State, A Guy Called Gerald, Funkstörung, Pale 3, Sugizo, Plump DJs, Sheila Chandra, Eliza Carthy, Art of Noise, and The Cinematic Orchestra on ''Ma Fleur'' and the soundtrack to Les Ailes Pourpres.

Solo career

Rhodes started her own record label, Infinite Bloom, at the beginning of 2006, to issue her debut solo album ''Beloved One'' which was shortlisted for the Nationwide Mercury Music Prize the same year. This album explores the folk side of Rhodes's music, which was previously undisplayed while performing in Lamb, although songs such as "Fortress" are reminiscent of her times playing in Lamb. She has been described as following a Nick Drake path as a singer-songwriter.

Rhodes performed at Glastonbury Festival in 2005 and in 2007 on the new stage at "The Park", which had been organized by Emily Eavis. In May 2007, Rhodes had to cancel her UK tour after the sudden death of her sister.

Rhodes' second album ''Bloom'' was released through A&G; Records/Infinite Bloom on September 1, 2007. It was given three (out of five) stars by ''Q'' magazine. On 24 September 2007 she released the first single from ''Bloom'', called "The Rain". In October 2007 Lou Rhodes began a tour to promote the album.

In 2009, Lamb reunited for a tour. During this same period, Rhodes recorded her third album, ''One Good Thing'', which was released in early 2010.

Musical style

Although Lamb are famous for blending trip hop with jazz and elements of drum and bass, Rhodes's solo work is more organic and rooted in folk music. Rhodes expressed a doubt that she will ever return to electronica. She combines finely tuned acoustic guitars—the essence of almost every arrangement—with violin, double bass, and rich percussion. Lyrically, her songs can be described as extremely romantic, soulful and very personal, this is how Rhodes explains the last album's lyrics:

Personal life

Lou Rhodes has two sons. She lives in rural Wiltshire, England.

Discography

Albums

2006 ''Beloved One''

2007 ''Bloom'' (A&G; Records)

2010 ''One Good Thing'' (Motion Audio, distributed by Ninja Tune)

Singles

2006 ''Tremble''

2007 ''The Rain'' (A&G; Records)

2010 ''There For The Taking'' (Motion Audio)

External links

Infinite Bloom (Rhodes' record label)

Lou Rhodes Official Website

Lou Rhodes page on last.fm

Liberation Frequency Interview with Lou Rhodes 2008

References

Category:English female singers Category:English female guitarists Category:People from Manchester Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

de:Louise Rhodes pl:Lou Rhodes pt:Lou Rhodes ru:Роудс, Лу