Islington () is a neighbourhood in Greater London, England and forms the central district of the London Borough of Islington. It is a district of Inner London, spanning from Islington High Street to Highbury Fields, encompassing the area around the busy Upper Street. The name is now also often applied to the areas of the borough close to Upper Street such as Barnsbury, Canonbury, and De Beauvoir Town, developed in the Georgian era.

Modern definition

Islington grew as a sprawling Middlesex village along the line of the Great North Road, and has provided the name of the modern borough. This gave rise to some confusion, as neighbouring districts may also be said to be in Islington. This district is bounded by Liverpool Road to the west and New North Road to the south-east. Its northernmost point is in the area of Highbury. The main north-south high street, Upper Street splits at Highbury Corner to Holloway Road to the west and St. Paul's Road to the east.

The area around Angel tube station is sometimes considered a district in its own right: The Angel, Islington. The northern part of this area (from the Liverpool Road junction northwards) is within the district of Islington, while the southern half is in neighbouring Finsbury. The area below Penton Steet and east of Pentonville Road is the adjoining district of Pentonville.

History

Etymology

Islington was originally named by the Saxons ''Giseldone'' (1005), then ''Gislandune'' (1062). The name means 'Gīsla's hill' from the Old English personal name Gīsla and ''dun'' 'hill', 'down'. The name then later mutated to ''Isledon'', which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors hereabouts, along with ''Bernersbury'', ''Neweton Berewe'' or ''Hey-bury'' and ''Canonesbury'' (Barnsbury, Highbury and Canonbury - names first recorded in the 13th and 14th centuries).

Origins

Some roads on the edge of the area, including Essex Road, were known as ''streets'' by the medieval period, possibly indicating a Roman origin, but little physical evidence remains. What is known is that the Great North Road from Aldersgate came into use in the 14th century, connecting with a new turnpike (toll road) up Highgate Hill. This was along the line of modern Upper Street, with a toll gate at The Angel defining the extent of the village. The ''Back Road'', the modern Liverpool Road, was primarily a drovers' road where cattle would be rested before the final leg of their journey to Smithfield. Pens and sheds were erected along this road to accommodate the animals.

The first recorded church, St Mary's, was erected in the twelfth century and was replaced in the fifteenth century.Islington lay on the estates of the Bishop of London and the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls. There were substantial medieval moated manor houses in the area, principally at Canonbury and Highbury. In 1548, there were 440 communicants listed and the rural atmosphere, with access to the City and Westminster, made it a popular residence for the rich and eminent. The local inns, however, harboured many fugitives and recursants.

The Royal Agricultural Hall was built in 1862 on the Liverpool Road site of William Dixon's Cattle Layers. The hall was 75 ft high and the arched glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the annual Smithfield Show in December of that year but was popular for other purposes, including recitals and the Royal Tournament. It was the primary exhibition site for London until the 20th century and the largest building of its kind, holding up to 50,000 people. It was requisitioned for use by the Mount Pleasant sorting office during World War II and never re-opened. The main hall has now been incorporated into the Business Design Centre.

Water sources

The hill on which Islington stands has long supplied the City of London with water, the first projects drawing water through wooden pipes from the many springs that lay at its foot, in Finsbury. These included Sadler's Wells, London Spa and Clerkenwell.

By the 17th century these traditional sources were inadequate to supply the growing population and plans were laid to construct a waterway, the New River, to bring fresh water from the source of the River Lea, in Hertfordshire to New River Head, below Islington in Finsbury. The river was opened on September 29, 1613 by Sir Hugh Myddleton, the constructor of the project. His statue still stands where Upper Street meets Essex Road. The course of the river ran to the east of Upper Street, and much of its course is now covered and forms a ''linear park'' through the area.

The Regents Canal passes through Islington. For much of its length it travels through an tunnel that runs from Colebrook Row, just east of the Angel, to emerge at Muriel Street not far from Caledonian Road. The subterranean stretch is marked with a series of pavement plaques so that canal walkers may find their way from one entrance to the other above ground. The area of the canal east of the tunnel and north of the City Road was once dominated by much warehousing and industry surrounding the large City Road Basin and Wenlock Basin. Those old buildings that survive here are now largely residential or small work units. This stretch boasts one of the few old canal pubs with an entrance actually on the tow-path, The Narrowboat.

The canal was constructed in 1820 to carry cargo from Limehouse into the canal system. There is no tow-path in the tunnel so bargees had to ''walk'' their barges through, braced against the roof. Commercial use of the canal has declined since the 1960s.

Market gardens and entertainments

In the 17th and 18th centuries the availability of water made Islington a place for growing vegetables to feed London. The manor became a popular resort for Londoners due to this rural aspect and many public houses were founded to serve the needs of both visitors and travellers on the turnpike. By 1716, there were 56 ale-house keepers in Upper Street, also offering pleasure and tea gardens and activities such as archery, skittle alleys and bowling. By the 18th century music and dancing were offered, together with billiards, firework displays and balloon ascents. The ''King's Head Tavern'', now a Victorian building with a theatre, has remained on the same site, opposite the parish church since 1543. The founder of the theatre, Dan Crawford, who died in 2005, disagreed with the introduction of decimal coinage. For twenty-plus years after decimalisation (on 15 February 1971) the bar continued to show prices and charge for drinks in pre-decimalisation currency.

By the 19th century many music halls and theatres were established around Islington Green. One such was Collins' Music Hall, the remains of which are now incorporated into a bookshop. It stood on the site of the Landsdowne Tavern, where the landlord had built an entertainment room for customers who wanted to sing (and later for professional entertainers). It was founded in 1862 by Samuel Thomas Collins Vagg and by 1897 had become a 1,800 seat theatre with 10 bars. The theatre suffered damage in a fire in 1958 and has not reopened. Between 92 and 162 acts were put on each evening and performers who started there included Marie Lloyd, George Robey, Harry Lauder, Harry Tate, George Formby, Vesta Tilley, Tommy Trinder, Gracie Fields, Tommy Handley and Norman Wisdom.

The Islington Literary and Scientific Society was established in 1833 and first met in Mr. Edgeworth's academy on Upper Street. Its object was to spread knowledge through lectures, discussions, and experiments, politics and theology being forbidden. A building, the Literary and Scientific Institution, was erected in 1837 in Wellington (later Almeida) Street, designed by Roumieu and Gough in a stuccoed Grecian style. It included a library (containing 3,300 volumes in 1839), reading room, museum, laboratory, and lecture theatre seating 500. The subscription was two guineas a year. The library was sold off in 1872 and the building sold or leased in 1874 to the ''Wellington Club'', which occupied it until 1886. In 1885 the hall was used for concerts, balls, and public meetings. The Salvation Army bought the building in 1890, renamed it the Wellington Castle barracks, and remained there until 1955. The building became a factory and showroom for Beck's British Carnival Novelties for a few years from 1956, after which it stood empty. In 1978 a campaign began with the aim to turn it into a theatre. A public appeal was launched in 1981 and a festival of avant-garde theatre and music was held there and at other Islington venues in 1982, and the successful Almeida Theatre founded.

Housing

Some development took place to accommodate the popularity of nearby Sadler's Wells , which became a resort in the 16th century, but the 19th century saw the greatest expansion in housing, soon to cover the whole parish. In 1801, the population was 10,212; by 1891 there were 319,143 inhabitants in the borough. This rapid expansion was partly due to the introduction of horse-drawn omnibuses in 1830. Large well-built houses and fashionable squares drew clerks, artisans and professionals to the district. However, from the middle of the 19th century the poor were being displaced by clearances in inner London to build the new railway stations and goods yards. Many of the displaced settled in Islington, with the houses becoming occupied by many families. This, combined with the railways pushing into outer Middlesex, reduced Islington's attraction for the "better off" as it became "unfashionable". The area fell into a long decline; and by the mid-20th century, the area was largely run down and a byword for urban poverty.

World War II caused much damage to Islington's housing stock, with 3,200 dwellings destroyed. While before the war municipal housing had not had much impact, after the war many bomb sites were redeveloped, both by the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and the London County Council. Clearance of the worst terraced housing was still undertaken but Islington continued to be very dense (least open space). The entire borough had a hight level of overcrowding.

From the 1960s, the Georgian terraces were rediscovered by middle class families and many of the houses were rehabilitated, with the area becoming newly fashionable. This displacement of the poor by the aspirational has become known as ''gentrification''. Among these new residents were a number of the central figures in the New Labour movement, including Tony Blair before his victory in the 1997 general election. ''"Islington is widely regarded as the spiritual home of Britain's left-wing intelligentsia"'' ''(The Guardian)''. The ''Granita Pact'' between Gordon Brown and Tony Blair is said to have been made at a now defunct restaurant on Upper Street.

The completion of the Victoria line and redevelopment of Angel tube station has created the conditions for developers to build blocks of small flats, popular with young professionals, intensifying use of the area. The inns of the 17th century are now replaced with busy public houses and trendy wine bars. Small shops selling ''bijou'' items are increasingly being priced out of the area and replaced by national (and international) chains. Islington remains a district in constant flux.

Monopoly fame

The area is also well-known due to its inclusion in the British version of Monopoly which features The Angel, Islington. However, in the game the Angel is the third cheapest property on the board. 'The Angel, Islington' was included as the licensees considered the names of places they were to use over tea in the Lyon's Corner House, built on the site of the original Angel Inn.

Nearby Monopoly locations are Pentonville Road (mostly within the Borough of Islington) which runs from King's Cross station to The Angel.

In literature

Islington features extensively in modern English literature and culture:

The Diary of a Nobody, an English comic novel written by George Grossmith and his brother Weedon Grossmith. The main character lives off the Holloway Road in Brickfield Terrace.

The Wilfers of Holloway feature in Charles Dicken's ''Our Mutual Friend''.

Douglas Adams lived in Islington and used it as a setting in his novels, and named a character in his famous ''Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy'' series after a well known local estate agents - Hotblack Desiato.

In Neil Gaiman's best selling novel ''Neverwhere'' Islington is an angel that lives under London, named after the Angel tube station.

Martha Grimes' fictional detective, Richard Jury, lives in a flat in Islington.

Emma Evans, protagonist of Margaret Drabble's novel The Garrick Year (1964), lives, after she has married her husband David, in "an ordinary nineteenth-century terrace house in Islington, and on either side of the front door stood a small stone lion . . . the back garden was up to the standard of the lions".

Simon Gray's play ''Otherwise Engaged'' is set in Islington. It was written in the 1970s.

In ''The Zoo'', a comic opera by Arthur Sullivan and B. C. Stephenson, two of the main characters are the Duke of Islington and his beloved, whom he asks to become the Duchess of Islington.

Nick Hornby's book, and later film, ''About a Boy'' are set in Islington.

Nick Hornby's novel ''SLAM'' is set in Islington.

Joan Smith's female detective, Loretta Lawson, lives in Islington.

The film, ''Notes on a Scandal'' is set in Islington.

Transport

The area is well served with bus routes, with a major bus interchange located near Angel tube station. Red route and residents' parking restrictions apply throughout the area.

Nearby places

Angel

Barnsbury

Canonbury

De Beauvoir Town

Finsbury

Highbury

Hoxton

Holloway

King's Cross

Pentonville

St Luke's

Barnsbury

Nearby stations

Angel tube station

Essex Road railway station

Highbury & Islington station

King's Cross railway station

King's Cross St Pancras tube station

St Pancras International

Education

:For education in the area, see the London Borough of Islington article.

Government and infrastructure

The Civil Aviation Authority has its head office in the CAA House in Islington.

Listed buildings

Grade II*

English Heritage lists three Grade II* listed buildings within Central Islington (and many more in surrounding districts):

The Union Chapel

3 Terrett's Place (An 18th-century house on Upper Street)

St Paul's Church, St Paul's Road (Designed by Sir Charles Barry, now the St Paul's Steiner Project)

Grade II (selected):

The area is perhaps most notable for its houses, shops and pubs. Many whole terraces are listed including much of Liverpool Road (one side of which is in Barnsbury) and Islington High Street/Upper Street. Other multiply listed streets include Camden Passage, Compton Terrace, Colebrooke Row, Cross Street, Duncan Terrace, Essex Road, Gibson Square and Milner Square).

Other Grade II listed structures include:

The Almeida Theatre.

The Angel Baptist Church, Cross Street.

The Angel public house (the original one, now a Co-op bank - not the newer Wetherspoon's), Islington High Street.

The Business Design Centre (part of which is the former Royal Agricultural Hall), Upper Street.

The Camden Head public house, Camden Passage.

The Hope and Anchor public house, Upper Street.

Ironmonger Row Baths.

Islington Town Hall.

M Manze's Pie and Eel Shop, Chapel Market.

Mecca Bingo Hall (now closed), Essex Road (once the Carlton Cinema). This is due to become a church in the near future.

The Old Queen's Head public house, Essex Road.

St John's Church, Duncan Terrace.

St Mary's Church, Upper Street (rebuilt after World War 2 - only the spire remains from the original).

South Library, Essex Road.

The York public house.

Emirates Stadium

See also

List of people from Islington

Islington Museum

Almeida Theatre

Little Angel Theatre

Business Design Centre

Crafts Council

Islington Green

Market Estate

The Union Chapel

Arsenal F.C.

References

A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8 (Note that even this largely refers to the old parish, considerably larger than the modern district)

External links

Islington Council

Islington Archaeology & History Society

Islington Literary & Historical Strolls

The Islington Society

St Mary's Church

Freightliner's Farm

London Landscape TV episode (5 mins) about Islington

Islington Labour Party

Category:Districts of Islington Category:Districts of London Category:Districts of London listed in the Domesday Book Category:Turkish communities in the United Kingdom

de:Islington (London) eo:Islington fr:Islington he:איזלינגטון ka:იზლინგტონი nl:Islington ja:イズリントン no:Islington ru:Излингтон simple:Islington fi:Islington sv:Islington tr:Islington

Name	Joe Black
Position	Pitcher
Bats	Right
Throws	Right
Birth date	February 08, 1924
Birth place	Plainfield, New Jersey
Death date	May 17, 2002
Death place	Scottsdale, Arizona
Debutdate	May 1
Debutyear	1952
Debutteam	Brooklyn Dodgers
Finaldate	September 11
Finalyear	1957
Finalteam	Washington Senators
Stat1label	Win–loss record
Stat1value	30–12
Stat2label	Earned run average
Stat2value	3.91
Stat3label	Strikeouts
Stat3value	222
Teams	Brooklyn Dodgers (–) Cincinnati Redlegs (–) Washington Senators ()
Highlights	1952 NL Rookie of the Year }}

Joseph Black (February 8, 1924 - May 17, 2002) was an American right-handed pitcher in Negro League and Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Cincinnati Redlegs, and Washington Senators who became the first black pitcher to win a World Series game, in 1952. Black died of prostate cancer at age 78.

A native of Plainfield, New Jersey, he starred at Plainfield High School. Black attended on a baseball scholarship and graduated from Morgan State University in 1950 and later received an honorary doctorate from Shaw University. He was a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity. He appears prominently in Roger Kahn's classic book, ''The Boys of Summer''.

Negro and minor leagues

Black helped the Baltimore Elite Giants of the Negro Leagues win 2 championships in 7 years. He and Jackie Robinson pushed for a pension plan for Negro League players and was instrumental in the inclusion of players who played before 1947. Black then played for a year in the Brooklyn Dodgers' minor league system.

Call up to Brooklyn

The Dodgers promoted Black to the major leagues in 1952, five years after teammate Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color barrier. Black was 28 when he reached the majors. He roomed with Jackie while with Brooklyn, and was dominant out of the bullpen, chosen Rookie of the Year after winning 15 games and saving 15 others for the National League champions. He had a 2.15 ERA but, with 142 innings pitched, fell 8 innings short of winning the ERA title.

Strapped for pitching, Dodgers manager Chuck Dressen brought Black out of the bullpen and started him 3 times in 7 days in the 1952 World Series against the New York Yankees. He won the opener with a 6-hitter over Allie Reynolds, 4-2, then lost the 4th game, 2-0, and the 7th, 4-2.

Black's decline

The next spring after the World Series, Dressen urged Black to add some pitches to his strong slowball, which was his favorite pitch. In six seasons, he compiled a 30-12 record, half of his wins coming in his rookie season.

After baseball

After his career ended, Black taught health and physical education at Hubbard Junior High School in Plainfield, N.J., and later became an executive with Greyhound in Phoenix, Arizona.

In addition to lobbying for black players, he remained in baseball through his affiliation with the commissioner's office, where he consulted with players about career choices.

In 1991, Black appeared as a fictional character 'Joe 'Playday' Sims', in TV's ''Cosby Show'', in the 7th Seaon episode, "There's Still No Joy in Mudville", which originally aired April 4, 1991.

He was a board director of the Baseball Assistance Team and worked for the Arizona Diamondbacks in community relations after they joined the NL in 1998. Black was a regular in the Diamondbacks' dugout during batting practice and in the press box. He also did a lot of charity work in the Phoenix area.

He wrote a syndicated column, "By The Way," for ''Ebony'' magazine and an autobiography, ''Ain't Nobody Better Than You''.

Black was interred in the Hillside Cemetery of Scotch Plains, New Jersey.

Comments on Black

"Joe Black was a tremendous human being," Arizona manager Bob Brenly said. "He always had positive words for me. His parting words were always, `Make sure you do it your way.' He must have told me that a hundred times last year. "He was a diehard Diamondbacks fan. He loved this team and I'm just glad we had a chance to win a World Series for him."

"He was a Dodger, but he was a giant of a man," former NL president Len Coleman said. "He was the greatest friend, and his loss leaves the world a lot more empty."

"His legacy is the thought that unheralded players can rise to the heights, that someone who at the time was considered an ordinary athlete could wind up pitching Game 1 of the World Series," said Vin Scully, the Dodgers' play-by-play announcer since 1951.

"He loved the game and he loved to talk the game," said Montreal manager Frank Robinson, who was friends with Black and visited him this month when the Expos were in Phoenix. "He was a great guy, a jolly guy, a real fun guy," said New York Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer, a teammate with the Dodgers. "It's sad to lose him."

Honors and awards

The Arizona Fall League's Most Valuable Player award is named for Black. First presented in 2002, the award honors the 1952 National League Rookie of the Year.

Beginning in 2010, the Washington Nationals will present the Joe Black Award to a Washington area organization chosen for its work promoting baseball in African-American communities. The award recognizes Black as the first African American player on the Washington Senators (1957).

References

External links

Baseball Almanac

The Deadball Era

Historic Baseball

Meet the Real Joe Black Biography

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Category:1924 births Category:2002 deaths Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Brooklyn Dodgers players Category:Cincinnati Redlegs players Category:Washington Senators players Category:Baseball players from New Jersey Category:Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Category:African American baseball players Category:People from Plainfield, New Jersey Category:Montreal Royals players Category:St. Paul Saints (AA) players Category:Seattle Rainiers players Category:Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players

Name	Phil Manzanera
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Philip Geoffrey Targett-Adams
Alias	Phil Manzera
Born	January 31, 1951London, England
Instrument	Guitar
Genre	Art rock, glam rock, pop rock
Occupation	Musician, songwriter, Producer
Years active	1971–present
Associated acts	Roxy Music, John Wetton, Andy Mackay, David Gilmour
Website	Official website
notable instruments	Gibson Firebird }}

Phil Manzanera (born Philip Geoffrey Targett-Adams, 31 January 1951, London, England) is a musician and record producer. He is the lead guitarist with Roxy Music. In 2006 Manzanera co-produced David Gilmour's album ''On An Island'' and played in Gilmour's band for tours in Europe and North America. He wrote and presented a series of 14 one-hour radio programmes for station Planet Rock entitled ''The A-Z of Great Guitarists'' and his instrumental album, ''Firebird V11'', was released in 2008.

Early years (1951–1970)

Manzanera was born in London to a Colombian mother and an English father, and spent most of his childhood in different parts of the Americas, including Hawaii, Venezuela, Colombia and Cuba. It was in Cuba that the young Manzanera, aged 6, encountered his first guitar, a Spanish guitar owned by his mother. His earliest musical accomplishments were Cuban folk songs inspired by the Cuban Revolution.

In Venezuela the eight-year-old Manzanera started experimenting with the sounds of the electric guitar. During his teenage years he was absorbing the twin influences of 1960s rock and roll and Latin American rhythms of merengue music, cumbia, and particularly the boleros of the Mexican Armando Manzanero.

In his late teens Manzanera—then a boarder at the public school Dulwich College in south east London, England—formed a series of groups with his friends Bill MacCormick, later a member of Matching Mole and Random Hold, MacCormick's brother Ian (better known as music writer Ian MacDonald) and drummer Charles Hayward, later of This Heat. The final incarnation of this succession of bands was the progressive rock quartet Quiet Sun with keyboard player Dave Jarrett which broke up when McCormack joined Matching Mole, although Manzanera briefly revived the band in 1975 to record an LP of their original music during the making of his first solo album ''Diamond Head'' (an unusual solo album for a guitarist with two vocal songs by Brian Eno, one by Robert Wyatt, and one with vocals by John Wetton and Doreen Chanter.)

Roxy Music (1971–1983)

Manzanera was determined to join a professional band, and in October 1971 he was one of about twenty players who auditioned as lead guitarist for the recently formed art rock band, Roxy Music. Manzanera displayed a wide-ranging interest in music. Influenced by his childhood sojourns in Latin America, and his stints at boarding school, he came to know several prominent musicians including Soft Machine's Robert Wyatt and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour, who was a friend of his older brother.

Although the group were impressed with his abilities, Manzanera lost out to David O'List, former guitarist with noted UK psych-pop combo The Nice, although Roxy did offer him work as their roadie. However a few months later O'List quit the band abruptly after an onstage altercation with drummer Paul Thompson, during the band's audition for David Enthoven of EG Management. Manzanera was invited to the next rehearsal on the pretext of becoming their sound mixer but was asked to sit in on guitar. Unbeknownst to the rest of the group, he had secretly learned their entire repertoire and as a result he was immediately asked to become O'List's permanent replacement, joining on 14 February 1972.

His bandmates at this time were Bryan Ferry, Brian Eno, Paul Thompson and Andy Mackay. Roxy Music's rise was meteoric, with the band being hailed as the stylistic influence of the early 1970s. During the next 12 years, until 1983 when the band members went on a "long break", Roxy Music released a series of internationally best-selling albums, achieving ten UK Top 10 albums and touring extensively throughout the world. In parallel with Roxy Music, Manzanera has always pursued solo projects, both recording his own albums and producing for others. All his previous solo albums have been digitally remastered and re-released with new artwork on his own label, Expression Records.

Solo work (1983–2001)

As a writer, producer and solo artist, Phil Manzanera has worked with many of the luminaries of modern music, such as Steve Winwood, David Gilmour, John Cale, Godley & Creme, Nico and John Wetton. He has co-written material with many artists, including Brian Eno, Tim Finn, Robert Wyatt and Gilmour. Manzanera co-wrote Pink Floyd's single "One Slip" from their 1987 ''A Momentary Lapse of Reason'' album.

In the 1990s Manzanera performed in concerts all over the world, including at Guitar Legends, the five-day guitar festival in Seville, where he was musical director for the event as well as playing with Bob Dylan, Keith Richards, Jack Bruce, Vicente Amigo, Dave Edmunds, Joe Satriani, Steve Cropper, Aterciopelados, Robert Cray and Richard Thompson. He has also played in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Spain, France, Italy and the UK, including a ten-date European tour with the Cuban band Grupo Moncada. He played at WOMAD festivals in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Manzanera ended the 20th Century by appearing with Bryan Ferry at the British Gas Millennium Concert at Greenwich, the first time they had performed together in 18 years. Manzanera produced in 1993 the highly acclaimed album ''Severino'' from the Brazilian rock band Os Paralamas do Sucesso, which included a participation by Brian May.

Roxy Music reunion and later work (2001–present)

The Roxy Music "long break" came to an end in 2001 with a critically acclaimed, sold-out, 52-date world tour. In the summer of 2003 Roxy played 10 dates in the US, followed by 13 European gigs in 2004, including performing at Live 8 in Berlin.

Manzanera has a state-of-the-art studio, Gallery Studios, in West London. The first recording was Robert Wyatt's album ''Cuckooland'', and the client list also includes Brian Eno, David Gilmour, Annie Lennox, Kevin Ayers, and Chrissie Hynde. Wyatt's critically acclaimed album, ''Comicopera'', was recorded at Gallery in 2007.

Manzanera began singing on his own albums with ''Vozero'' in 2001, followed by ''6pm'' in 2004 and ''50 Minutes Later'' in 2005. He appeared at The Strat Pack celebration concert at Wembley Arena in 2005, alongside other musicians such as Hank Marvin, Ronnie Wood and David Gilmour.

He also collaborated with Eno and David Byrne on 2008's ''Everything That Happens Will Happen Today''.

Between 2003 and 2008 he collaborated with Colombian artist/sculptor Lucho Brieva on the Corroncho project. The project sprang from a Spanish version of the track ''Complicada'', written by Brieva's wife Chrissie Hynde. The resulting album comprises a set of songs about two ''corroncho'' characters (corroncho being the pejorative name given by people from Bogota to fellow Colombians from the Caribbean Coast, particularly Barranquilla. The album includes the musical styles of salsa, cumbia, pop music, ballads and chillout and has guest appearances from Robert Wyatt, Paul Thompson, Enrique Bunbury, Chrissie Hynde, Annie Lennox, Quimi Portet, Gilad Atzmon, and one of Cuba’s top pianists Aldo Lopez Gavilan.

Other efforts

Phil Manzanera co-produced David Gilmour's album ''On An Island''. Manzanera also played rhythm guitar on Gilmour's world tour to support the album in 2006 and appears in Gilmour's concert films ''Remember That Night'' and ''Live in Gdańsk''.

Manzanera appears briefly playing a guitar solo in ''Red Dwarf'' series 6 episode "Psirens". Only his hands appeared playing the guitar, and his credit on the Internet Movie Database lists his role as "Hands of Psiren Lister". On screen he is credited as "the hands of Phil Manzanera".

Selected discography

1975-1982

1975 ''Diamond Head''

1975 Quiet Sun: ''Mainstream''

1976 801 : ''801 Live''

1977 801 : ''Listen Now''

1977 801 : ''Live at Manchester University''

1978 ''K-Scope''

1982 ''Primitive Guitars''

2000 ''Rare One'' (rarities during 1975-1991)

2000 801 : ''Liva at Hull'' (live in 1977)

1985-1992

1985 The Explorers(Manzanera & Mackay) : ''The Explorers'' (later aka ''The Complete Exploer'' in 2001)

1986 Wetton Manzanera : ''One World''

1988 ''Nowomowa - The Wasted Lands''

1988 Manzanera & Mackay : ''Crack the Whip''

1989 Manzanera & Mackay : ''Up in Smoke''

* 1991 Manzanera & Mackay : ''Manzanera & Mackay'' (compilation above two albums)

?(1997) The Explorers : ''Live at the Palace''

1990 ''Southern Cross''(aka ''A Million Reasons Why'')

1990 Phil Manzanera & Sérgio Dias : ''Mato Grosso''

1991 Manzanera & Tania Libertad : ''Boleros Hoy''

1992 Manzanera Moncada : ''Live at the Karl Marx, Havana''

1999-present

1999 ''Vozero''

2001 801 : ''801 Latino''

2004 ''6PM''

2005 ''50 minutes later''

2008 ''Firebird V11''

2010 ''Corroncho''

As producer

John Cale: ''Fear'' (1974)

Split Enz: ''Second Thoughts'' (1976)

Heroes del Silencio: "Senderos de Traición" (1990)

Tania Libertad: "Boleros Hoy" (1991)

Nina Hagen: ''Revolution Ballroom'' (1993)

Heroes del Silencio: "El Espíritu del Vino" (1993)

Os Paralamas do Sucesso: ''Severino'' (1994)

Fito Páez: ''Circo Beat'' (1994)

Aterciopelados: ''La Pipa de la Paz'' (1996)

Robi Draco Rosa: "Vagabundo" (1996)

Enrique Bunbury: "Radical Sonora" (1997)

David Gilmour: ''On an Island'' (2006)

Enrique Bunbury: "Hellville deluxe" (2008)

The Hall Effect: ''The Hall Effect'' (2010)

References

External links

Viva Roxy Music Site about Manzanera's work with Roxy Music and his solo work, collaborations and sessions

manzanera.com: Phil Manzanera, Expression Records and the Roxy Music Archive

Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Roxy Music members Category:English rock guitarists Category:English record producers Category:Old Alleynians Category:British people of Colombian descent

cs:Phil Manzanera de:Phil Manzanera es:Phil Manzanera fr:Phil Manzanera it:Phil Manzanera nl:Phil Manzanera ja:フィル・マンザネラ no:Phil Manzanera nn:Phil Manzanera pt:Phil Manzanera ro:Phil Manzanera ru:Фил Манзанера fi:Phil Manzanera sv:Phil Manzanera

Shaw Taylor MBE (born 26 October 1924 in Hackney, London) is a British actor and television presenter.

He served in the RAF and trained at RADA. He then acted on stage in the West End and on tour. He was an announcer for ATV when the normal announcer was not available. He then had a variety of acting roles in film and television from the 1950s onwards, and presented various game shows including ''Password,'' ''Tell the Truth'', ''Dotto'', ''This Is Your Chance'' and ''The Law Game'' (BBC Radio 2).

He is today best known for presenting ''Police 5'', a long-running 5-minute television programme first broadcast in 1962 that appealed to the public to help solve crimes. He later presented a spin-off show for younger viewers called ''Junior Police 5'', aka ''JP5''. His catchphrase was "Keep 'em peeled!" - asking viewers to be vigilant. This was originally used at the end of every ''JP5'' programme, but according to Shaw Taylor himself, "...at the suggestion of a friend I tried it out on the adult Police 5. I thought it sounded a bit naff at first but then the studio crew seemed to get withdrawal symptoms if I didn't say it at the end of the programme and it became a catchphrase that complete strangers still shout at me in the street".

Taylor was a boyhood friend of the writer Anthony Burgess, who published his novella A Clockwork Orange in 1962, the same year Police 5 was first broadcast. The novella's central character - Alexander the Large - was said to be loosely based on Taylor, who was interested in violent crime from a very early age and also had a rare gift for the English language, as demonstrated by his "Keep 'em peeled" catchphrase.

In 2008, at the age of 83, he featured as himself hosting ''Police 5'' in the seventh episode of the BBC TV drama ''Ashes to Ashes'', set in October 1981, in which he uses the aforedescribed "Keep 'em peeled!"

He plays bridge and presented a television series on the subject.

External links

Category:1924 births Category:Living people Category:English actors Category:English television presenters Category:People from Hackney

name	Ben Kinsella
birth date	October 27, 1991
birth place	England, United Kingdom
death date	June 29, 2008
death place	Islington, London, England
death cause	Stabbing
known for	Murder victim
residence	London
education	10 GCSEs
nationality	British
ethnicity	White British
parents	George and Deborah Kinsella
relatives	Brooke Kinsella (half-sister) }}

Ben Michael Kinsella (October 27, 1991 - June 29, 2008) was a 16-year-old English student at Holloway School. Kinsella was murdered by a gang of men in Islington, London after an argument in which he was described as "blameless". The significant media attention around his murder (the 17th stabbing death of a teenager in London during 2008) led to a series of anti-knife crime demonstrations, a raised profile for the government's anti-knife crime maxim "Operation Blunt 2" and a review and change of UK knife crime sentencing laws.

The victim

Kinsella was born the son of cab driver George Kinsella and his wife Deborah, a school secretary. He has a half-brother, 3 half-sisters and a younger, full sister. Like his older sister Brooke Kinsella, who played Kelly Taylor in the BBC soap opera ''EastEnders'' from 2001 to 2004, Kinsella had been involved in acting and he had a bit part as Tyrone Dooley in a 2004 episode of ''The Bill''.

Kinsella was a very popular and academically gifted student. Friends spoke of his caring and comical nature adding he was "full of energy" and that he was "the life and soul of his class".

Kinsella was threatened by a knife whilst working part-time at Zebedee's Cafe in Islington when preventing the theft of a mountain bike. Kinsella later wrote a letter to the UK's Prime Minister Gordon Brown as part of his English GCSE coursework, urging him to stamp out knife crime. It suggested parenting classes, curfews and youth clubs as possible solutions. The letter was later forwarded to Brown by his family.

Kinsella had also written a creative writing piece where he imagined his own death from stabbing, the full text of which has been reproduced in the media.

In August 2008, it was reported he passed all his GCSEs receiving two grade A*, three As, four Bs and one C.

As an aspiring graphic designer, Kinsella had also produced a design of the letter "K" that became a symbol against knife violence.

The attack

On June 28, 2008, Kinsella was out celebrating the end of his GCSE examinations with friends in Shillibeers Brasserie Bar, North Road, London. During this time, an altercation broke out between his friend Alfie and a man named Osman Ozdemir over the simple phrase "What are you looking at?" Having been separated by a door supervisor, a friend of Ozdemir's, Jade Braithwaite was heard saying phrases including "Tell your boy if he wants trouble, I've got my tool on me and it will open you up", "I'll stab people up", "If you want it, I'll give it to you" and "Don't you know who I am?". Braithwaite was also said to be frequently motioning to the inside of his jeans as if he had a weapon. The altercation between Alfie and Ozdemir went outside the bar, where Ozdemir and another of Braithwaite's friends were glassed. Braithwaite and his friends subsequently fled the scene.

Shortly before 02:00 on June 29 Ben Kinsella and his friends decided to return home. When they noticed they were being followed his friends began to run. Ben however did not, it is thought because he knew he had nothing to do with the earlier disturbance. He then crossed over the road in order to distance himself. He was then jointly cornered between two white vans by Braithwaite, Michael Alleyne and Juress Kika. As the three closed in on him he was heard pleading, "What are you coming over to me for? I haven't done anything". Moments later, Kinsella was kicked and punched to the ground, receiving 11 stab wounds to the chest and back in a period witnesses testified to be only a 5-second duration. Two wounds entered his lungs (causing his lung to collapse) and another inflicted with such force that it went straight through his third rib, splitting it, before entering the top of his heart. His pulmonary artery had also been punctured and some of his wounds were nearly seven inches deep. His hands also suffered stab wounds, indicating that he tried to fend off the knives. CCTV footage showed Kinsella stagger from the scene where he was supported by his friend Louis, the son of Birds of a Feather actress Linda Robson. Despite surgeons' best efforts, Ben Kinsella was pronounced dead at 07:24 as a result of blood loss from the numerous stab wounds. It was reported Ben had lost thirty pints of blood, the average teenage body holding only seven.

Demonstrations

After Kinsella's murder, an estimated 400 teenagers joined a demonstration to highlight concerns over the UK's growing knife crime culture. In the march organised by 16-year-old Brooke Dunford via the website Facebook, they marched from Islington Town Hall to the site of Kinsella's murder at the junction of North Road and York Way, passing by Shillibeers nightclub in silence. The crowd were heard chanting "What are we here for? Ben. Why are we here? No knives."

Kinsella's funeral was attended by around 1000 mourners including public figures such as Michelle Ryan, Gillian Taylforth, James Alexandrou and Jeremy Corbyn, MP. The father of Damilola Taylor was also present.

The Kinsella family made numerous media appearances campaigning against knives and set up a fund to raise awareness of the effects of gun and knife crime.

The three murderers

The three men accused and later convicted of Kinsella's murder were:

Jade Darrell Braithwaite

Braithwaite (also known as "J-Man"), of Bow, London, was aged 19 at the time of Kinsella's murder and 20 at the time of sentencing. With a height of 6'6", Braithwaite had hoped to become a professional goalkeeper and played in an Islington youth league until its closure when he was 14. He had also worked as a coach at a local leisure centre. Prior to the murder, Braithwaite had a reprimand for possession of cannabis and was convicted of attempted theft of a laptop computer from a fellow teenager. He was given a one-year detention and training order in 2006 but during 2007 his sentence was cut on appeal to community service.

Michael Leroy Alleyne

Alleyne (also known as "Tigger" due to his dreadlocks), of Islington, London, was aged 18 both at the time of Kinsella's murder and at the time of sentencing. He had been released three months earlier from a young offender institution after serving just half his sentence and was under the supervision of the council's youth offending team at the time of the murder. Alleyne had a criminal record including shoplifting, robbery, motor vehicle theft and drug dealing of crack cocaine and heroin. Alleyne's electronic tag was removed just weeks prior to the attack. He had also previously been in custody for robbery of a mobile phone. He was also known to "terrorise" council estate tenants with his 2 Staffordshire Bull Terriers. Alleyne is also alleged to have pulled a gun on a young member of his own gang.

Juress Kika

Kika (also known as "Dubzy"), of Islington, London, was aged 18 at the time of Kinsella's murder and 19 at the time of sentencing by which time he had a child born. He was born the son of an Angolan minicab driver named Joao and was mostly raised by his mother. He was first cautioned aged 11, the same year he stabbed 14-year-old Robert Parker in the back with a 3-inch blade before calmly walking away, although he was not prosecuted because of his age. Kika was on the run from police for a stabbing and robbery incident 9 days prior to the murder over a drugs argument. He had also received convictions for robbery, affray and obstructing a constable.

Each was unemployed at the time of the murder and all have been alleged to have been involved in the same drug-dealing group named the Market Massiv'. A journalist investigating the group claimed Alleyne to be the gang's leader, with Braithwaite as an enforcer and Kika as a foot soldier. It is also claimed that the gang set up dogfights to gamble on. Conflicts also existed between them and another gang who pistol-whipped Alleyne.

Evidence

The prosecution amassed a large amount of evidence that was used during the 7-week trial.

Witnesses, forensics and apprehension

All three defendants were witnessed running together at Kinsella prior to the murder and later standing together shortly afterwards. Alleyne and Kika were then seen going to Alleyne's father's flat. This flat was raided by police shortly afterwards, but Alleyne and Kika had already walked through a police cordon and fled to Alleyne's cousin's flat in Chadwell Heath where they were apprehended after running along rooftops. Alleyne's father had originally indicated that Alleyne and Kika returned to the flat around 02.30, but changed his statement six months later, claiming it was confused due to an injury he received during the raid itself. When giving testimony, Alleyne's father admitted that his son had said to him, "If it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't be in this mess".

72 spots of Kinsella's blood were later identified on a pair of Alleyne's jeans that he handed to his sister to dispose of, and traces were also found on Kika's belt.

Several of Kinsella's friends also testified about Braithwaite's activities in Shillibeers nightclub.

Alleyne's cousin Kellie later claimed that Alleyne and Kika had confessed the murder to her.

After handing himself in to the police, Braithwaite first claimed that he did not know either Alleyne or Kika. Later he claimed he had seen Alleyne stab Kinsella but he had not been involved himself. He stated that Alleyne had a reputation for using weapons and was concerned about the impact that telling the police would have upon his family. No forensic evidence was found in relation to Braithwaite, however police found some of his clothes had been washed in bleach.

Despite belief at one stage that knives used in the murder were found, the police never found the murder weapon(s) involved.

Both Alleyne and Kika answered "no comment" to all questions asked during their police interviews.

Letter from Alleyne to Kellie

Aware that his cousin Kellie was going to give evidence against him, Alleyne wrote a threatening letter to her from jail, reading:

This letter subsequently became a major part of the Crown's case against Alleyne.

Covert tape

Police obtained a license to record Braithwaite, Alleyne and Kika in the back of a police van, where they were able to establish that the three knew each other.

The tape showed Braithwaite offering Alleyne and Kika money for saying that he was not present at the murder scene. Kika was also heard discussing getting a "teardrop" (alleged to be referring to a teardrop tattoo to mark him as having been involved in a murder) and discussing "fixing" the person who records the CCTV for the area. Kika is also heard saying "See when it happened yeah it was kinda like a quick ting [sic] like boom, went down the road, come back up, boom, finished. You get what I'm saying?" - apparently in relation to the murder itself.

Additionally, Alleyne was heard on the tape discussing disposing of evidence.

Braithwaite is heard on the tape trying to bribe the others to say he was not there and also revealed on the tape that the Clerkenwell crime syndicate, better known as the Adams family, had made threats against Kinsella's murderers, indicating that each was a "marked man."

Trial

On October 13, 2008 all three defendants pled not guilty to the charge of murder. A 7-week trial began at the Old Bailey on April 27, 2009. The judge was the Common Serjeant of London, Brian Barker, QC. The Crown Prosecution Service was represented by Nicholas Hilliard, QC and Duncan Penny. Braithwaite was represented by Orlando Pownall, QC and Nerida Hartford-Bell. Alleyne was represented by Sallie Bennett-Jenkins, QC and Z. Ahmed. Kika was represented by Diana Ellis, QC and James Nichol.

During the course of the trial, both Braithwaite and Alleyne took the witness stand. Braithwaite claimed that Kinsella had thrown a punch at him, although there was no supporting evidence of this. After this, Braithwaite claimed he saw Alleyne carry out the murder. Braithwaite also claimed that a friend of Alleyne had punched him in the cells of the Old Bailey whilst he was handcuffed to a wall. Alleyne claimed that he had been contacted by Braithwaite and asked to back him following the dispute at Shillibeers, although no phone records identified a call between Braithwaite and Alleyne prior to the attack. Kika exercised his right to silence and did not take the witness stand.

Having retired to consider their verdict on June 9, the jury returned on June 11 with a unaminous verdict of guilty in relation to all three defendants. The victim's mother, Deborah Kinsella, then read out a victim impact statement in court following the verdict, the full text to which can be found online.

On June 12, the judge gave each defendant a life sentence with a minimum tariff of 19 years. Sentencing them the judge described the attack on Kinsella as "brutal, cowardly and totally unjustified" adding that their actions that night "defies belief". He continued saying that there was "no possible excuse" for such an "arrogant and unfeeling attack on someone who had done nothing". He also condemned them for picking on "an obviously younger and smaller lone victim" and for their total lack of remorse.

The accused were jeered at by members of the public gallery with cries of "Bye bye" and "Enjoy your porridge." Kika and Alleyne gestured back at the gallery as if they were firing guns. Angry scenes also took place between the victim's and defendants' families after one of the accused's mothers spat on Kinsella's cousin Sam whilst shouting "I love you, baby." Another person connected to one of the accused attempted to kick one of Kinsella's friends in the head.

Aftermath

After the trial, the Kinsella family called for stronger sentences for knife crimes. Kinsella's father was quoted as saying "If you murder someone with a gun, the starting tariff is 30 years. But if you do it with a knife, it's 15 years." The UK's Secretary of State for Justice, Jack Straw agreed to carry out a review of knife crime sentencing laws shortly afterwards. The Kinsella family said that to them, "life should mean life," although it is not possible in English law to give a whole life tariff to murderers under the age of 21. A review of the sentencing by the Attorney General for England and Wales, Baroness Scotland determined that the sentencing would not be referred to the Court of Appeal as "unduly lenient".

A 50 minute documentary titled My Brother Ben: Brooke Kinsella's Story was aired on BBC One on June 16, 2009. It followed Brooke Kinsella's investigation of the underlying causes of knife crime during the period from her brother's death to the end of the court case. Brooke also travelled to New York to see prisons using short, sharp shock treatments to rehabilitate young offenders. The documentary also points out the success of Operation Blunt 2, which carried out over 290,000 stop and searches, leading to over 10,000 arrests and the confiscation of over 5,500 knives within the timeline of the documentary.

A book by Brooke Kinsella, titled Why Ben?: A Sister's Story of Heartbreak and Love for the Brother She Lost was released on September 3, 2009.

On 5 October 2009 the media released extracts of a letter written by Alleyne in prison to his fellow gang members. Within the letter, he boasted of being "the king of swagger", referring to his gang as the "stab gang". He also bragged about "taming" the prison where he is serving his life sentence.

On 25 January the Sun newspaper reported that Jade Braithwaite had been using a Facebook account he set up from jail, reportedly from a smuggled BlackBerry, to taunt Ben's family.

Appeal

On June 28, 2009, it was reported that all three killers were set to appeal against their sentences stating the tariff was "too harsh". They claim that the publicity surrounding the case was a factor in their sentences. On 13 November 2009 Juress Kika lost his appeal to challenge his 19 year sentence. He argued his sentence was "manifestly excessive," however The Lord Judge, Mr Justice Penry-Davey and Mr Justice Henriques rejected this statement saying that the term could not "remotely" be described as excessive. They concluded that "there is no true mitigation. There was no guilty plea, no remorse, and no insight into the devastation that had been caused". They accepted that the applicant was young when the murder was committed but added that Kika " knew exactly what he was doing. They all did". "They were all equally involved. They all intended to kill the young victim. They had hunted him down and mercilessly done him to death to revenge an insignificant slight for which he bore no responsibility whatsoever."

They stated that Ben did not say or do anything which could be even be misinterpreted as provocation, adding that "All that this boy wanted to do was to get away from trouble. But - we cannot mince words - he was cut down before he could reach safety.".

Change In Sentencing law

After agreeing on request by the Kinsella family and due to the public outrage surrounding the case, Justice Secretary Jack Straw announced the minimum tariff for murders committed with a knife will rise from 15 to 25 years. This new development is being branded "Ben's Law" and Ben's father George hopes the new law will act as a deterrent to anyone who is thinking of carrying a knife.

References

Further reading

Brooke Kinsella, ''Why Ben?: A Sister's Story of Heartbreak and Love for the Brother She Lost'', (Pocket Books, 2009) ISBN 978-1847398475

External links

Official tribute page

Operation Blunt 2

Official CPS statement

Category:1991 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Deaths by stabbing Category:English child actors Category:Murder in 2008 Category:Murder in London Category:Murdered English children Category:People from Islington Category:People murdered in England