Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Ron Kirk
Office	16th United States Trade Representative
President	Barack Obama
Deputy	Peter Allgeier
Term start	March 18, 2009
Predecessor	Susan Schwab
Office2	57th Mayor of Dallas
Term start2	June 5, 1995
Term end2	February 20, 2002
Predecessor2	Steve Bartlett
Successor2	Laura Miller
Office3	97th Secretary of State of Texas
Governor3	Ann Richards
Term start3	April 4, 1994
Term end3	January 17, 1995
Predecessor3	John Hannah
Successor3	Antonio Garza
Birth date	June 27, 1954
Birth place	Austin, Texas, United States
Spouse	Matrice Ellis
Children	2 daughters
Residence	Dallas, Texas
Party	Democratic Party
Alma mater	Austin CollegeUniversity of Texas
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Methodism }}

Ronald "Ron" Kirk (born June 27, 1954) is the 16th United States Trade Representative, serving in the Obama administration. He served as mayor of Dallas, Texas from 1995 to 2002; he also ran for the United States Senate in 2002.

Early life and career

Born in Austin, Texas, Kirk is the youngest of four children; his father was a U.S. postal worker and the family was politically active. He grew up in a predominantly black community, and attended Austin's public schools. He was a leader in high school, and was elected student council president in his senior year at John H. Reagan High School (Austin, Texas).

Kirk attended Austin College, graduating with a degree in both political science and sociology in 1976. He then went to the University of Texas School of Law. Upon receiving his Juris Doctor in 1979, he practiced law until 1981 when he left to work in the office of then-Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. In 1983, Kirk returned to Texas to lobby the state legislature in Austin, first as an attorney with the city of Dallas, and later with a law firm.

Texas political career

In 1994, Kirk worked for then-Texas Governor Ann Richards as Secretary of State of Texas. The following year, Kirk ran for mayor of Dallas. With support of Dallas' business community and influential members of the city's African American community, Kirk was successful in his bid and became the first African American mayor of Dallas, Texas while winning 62 percent of the total vote.

During his tenure as mayor, Kirk earned the reputation of being a coalition-builder, managing to keep the always-tumultuous Dallas City Council and Dallas School Board together. Under his leadership, he proposed the "Dallas Plan," a vision for the next 25 years, which included the controversial Trinity River Project, a $246 million plan that called for constructing a network of parks and highways in the flood plain of the Trinity River. He also pushed the construction of the American Airlines Center, whose opening he oversaw in 2002.

In 1999, Kirk was re-elected as mayor of Dallas in a landslide with 74 percent of the vote. The only incident in the campaign consisted in one radio campaign ad that used music from ''Star Trek'' and described Kirk as the "captain of the Dallas Enterprise," citing the city's bond program, the new sports arena and new roads. The ad was pulled after Paramount's lawyers sent a cease-and-desist letter.

In 2001, Kirk resigned as mayor of Dallas in order to run for the Senate seat vacated by retiring Republican Phil Gramm. Facing then-Texas Attorney General John Cornyn; Kirk lost with 43 percent of the vote to Cornyn's 55 percent.

Post-mayoral career

Following his failed bid for Senate, Kirk returned to the law firm of Gardere Wynne Sewell in Dallas, and was briefly a candidate for chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the 2004 election, and was a partner with the Houston-based law firm Vinson and Elkins, where, according to Texans for Public Justice, he was, as of March 2007, one of the four highest paid lobbyists for Energy Future Holdings Corporation, the group created by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, TPG Capital and Goldman Sachs to acquire TXU.

During the Democratic National Convention, Kirk came out in favor of establishing the U.S. Public Service Academy as a civilian counterpart to the military service academies.

US Trade Representative

Although there was speculation that Kirk would be appointed Secretary of Transportation by President Barack Obama, he was given the position of Trade Representative.

Nomination

As a supporter of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), his selection has drawn criticism from advocates of protectionist trade policies. His nomination ran into further controversy when it was revealed that he owed $9,975 in back taxes. As compensation for speeches he gave from 2004 to the present, he had $37,750 of payments made directly to a scholarship fund at Austin College. Kirk should have included the $37,750 payments with his gross income and then claimed a charitable deduction for the same amount. Kirk also claimed deductions for three years of season tickets to the Dallas Mavericks as qualifying entertainment expenses. In order to claim a qualifying entertainment expense, the Internal Revenue Service requires written documentation of the time, place, business purpose, name, and business relationship of the person being entertained, records that Kirk did not keep for almost half of the basketball games. Kirk's deductions for tax and accounting fees were also too large.

The U.S. Senate confirmed Kirk as United States Trade Representative on March 18, 2009 with a vote of 92 in favor and five opposed and he was sworn in the same day. Kirk was formally sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on March 20, 2009. Kirk is the first person of African American descent to hold the position of United States Trade Representative.

Work as US Trade Ambassador

As the US Trade Representative, Kirk receives the formal title of Ambassador and is a member of the President's Cabinet. Kirk has repeatedly raised concerns of American businesses that China is not properly enforcing intellectual property rights of American companies doing business there. It has been alleged that the Chinese government takes IT secrets of international companies operating there and passes them on to local companies to boost their competitiveness Kirk has also been critical of China's internet censorship policies, and he is reported to be considering whether to challenge such censorship regulations in the WTO as an unfair barrier to trade; it would be the first case of its kind.

In August 2010, Kirk welcomed the decision from the WTO ruling against the European Union's subsidies for Airbus. Kirk stated, "These subsidies have greatly harmed the United States, including causing Boeing to lose sales and market share. Today’s ruling helps level the competitive playing field with Airbus."

Kirk has been cited as the US agent who convinced South Korea to adopt and enforce an early draft of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. The impacts in South Korea have been dramatic; tens of thousands of citizens have had their websites taken off of the Internet because of copyright infringement. In contrast, a revised draft of the ACTA proposal, expected to be enacted in the United States, is expected to drop the requirement for Internet Service Providers to discontinue access to those accused of copyright violations, and instead refer to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act for enforcement of electronic copyright infringement allegations.

References

External links

Profile at the Office of the United States Trade Representative

The Dynamic U.S. Trade Relationship with Asia, Presentation by USTR Ron Kirk at Engaging Asia 2011 (March 30, 2011)

|- |- {{U.S. Cabinet Official box | before= Susan Schwab | years= 2009–present | president= Barack Obama | office= United States Trade Representative}} |-

Category:1954 births Category:African American mayors Category:African American politicians Category:Austin College alumni Category:Living people Category:Mayors of Dallas, Texas Category:Obama Administration cabinet members Category:People from Austin, Texas Category:Secretaries of State of Texas Category:Texas Democrats Category:Texas lawyers Category:United States Trade Representatives Category:University of Texas School of Law alumni

de:Ron Kirk fa:ران کرک fr:Ron Kirk ja:ロナルド・カーク sv:Ron Kirk

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
name	Olympia Snowe
jr/sr	Senior Senator
state	Maine
party	Republican
alongside	Susan Collins
term start	January 3, 1995
preceded	George J. Mitchell
order2	First Lady of Maine
term start2	February 24, 1989
term end2	January 9, 1995
preceded2	Constance Brennan
succeeded2	Mary King
state3	Maine
district3	2nd
term start3	January 3, 1979
term end3	January 3, 1995
preceded3	William Cohen
succeeded3	John Baldacci
order4	Chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
term start4	January 3, 2003
term end4	January 3, 2007
preceded4	John Kerry
succeeded4	John Kerry
birth date	February 21, 1947
birth place	Augusta, Maine
residence	Falmouth, Maine
occupation	Senator
spouse	(1) Peter Snowe (deceased)(2) John R. McKernan, Jr.
alma mater	University of Maine (B.A.)
religion	Orthodox Christian
signature	Olympia Snowe Signature.svg
website	Senator Olympia Snowe }}

Olympia Jean Snowe (born February 21, 1947), née Bouchles, is the senior United States Senator from Maine and a member of the Republican Party. Snowe has become widely known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters. She and her fellow Senator from Maine, Susan Collins, are regarded as moderates within their party. In 2006, she was named one of America's Top Ten Senators by ''Time'' Magazine.

Early life

Snowe was born Olympia Jean Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia Goranites and George John Bouchles. Her father immigrated to the United States from Sparta in Greece. She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church.

Snowe's early life had its share of tragedies; her mother died of breast cancer when she was nine, and her father died of heart disease barely a year later. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, Maine, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five other children. Her brother John was raised separately, by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life.

Following her mother's death, Snowe was sent to St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, where she remained from the third grade to the ninth. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School, before entering the University of Maine in Orono, Maine in 1969, where she earned a degree in political science. Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter Snowe. She received an honorary degree from Bates College in 1998, and another from the University of Delaware in 2008.

Early political career

Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions.

Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978, and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995. The district takes in most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees.

Snowe married John "Jock" McKernan, then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Tragedy struck Snowe yet again in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20. Snowe and McKernan had served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, when McKernan represented the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a U.S. Representative and was elected and sworn in as a United States Senator.

U.S. Senate career

Elections

In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily reelected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%-31%.

Tenure

Snowe was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy — a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office. Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO). In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008.

In April 2006, Snowe was selected by ''Time'' as one of "America's 10 Best Senators." She was the only woman so recognized. ''Time'' praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican Olympia Snowe is in the center of every policy debate in Washington."

Snowe did not miss any of the 657 votes on the Senate floor during the 110th Congress from 2007 to 2009. She was one of only eight senators who did not miss any votes during that session.

Snowe is the fourth woman to serve on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the first to chair its seapower subcommittee, which oversees the Navy and Marine Corps. In 2001, Snowe became the first Republican woman to secure a full-term seat on the Senate Finance Committee.

Snowe was the youngest Republican woman ever elected to the United States House of Representatives; she is also the first woman to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the U.S. Congress. Additionally, she is the first Greek-American congresswoman. With her 1989 marriage to McKernan, she became the first person to simultaneously be a member of Congress and First Lady of a state. She has never lost an election in 35 years as an elected official, and in the 2006 midterm senatorial elections, Snowe won with a reported 73.99% of votes. Seven months ahead of the election, she had already raised $2.1 million.

Gang of 14

On May 23, 2005, Snowe was one of fourteen senators dubbed the Gang of 14, who defused a confrontation between Senate Democrats (who were filibustering several judicial nominees) and the Senate Republican leadership (who wanted to use the nominations as a flashpoint to eliminate filibusters on nominees through the so-called nuclear option). The Gang-brokered compromise precluded further filibusters and the implementation of the nuclear option for the remainder of the 109th Congress; under its terms, the Democrats retained the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee in an "extraordinary circumstance," and nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) received a simple majority vote by the full Senate.

The Gang later played an important role in the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito, as they asserted that neither met the "extraordinary circumstances" provision outlined in their agreement. Snowe ultimately voted for both Roberts and Alito.

Committee assignments

Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

*Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security

*Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet

*Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance

*Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Ranking Member)

*Subcommittee on Science and Space

*Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security

Committee on Finance

*Subcommittee on Health Care

*Subcommittee on Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-term Growth

*Subcommittee on International Trade and Global Competitiveness

Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Ranking Member)

'''Select Committee on Intelligence

Caucus memberships

Dairy Farmer Caucus

Health Technology Caucus (Co-Chair)

International Conservation Caucus (Co-Chair)

Senate Tourism Caucus

Senate Women’s Caucus

Sportsmen's Caucus

Senate Hunger Caucus

Political views

Snowe supports legalized abortion and some gay rights, and though she previously voted to block the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell, she was one of eight Republican senators to vote for the repeal on December 18, 2010. In her 2006 re-election campaign, she was one of two Republican Senate candidates endorsed by the prominent gay rights organization, the Human Rights Campaign (the other was Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island). She also supports the death penalty and strongly supports the war on drugs and the United States embargo against Cuba.

Snowe supported both President Clinton's involvement in Kosovo and President George W. Bush's invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. On fiscal issues, she has voiced support for cutting taxes as economic stimulus, although she joined fellow Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and John McCain in voting against the Bush tax cuts in 2003. However, voted for the extension in 2011. She opposes most free trade agreements, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). She was the only Republican to vote for the Tax Fairness and Economic Growth Act of 1992. She is a strong supporter of environmental protections. Both Snowe and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins have embraced strong gun control measures following the Columbine High School shooting in 1999.

In the 110th Congress, Snowe worked to ensure passage of a genetic non-discrimination act, which she had previously worked to pass for nearly eight years; opposed cutting loans through the Small Business Administration; offered legislation aimed at reducing the price of prescription drugs and insurance costs for small businesses; and became a leading voice among Congressional Republicans expressing concerns over President Bush's plans for the privatization of Social Security.

Snowe is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem cell research. She is also a member of Republicans for Environmental Protection, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice and The Wish List (Women In the Senate and House), a group of pro-choice Republican women.

In 2008, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate John McCain for President of the United States.

In the 111th Congress, Snowe backed the release of additional Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. While she opposed President Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy.

On October 13, 2009, Snowe voted for the Finance Committee's health care reform bill. However, she stated that she may not support the final bill because of reservations. In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill. Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.

Electoral history

See also

Women in the United States Senate

Rockefeller Republican

References

Further reading

''Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate'', Boxer, Collins, Snowe ''et al.'', ISBN 0-06-095706-9.

External links

U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe ''official U.S. Senate site''

Olympia Snowe for Senate ''official campaign site''

Profile at SourceWatch

U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe video clips from the Senate Republican Conference.

U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference

"The Anguished Moderate," ''The Washington Post'', July 15, 2007.

{{U.S. Senator box | before=George J. Mitchell | state=Maine | class=1 | start=1995 | alongside=William Cohen, Susan Collins}}

Category:1947 births Category:American people of Greek descent Category:Bates College alumni Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States Category:Female members of the United States House of Representatives Category:Female United States Senators Category:First Ladies and Gentlemen of Maine Category:Greek Orthodox Christians Category:Living people Category:Maine Republicans Category:Maine State Senators Category:Members of the Maine House of Representatives Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine Category:People from Augusta, Maine Category:People from Falmouth, Maine Category:Republican Party United States Senators Category:Spouses of members of the United States House of Representatives Category:University of Maine alumni Category:United States Senators from Maine Category:Women state legislators in Maine

de:Olympia Snowe el:Ολυμπία Σνόου fr:Olympia Snowe id:Olympia Snowe it:Olympia Snowe nl:Olympia Snowe ja:オリンピア・スノー no:Olympia Snowe pl:Olympia Snowe pt:Olympia Snowe ru:Сноу, Олимпия simple:Olympia Snowe sh:Olympia Snowe fi:Olympia Snowe sv:Olympia Snowe zh:奧林匹亞·史諾