Coordinates	49°28′″N20°14′″N
Name	Julio César Chávez
Realname	Julio César Chávez González
Nickname	''J.C.El César del Boxeo (The Caesar of Boxing)El Gran Campeón Mexicano (The Great Mexican Champion)Mr. KO''
Weight	Light MiddleweightWelterweightLight welterweightLightweightSuper Featherweight
Nationality	Mexican
Birth date	July 12, 1962
Birth place	Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
Home	Culican, Sinaloa, Mexico
Style	Orthodox
Total	115
Wins	107
Ko	89
Losses	6
Draws	2
No contests	0 }}

Julio César Chávez (born on July 12, 1962 in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico) is a retired Mexican professional boxer.

He is a six-time world champion in three weight divisions, and for several years he was considered the best pound-for-pound boxer in the world. In a career that spanned over twenty-five years, Chávez won six world titles in three weight divisions: WBC Super Featherweight in 1984, WBA Lightweight in 1987, WBC Lightweight in 1988, WBC Super Lightweight in 1989, IBF Light Welterweight in 1990, and WBC Super Lightweight in 1994.

Julio César Chávez was known for his outstanding punching power, devastating body attack, remarkable strong chin and the relentless stalking of his opponents. He ranks #24 on ESPN's ''50 Greatest Boxers Of All Time''. On December 7, 2010, he was inducted in the prestigious International Boxing Hall of Fame for the Class of 2011. He's the father of undefeated prospect Omar Chávez and current WBC Middleweight Champion, Julio César Chávez, Jr.

Biography

Early years

Julio César Chávez was born on July 12, 1962 in Obregón, Sonora, Mexico. His father, Rodolfo Chavez, worked for the railroad, and Julio grew up in an abandoned railroad car with his five sisters and four brothers. He began boxing as an amateur at the age of sixteen and then he moved to Culiacán to pursue a professional career. Chávez came from a poor family and became a boxer for money, he stated: "I saw my mom working ironing and washing peoples clothes, and I promised her I would give her a house someday and she would never have that job again."

Early career and Super Featherweight title

Chávez made his professional debut at age 17. In his 12th fight, on March 4, 1981, Chávez faced Miguel Ruiz in Culiacán, Sinaloa. At the end of the first round, Chavez landed a blow that knocked out Ruiz. Delivered as the bell sounded, the blow was ruled a disqualification in the ring and Ruiz was declared the winner. The next day, however, after further review, the Mexican boxing commission reversed the result and proclaimed Chávez the winner.

Chávez won his first championship, the vacant WBC super featherweight title, on September 13, 1984, by knocking out fellow Mexican Mario "Azabache" Martínez at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. Martínez had been the betting favorite in the bout. On April 19, 1985, Chávez defended his title against number one ranked contender Ruben Castillo (63-4-2) by knocking him out in the sixth round. On July 7, 1985, Chavez defeated future champion Roger Mayweather via a second round knock out. On August 3, 1986, Chavez won a twelve round majority decision over former WBA and future IBF Super Featherweight champion Rocky Lockridge in Monte Carlo, Monaco. In his next bout, he defeated former champion Juan Laporte by a twelve round unanimous decision. On March 18, 1987, he defeated number one ranked challenger Francisco Tomas Da Cruz (27-1-0) by third round knockout. He successfully defended his WBC Super Featherweight title a total of nine times.

Stepping up to Lightweight

On November 21, 1987, Chávez moved up to the lightweight division and faced WBA lightweight champion Edwin Rosario. Prior to the bout, there were concerns about how Chávez would handle the move up in weight against the hard punching Puerto Rican. Chávez commented, "Everything I've accomplished as champion, and the nine title defenses, would be thrown away with a loss to Rosario." The two fighters nearly exchanged blows during a press conference after Rosario threatened to send Chávez back to Mexico in a coffin. Chávez would ultimately give a career defining performance as he defeated Rosario by an eleventh round TKO to win the title. HBO Punchstat showed Rosario landing 263 of 731 punches thrown in the fight (36%) and Chavez 450 of 743 (61%). After the bout, Sports Illustrated ran the headline, ''"Time To Hail César: WBA lightweight champion César Chávez of Mexico may be the world's best fighter."'''

On April 16, 1988, Chávez defeated number one ranked contender Rodolfo Aguilar (20-0-1) by sixth round technical knockout. On June 4, 1988, he successfully defended his title against former two-time champion Rafael Limón by scoring a seventh round TKO. Later that year, he unified the WBA and WBC belts by a technical decision win over champion José Luis Ramírez. An accidental head-butt opened a cut on Ramírez's forehead and the doctor halted the fight, sending the decision to the judges' scorecards at that point in the fight. Chávez, ahead on all scorecards, was declared the winner. He was also awarded the Ring lightweight title after the victory. Chavez vacated his WBA and WBC lightweight titles in order to move up to the super lightweight division.

Stepping up to Super Lightweight

In his next bout, he won the WBC super lightweight title by defeating Roger Mayweather for a second time. Mayweather did not come out of his corner after the tenth round, giving Chavez the TKO win. In 1989, Chávez defeated future champion Sammy Fuentes by tenth round TKO. In his next bout, he handed Alberto de las Mercedes Cortes (44-0) his first career loss by scoring a third round knockout.

Chávez vs Taylor

On March 17, 1990, he faced Meldrick Taylor, the undefeated IBF Junior Welterweight champion, in a title unification fight. While Taylor won the early rounds, Chávez rallied in the later rounds, scoring a knockdown with seconds remaining in the fight. Although Taylor rose at the referee's count of six, he did not respond coherently to referee Richard Steele's questions, continued to hold the ropes all along, and Steele stopped the fight with only two seconds remaining. Many boxing fans and members of the media were outraged that Steele would stop a match that Taylor was winning with only two seconds left, while others felt that Steele was justified in stopping the fight given Taylor's condition and the fact that he was unable to respond to Steele before the conclusion of the match. Steele defended his decision by saying that his concern is protecting a fighter, regardless of how much time is left in the round or the fight. As Steele put it, "I stopped it because Meldrick had took a lot of good shots, a lot of hard shots, and it was time for it to stop. You know, I'm not the timekeeper, and I don't care about the time. When I see a man that has had enough, I'm stopping the fight." ''The Ring'' named it the "Fight of the Year" for 1990, and later the "Fight of the Decade" for the 1990s. While many hoped for an immediate rematch, Taylor moved up in weight in his next bout and the fighters did not meet again until 1994 when Chávez dominated and then knocked out a faded Taylor in eight rounds.

After unifying the titles, Chávez engaged in a busy series of title defenses and non-title fights. On December 8, 1990, he defeated the WBC mandatory challenger Kyung-Duk Ahn (29-1) by third round knockout. On March 18, 1991, he defeated WBC number four ranked fighter John Duplessis (34-1) by fourth round TKO. On September 14, 1991, Chávez won a twelve round unanimous decision over former champion Lonnie Smith. April 10, 1992, he scored a TKO victory over number one ranked contender Angel Hernandez (37-0-2, 22 KOs) in the fifth round. Later that year, he defeated Frankie Mitchell (29-1) by fourth round TKO.

Chávez vs Camacho

On September 12, 1992, Chávez faced WBO light welterweight champion Hector "Macho" Camacho (41-1-0, 18 KOs) in a highly anticipated bout. Chavez dominated Camacho en route to a unanimous decision win. The final scores were 117-111, 119-110 and 120-107 for Chávez. After the fight, on his arrival to Mexico, the President Carlos Salinas de Gortari sent the special car for the Pope to take him from the airport to the President's house. Chavez was already known as a folk hero in Mexico.

Chávez vs. Haugen

His 1993 fight with Greg Haugen featured trash talk from Haugen, who derided Chavez's 82-fight unbeaten streak as consisting mostly of "Tijuana taxi drivers that my mother could have knocked out" and insisting that "There aren't 130,000 Mexicans who can afford tickets" to see the fight in Estadio Azteca. Chavez responded by saying, "I really hate him bad. When he looks at me, I want to vomit. I am going to give him the worst beating of his life; I am going to make him swallow the words that came out of his dirty mouth." Haugen was proven wrong on both counts: 132,274 showed up to set a record for fight attendance, and they watched Chávez drop Haugen quickly and then back off with the apparent intention of punishing him for his prefight remarks. However, the referee had seen enough by the fifth round and stopped it for a TKO victory for Chávez. After the fight, Chávez commented to Haugen; "Now you know I don't fight with taxi drivers", and a bloodied Haugen sportingly responded, "They must have been tough taxi drivers.". Later that year, Chávez scored a sixth-round TKO victory over number one ranked contender Terrence Alli.

Draw with Whitaker and first career loss

After a division record twenty consecutive defenses of his light welterweight title, Chávez (87-0) moved up one more weight division to challenge Pernell Whitaker (32-1) for his WBC welterweight title in September 1993. The result of the fight was a controversial majority draw, allowing Chávez to remain undefeated. Various members of the American media, including The Ring magazine and Sports Illustrated were critical of the decision, and Sports Illustrated put Pernell Whitaker on the cover of its next magazine with a one word title, "Robbed!". Chávez stated after the fight: "I felt I was forcing the fight ... he just kept holding me too much, he was throwing too many low blows too." There was no rematch.

Chavez continued defending his light welterweight title and on December 18, 1993, he defeated British Commonwealth light welterweight champion Andy Holligan (21-0-0) by fifth round TKO. Chávez faced Frankie Randall in January 1994, in a fight that most expected him to win easily. Instead, Randall knocked him down for the first time in his career and went on to win a split decision, and Chávez lost the title to Randall. Chávez blamed his loss on referee Richard Steele, who deducted two points from Chávez for low blows, which effected the difference on the scorecards. The WBC ordered an immediate rematch and Chávez regained the title on a split technical decision in May, 1994. The fight was fiercely contested when they collided heads, opening a large cut over Chávez's eyebrow in the seventh round. Chávez came back strong and showed he was the stronger boxer, after the head cut, the referee called for the doctor who then instructed for the fight to be stopped. Under WBC rules, Randall was deducted one point, and that gave Chávez the technical victory on the score cards. The two would face one another in a rubber match ten years later in which Julio César Chávez would win.

Chavez then faced Meldrick Taylor in a rematch, four years after their historic first fight. Chavez defeated him in the 8th round knockout that sent Taylor from one side of the ring to the other. In his next bout, Chavez defeated three-time champion Tony Lopez. In 1995, he defeated former and future super lightweight champion Giovanni Parisi. Later that year, he defended his title against number one ranked challenger David Kamau, despite suffering a cut in the opening round. Prior to the bout, Chavez indicated that he was considering retirement, "I've had a lot of problems with my arms, with my knees. I really don't want to extend myself much longer," Chavez said. "After so many years of working out, it all builds up. I am not giving what I used to be able to give. I will fight De La Hoya for a lot of money, and then retire."

Chávez vs. De La Hoya

On June 7, 1996, Chávez faced Oscar De La Hoya. A large gash appeared over the right eye of Chávez within the first minute of the first round, leading many to assume what Chávez later confirmed—that the cut occurred earlier in training and was re-opened in the bout. Heavy blood flow prompted the referee to stop the fight in the fourth round. Until their eventual rematch in 1998, Chavez would always state that De La Hoya had not defeated him, but that a gash that he had suffered in training was the real cause of the stoppage of the fight. In his next bout, Chavez defeated former champion Joey Gamache in his 100th career bout.

A year after De La Hoya moved up to welterweight in 1997, Chávez fought Miguel Ángel González for the vacant WBC super lightweight title. That fight ended in a draw. In a rematch with De La Hoya for the WBC welterweight belt in September 1998, De La Hoya won by 8th round TKO. About De La Hoya, Chávez recently stated: "I have nothing against him, even though he beat me twice. I have no resentment towards him...De la Hoya was younger than me during our fight, and I was on my way out of boxing. If Oscar didn’t fight me, he would not have been anything in boxing". Chavez spoke about his sparring session with De La Hoya six years before their first fight and stated: "I sparred with him and dropped him in the second round with a right hand. De la Hoya was a kid...that day after training he stayed and we went out to dinner, I gave him some $300-$400 from my pocket to help him out."

Retirement and farewell fights

Chavez won his first two bouts in 1999 before losing to unheralded Willy Wise via 10 round unanimous decision. In 2000, at the age of 38, Chávez challenged light welterweight champion Kostya Tszyu. Chavez lost the bout via 6th round TKO. After a 2001 victory over Terry Thomas in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, Chávez retired. However, on November 24, 2003, he came out of retirement to avenge his earlier loss to Willy Wise, knocking Wise out in two rounds in Tijuana, Mexico. In April 2004, Chávez went back into the ring, for what he again claimed would be his last appearance. In that fight, nicknamed ''Adiós, México, Gracias'' (''Good-bye, Mexico, Thank you''), he beat his former conqueror, Frankie Randall, by a ten round decision. On May 28, 2005, Chávez once again stepped into a boxing ring, outpointing Ivan Robinson in ten rounds at the Staples Center. On September 17, 2005, at the U.S. Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona, Chávez suffered a TKO loss to little-known Grover Wiley in the 115th bout of his career, retiring in his corner before the start of the 5th round, after injuring his right hand. After the bout, Chávez told his promoter, Bob Arum, that this time he was definitely retiring from boxing.

Nowadays, Chávez lives in Mexico and works for the network TV Azteca as a boxing narrator. He owns businesses, gas stations, and properties in Mexico and the United States. He has three sons, Cristian Chavez, Julio Jr. and Omar, Last two both professional boxers and undefeated until today.

Energy Drink

Chavez has led his name to a popular brand of energy drink, "Energia De Campeones" which translates to, "Energy of Champions." The 16 oz drink, containing 80 mg of caffeine along with ample amounts of vitamin b3, b5, b6, b12 and taurine, is produced by Julio Cesar Chavez Bebidas, LLC, 1300 S. Country Club Drive, Suite 105, Mesa, AZ, 85280. (Source: www.juliochavez.net)

Career in review

Considered one of the greatest fighters in history, Chávez won six world titles in three weight divisions: WBC Super Featherweight (1984), WBA Lightweight (1987), WBC Lightweight (1988), WBC Super Lightweight (1989), IBF Light Welterweight (1990), and WBC Super Lightweight (1994). He was also awarded the Ring Lightweight title in 1988. World champions whom Chávez defeated include Jose Luis Ramírez, Rafael Limón, Rocky Lockridge, Meldrick Taylor, Roger Mayweather, Lonnie Smith, Sammy Fuentes, Héctor "Macho" Camacho, Juan Laporte, Edwin Rosario, Greg Haugen, Tony López, Giovanni Parisi, Joey Gamache, and Frankie Randall, who had taken the WBC light welterweight belt from Chávez just four months earlier. He lost to only two champions: Oscar De La Hoya and Kostya Tszyu. He was held to a draw by two others: Pernell Whitaker and Miguel Ángel González.

Chávez finally retired in his twenty-fifth year as a professional boxer with a record of 107 wins, 6 losses and 2 draws, with 89 knockouts, and a reputation as one of the best boxers of all time. He holds records for most successful consecutive defenses of world titles (27), most title fights (37), most title-fight victories (31), and he is tied with Joe Louis for most title defenses won by knockout (21). Chávez also has the longest undefeated streak in boxing history, 13 years. His record was 89-0-1 going into his first loss to Frankie Randall and had an 87 fight win streak until his draw with Whitaker. He was ranked #50 on Ring Magazine's list of "100 greatest punchers of all time". As an in-fighter or swarmer, Julio César Chávez was renowned specially for his devastating left hook and his ability to take a punch due his extremly strong chin. In 2002, ''The Ring'' ranked Chávez as the 18th greatest fighter of the last 80 years. On December 7, 2010, his induction to the International Boxing Hall of Fame was announced.

Professional boxing record

|- |align="center" colspan=7|107 Wins (86 knockouts, 21 decisions), 6 Losses (4 knockouts, 2 decision), 2 Draws |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |Loss ||align=left| Grover Wiley | || 4 || 2005-09-17 |align=left| America West Arena, Phoenix, Arizona |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ivan Robinson | || 6 || 2005-05-28 |align=left| Staples Center, Los Angeles, California |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 10 || 2004-05-22 |align=left| Plaza de Toros, Mexico City, Distrito Federal |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Willy Wise | || 2 || 2003-11-22 |align=left| Centro de Espectaculos Alamar, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Terry Thomas | || 2 || 2001-11-24 |align=left| Plaza De Toros Monumental, Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Kostya Tszyu | || 6 || 2000-07-29 |align=left| Veteran's Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix, Arizona |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Buck Smith | || 3 || 1999-12-18 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Willy Wise | || 10 || 1999-10-02 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Marty Jakubowski ||| 4 || 1999-07-10 |align=left| Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Verdell Smith | || 4 || 1999-04-01 |align=left| Don Haskins Convention Center, El Paso, Texas |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Oscar De La Hoya | || 8 || 1998-09-18 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ken Sigurani | || 3 || 1998-06-25 |align=left| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw ||align=left| Miguel Angel Gonzalez | || 12 || 1998-03-07 |align=left| Plaza de Toros, Mexico City, Distrito Federal |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Larry LaCoursiere | || 10 || 1997-06-28 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tony Martin | || 10 || 1997-03-29 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Joey Gamache | || 8 || 1996-10-12 |align=left| Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim, California |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Oscar De La Hoya | || 4 || 1996-06-07 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Scott Walker | || 2 || 1996-02-09 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| David Kamau | || 12 || 1995-09-16 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Craig Houk | || 1 || 1995-07-29 |align=left| Horizon, Rosemont, Illinois, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Giovanni Parisi | || 12 || 1995-04-08 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tony Lopez | || 10 || 1994-12-10 |align=left| Estadio de Beisbol, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Meldrick Taylor | || 8 || 1994-09-17 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 8 || 1994-05-07 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Loss ||align=left| Frankie Randall | || 12 || 1994-01-29 |align=left| MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andy Holligan | || 5 || 1993-12-18 |align=left| Estadio Cuauhtemoc, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Mike Powell | || 4 || 1993-10-30 |align=left| Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw ||align=left| Pernell Whitaker | || 12 || 1993-09-10 |align=left| Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Terrence Alli | || 6 || 1993-05-08 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Silvio Walter Rojas | || 3 || 1993-04-10 |align=left| Auditorio Benito Juarez, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Greg Haugen | || 5 || 1993-02-20 |align=left| Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Marty Jakubowski ||| 6 || 1992-12-13 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Bruce Pearson ||| 3 || 1992-10-31 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Hector Camacho | || 12 || 1992-09-12 |align=left| Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Frankie Mitchell | || 4 || 1992-08-01 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Angel Hernandez | || 5 || 1992-04-10 |align=left| El Toreo, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Soberanes | || 4 || 1992-03-13 |align=left| La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ignacio Perdomo | || 7 || 1991-12-13 |align=left| Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jorge Alberto Melian | || 4 || 1991-11-12 |align=left| Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Lonnie Smith | || 12 || 1991-09-14 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tommy Small | || 4 || 1991-04-26 |align=left| Estadio General Angel Flores, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| John Duplessis | || 4 || 1991-03-18 |align=left| Mirage Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Kyung-Duk Ahn | || 3 || 1990-12-08 |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jaime Balboa | || 4 || 1990-11-08 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Russell Mosley | || 3 || 1990-08-18 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Akwei Addo | || 2 || 1990-07-05 |align=left| Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Meldrick Taylor | || 12 || 1990-03-17 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Alberto de las Mercedes Cortes | || 3 || 1989-12-16 |align=left| Palacio de Deporte, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Sammy Fuentes | || 10 || 1989-11-18 |align=left| Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Aramburu | || 3 || 1989-10-27 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rodolfo Batta | || 1 || 1989-10-09 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Kenny Vice | || 3 || 1989-07-30 |align=left| Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roger Mayweather | || 11 || 1989-05-13 |align=left| Great Western Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Luis Ramirez | || 11 || 1988-10-29 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Vernon Buchanan ||| 3 || 1988-08-01 |align=left| Great Western Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rafael Limon ||| 7 || 1988-06-04 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rodolfo Aguilar | || 6 || 1988-04-16 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Nicky Perez ||| 3 || 1988-03-05 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Edwin Rosario ||| 11 || 1987-11-21 |align=left| Hilton Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Danilo Cabrera | || 12|| 1987-08-21 |align=left| Caliente Racetrack, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Francisco Tomas Da Cruz | || 3 || 1987-04-18 |align=left| Nîmes, Gard, France |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Laporte | || 12 || 1986-12-12 |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Rocky Lockridge | || 12 || 1986-08-03 |align=left| Stade Louis II, Monte Carlo, Monaco |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Refugio Rojas | || 7 || 1986-06-13 |align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Faustino Martires Barrios ||| 5 || 1986-05-15 |align=left| Stade Pierre De Coubertin, Bercy, France |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Collins Lindo | || 2 || 1986-03-22 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jeff Bumpus | || 5 || 1985-12-19 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Dwight Pratchett | || 12 || 1985-09-21 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roger Mayweather | || 2 || 1985-07-07 |align=left| Riviera Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ruben Castillo | || 6 || 1985-04-19 |align=left| Forum, Inglewood, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Manuel Hernandez ||| 3 || 1985-01-01 |align=left| Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Mario Martinez ||| 8 || 1984-09-13 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Delfino Mendoza | || 3 || 1984-06-13 |align=left| Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Avitia | || 6 || 1984-05-04 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Armando Flores | || 3 || 1983-09-01 |align=left| Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Adriano Arreola | || 10 || 1983-07-16 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Benny Abarca | || 5 || 1983-12-30 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Romero Sandoval | || 2 || 1983-06-15 |align=left| Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Javier Fragoso | || 4 || 1983-05-01 |align=left| Roberto Clemente Coliseum, San Juan, Puerto Rico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ernesto Herrera | || 4 || 1983-04-04 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Othoniel Lopez | || 4 || 1983-02-25 |align=left| Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jerry Lewis | || 6 || 1982-12-11 |align=left| Memorial Auditorium, Sacramento, California, United States |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jerry Lewis | || 5 || 1982-10-23 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Resendez | || 6 || 1982-09-28 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Santos Rodriguez ||| 8 || 1982-08-20 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Gustavo Salgado | || 2 || 1982-07-19 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Juan Carlos Alvarado ||| 3 || 1982-05-08 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Benny Abarca ||| 10|| 1982-04-26 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Johnny Jensen | || 3 || 1982-03-11 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Carlos Bryant ||| 2 || 1982-02-19 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Peraza | || 1 || 1982-02-04 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesús García ||| 2 || 1982-01-29 |align=left| Guamuchil, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Luque ||| 1 || 1982-01-12 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Manuel Vasquez ||| 7 || 1981-12-17 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jose Angel Medina ||| 6 || 1981-10-19 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jorge Ramirez | || 2 || 1981-09-25 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Daniel Felizardo | || 3 || 1981-08-31 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Cuate Lara | || 2 || 1981-08-07 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Daniel Martinez | || 1 || 1981-07-27 |align=left| Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Bobby Fernandez | || 3 || 1981-07-10 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Fidel Navarro | || 1 || 1981-06-26 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Victor Gamez | || 1 || 1981-06-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Eduardo Lalo Acosta | || 2 || 1981-05-08 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Miguel Ruiz | || 1 || 1981-03-04 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Julio Gaxiola | || 4 || 1981-02-02 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Flores | || 3 || 1980-12-15 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andres Felix | || 2 || 1980-11-26 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Martinez | || 1 || 1980-10-13 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Jesus Cuate Lara ||| 10 || 1980-09-22 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Miguel Cebrero | || 10 || 1980-09-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Tito Geraldo ||| 6 || 1980-07-18 |align=left| Guamuchil, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Roberto Garcia | || 6 || 1980-05-20 |align=left| Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Ramon Flores | || 3 || 1980-04-08 |align=left| Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Fidencio Cebreros | || 6 || 1980-03-03 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |- align=center |Win ||align=left| Andres Felix | || 6 || 1980-02-05 |align=left| Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico |align=left| |}

Awards and achievements

|- |- |- |- |- |- |-

See also

List of lightweight boxing champions

List of WBC world champions

Notable boxing families

List of boxing triple champions

References

External links

Julio César Chávez Official Site

Category:People from Culiacán Category:People from Sinaloa Category:Sports figures from Sonora Category:People from Sonora Category:People from Ciudad Obregón Category:Mexican boxers Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:World Boxing Association Champions Category:International Boxing Federation Champions Category:International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Welterweight boxers Category:Light-welterweight boxers Category:Light-welterweight boxers Category:Lightweight boxers Category:Super-featherweight boxers Category:1962 births Category:Living people bg:Хулио Сезар Чавес de:Julio César Chávez es:Julio César Chávez fr:Julio César Chávez it:Julio César Chávez lv:Hulio Sesars Čavess ja:フリオ・セサール・チャベス pt:Julio César Chávez ru:Чавес, Хулио Сесар sv:Julio César Chávez th:คูลีโอ เซซาร์ ชาเบซ

Coordinates	49°28′″N20°14′″N
name	César Chávez
birth date	March 31, 1927
birth place	Yuma, Arizona, United States
death date	April 23, 1993
death place	San Luis, Arizona, United States
occupation	Farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist.
parents	Librado Chávez (father)Juana Estrada Chávez (mother)
children	}}

César Estrada Chávez (; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).

A Mexican American, Chávez became the best known Latino civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.

Chavez was a charismatic, gifted speaker who inspired Latinos to band together and devote themselves to the farmworkers' movement. Claiming as his models Emiliano Zapata, Gandhi, Nehru, and Martin Luther King, he called on his people to "Make a solemn promise: to enjoy our rightful part of the riches of this land, to throw off the yoke of being considered as agricultural implements or slaves. We are free men and we demand justice."

After his death he became a major historical icon for the Latino community, and for liberals generally, symbolizing militant support for workers and for Hispanic power based on grass roots organizing and his slogan "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes, it is possible" or, roughly, "Yes, it can be done"). His supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. His birthday has become César Chávez Day, a state holiday in eight US states. Many parks, cultural centers, libraries, schools, and streets have been named in his honor in cities across the United States.

Early life

César Estrada Chávez was born on March 31, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona, in a Mexican-American family of six children. He had two brothers, Richard (1929-2011) and Librado, and two sisters, Rita and Vicki. He was named after his grandfather, Cesario. Chávez grew up in a small adobe home, the same home in which he was born. His family owned a grocery store and a ranch, but their land was lost during the Great Depression. Chávez experienced injustice early in life; his home was taken away after his father had agreed to clear eighty acres of land in exchange for the deed to the house, an agreement which was subsequently broken. Later when Cesar's father attempted to purchase the house, he could not pay the interest on the loan and the house was sold to its original owner. His family then moved to California to become migrant farm workers.

The Chávez family faced many hardships in California. The family would pick peas and lettuce in the winter, cherries and beans in the spring, corn and grapes in the summer, and cotton in the fall. Working conditions for migrant workers were poor and often unsafe, and their wages were low. Cesar's family frequently lacked access to such basic needs as clean water or toilets. Because a large number of migrant workers were Mexican-American, they also often faced prejudice, and their children had to skip school to earn wages to help support the family. When César was a teenager, he and his older sister Rita would help other farm workers and neighbors by driving those unable to drive to the hospital to see a doctor.

Although he was a bright student, Chávez faced difficulty in school due to prejudice. His family spoke only Spanish at home, and his teachers forbade him from speaking the language at school. At one time, Chávez was hit on the knuckles with a ruler for violating this rule. Also at school, he constantly faced hearing racial slurs. In 1942, he graduated from eighth grade. He did not want his mother to have to work in the fields, so he never attended high school, instead dropping out to become a full-time migrant farm worker. In 1944 he joined the United States Navy at the age of seventeen and served for two years. Serving on a ship, he was seasick most of the time. Chávez had hoped that he would learn skills in the Navy that would help him later when he returned to civilian life. However he soon discovered to his dismay that Mexican-Americans in the Navy at that time could only work as deckhands or painters. Later, Chávez described his experience in the military as “the two worst years of my life.” When Chávez returned home from his service in the military, he married his high school sweetheart, Helen Favela. The couple moved to San Jose, California, where they would have seven children: Fernando, Linda (1951–2000), Paul, Eloise, Sylvia and Anthony.

Activism

Chávez worked in the fields until 1952, when he became an organizer for the Community Service Organization (CSO), a Latino civil rights group. He was hired and trained by Fred Ross as an organizer targeting police brutality. Chávez urged Mexican Americans to register and vote, and he traveled throughout California and made speeches in support of workers' rights. He later became CSO's national director in 1958.

In 1962 Chávez left the CSO and co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) with Dolores Huerta. It was later called the United Farm Workers (UFW).

When Filipino American farm workers initiated the Delano grape strike on September 8, 1965, to protest for higher wages, Chávez eagerly supported them. Six months later, Chávez and the NFWA led a strike of California grape pickers on the historic farmworkers march from Delano to the California state capitol in Sacramento for similar goals. The UFW encouraged all Americans to boycott table grapes as a show of support. The strike lasted five years and attracted national attention. In March 1966, the US Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor held hearings in California on the strike. During the hearings, subcommittee member Robert F. Kennedy expressed his support for the striking workers.

These activities led to similar movements in Southern Texas in 1966, where the UFW supported fruit workers in Starr County, Texas, and led a march to Austin, in support of UFW farm workers' rights. In the Midwest, César Chávez's movement inspired the founding of two Midwestern independent unions: Obreros Unidos in Wisconsin in 1966, and the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC) in Ohio in 1967. Former UFW organizers would also found the Texas Farm Workers Union in 1975.

In the early 1970s, the UFW organized strikes and boycotts—including the Salad Bowl strike, the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history—to protest for, and later win, higher wages for those farm workers who were working for grape and lettuce growers. The union also won passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, which gave collective bargaining rights to farm workers. During the 1980s, Chávez led a boycott to protest the use of toxic pesticides on grapes. Bumper stickers reading "NO GRAPES" and "UVAS NO" (the translation in Spanish) were widespread. He again fasted to draw public attention. UFW organizers believed that a reduction in produce sales by 15% was sufficient to wipe out the profit margin of the boycotted product. These strikes and boycotts generally ended with the signing of bargaining agreements.

Chávez undertook a number of ''spiritual fasts'', regarding the act as “a personal spiritual transformation”. In 1968, he fasted for 25 days, promoting the principle of nonviolence. In 1970, Chávez began a fast of ‘thanksgiving and hope’ to prepare for pre-arranged civil disobedience by farm workers. Also in 1972, he fasted in response to Arizona’s passage of legislation that prohibited boycotts and strikes by farm workers during the harvest seasons.

Immigration

The UFW during Chávez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration. Chávez and Dolores Huerta, cofounder and president of the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined US workers and exploited the migrant workers. Since the Bracero program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers, immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights, lest they be fired and replaced. Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964. In 1973, the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring undocumented immigrants. Later during the 1980s, while Chávez was still working alongside Huerta, he was key in getting the amnesty provisions into the 1986 federal immigration act.

On a few occasions, concerns that undocumented migrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events, which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events, but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant. In 1969, Chávez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers' use of undocumented immigrants as strikebreakers. Joining him on the march were both Reverend Ralph Abernathy and US Senator Walter Mondale. In its early years, Chávez and the UFW went so far as to report undocumented immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers, as well as those who refused to unionize, to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

In 1973, the United Farm Workers set up a "wet line" along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionization efforts. During one such event in which Chávez was not involved, some UFW members, under the guidance of Chávez's cousin Manuel, physically attacked the strikebreakers, after attempts to peacefully persuade them not to cross the border failed.

Education

Later in life, Chávez focused on his education. The walls of his office in Keene, California (United Farm Worker headquarters) were lined with hundreds of books ranging in subject from philosophy, economics, cooperatives, and unions, to biographies of Gandhi and the Kennedy family. Chávez was a vegan because he believed in animal rights and also for his health.

César Chávez Day

César Chávez's birthday, March 31, is celebrated in California as a state holiday, intended to promote service to the community in honor of Chávez's life and work. Many, but not all, state government offices, community colleges, and libraries are closed. Only two public school districts in San Jose observe the day with no school. Texas also recognizes the day, and it is an optional holiday in Arizona and Colorado.

Legacy

He is buried at the National Chavez Center, on the headquarters campus of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), at 29700 Woodford-Tehachapi Road in the Keene community of unincorporated Kern County, Kern County. There is a portrait of him in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC.

In 1973, college professors in Mount Angel, Oregon established the first four-year Mexican-American college in the United States. They chose César Chávez as their symbolic figurehead, naming the college Colegio Cesar Chavez. In the book ''Colegio Cesar Chavez, 1973-1983: A Chicano Struggle for Educational Self-Determination'' author Carlos Maldonado writes that Chávez visited the campus twice, joining in public demonstrations in support of the college. Though Colegio Cesar Chavez closed in 1983, it remains a recognized part of Oregon history. On its website the Oregon Historical Society writes, "Structured as a 'college-without-walls,' more than 100 students took classes in Chicano Studies, early childhood development, and adult education. Significant financial and administrative problems caused Colegio to close in 1983. Its history represents the success of a grassroots movement." The Colegio has been described as having been a symbol of the Latino presence in Oregon.

In 1992, Chávez was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth."

Chávez died on April 23, 1993, of unspecified natural causes in a rental apartment in San Luis, Arizona. Shortly after his death, his widow, Helen Chávez, donated his black nylon union jacket to the National Museum of American History, a branch of the Smithsonian.

On September 8, 1994, Chávez was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. The award was received by his widow, Helen Chávez.

The California cities of Long Beach, Modesto, Sacramento, San Diego, Berkeley, and San Jose, California have renamed parks after him, as well as the City of Seattle, Washington. In Amarillo, Texas a bowling alley has been renamed in his memory. In Los Angeles, César E. Chávez Avenue, originally two separate streets (Macy Street west of the Los Angeles River and Brooklyn Avenue east of the river), extends from Sunset Boulevard and runs through East Los Angeles and Monterey Park. In San Francisco, César Chávez Street, originally named Army Street, is named in his memory. At San Francisco State University the student center is also named after him. The University of California, Berkeley, has a César E. Chávez Student Center, which lies across Lower Sproul Plaza from the Martin Luther King, Jr., Student Union. California State University San Marcos's Chavez Plaza includes a statue to Chávez. In 2007, The University of Texas at Austin unveiled its own César Chávez Statue on campus. Fresno named an adult school, where a majority percent of students' parents or themselves are, or have been, field workers, after Chávez. In Austin, Texas, one of the central thoroughfares was changed to César Chávez Boulevard. In Ogden, Utah, a four-block section of 30th Street was renamed Cesar Chavez Street. In Oakland, there is a library named after him and his birthday, March 31, is a district holiday in remembrance of him. On July 8, 2009, the city of Portland, Oregon, changed the name of 39th Avenue to Cesar Chavez Boulevard. In 2003, the United States Postal Service honored him with a postage stamp. The largest flatland park in Phoenix Arizona is named after Chavez. The park features Cesar Chavez Branch Library and a life-sized statue of Chavez by artist Zarco Guerrero. In April, 2010, the city of Dallas, Texas changed street signage along the downtown street-grade portion of Central Expressway, renaming it for Chávez; part of the street passes adjacent to the downtown Dallas Farmers Market complex. El Paso has a controlled-access highway, the portion of Texas Loop 375 running beside the Rio Grande, called the Cesar Chavez Border Highway; also in El Paso, the alternative junior-senior high school in the Ysleta Independent School District is named for Chavez. Las Cruces, New Mexico has an elementary school named for Cesar Chavez as well.

In 2004, the National Chavez Center was opened on the UFW national headquarters campus in Keene by the Cesar E. Chavez Foundation. It currently consists of a visitor center, memorial garden and his grave site. When it is fully completed, the site will include a museum and conference center to explore and share Chávez's work.

In 2005, a César Chávez commemorative meeting was held in San Antonio, honoring his work on behalf of immigrant farmworkers and other immigrants. Chavez High School in Houston is named in his honor, as is Cesar E. Chavez High School in Delano, California. In Davis, California; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Bakersfield, California and Madison, Wisconsin there are elementary schools named after him in his honor. In Davis, California, there is also an apartment complex named after Chávez which caters specifically to low-income residents and people with physical and mental disabilities. In Racine, Wisconsin, there is a community center named The Cesar Chavez Community Center also in his honor. In Grand Rapids, Michigan, the business loop of I-196 Highway is named "Cesar E Chavez Blvd." The (AFSC) American Friends Service Committee nominated him three times for the Nobel Peace Prize.

On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted César Chávez into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

César Chávez's eldest son, Fernando Chávez, and grandson, Anthony Chávez, each tour the country, speaking about his legacy.

Chávez was referenced by Stevie Wonder in the song "Black Man," from the album Songs in the Key of Life, and by Tom Morello in the song "Union Song," from the album One Man Revolution.

On May 18, 2011, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus announced the Navy would be naming the last of 14 Lewis and Clark-class cargo ships after Cesar Chavez.

Timeline

ImageSize = width:750 height:700 PlotArea = left:50 right:0 bottom:10 top:10

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1927 till:1996 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:3 start:1927 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1927

PlotData= color:red mark:(line, pink) align:left fontsize:M shift:(25,0) # shift text to right side of bar at:1927 text:March 31, César Estrada Chávez born near Yuma, Arizona. at:1942 text:Chavez Begins as a farm worker at:1944 text:Chavez begins his military service in the US Navy, which lasts 2 years. at:1946 text:Chavez joins the National Agricultural Workers Union, his first. at:1948 text:He and his family join the National Farm Workers Labor Union. at:1952 text:Cesar Chavez is recruited for Saul Alinsky's Community Service Organization,~ an activist group that fought racial and economic discrimination against Chicano residents. from:1958 till:1959 text:Chávez organizes strikes, marches, and a boycott of merchants~ in Oxnard to protest local unemployment. at:1962 text:Leaves The CSO and moves to Delano where he founds the Farm Workers Association. at:1965 shift:(25,-5) text: The NFWA and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee start the grape boycott. at:1966 shift:(25,8) text:In March, Chávez marches with 75 others from Delano to the capital, Sacramento, 340 miles~ to bring attention to the plight of farmworkers. at:1968 text:In February, Chavez begins his historic 25 day fast. at:1969 text:UFW declares National Grape Boycott Day. at:1970 text:In December, Chávez imprisoned for challenging injunction against the boycott. at:1973 text:UFW celebrates first convention in Fresno. at:1975 text:California Supreme Court declares the short-handled hoe an Unsafe Hand Tool thus banned by California law at:1977 text:An agreement was reached that gave the UFW the sole right to organize farm workers. at:1984 text:Chávez announces a new grape boycott, this time focused on pesticides. at:1988 text:Chávez fasts for 36 days to protest pesticide use at:1993 text:April 23, after a fast of several days, Chávez dies in his sleep of unknown cause. at:1994 text:Chávez posthumously receives the US Medal of Freedom from President Clinton. at:1996 text:Made a memorial of his history.

See also

List of places named after César Chávez

Sí se puede

Union Organizer

References

References and Further reading

Bardacke, Frank. "Cesar's Ghost: Decline and Fall of the U.F.W.", ''The Nation'' (July 26, 1993) online version

Bruns, Roger. ''Cesar Chavez: A Biography'' (2005) excerpt and text search

Burt, Kenneth C. ''"The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics," (2007).

Dalton, Frederick John. ''The Moral Vision of Cesar Chavez'' (2003) excerpt and text search

Daniel, Cletus E. "Cesar Chavez and the Unionization of California Farm Workers." ed. Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine. Labor Leaders in America. University of IL: 1987.

Etulain, Richard W. ''Cesar Chavez: A Brief Biography with Documents'' (2002), 138pp; by a leading historian. excerpt and text search

Ferriss, Susan, and Ricardo Sandoval, eds. ''The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement'' (1998) excerpt and text search

Griswold del Castillo, Richard, and Richard A. Garcia. ''Cesar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit'' (1995). highly favorable treatment

Hammerback, John C., and Richard J. Jensen. ''The Rhetorical Career of Cesar Chavez.'' (1998).

Jacob, Amanda ''César Chávez Dominates Face'' Sayville: Mandy Publishers, 2005.

Jensen, Richard J., Thomas R. Burkholder, and John C. Hammerback. "Martyrs for a Just Cause: The Eulogies of Cesar Chavez," ''Western Journal of Communication,'' Vol. 67, 2003 online edition

Johnson, Andrea Shan. "Mixed Up in the Making: Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements." PhD dissertation U. of Missouri, Columbia 2006. 503 pp. DAI 2007 67(11): 4312-A. DA3242742 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

LaBotz, Dan. ''Cesar Chavez and La Causa'' (2005), short scholarly biography

León, Luis D. "Cesar Chavez in American Religious Politics: Mapping the New Global Spiritual Line." ''American Quarterly'' 2007 59(3): 857–881. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext: Project Muse

Levy, Jacques E. and Cesar Chavez. ''César Chávez: Autobiography of La Causa''. (1975). ISBN 0-393-07494-3

Matthiessen, Peter. ''Sal Si Puedes (Escape If You Can): Cesar Chavez and the New American Revolution,'' (2nd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search

Meister, Dick and Anne Loftis. ''A Long Time Coming: The Struggle to Unionize America's Farm Workers,'' (1977).

Orosco, Jose-Antonio. ''Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence'' (2008)

Prouty, Marco G. ''César Chávez, the Catholic Bishops, and the Farmworkers' Struggle for Social Justice'' (University of Arizona Press; 185 pages; 2006). Analyzes the church's changing role from mediator to Chávez supporter in the farmworkers' strike that polarized central California's Catholic community from 1965 to 1970; draws on previously untapped archives of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

Ross, Fred. ''Conquering Goliath : César Chávez at the Beginning''. Keene, California: United Farm Workers: Distributed by El Taller Grafico, 1989. ISBN 0-9625298-0-X

Soto, Gary. ''César Chávez: a Hero for Everyone.'' New York: Aladdin, 2003. ISBN 0-689-85923-6 and ISBN 0-689-85922-8 (pbk.)

Taylor, Ronald B. ''Chavez and the Farm Workers'' (1975) online edition

External links

"The Story of César Chávez" United Farmworker's official biography of Chávez

César E. Chávez Chronology County of Los Angeles Public Library

Five Part Series on César Chávez ''Los Angeles Times'', Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000

The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle ''PBS'' Documentary

Farmworker Movement Documentation Project

''New York Times'' obituary, April 24, 1993

Walter P. Reuther Library – ''President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994''

Category:1927 births Category:1993 deaths Category:People from Yuma, Arizona Category:Agriculture and forestry trade unions Category:American anti–illegal immigration activists Category:American labor leaders Category:American vegans Category:Christian vegans Category:Disease-related deaths in Arizona Category:Labor relations in California Category:Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights Category:Mexican-American history Category:American people of Mexican descent Category:Nonviolence advocates Category:People from Oxnard, California Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Roman Catholic activists Category:United States Navy sailors Category:United States presidential candidates, 1976 Category:American labor unionists

ca:César Chávez de:César Chávez es:César Chávez fa:سزار چاوز fr:César Chávez nl:César Chávez no:César Chávez pl:César Chávez ru:Чавес, Сесар Эстрада simple:César Chávez sv:César Chávez tl:Cesar Chavez

Coordinates	49°28′″N20°14′″N
Region	Western Philosophy
Era	19th century philosophy
Color	#B0C4DE
Name	Henry David Thoreau
Birth date	July 12, 1817
Birth place	Concord, Massachusetts
Death date	May 06, 1862
Death place	Concord, Massachusetts
School tradition	Transcendentalism
Main interests	Natural history
Notable ideas	Abolitionism, tax resistance, development criticism, civil disobedience, conscientious objection, direct action, environmentalism, anarchism, simple living
Influences	Ralph Waldo Emerson, Goethe
Influenced	Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., Leo Tolstoy, Marcel Proust, William Butler Yeats, Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, E. B. White, E. O. Wilson, B. F. Skinner, George Bernard Shaw}}

Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) (properly pronounced ''Thaw''-roe) was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book ''Walden'', a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay ''Civil Disobedience'', an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history and philosophy, where he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore; while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "Yankee" love of practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and illusion in order to discover life's true essential needs.

He was a lifelong abolitionist, delivering lectures that attacked the Fugitive Slave Law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending abolitionist John Brown. Thoreau's philosophy of civil disobedience influenced the political thoughts and actions of such later figures as Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Thoreau is sometimes cited as an individualist anarchist. Though ''Civil Disobedience'' seems to call for improving rather than abolishing government – "I ask for, not at once no government, but ''at once'' a better government" – the direction of this improvement points toward anarchism: "'That government is best which governs not at all;' and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have." Richard Drinnon partly blames Thoreau for the ambiguity, noting that Thoreau's "sly satire, his liking for wide margins for his writing, and his fondness for paradox provided ammunition for widely divergent interpretations of 'Civil Disobedience.'" He further points out that although Thoreau writes that he only wants "at once" a better government, that does not rule out the possibility that a little later he might favor no government.

Early life and education

He was born David Henry Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts, to John Thoreau (a pencil maker) and Cynthia Dunbar. His paternal grandfather was of French origin and was born in Jersey. His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led Harvard's 1766 student "Butter Rebellion", the first recorded student protest in the Colonies. David Henry was named after a recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He did not become "Henry David" until after college, although he never petitioned to make a legal name change. He had two older siblings, Helen and John Jr., and a younger sister, Sophia. Thoreau's birthplace still exists on Virginia Road in Concord and is currently the focus of preservation efforts. The house is original, but it now stands about 100 yards away from its first site.

Amos Bronson Alcott and Thoreau's aunt each wrote that "Thoreau" is pronounced like the word "thorough", whose standard American pronunciation rhymes with "furrow". Edward Emerson wrote that the name should be pronounced "Thó-row, the ''h'' sounded, and accent on the first syllable." In appearance he was homely, with a nose that he called "my most prominent feature." Of his face, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: "[Thoreau] is as ugly as sin, long-nosed, queer-mouthed, and with uncouth and rustic, though courteous manners, corresponding very well with such an exterior. But his ugliness is of an honest and agreeable fashion, and becomes him much better than beauty." Thoreau also wore a neck-beard for many years, which he insisted many women found attractive. However, Louisa May Alcott mentioned to Ralph Waldo Emerson that Thoreau's facial hair "will most assuredly deflect amorous advances and preserve the man's virtue in perpetuity."

Thoreau studied at Harvard University between 1833 and 1837. He lived in Hollis Hall and took courses in rhetoric, classics, philosophy, mathematics, and science. A legend proposes that Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee for a Harvard diploma. In fact, the master's degree he declined to purchase had no academic merit: Harvard College offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college." His comment was: "Let every sheep keep its own skin", a reference to the tradition of diplomas being written on sheepskin vellum.

Return to Concord: 1837–1841

The traditional professions open to college graduates—law, the church, business, medicine—failed to interest Thoreau, so in 1835 he took a leave of absence from Harvard, during which he taught school in Canton, Massachusetts. After he graduated in 1837, he joined the faculty of the Concord public school, but resigned after a few weeks rather than administer corporal punishment. He and his brother John then opened a grammar school in Concord in 1838 called Concord Academy. They introduced several progressive concepts, including nature walks and visits to local shops and businesses. The school ended when John became fatally ill from tetanus in 1842 after cutting himself while shaving. He died in his brother Henry's arms.

Upon graduation Thoreau returned home to Concord, where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson took a paternal and at times patronizing interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers and thinkers, including Ellery Channing, Margaret Fuller, Bronson Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne and his son Julian Hawthorne, who was a boy at the time.

Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical, ''The Dial'', and Emerson lobbied editor Margaret Fuller to publish those writings. Thoreau's first essay published there was ''Aulus Persius Flaccus,'' an essay on the playwright of the same name, published in ''The Dial'' in July 1840. It consisted of revised passages from his journal, which he had begun keeping at Emerson's suggestion. The first journal entry on October 22, 1837, reads, "'What are you doing now?' he asked. 'Do you keep a journal?' So I make my first entry to-day."

Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed Transcendentalism, a loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, expressing the "radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts," as Emerson wrote in ''Nature'' (1836).

On April 18, 1841, Thoreau moved into the Emerson house. There, from 1841–1844, he served as the children's tutor, editorial assistant, and repair man/gardener. For a few months in 1843, he moved to the home of William Emerson on Staten Island, and tutored the family sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative Horace Greeley.

Thoreau returned to Concord and worked in his family's pencil factory, which he continued to do for most of his adult life. He rediscovered the process to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite by using clay as the binder; this invention improved upon graphite found in New Hampshire and bought in 1821 by relative Charles Dunbar. (The process of mixing graphite and clay, known as the Conté process, was patented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795). His other source had been Tantiusques, an Indian operated mine in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Later, Thoreau converted the factory to produce plumbago (graphite), which was used to ink typesetting machines.

Once back in Concord, Thoreau went through a restless period. In April 1844 he and his friend Edward Hoar accidentally set a fire that consumed of Walden Woods. He spoke often of finding a farm to buy or lease, which he felt would give him a means to support himself while also providing enough solitude to write his first book.

Civil Disobedience and the Walden years: 1845–1849

Thoreau needed to concentrate and get himself working more on his writing. In March 1845, Ellery Channing told Thoreau, "Go out upon that, build yourself a hut, & there begin the grand process of devouring yourself alive. I see no other alternative, no other hope for you." Two months later, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in simple living on July 4, 1845, when he moved to a small, self-built house on land owned by Emerson in a second-growth forest around the shores of Walden Pond. The house was in "a pretty pasture and woodlot" of that Emerson had bought, from his family home.

On July 24 or July 25, 1846, Thoreau ran into the local tax collector, Sam Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes. Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the Mexican-American War and slavery, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. (The next day Thoreau was freed, against his wishes, when his aunt paid his taxes.) The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government" explaining his tax resistance at the Concord Lyceum. Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January 26: :

Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay entitled ''Resistance to Civil Government'' (also known as ''Civil Disobedience''). In May 1849 it was published by Elizabeth Peabody in the ''Aesthetic Papers''. Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley's principle in the political poem ''The Mask of Anarchy'' (1819), that Shelley begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time – and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.

At Walden Pond, he completed a first draft of ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'', an elegy to his brother, John, that described their 1839 trip to the White Mountains. Thoreau did not find a publisher for this book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense, though fewer than 300 were sold. Thoreau self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson's own publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book.

In August 1846, Thoreau briefly left Walden to make a trip to Mount Katahdin in Maine, a journey later recorded in "Ktaadn," the first part of ''The Maine Woods''.

Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847. At Emerson's request, he immediately moved back into the Emerson house to help Lidian manage the household while her husband was on an extended trip to Europe. Over several years, he worked to pay off his debts and also continuously revised his manuscript for what, in 1854, he would publish as ''Walden, or Life in the Woods'', recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of four seasons to symbolize human development. Part memoir and part spiritual quest, ''Walden'' at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.

American poet Robert Frost wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America."

John Updike wrote in 2004,

Thoreau moved out of Emerson's house in July 1848 and stayed at a home on Belknap Street nearby. In 1850, he and his family moved into a home at 255 Main Street; he stayed there until his death.

Later years: 1851–1862

In 1851, Thoreau became increasingly fascinated with natural history and travel/expedition narratives. He read avidly on botany and often wrote observations on this topic into his journal. He admired William Bartram, and Charles Darwin's ''Voyage of the Beagle''. He kept detailed observations on Concord's nature lore, recording everything from how the fruit ripened over time to the fluctuating depths of Walden Pond and the days certain birds migrated. The point of this task was to "anticipate" the seasons of nature, in his words.

He became a land surveyor and continued to write increasingly detailed natural history observations about the township in his journal, a two-million word document he kept for 24 years. He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source for Thoreau's late natural history writings, such as ''Autumnal Tints'', ''The Succession of Trees'', and ''Wild Apples'', an essay lamenting the destruction of indigenous and wild apple species.

Until the 1970s, literary critics dismissed Thoreau's late pursuits as amateur science and philosophy. With the rise of environmental history and ecocriticism, several new readings of this matter began to emerge, showing Thoreau to be both a philosopher and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots. For instance, his late essay, "The Succession of Forest Trees," shows that he used experimentation and analysis to explain how forests regenerate after fire or human destruction, through dispersal by seed-bearing winds or animals.

He traveled to Quebec once, Cape Cod four times, and Maine three times; these landscapes inspired his "excursion" books, ''A Yankee in Canada'', ''Cape Cod'', and ''The Maine Woods'', in which travel itineraries frame his thoughts about geography, history and philosophy. Other travels took him southwest to Philadelphia and New York City in 1854, and west across the Great Lakes region in 1861, visiting Niagara Falls, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Mackinac Island. Although provincial in his physical travels, he was extraordinarily well-read and vicariously a world traveler. He obsessively devoured all the first-hand travel accounts available in his day, at a time when the last unmapped regions of the earth were being explored. He read Magellan and James Cook, the arctic explorers Franklin, Mackenzie and Parry, David Livingstone and Richard Francis Burton on Africa, Lewis and Clark; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers. Astonishing amounts of global reading fed his endless curiosity about the peoples, cultures, religions and natural history of the world, and left its traces as commentaries in his voluminous journals. He processed everything he read, in the local laboratory of his Concord experience. Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to "live at home like a traveler."

After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, many prominent voices in the abolitionist movement distanced themselves from Brown, or damned him with faint praise. Thoreau was disgusted by this, and he composed a speech—''A Plea for Captain John Brown''—which was uncompromising in its defense of Brown and his actions. Thoreau's speech proved persuasive: first the abolitionist movement began to accept Brown as a martyr, and by the time of the American Civil War entire armies of the North were literally singing Brown's praises. As a contemporary biographer of John Brown put it: "If, as Alfred Kazin suggests, without John Brown there would have been no Civil War, we would add that without the Concord Transcendentalists, John Brown would have had little cultural impact."

Death

Thoreau contracted tuberculosis in 1835 and suffered from it sporadically afterwards. In 1859, following a late night excursion to count the rings of tree stumps during a rain storm, he became ill with bronchitis. His health declined over three years with brief periods of remission, until he eventually became bedridden. Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, particularly ''The Maine Woods'' and ''Excursions'', and petitioning publishers to print revised editions of ''A Week'' and ''Walden''. He also wrote letters and journal entries until he became too weak to continue. His friends were alarmed at his diminished appearance and were fascinated by his tranquil acceptance of death. When his aunt Louisa asked him in his last weeks if he had made his peace with God, Thoreau responded: "I did not know we had ever quarreled."

Aware he was dying, Thoreau's last words were "Now comes good sailing", followed by two lone words, "moose" and "Indian". He died on May 6, 1862 at age 44. Bronson Alcott planned the service and read selections from Thoreau's works, and Channing presented a hymn. Emerson wrote the eulogy spoken at his funeral. Originally buried in the Dunbar family plot, he and members of his immediate family were eventually moved to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (N42° 27' 53.7" W71° 20' 33") in Concord, Massachusetts.

Thoreau's friend Ellery Channing published his first biography, ''Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist'', in 1873, and Channing and another friend Harrison Blake edited some poems, essays, and journal entries for posthumous publication in the 1890s. Thoreau's journals, which he often mined for his published works but which remained largely unpublished at his death, were first published in 1906 and helped to build his modern reputation. A new, expanded edition of the journals is underway, published by Princeton University Press. Today, Thoreau is regarded as one of the foremost American writers, both for the modern clarity of his prose style and the prescience of his views on nature and politics. His memory is honored by the international Thoreau Society.

Beliefs

Thoreau was an early advocate of recreational hiking and canoeing, of conserving natural resources on private land, and of preserving wilderness as public land. Thoreau was also one of the first American supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution. He was not a strict vegetarian, though he said he preferred that diet and advocated it as a means of self-improvement. He wrote in ''Walden'': "The practical objection to animal food in my case was its uncleanness; and besides, when I had caught and cleaned and cooked and eaten my fish, they seemed not to have fed me essentially. It was insignificant and unnecessary, and cost more than it came to. A little bread or a few potatoes would have done as well, with less trouble and filth."

Thoreau neither rejected civilization nor fully embraced wilderness. Instead he sought a middle ground, the pastoral realm that integrates both nature and culture. His philosophy required that he be a didactic arbitration between the wilderness he based so much on and the spreading mass of North American humanity. He decried the latter endlessly but felt the teachers need to be close to those who needed to hear what he wanted to tell them. He was in many ways a 'visible saint', a point of contact with the wilds, even if the land he lived on had been given to him by Emerson and was far from cut-off. The wildness he enjoyed was the nearby swamp or forest, and he preferred "partially cultivated country." His idea of being "far in the recesses of the wilderness" of Maine was to "travel the logger's path and the Indian trail," but he also hiked on pristine untouched land. In the essay "Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher" Roderick Nash writes: "Thoreau left Concord in 1846 for the first of three trips to northern Maine. His expectations were high because he hoped to find genuine, primeval America. But contact with real wilderness in Maine affected him far differently than had the idea of wilderness in Concord. Instead of coming out of the woods with a deepened appreciation of the wilds, Thoreau felt a greater respect for civilization and realized the necessity of balance." On alcohol, Thoreau wrote: "I would fain keep sober always... I believe that water is the only drink for a wise man; wine is not so noble a liquor... Of all ebriosity, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by the air he breathes?"

Influence

Thoreau's writings influenced many public figures. Political leaders and reformers like Mahatma Gandhi, President John F. Kennedy, civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, and Russian author Leo Tolstoy all spoke of being strongly affected by Thoreau's work, particularly ''Civil Disobedience.'' So did many artists and authors including Edward Abbey, Willa Cather, Marcel Proust, William Butler Yeats, Sinclair Lewis, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, E. B. White, Lewis Mumford, Frank Lloyd Wright, Alexander Posey and Gustav Stickley. Thoreau also influenced naturalists like John Burroughs, John Muir, E. O. Wilson, Edwin Way Teale, Joseph Wood Krutch, B. F. Skinner, David Brower and Loren Eiseley, whom ''Publisher's Weekly'' called "the modern Thoreau." English writer Henry Stephens Salt wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau's ideas in Britain: George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter and Robert Blatchford were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt's advocacy.

Mahatma Gandhi first read ''Walden'' in 1906 while working as a civil rights activist in Johannesburg, South Africa. He first read ''Civil Disobedience'' "while he sat in a South African prison for the crime of nonviolently protesting discrimination against the Indian population in the Transvaal. The essay galvanized Gandhi, who wrote and published a synopsis of Thoreau's argument, calling its 'incisive logic . . . unanswerable' and referring to Thoreau as 'one of the greatest and most moral men America has produced.'" He told American reporter Webb Miller, "[Thoreau's] ideas influenced me greatly. I adopted some of them and recommended the study of Thoreau to all of my friends who were helping me in the cause of Indian Independence. Why I actually took the name of my movement from Thoreau's essay 'On the Duty of Civil Disobedience,' written about 80 years ago."

Martin Luther King, Jr. noted in his autobiography that his first encounter with the idea of non-violent resistance was reading "On Civil Disobedience" in 1944 while attending Morehouse College. He wrote in his autobiography that it was

Here, in this courageous New Englander's refusal to pay his taxes and his choice of jail rather than support a war that would spread slavery's territory into Mexico, I made my first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance. Fascinated by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system, I was so deeply moved that I reread the work several times.

I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. No other person has been more eloquent and passionate in getting this idea across than Henry David Thoreau. As a result of his writings and personal witness, we are the heirs of a legacy of creative protest. The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement; indeed, they are more alive than ever before. Whether expressed in a sit-in at lunch counters, a freedom ride into Mississippi, a peaceful protest in Albany, Georgia, a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, these are outgrowths of Thoreau's insistence that evil must be resisted and that no moral man can patiently adjust to injustice.

American psychologist B. F. Skinner wrote that he carried a copy of Thoreau's ''Walden'' with him in his youth. and, in 1945, wrote ''Walden Two'', a fictional utopia about 1,000 members of a community living together inspired by the life of Thoreau. Thoreau and his fellow Transcendentalists from Concord were a major inspiration of the composer Charles Ives. The 4th movement of the Concord Sonata for piano (with a part for flute, Thoreau's instrument) is a character picture and he also set Thoreau's words.

Anarchism

Anarchism started to have an ecological point-of-view in the writings of Thoreau. John Zerzan included Thoreau's text "Excursions" (1863) in his edited compilation of works in the anarcho-primitivist tradition titled ''Against civilization: Readings and reflections''. Anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman also appreciated Thoreau and referred to him as "the greatest American anarchist."

Thoreau was an important influence on late 19th century anarchist naturism, the combination of anarchist and naturist philosophies. Mainly it had importance within individualist anarchist circles in Spain, France, and Portugal.

Critique

Thoreau's ideas were not universally applauded by some of his contemporaries in literary circles.

Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson judged Thoreau's endorsement of living alone in natural simplicity, apart from modern society, to be a mark of effeminacy:

...Thoreau's content and ecstasy in living was, we may say, like a plant that he had watered and tended with womanish solicitude; for there is apt to be something unmanly, something almost dastardly, in a life that does not move with dash and freedom, and that fears the bracing contact of the world. In one word, Thoreau was a skulker. He did not wish virtue to go out of him among his fellow-men, but slunk into a corner to hoard it for himself. He left all for the sake of certain virtuous self-indulgences.

Nathaniel Hawthorne was particularly critical of Thoreau. He wrote that Thoreau, "has repudiated all regular modes of getting a living, and seems inclined to lead a sort of Indian life among civilized men- an Indian life, I mean, as respects the absence of any systematic effort for a livelihood". He would later criticize his writing ability by saying, "There is one chance in a thousand that he might write a most excellent and readable book," but if he did it would be "a book of simple observation of nature, somewhat in the vein of White's History of Selborne".

Poet John Greenleaf Whittier detested what he deemed to be the message of ''Walden'', decreeing that Thoreau wanted man to "lower himself to the level of a woodchuck and walk on four legs." He went further to castigate the work as "very wicked and heathenish", remarking "I prefer walking on two legs."

In response to such criticisms, English novelist George Eliot, writing for the ''Westminster Review'', characterized such critics as uninspired and narrow-minded:

People—very wise in their own eyes—who would have every man's life ordered according to a particular pattern, and who are intolerant of every existence the utility of which is not palpable to them, may pooh-pooh Mr. Thoreau and this episode in his history, as unpractical and dreamy.

Works

''Aulus Persius Flaccus'' (1840) ''The Service'' (1840) ''A Walk to Wachusett'' (1842) ''Paradise (to be) Regained'' (1843) ''The Landlord'' (1843)

''Sir Walter Raleigh'' (1844)

''Herald of Freedom'' (1844) ''Wendell Phillips Before the Concord Lyceum'' (1845)

''Reform and the Reformers'' (1846–48)

''Thomas Carlyle and His Works'' (1847) ''A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers'' (1849) ''Resistance to Civil Government'', or ''Civil Disobedience'' (1849) ''An Excursion to Canada'' (1853) ''Slavery in Massachusetts'' (1854) ''Walden'' (1854) ''A Plea for Captain John Brown'' (1859) ''Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown'' (1859) ''The Last Days of John Brown'' (1860) ''Walking'' (1861) ''Autumnal Tints'' (1862) ''Wild Apples: The History of the Apple Tree'' (1862) ''Excursions'' (1863) ''Life Without Principle'' (1863) ''Night and Moonlight'' (1863)

''The Highland Light'' (1864)

''The Maine Woods'' (1864) ''Cape Cod'' (1865) ''Letters to Various Persons'' (1865) ''A Yankee in Canada, with Anti-Slavery and Reform Papers'' (1866)

''Early Spring in Massachusetts'' (1881)

''Summer'' (1884) ''Winter'' (1888) ''Autumn'' (1892) ''Miscellanies'' (1894) ''Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau'' (1894)

''Poems of Nature'' (1895)

''Some Unpublished Letters of Henry D. and Sophia E. Thoreau'' (1898)

''The First and Last Journeys of Thoreau'' (1905) ''Journal of Henry David Thoreau'' (1906) ''The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau'' edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)

See also

American philosophy

List of American philosophers

References

Further reading

Bode, Carl. ''Best of Thoreau's Journals''. Southern Illinois University Press. 1967

Botkin, Daniel. ''No Man's Garden''

Dean, Bradley P. ed., ''Letters to a Spiritual Seeker''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

Harding, Walter. ''The Days of Henry Thoreau''. Princeton University Press, 1982

Hendrix, George. "The Influence of Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience' on Gandhi's Satyagraha." ''The New England Quarterly''. 1956

Howarth, William. ''The Book of Concord: Thoreau's Life as a Writer''. Viking Press, 1982

Myerson, Joel et al. ''The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau''. Cambridge University Press. 1995

Nash, Roderick. ''Henry David Thoreau, Philosopher''

Parrington, Vernon. ''Main Current in American Thought''. V 2 online. 1927

Petroski, Henry. "H. D. Thoreau, Engineer." ''American Heritage of Invention and Technology'', Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8–16

Richardson, Robert D. ''Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind''. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1986. ISBN 0-520-06346-5

Tauber, Alfred I. ''Henry David Thoreau and the Moral Agency of Knowing''. University of California, Berkeley. 2001. ISBN 0-520-23915-6

Thoreau, Henry David. ''Collected Essays and Poems''. Elizabeth Hall Witherell, editor, Library of America, 2001) ISBN 978-1-883011-95-6

_____. ''I to Myself: An Annotated Selection from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2007

_____. ''The Maine Woods: A Fully Annotated Edition''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2009

_____. ''Walden: A Fully Annotated Edition''. Jeffrey S. Cramer, editor, Yale University Press, 2004

_____. ''A Week, Walden, The Maine Woods, Cape Cod''. Robert F. Sayre, editor, Library of America, 1985 ISBN 0-940450-27-5

_____. ''The Price of Freedom: Excerpts from Thoreau's Journals'' ISBN 978-1-4348-0552-2

Walls, Laura Dassow. ''Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and 19th Century Science''. University of Wisconsin. 1995. ISBN 0-299-14744-4

Historical fiction

Brooks, Geraldine. ''March: A Love Story in a Time of War'' (2006)

External links

The Thoreau Society

The Thoreau Edition

The Thoreau Project

The Walden Woods Project by The Thoreau Institute

The Thoreau Farm Trust – His Birthplace

The Disarming Honesty of Henry David Thoreau, by Frank Chodorov

This Date From Henry David Thoreau's Journal

Who He Was & Why He Matters – by Randall Conrad

H D Thoreau – "a site for everything Thoreau"

Henry David Thoreau – by the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''

Henry Thoreau: Transcendental Economist by Vernon L. Parrington

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The Thoreau Reader by ''The Thoreau Society''

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau at ''The Walden Woods Project''

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau at ''Princeton University Press''

Political & Philosophical Excerpts from Thoreau's Journals

Reflections on a Child's Water Wheel – an Excerpt from Thoreau's 1848 Journal

Scans of Thoreau's Land Surveys at the Concord Free Public Library

Henry David Thoreau Online – The Works and Life of Henry D. Thoreau

Works by Thoreau at Open Library

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Coordinates	49°28′″N20°14′″N
name	D. H. Lawrence
birth name	David Herbert Richards Lawrence
birth date	September 11, 1885
birth place	Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England
death date	March 02, 1930
death place	Vence, France
occupation	Novelist
nationality	British
period	1907–1930
genre	modernism
subject	the social subject, travel, literary criticism
notableworks	Novel: Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's Lover Short Story: Odour of Chrysanthemums, Daughters of the Vicar, The Man who loved Islands Play: The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd
influences	Joseph Conrad, Herman Melville, Lev Shestov, Thomas Hardy, Walt Whitman, Schopenhauer
influenced	Aldous Huxley, Anthony Burgess, A. S. Byatt, Colm Tóibín, Tennessee Williams, Dylan Thomas, Octavio Paz, Doris Lessing, Charles Bukowski, Anaïs Nin
website	}}

David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.

Lawrence's opinions earned him many enemies and he endured official persecution, censorship, and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile he called his "savage pilgrimage." At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as, "The greatest imaginative novelist of our generation." Later, the influential Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness, placing much of Lawrence's fiction within the canonical "great tradition" of the English novel. Lawrence is now valued by many as a visionary thinker and significant representative of modernism in English literature.

Life and career

Early life

The fourth child of Arthur John Lawrence, a barely literate miner, and Lydia (née Beardsall), a former schoolmistress, Lawrence spent his formative years in the coal mining town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. The house in which he was born, in Eastwood, 8a Victoria Street, is now the D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum. His working class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for a number of his early works. Lawrence would return to this locality and often wrote about nearby Underwood, calling it; "the country of my heart," as a setting for much of his fiction.

The young Lawrence attended Beauvale Board School (now renamed Greasley Beauvale D. H. Lawrence Primary School in his honour) from 1891 until 1898, becoming the first local pupil to win a County Council scholarship to Nottingham High School in nearby Nottingham. He left in 1901, working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywood's surgical appliances factory, but a severe bout of pneumonia, reportedly the result of being accosted by a group of factory girls (as detailed by school friend, George Neville), ended this career. Whilst convalescing he often visited Hagg's Farm, the home of the Chambers family, and began a friendship with Jessie Chambers. An important aspect of this relationship with Jessie and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books, an interest that lasted throughout Lawrence's life. In the years 1902 to 1906 Lawrence served as a pupil teacher at the British School, Eastwood. He went on to become a full-time student and received a teaching certificate from University College Nottingham in 1908. During these early years he was working on his first poems, some short stories, and a draft of a novel, ''Laetitia'', that was eventually to become ''The White Peacock.'' At the end of 1907 he won a short story competition in the ''Nottingham Guardian'', the first time that he had gained any wider recognition for his literary talents.

Early career

In the autumn of 1908 the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London. While teaching in Davidson Road School, Croydon, he continued writing. Some of the early poetry, submitted by Jessie Chambers, came to the attention of Ford Madox Ford, then known as Ford Hermann Hueffer and editor of the influential ''The English Review''. Hueffer then commissioned the story ''Odour of Chrysanthemums'' which, when published in that magazine, encouraged Heinemann, a London publisher, to ask Lawrence for more work. His career as a professional author now began in earnest, although he taught for a further year. Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel ''The White Peacock'' appeared in 1910, Lawrence's mother died. She had been ill with cancer. The young man was devastated and he was to describe the next few months as his "sick year." It is clear that Lawrence had an extremely close relationship with his mother and his grief following her death became a major turning point in his life, just as the death of Mrs. Morel forms a major turning point in his autobiographical novel ''Sons and Lovers'', a work that draws upon much of the writer's provincial upbringing.

In 1911 Lawrence was introduced to Edward Garnett, a publisher's reader, who acted as a mentor, provided further encouragement, and became a valued friend, as Garnett's son David was also. Throughout these months the young author revised ''Paul Morel'', the first draft of what became ''Sons and Lovers''. In addition, a teaching colleague, Helen Corke, gave him access to her intimate diaries about an unhappy love affair, which formed the basis of ''The Trespasser,'' his second novel. In November 1911, he came down with a pneumonia again; once he recovered, Lawrence decided to abandon teaching in order to become a full time author. He also broke off an engagement to Louie Burrows, an old friend from his days in Nottingham and Eastwood.

In March 1912 Lawrence met Frieda Weekley (''nee'' von Richthofen), with whom he was to share the rest of his life. She was six years older than her new lover, married to Lawrence's former modern languages professor from University College, Nottingham, Ernest Weekley, and with three young children. She eloped with Lawrence to her parents' home in Metz, a garrison town then in Germany near the disputed border with France. Their stay here included Lawrence's first brush with militarism, when he was arrested and accused of being a British spy, before being released following an intervention from Frieda Weekley's father. After this encounter Lawrence left for a small hamlet to the south of Munich, where he was joined by Weekley for their "honeymoon", later memorialised in the series of love poems titled ''Look! We Have Come Through'' (1917).

From Germany they walked southwards across the Alps to Italy, a journey that was recorded in the first of his travel books, a collection of linked essays titled ''Twilight in Italy'' and the unfinished novel, ''Mr Noon''. During his stay in Italy, Lawrence completed the final version of ''Sons and Lovers'' that, when published in 1913, was acknowledged to represent a vivid portrait of the realities of working class provincial life. Lawrence though, had become so tired of the work that he allowed Edward Garnett to cut about a hundred pages from the text.

Lawrence and Frieda returned to England in 1913 for a short visit. At this time, he now encountered and befriended critic John Middleton Murry and New Zealand-born short story writer Katherine Mansfield. Lawrence and Weekley soon went back to Italy, staying in a cottage in Fiascherino on the Gulf of Spezia. Here he started writing the first draft of a work of fiction that was to be transformed into two of his better-known novels, ''The Rainbow'' and ''Women in Love''. While writing ''Women in Love'' in Cornwall during 1916–17, Lawrence developed a strong and possibly romantic relationship with a Cornish farmer named William Henry Hocking. Although it is not absolutely clear if their relationship was sexual, Lawrence's wife, Frieda Weekley, said she believed it was. Lawrence's fascination with themes of homosexuality could also be related to his own sexual orientation. This theme is also overtly manifested in ''Women in Love''. Indeed, in a letter written during 1913, he writes, "I should like to know why nearly every man that approaches greatness tends to homosexuality, whether he admits it or not…" He is also quoted as saying, "I believe the nearest I've come to perfect love was with a young coal-miner when I was about 16."

Eventually, Weekley obtained her divorce. The couple returned to England shortly before the outbreak of World War I and were married on 13 July 1914. In this time, Lawrence worked with London intellectuals and writers such as Dora Marsden and the people involved with ''The Egoist'' (T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others). ''The Egoist'', an important Modernist literary magazine, published some of his work. He was also reading and adapting Marinetti's ''Futurist Manifesto''. He also met at this time the young Jewish artist Mark Gertler, and they became for a time good friends; Lawrence would describe Gertler's 1916 anti-war painting, 'The Merry-Go-Round' as 'the best ''modern'' picture I have seen: I think it is great and true.' Gertler would inspire the character Loerke (a sculptor) in ''Women in Love''. Weekley's German parentage and Lawrence's open contempt for militarism meant that they were viewed with suspicion in wartime England and lived in near destitution. ''The Rainbow'' (1915) was suppressed after an investigation into its alleged obscenity in 1915. Later, they were accused of spying and signalling to German submarines off the coast of Cornwall where they lived at Zennor. During this period he finished ''Women in Love''. In it Lawrence explores the destructive features of contemporary civilization through the evolving relationships of four major characters as they reflect upon the value of the arts, politics, economics, sexual experience, friendship and marriage. This book is a bleak, bitter vision of humanity and proved impossible to publish in wartime conditions. Not published until 1920, it is now widely recognised as an English novel of great dramatic force and intellectual subtlety.

In late 1917, after constant harassment by the armed forces authorities, Lawrence was forced to leave Cornwall at three days' notice under the terms of the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). This persecution was later described in an autobiographical chapter of his Australian novel ''Kangaroo'', published in 1923. He spent some months in early 1918 in the small, rural village of Hermitage near Newbury, Berkshire. He then lived for just under a year (mid-1918 to early 1919) at Mountain Cottage, Middleton-by-Wirksworth, Derbyshire, where he wrote one of his most poetic short stories, ''The Wintry Peacock''. Until 1919 he was compelled by poverty to shift from address to address and barely survived a severe attack of influenza.

Exile

After the traumatic experience of the war years, Lawrence began what he termed his 'savage pilgrimage', a time of voluntary exile. He escaped from England at the earliest practical opportunity, to return only twice for brief visits, and with his wife spent the remainder of his life travelling. This wanderlust took him to Australia, Italy, Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka), the United States, Mexico and the South of France.

Lawrence abandoned England in November 1919 and headed south, first to the Abruzzi region in central Italy and then onwards to Capri and the Fontana Vecchia in Taormina, Sicily. From Sicily he made brief excursions to Sardinia, Monte Cassino, Malta, Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. Many of these places appeared in his writings. New novels included ''The Lost Girl'' (for which he won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction), ''Aaron's Rod'' and the fragment titled ''Mr Noon'' (the first part of which was published in the Phoenix anthology of his works, and the entirety in 1984). He experimented with shorter novels or novellas, such as ''The Captain's Doll,'' ''The Fox'' and ''The Ladybird.'' In addition, some of his short stories were issued in the collection ''England, My England and Other Stories.'' During these years he produced a number of poems about the natural world in ''Birds, Beasts and Flowers.'' Lawrence is widely recognised as one of the finest travel writers in the English language. ''Sea and Sardinia,'' a book that describes a brief journey from Taormina undertaken in January 1921, is a recreation of the life of the inhabitants of this part of the Mediterranean. Less well known is the brilliant memoir of Maurice Magnus, ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'', in which Lawrence recalls his visit to the monastery of Monte Cassino. Other non-fiction books include two studies of Freudian psychoanalysis and ''Movements in European History,'' a school textbook that was published under a pseudonym, a reflection of his blighted reputation in England.

Later life and career

In late February 1922 the Lawrences left Europe behind with the intention of migrating to the United States. They sailed in an easterly direction, first to Ceylon and then on to Australia. A short residence in Darlington, Western Australia, which included an encounter with local writer Mollie Skinner, was followed by a brief stop in the small coastal town of Thirroul, New South Wales, during which Lawrence completed ''Kangaroo,'' a novel about local fringe politics that also revealed a lot about his wartime experiences in Cornwall.

The Lawrences finally arrived in the US in September 1922. Here they encountered Mabel Dodge Luhan, a prominent socialite, and considered establishing a utopian community on what was then known as the Kiowa Ranch near Taos, New Mexico. They acquired the property, now called the D. H. Lawrence Ranch, in 1924 in exchange for the manuscript of ''Sons and Lovers''. He stayed in New Mexico for two years, with extended visits to Lake Chapala and Oaxaca in Mexico. While Lawrence was in New Mexico, he was visited by Aldous Huxley.

While in the U.S., Lawrence rewrote and published ''Studies in Classic American Literature'', a set of critical essays begun in 1917, and later described by Edmund Wilson as "one of the few first-rate books that have ever been written on the subject." These interpretations, with their insights into symbolism, New England Transcendentalism and the puritan sensibility, were a significant factor in the revival of the reputation of Herman Melville during the early 1920s. In addition, Lawrence completed a number of new fictional works, including ''The Boy in the Bush'', ''The Plumed Serpent'', ''St Mawr'', ''The Woman who Rode Away'', ''The Princess'' and assorted short stories. He also found time to produce some more travel writing, such as the collection of linked excursions that became ''Mornings in Mexico.''

A brief voyage to England at the end of 1923 was a failure and he soon returned to Taos, convinced that his life as an author now lay in America. However, in March 1925 he suffered a near fatal attack of malaria and tuberculosis while on a third visit to Mexico. Although he eventually recovered, the diagnosis of his condition obliged him to return once again to Europe. He was dangerously ill and poor health limited his ability to travel for the remainder of his life. The Lawrences made their home in a villa in Northern Italy, living near to Florence while he wrote ''The Virgin and the Gipsy'' and the various versions of ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1928). The latter book, his last major novel, was initially published in private editions in Florence and Paris and reinforced his notoriety. Lawrence responded robustly to those who claimed to be offended, penning a large number of satirical poems, published under the title of "Pansies" and "Nettles", as well as a tract on ''Pornography and Obscenity''.

The return to Italy allowed Lawrence to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to Aldous Huxley, who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence's letters after his death, along with a memoir. With artist Earl Brewster, Lawrence visited a number of local archaeological sites in April 1927. The resulting essays describing these visits to old tombs were written up and collected together as ''Sketches of Etruscan Places,'' a book that contrasts the lively past with Benito Mussolini's fascism. Lawrence continued to produce fiction, including short stories and ''The Escaped Cock'' (also published as ''The Man Who Died''), an unorthodox reworking of the story of Jesus Christ's Resurrection. During these final years Lawrence renewed a serious interest in oil painting. Official harassment persisted and an exhibition of some of these pictures at the Warren Gallery in London was raided by the police in mid 1929 and a number of works were confiscated. Nine of the Lawrence oils have been on permanent display in the La Fonda Hotel in Taos since shortly after Frieda's death. They hang in a small gallery just off the main lobby and are available for viewing.

Death

Lawrence continued to write despite his failing health. In his last months he wrote numerous poems, reviews and essays, as well as a robust defence of his last novel against those who sought to suppress it. His last significant work was a reflection on the Book of Revelation, ''Apocalypse''. After being discharged from a sanatorium, he died at the Villa Robermond in Vence, France, from complications of tuberculosis. Frieda Weekley commissioned an elaborate headstone for his grave bearing a mosaic of his adopted emblem of the phoenix. After Lawrence's death, Frieda married Angelo Ravagli. She returned to live on the ranch in Taos and later her third husband brought Lawrence's ashes to rest there in a small chapel set amid the mountains of New Mexico. The headstone has recently been donated to D.H. Lawrence Heritage and is now on display in the D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum in his home town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire.

Views

Critic and admirer Terry Eagleton situates Lawrence on the radical right wing, as hostile to democracy, liberalism, socialism, and egalitarianism, though never actually embracing fascism. Some of Lawrence's beliefs can be seen in his letters to Bertrand Russell around the year 1915, where he voices his opposition to enfranchising the working class, his hostility to the burgeoning labour movements, and disparages the French Revolution, referring to "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" as the "three-fanged serpent." Rather than a republic, Lawrence called for an absolute Dictator and equivalent Dictatrix to lord over the lower peoples.

Lawrence continued throughout his life to develop his highly personal philosophy, many aspects of which would prefigure the counterculture of the 1960s. His unpublished introduction to ''Sons and Lovers'' established the duality central to much of his fiction. This is done with reference to the Holy Trinity. As his philosophy develops, Lawrence moves away from more direct Christian analogies and instead touches upon Mysticism, Buddhism, and Pagan theologies. In some respects, Lawrence was a forerunner of the growing interest in the occult that occurred in the 20th century.

Written works

Novels

Lawrence is perhaps best known for his novels ''Sons and Lovers'', ''The Rainbow'', ''Women in Love'' and ''Lady Chatterley's Lover''. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His depiction of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal way of thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behaviour (see Haptics) and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilisation's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind. In his later years Lawrence developed the potentialities of the short novel form in ''St Mawr'', ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' and ''The Escaped Cock''.

Short stories

Lawrence's best-known short stories include ''The Captain's Doll'', ''The Fox'', ''The Ladybird'', ''Odour of Chrysanthemums'', ''The Princess'', ''The Rocking-Horse Winner'', ''St Mawr'', ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' and ''The Woman who Rode Away''. (''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' was published as a novella after he died.) Among his most praised collections is ''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'', published in 1914. His collection ''The Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories'', published in 1928, develops his themes of leadership that he also explored in novels such as ''Kangaroo, The Plumed Serpent'' and ''Fanny and Annie''.

Poetry

Although best known for his novels, Lawrence wrote almost 800 poems, most of them relatively short. His first poems were written in 1904 and two of his poems, ''Dreams Old'' and ''Dreams Nascent'', were among his earliest published works in ''The English Review''. His early works clearly place him in the school of Georgian poets, a group not only named after the reigning monarch but also to the romantic poets of the previous Georgian period whose work they were trying to emulate. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrence's poems of the time, were well-worn poetic tropes and deliberately archaic language. Many of these poems displayed what John Ruskin referred to as the "pathetic fallacy, which is the tendency to ascribe human emotions to animals and even inanimate objects.

Just as World War I dramatically changed the work of many of the poets who saw service in the trenches, Lawrence's own work saw a dramatic change, during his years in Cornwall. During this time, he wrote free verse influenced by Walt Whitman. He set forth his manifesto for much of his later verse in the introduction to ''New Poems''. "We can get rid of the stereotyped movements and the old hackneyed associations of sound or sense. We can break down those artificial conduits and canals through which we do so love to force our utterance. We can break the stiff neck of habit...But we cannot positively prescribe any motion, any rhythm."

Lawrence rewrote many of his novels several times to perfect them and similarly he returned to some of his early poems when they were collected in 1928. This was in part to fictionalise them, but also to remove some of the artifice of his first works. As he put in himself: "A young man is afraid of his demon and puts his hand over the demon's mouth sometimes and speaks for him." His best known poems are probably those dealing with nature such as those in ''Birds Beasts and Flowers'' and ''Tortoises''. ''Snake'', one of his most frequently anthologised, displays some of his most frequent concerns; those of man's modern distance from nature and subtle hints at religious themes.

In the deep, strange-scented shade of the great dark carob tree I came down the steps with my pitcher And must wait, must stand and wait, for there he was at the trough before me. (Excerpt, "Snake")

''Look! We have come through!'' is his other work from the period of the end of the war and it reveals another important element common to much of his writings; his inclination to lay himself bare in his writings. Although Lawrence could be regarded as a writer of love poems, his usually deal in the less romantic aspects of love such as sexual frustration or the sex act itself. Ezra Pound in his ''Literary Essays'' complained of Lawrence's interest in his own "disagreeable sensations" but praised him for his "low-life narrative." This is a reference to Lawrence's dialect poems akin to the Scots poems of Robert Burns, in which he reproduced the language and concerns of the people of Nottinghamshire from his youth.

Tha thought tha wanted ter be rid o' me. 'Appen tha did, an' a'. Tha thought tha wanted ter marry an' se If ter couldna be master an' th' woman's boss, Tha'd need a woman different from me, An' tha knowed it; ay, yet tha comes across Ter say goodbye! an' a'. (Excerpt, "The Drained Cup")

Although Lawrence's works after his Georgian period are clearly in the modernist tradition, they were often very different to many other modernist writers, such as Pound. Modernist works were often austere in which every word was carefully worked on and hard-fought for. Lawrence felt all poems had to be personal sentiments and that spontaneity was vital for any work. He called one collection of poems ''Pansies'' partly for the simple ephemeral nature of the verse but also a pun on the French word ''panser'', to dress or bandage a wound. "The Noble Englishman" and "Don't Look at Me" were removed from the official edition of ''Pansies'' on the grounds of obscenity, which he felt wounded by. Even though he lived most of the last ten years of his life abroad, his thoughts were often still on England. Published in 1930, just eleven days after his death, his last work ''Nettles'' was a series of bitter, nettling but often wry attacks on the moral climate of England.

O the stale old dogs who pretend to guard the morals of the masses, how smelly they make the great back-yard wetting after everyone that passes. (Excerpt, "The Young and Their Moral Guardians")

Two notebooks of Lawrence's unprinted verse were posthumously published as ''Last Poems'' and ''More Pansies''. These contain two of Lawrence's most famous poems about death, ''Bavarian Gentians'' and ''The Ship of Death''.

Literary criticism

Lawrence's criticism of other authors often provides great insight into his own thinking and writing. Of particular note is his ''Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays'' and ''Studies in Classic American Literature''. In the latter, Lawrence's responses to Whitman, Melville and Edgar Allan Poe shed particular light on the nature of Lawrence's craft.

Lady Chatterley trial

A heavily censored abridgement of ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' was published in America by Alfred A. Knopf in 1928. This edition was posthumously re-issued in paperback in America both by Signet Books and by Penguin Books in 1946. When the full unexpurgated edition of Lady Chatterley's Lover was published by Penguin Books in Britain in 1960, the trial of Penguin under the Obscene Publications Act of 1959 became a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law. The 1959 act (introduced by Roy Jenkins) had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. One of the objections was to the frequent use of the word "fuck" and its derivatives and the word "cunt".

Various academic critics and experts of diverse kinds, including E. M. Forster, Helen Gardner, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and Norman St John-Stevas, were called as witnesses, and the verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was "not guilty". This resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for publishing explicit material in the UK. The prosecution was ridiculed for being out of touch with changing social norms when the chief prosecutor, Mervyn Griffith-Jones, asked if it were the kind of book "you would wish your wife or servants to read".

The Penguin second edition, published in 1961, contains a publisher's dedication, which reads: "For having published this book, Penguin Books were prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act, 1959 at the Old Bailey in London from 20 October to 2 November 1960. This edition is therefore dedicated to the twelve jurors, three women and nine men, who returned a verdict of 'Not Guilty' and thus made D. H. Lawrence's last novel available for the first time to the public in the United Kingdom."

Posthumous reputation

The obituaries shortly after Lawrence's death were, with the notable exception of E. M. Forster, unsympathetic or hostile. However, there were those who articulated a more favourable recognition of the significance of this author's life and works. For example, his longtime friend Catherine Carswell summed up his life in a letter to the periodical ''Time and Tide'' published on 16 March 1930. In response to his critics, she claimed:

:In the face of formidable initial disadvantages and life-long delicacy, poverty that lasted for three quarters of his life and hostility that survives his death, he did nothing that he did not really want to do, and all that he most wanted to do he did. He went all over the world, he owned a ranch, he lived in the most beautiful corners of Europe, and met whom he wanted to meet and told them that they were wrong and he was right. He painted and made things, and sang, and rode. He wrote something like three dozen books, of which even the worst page dances with life that could be mistaken for no other man's, while the best are admitted, even by those who hate him, to be unsurpassed. Without vices, with most human virtues, the husband of one wife, scrupulously honest, this estimable citizen yet managed to keep free from the shackles of civilization and the cant of literary cliques. He would have laughed lightly and cursed venomously in passing at the solemn owls—each one secretly chained by the leg—who now conduct his inquest. To do his work and lead his life in spite of them took some doing, but he did it, and long after they are forgotten, sensitive and innocent people—if any are left—will turn Lawrence's pages and will know from them what sort of a rare man Lawrence was.

Aldous Huxley also defended Lawrence in his introduction to a collection of letters published in 1932. However, the most influential advocate of Lawrence's contribution to literature was the Cambridge literary critic F. R. Leavis who asserted that the author had made an important contribution to the tradition of English fiction. Leavis stressed that ''The Rainbow'', ''Women in Love'', and the short stories and tales were major works of art. Later, the Lady Chatterley Trial of 1960, and subsequent publication of the book, ensured Lawrence's popularity (and notoriety) with a wider public.

Lawrence held seemingly contradictory views of feminism. The evidence of his written works indicates an overwhelming commitment to representing women as strong, independent and complex; he produced major works in which young, self-directing female characters were central. However, Harrison drew attention to the vein of sadism that runs through Lawrence's writing, and a number of feminist critics, notably Kate Millett, have criticised, indeed ridiculed Lawrence's sexual politics, Millett claiming that he uses his female characters as mouthpieces to promote his creed of male supremacy. This damaged his reputation in some quarters, although Norman Mailer came to Lawrence's defence in ''The Prisoner of Sex'' in 1971. Yet Lawrence continues to find an audience, and the ongoing publication of a new scholarly edition of his letters and writings has demonstrated the range of his achievement.

Painting

D. H. Lawrence had a lifelong interest in painting, which became one of his main forms of expression in his last years. These were exhibited at the Warren Gallery in London's Mayfair in 1929. The exhibition was extremely controversial, with many of the 13,000 people visiting mainly to gawk. The ''Daily Express'' claimed "''Fight with an Amazon'' represents a hideous, bearded man holding a fair-haired woman in his lascivious grip while wolves with dripping jaws look on expectantly, [this] is frankly indecent", but several artists and art experts praised the paintings. Gwen John, reviewing the exhibition in ''Everyman'', spoke of Lawrence's "stupendous gift of self-expression" and singled out ''The Finding of Moses'', ''Red Willow Trees'' and ''Boccaccio Story'' as "pictures of real beauty and great vitality". Others singled out ''Contadini'' for special praise. After a complaint from a member of the public, the police seized thirteen of the twenty-five paintings on view (including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Contadini''). Despite declarations of support from many writers, artists and members of parliament, Lawrence was able to recover his paintings only by undertaking never to exhibit them in England again. The largest collection of the paintings is now at La Fonda de Taos hotel in Taos, New Mexico. Several, including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Resurrection'' are at the Humanities Research Centre of the University of Texas at Austin.

Selected depictions of Lawrence's life

''Look! We Have Come Through!'' play based on the letters and works of D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda. Scripted by James Petosa and Carole Graham Lehan. Nominated for Helen Hayes Award 1998

''Scandalous!'' Musical based on the life of D. H. Lawrence. Created by Glyn Bailey, Keith Thomas and Theasa Tuohy. Scandalousthemusical.com

List of works

Novels

''The White Peacock'' (1911), edited by Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22267-2

''The Trespasser'' (1912), edited by Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press,1981, ISBN 0-521-22264-8

''Sons and Lovers'' (1913), edited by Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-24276-2

''The Rainbow'' (1915), edited by Mark Kinkead-Weekes, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00944-8

''Women in Love'' (1920), edited by David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-23565-0

''The Lost Girl'' (1920), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22263-X

''Aaron's Rod'' (1922) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-25250-4

''Kangaroo'' (1923) edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-38455-9

''The Boy in the Bush'' (1924), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-30704-X

''The Plumed Serpent'' (1926), edited by L. D. Clark, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-22262-1

''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1928), edited by Michael Squires, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-22266-4

''The Escaped Cock'' (1929), later re-published as ''The Man Who Died''

''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' (1930)

Short stories collections

''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'' (1914), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1983

''England, My England and Other Stories'' (1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-35267-3

''The Horse Dealer's Daughter'' (1922)

''The Fox, The Captain's Doll, The Ladybird'' (1923), edited by Dieter Mehl, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-35266-5

''St Mawr and other stories'' (1925), edited by Brian Finney, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22265-6

''The Woman who Rode Away and other stories'' (1928) edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-22270-2.

''The Rocking-Horse Winner'' (1926)

''The Virgin and the Gipsy and Other Stories'' (1930), edited by Michael Herbert, Bethan Jones, Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (forthcoming), ISBN 0-521-36607-0

''Love Among the Haystacks and other stories'' (1930), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-26836-2

''Collected Stories'' (1994) – Everyman's Library

Collected letters

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume I, September 1901 – May 1913'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-521-22147-1

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume II, June 1913 – October 1916'', ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-23111-6

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume III, October 1916 – June 1921'', ed. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-23112-4

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume IV, June 1921 – March 1924 '', ed. Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-00695-3

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume V, March 1924 – March 1927'', ed. James T. Boulton and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00696-1

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VI, March 1927 – November 1928 '', ed. James T. Boulton and Margaret Boulton with Gerald M. Lacy, Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-00698-8

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VII, November 1928 – February 1930'', ed. Keith Sagar and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-00699-6

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, with index, Volume VIII'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-23117-5

''The Selected Letters of D H Lawrence'', Compiled and edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-40115-1

Poetry collections

''Love Poems and others'' (1913)

''Amores'' (1916)

''Look! We have come through!'' (1917)

''New Poems'' (1918)

''Bay: a book of poems'' (1919)

''Tortoises'' (1921)

''Birds, Beasts and Flowers'' (1923)

''The Collected Poems of D H Lawrence'' (1928)

''Pansies'' (1929)

''Nettles'' (1930)

''Last Poems'' (1932)

''Fire and other poems'' (1940)

''The Complete Poems of D H Lawrence'' (1964), ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts

''The White Horse'' (1964)

''D. H. Lawrence: Selected Poems'' (1972), ed. Keith Sagar.

Plays

''The Daughter-in-Law'' (1912)

''The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd'' (1914)

''Touch and Go'' (1920)

''David'' (1926)

''The Fight for Barbara'' (1933)

''A Collier's Friday Night'' (1934)

''The Married Man'' (1940)

''The Merry-Go-Round'' (1941)

''The Complete Plays of D H Lawrence'' (1965)

''The Plays'', edited by Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-24277-0

Non-fiction books and pamphlets

''Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays'' (1914), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-25252-0, Literary criticism and metaphysics

''Movements in European History'' (1921), edited by Philip Crumpton, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-26201-1, Originally published under the name of Lawrence H. Davison

''Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious'' and ''Fantasia of the Unconscious'' (1921/1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-521-32791-1

''Studies in Classic American Literature'' (1923), edited by Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-55016-5

''Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and other essays'' (1925), edited by Michael Herbert, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-26622-X

''A Propos of Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1929) – Lawrence wrote this pamphlet to explain his novel

''Apocalypse and the writings on Revelation'' (1931) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-521-22407-1

''Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence'' (1936)

''Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence'' (1968)

''Introductions and Reviews'', edited by N. H. Reeve and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-83584-4

''Late Essays and Articles'', edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-58431-0

''Selected Letters'', Oneworld Classics, 2008. Edited by James T. Boulton. ISBN 978-1-84749-049-0

Travel books

''Twilight in Italy and Other Essays'' (1916), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-26888-5

''Sea and Sardinia'' (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-24275-4

''Mornings in Mexico'' (1927), edited by Virginia Crosswhite Hyde, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-521-65292-6.

''Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays'' (1932), edited by Simonetta de Filippis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-25253-9

Works translated by Lawrence

Lev Isaakovich Shestov ''All Things are Possible'' (1920)

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin ''The Gentleman from San Francisco'' (1922), tr. with S. S. Koteliansky

Giovanni Verga ''Mastro-Don Gesualdo'' (1923)

Giovanni Verga ''Little Novels of Sicily'' (1925)

Giovanni Verga ''Cavalleria Rusticana and other stories'' (1928)

Antonio Francesco Grazzini ''The Story of Doctor Manente'' (1929)

Manuscripts and early drafts of published novels and other works

''Paul Morel'' (1911–12), edited by Helen Baron, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-56009-8, an early manuscript version of ''Sons and Lovers''

''The First Women in Love'' (1916–17) edited by John Worthen and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-37326-3

''Mr Noon'' , (unfinished novel) Parts I and II, edited by Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-25251-2

''The Symbolic Meaning: The Uncollected Versions of Studies in Classic American Literature'', edited by Armin Arnold, Centaur Press, 1962

''Quetzalcoatl'' (1925), edited by Louis L Martz, W W Norton Edition, 1998, ISBN 0-8112-1385-4, Early draft of ''The Plumed Serpent''

''The First and Second Lady Chatterley novels'', edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-47116-8.

Paintings

''The Paintings of D. H. Lawrence'',London: Mandrake Press, 1929.

''D. H. Lawrence's Paintings'', ed. Keith Sagar, London: Chaucer Press, 2003.

''The Collected Art Works of D. H. Lawrence'', ed. Tetsuji Kohno, Tokyo: Sogensha, 2004.

Works about Lawrence

Bibliographic resources

Paul Poplawski (1995) ''The Works of D H Lawrence: a Chronological Checklist'' (Nottingham, D H Lawrence Society)

Paul Poplawski (1996) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Reference Companion'' (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press)

P. Preston (1994) ''A D H Lawrence Chronology'' (London, Macmillan)

W. Roberts and P. Poplawski (2001)''A Bibliography of D H Lawrence''. 3rd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

Charles L Ross and Dennis Jackson, eds. (1995) ''Editing D H Lawrence: New Versions of a Modern Author'' (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press)

Keith Sagar (1979) ''D H Lawrence: a Calendar of his Works'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)

Keith Sagar (1982) ''D H Lawrence Handbook'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)

Biographical studies

Catherine Carswell (1932) ''The Savage Pilgrimage'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reissued 1981)

Frieda Lawrence (1934) ''Not I, But The Wind'' (Santa Fe: Rydal Press)

E. T. (Jessie Chambers Wood) (1935) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record'' (Jonathan Cape)

Witter Bynner (1951) ''Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning the D.H. Lawrences'' (John Day Company)

Edward Nehls (1957–59) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Volumes I-III'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press)

Anaïs Nin (1963) ''D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study'' (Athens: Swallow Press)

Emile Delavenay (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Man and his Work: The Formative Years, 1885–1919'', trans. Katherine M. Delavenay (London: Heinemann)

Joseph Foster (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence in Taos'' (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press)

Harry T. Moore (1974) ''The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence'' (Heinemann)

Paul Delany (1979) ''D. H. Lawrence's Nightmare: The Writer and his Circle in the Years of the Great War'' (Hassocks: Harvester Press)

G H Neville (1981) ''A Memoir of D. H. Lawrence: The Betrayal'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

C. J. Stevens ''The Cornish Nightmare (D. H. Lawrence in Cornwall)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988, ISBN 0878753486, D.H. Lawrence and the war years

C. J. Stevens ''Lawrence at Tregerthen (D. H. Lawrence)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988, ISBN 0878753486

John Worthen (1991) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885–1912'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Mark Kincaid-Weekes (1996) ''D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912–1922'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Brenda Maddox (1994) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage'' (W. W. Norton & Co)

David Ellis (1998) ''D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game, 1922–1930'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Geoff Dyer (1999) ''Out of Sheer Rage: Wrestling With D. H. Lawrence'' (New York: North Point Press)

Keith Sagar (2003) ''The Life of D. H. Lawrence: An Illustrated Biography'' (London: Chaucer Press)

John Worthen (2005) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider'' (London: Penguin/Allen Lane)

Literary criticism

Keith Alldritt (1971) '' The Visual Imagination of D.H. Lawrence'' (Edward Arnold)

Michael Bell (1992) ''D. H. Lawrence: Language and Being'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Richard Beynon, (ed.) (1997) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Rainbow and Women in Love'' (Cambridge: Icon Books)

Michael Black (1986) ''D H Lawrence: The Early Fiction'' (Palgrave MacMillan)

Michael Black (1991)'' D. H. Lawrence: The Early Philosophical Works: A Commentary'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

Michael Black (1992) ''Sons and Lovers'' (Cambridge University Press)

Michael Black (2001) ''Lawrence's England: The Major Fiction, 1913–1920'' (Palgrave-MacMillan)

Keith Brown, ed. (1990) ''Rethinking Lawrence'', Milton Keynes: Open University Press

Anthony Burgess (1985) ''Flame Into Being: The Life And Work Of D. H. Lawrence'' (William Heinemann)

Aidan Burns (1980) ''Nature and Culture in D. H. Lawrence'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

L D Clark (1980) '' The Minoan Distance: The Symbolism of Travel in D H Lawrence'', University of Arizona Press

Colin Clarke (1969) ''River of Dissolution: D. H. Lawrence and English Romanticism'' (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)

Joseph Davis (1989) "D.H. Lawrence at Thirroul (Collins, Sydney, Australia)

Carol Dix (1980) ''D H Lawrence and Women'', Macmillan

R P Draper (1970)'' D H Lawrence: The Critical Heritage'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Anne Fernihough (1993) ''D. H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology'' (Oxford:Clarendon Press)

Anne Fernihough, ed. (2001) ''The Cambridge Companion to D H Lawrence'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

Graham Holderness (1982) ''D. H. Lawrence: History, Ideology and Fiction'' (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan)

John R. Harrison (1966) The Reactionaries: Yeats, Lewis, Pound, Eliot, Lawrence: A Study of the Anti-Democratic Intelligentsia (Victor Gollancz, London)

Graham Hough (1956) ''The Dark Sun: A Study of D H Lawrence'', Duckworth

John Humma (1990) ''Metaphor and Meaning in D. H. Lawrence's Later Novels,'' University of Missouri Press

Frank Kermode (1973) ''Lawrence'' (London: Fontana)

Mark Kinkead – Weekes (1968) ''The Marble and the Statue: The Exploratory Imagination of D. H. Lawrence'', pp. 371–418. in Gregor, lan and Maynard Mack (eds.), ''Imagined Worlds: Essays in Honour of John Butt'' (London: Methuen,)

F. R. Leavis (1955) ''D H Lawrence: Novelist'' (London, Chatto and Windus)

F. R. Leavis (1976) ''Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and Thought in D H Lawrence'' (London, Chatto and Windus)

Sheila Macleod (1985) ''Lawrence's Men and Women'' (London: Heinemann)

Barbara Mensch (1991) '' D. H. Lawrence and the Authoritarian Personality'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

Kate Millett (1970) ''Sexual Politics'' (Garden City, NY: Doubleday)

Colin Milton (1987) ''Lawrence and Nietzsche: A Study in Influence'' (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press)

Robert E Montgomery (1994) ''The Visionary D. H. Lawrence: Beyond Philosophy and Art'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Alastair Niven (1978) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Novels'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Cornelia Nixon (1986) ''Lawrence's Leadership Politics and the Turn Against Women'' (Berkeley: University of California Press)

Tony Pinkney (1990) ''D. H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf)

Charles L. Ross (1991) ''Women in Love: A Novel of Mythic Realism'' (Boston, Mass.: Twayne)

Keith Sagar (1966) ''The Art of D H Lawrence'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Keith Sagar (1985) ''D H Lawrence: Life into Art'' (University of Georgia Press)

Keith Sagar (2008) ''D. H. Lawrence: Poet'' (Penrith: Humanities-Ebooks)

Daniel J. Schneider (1986) ''The Consciousness of D. H. Lawrence: An Intellectual Biography'' (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas)

Michael Squires and Keith Cushman (1990) ''The Challenge of D. H. Lawrence'' (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press)

Peter Widdowson , ed. (1992) ''D. H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Longman)

John Worthen (1979) ''D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel'' (London and Basingstoke, Macmillan).

T R Wright (2000) ''D H Lawrence and the Bible'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

References

External links

E-texts from Project Gutenberg Australia (includes content not in the public domain in some jurisdictions)

''With the Guns'' article by Lawrence. ''Guardian'' 18 August 1914. Accessed 2010-09-15

D.H.Lawrence free downloadable books including kindle editions at feedbooks

Nickolas Muray's portrait sittings of D.H. Lawrence; photo #1, photo#2, photo #3

Lawrence archives

Guide to the D. H. Lawrence Archive at The Bancroft Library, California. Accessed 2010-09-15

Frieda Lawrence Collection. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence resource at the University of Nottingham. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence archive held at the University of Nottingham. Accessed 2010-09-15

Lawrence archive at Harry Ransom Center University of Texas at Austin. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence Letters, 1916-1929 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

Category:1885 births Category:1930 deaths Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham Category:English novelists Category:English short story writers Category:Imagists Category:Old Nottinghamians Category:People from Eastwood, Nottinghamshire Category:People from Taos County, New Mexico Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:Infectious disease deaths in France

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Coordinates	49°28′″N20°14′″N
{{infobox boxer|name	Sebastian Zbik
Realname	Sebastian Zbik
Weight	Light HeavyweightSuper MiddleweightMiddleweight|height 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Reach	72 in (183 cm)
Nationality	German
Birth date	March 17, 1982
Birth place	Neubrandenburg, Germany
Home town	Neubrandenburg, Germany
Style	Orthodox
Total	31
Wins	30
Ko	10
Losses	1
Draws	0
No contests	0 }}

Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982 in Neubrandenburg, Germany), is a German professional boxer and the former WBC Middleweight Champion of the world. Sebastian resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Professional career

Interim WBC Championship

He won the interim WBC middleweight title against Italian Domenico Spada on July 11, 2009. He was given the full title in January 2011 when the WBC promoted Sergio Martinez to Emeritus champion.

WBC Middleweight Championship

Zbik lost his newly awarded WBC Middleweight Championship against undefeated Mexican Julio César Chávez, Jr. at Staples Center Los Angeles, California on June 4, 2011.

Professional boxing record

|- |align="center" colspan=8|30 Wins (10 knockouts), 1 loss(s), 0 Draw, 0 No Contest |- |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponnent |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |Loss || 30-1-0 ||align=left|Julio César Chávez, Jr. |MD || 12 || 2011-06-04 ||align=left|Staples Center, Los Angeles, California |align=left| |-align=center

See also

List of WBC world champions

List of middleweight boxing champions

References

External links

Boxing-Encyclopedia

{{s-ttl | title=WBC Middleweight ChampionInterim Title | years=July 11, 2009 – January 18, 2011}} {{s-ttl | title=WBC Middleweight Champion | years=January 18, 2011 – June 4, 2011}}

Category:German boxers Category:World boxing champions Category:World middleweight boxing champions Category:World Boxing Council Champions Category:Middleweight boxers Category:1982 births Category:Living people

de:Sebastian Zbik pl:Sebastian Zbik